Youth subcultures are not a new phenomenon, but, oddly enough, they are uncharacteristic for Russia. This came to us from the West, after some changes took place in the country, including the collapse of the "Iron Curtain" (read more about this and what subcultures are). Today there are many subcultures, and their list is regularly updated.

The study of types of youth subcultures began in the 70s of the XX century. I propose to get acquainted with some modern typologies.

On the principle of association

The most popular classification proposed by L. V. Kozilova:

1. Political informal associations.
2. Religious associations.
3. Professional and quasi-professional associations (common cause and interests).
4. Sports and gaming associations.
5. Cultural associations (creativity, knowledge, analysis).
6. Gender associations (gender, other demographic characteristics).
7. Ethnic associations and fraternities (common origin or imitation of such).
8. Criminal (community of criminal interests).
9. Youth.
10. Subcultural (belonging to a subcultural environment).

According to the types of communities of their carriers

V. Sokolov and Yu. Osokin distinguish the following subcultures:

• gender and age,
• socio-professional,
• professional corporate,
• leisure,
• religious,
• ethnic,
• territorial,
• local.

By time of occurrence

T. V. Latysheva identified the following subcultures:

• past (dudes, teddy boys);
• reanimated (hippies, goths);
• modern (role players, otaku).

On the basis of formality

There are formal and informal youth groups.

Formal ones include officially registered youth associations in institutions of justice:

• political youth associations (youth parliament under the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the People's Democratic Youth Union (NDSM), the movement "NASHI", "STAL", etc.); all-Russian public non-political youth associations (“Russian Union of Youth”, “Student Self-Government”, “Russian Student Teams”, “Small World”, etc.);
• associations of people with disabilities ("Perspektiva", "New Opportunities", "The First Russian Internet Portal for the Disabled", etc.);
• youth human rights associations (Equilibrium, New Perspectives Foundation, etc.);
• environmental youth associations (“ green sail”, “Forest and us”, “Friends of the Baltic”, etc.);
• religious youth associations (“Common Cause”).

Informal youth groups include those that are not legally registered or prohibited by law:

• extremist (nationalists, vandals, religious extremists, etc.);
• aggressive movements (gopniks, punks, etc.);
• socially dangerous and criminal formations (illegal near-religious formations (sects), "black pathfinders", destructive mimicrants).

By the principle of DIY

DV Volf classifies subcultures according to the principle of involvement of participants in the development of their subculture.

Passive

For example, otaku, furries, metalheads, goths. Representatives of passive groups do not create something new, but imitate the existing one, sometimes elevating it to a cult. Often we are talking about some work of art, about something creative, or a specific genre, style of art. Members of a passive subcultural group blindly imitate their "idol" in behavior, speech, clothing, etc.

These groups do not have a social and political character. They don't have their own philosophy. There is only a desire to repeat something or someone. These are self-expressive. Representatives of such groups are:

• listeners,
• consumers
• spectators,
• fans
• fans.

Active

Active subcultures include those whose representatives themselves create and develop their own culture, participate in it and actively influence society. Moreover, in turn, active groups can be divided:

• physically active (skaters, snowboarders, surfers, rollerbladers, trial riders, parkour riders, bikers, as well as all extreme youth groups);
• active mentally (beatniks and members of literary associations).

Active groups can be divided into:

• on reproductive (role players and reenactors, music lovers);
• productive (hippies, punks, metalheads, rockers, indie, graffiti, litho).

In relation to society

G. A. Nigmatulina singled out tolerant subcultures (bikers, breakers, rappers), nihilistic (majors, beatniks), negatively inclined groups (hippies, punks), aggressive (skinheads).

• Representatives of tolerant groups try to distance themselves as much as possible from outside world and not express your attitude towards him.
• Nihilists show their lifestyle and values, but do not oppose it to generally accepted norms, but provide it as an alternative.
• Negatively minded youth expresses dissatisfaction and disgust with the generally accepted culture, but does not try to destroy it.
• Representatives of aggressive groups directly propagate the rejection of the main culture of society and express their attitude with open protests.

As a way to express yourself

I. Yu. Sundieva considers any subculture as an initiative (cultural, political, social) and a way of self-expression. And highlights an aggressive subculture, outrageous, alternative, social and political.

• An aggressive subculture has a cult of physical strength (a tough confrontation between us and them) and an internal hierarchy.
• Outrageous subculture implies self-expression through appearance, a challenge to established norms and rules.
• An alternative culture is the development of behavior, leisure activities, a way of life that is different from the generally accepted ones.
• Social culture has a goal in the form of solving specific social problems (environmental, ethno-cultural and charity movements).
• The political subculture has its own ideas and is aimed at changing social situations in the country according to these ideas.

By type of interests (Yu. V. Monko and K. M. Oganyan)

• Musical (ravers, rockers, breakers, Beatles, metalheads, rappers).
• Intellectual (Tolkienists, archaeologists, Russians).
• Religious and philosophical (neo-Christians, Pushkinists, Buddhists).
• Sports (fans, rollers, bikers).
• Computer (hackers, administrators).
• Countercultural (hippies, punks, dudes).
• Destructive (lubers, gopniks, skinheads, fascists).

According to the principle of inclusion of the individual

I propose my classification of youth subcultures according to the principle of the involvement of a young person in a subculture and the extent of its influence on the life of an individual.

Surface subcultures

External outrageous, exclusively external self-expression is characteristic. Representatives do not have a specific philosophy, rules, attitudes and values. As a rule, such subcultures are not dangerous. These include:

• freaks,
• hipsters,
• cosplayers.

Subcultures of Persuasion

Subcultures of conviction do not affect the appearance of a person, but have a great influence on his worldview and behavior. They may have their own rules, principles, attitudes. Such subcultures are capable of creating threats and problems to society. These include:

• hackers and crackers;
• gamers;
• pagans and neo-pagans.

Subcultures of Deep Inclusion

Subcultures of deep involvement of the individual have specific philosophy, worldview, ideas, trying to achieve them (by legal and/or illegal means). At the same time, they have external signs of belonging to a particular movement. May move into subcultures of worship. These include:

• hippie,
• punks,
• goths,
• rastamans.

Subcultures of worship

It is common for subcultures of worship (fanaticism) to completely cover all spheres of an individual's life, to form his views, needs, and behavior. Most often they appear externally. They are dangerous to society. These include:

• football fans,
• Nazis,
• skinheads,
• satanists.

In practice, classifying subcultures and determining whether an individual belongs to a particular youth group is more difficult for two reasons:

• Firstly, the same subculture can be characterized from different angles and belong to different types.
• Secondly, subcultures often interact with each other, borrow something from other cultures, change, "die" and are reborn, develop. This specificity can complicate the selection of means and methods of interaction with groups.

subculture values

The values ​​of youth subcultures have not yet been fully explored. Perhaps this is due to their dynamism, transformation and tendency to borrow.

The values ​​of subcultures are the priorities and needs dictated by the subculture in all spheres of an individual's life (social, spiritual, material).

• As a rule, the values ​​of youth subcultures do not completely contradict generally accepted patterns. More often they can coexist peacefully or are subject to criticism. certain aspects the life of society. Groups whose values ​​are absolutely opposite to those generally accepted are called countercultures.
• In the culture of Russian youth there are elements of both countercultures and subcultures. In the youth subculture, the most important area is leisure. Many features of the pastime and worldview of young people follow from this.

For some subcultures, such as diggers and Tolkienists, the main value is risk, seeking adventure, testing oneself, searching for new and unusual sensations, the meaning of life. The same desire for risk drives members of subcultures associated with dangerous sports.

Several groups of subcultures can be distinguished, classifying them according to values.

According to the direction of values

• Musical direction (rockers, rappers, metalheads, etc.).
• Sports and extreme (parkour, skaters, bikers, motorcyclists, cyclists, workout).
• Subcultures of the virtual space (gamers, hackers, other Internet subcultures).
• Fashion-consumer groups (hipsters, dudes, etc.).
• Outrageous-escapist (emo, goths, hippies).
• Sports fans (football fans, ultras).
• Dance groups (breakdance, hip-hop, etc.).
• Creatively directed (graffiti).
• Creatively enthusiastic (anime people) and creative imitators (reenactors, Tolkienists).

By type of association of values

1. By type of pastime (music and sports fans, metalheads, amateurs, Nazis). For them, the value is the formation of spiritual, moral and civic responsibility, participation in solving political problems, preservation and restoration of cultural and historical monuments, improvement environment, any social and political activity.
2. By way of life (people, hairasts, religious organizations, "systemists" and any of their offshoots). Promote and follow the idea of ​​the value of human communication, peace and love. Representatives of such groups are united by the search for being without economic and social problems, contradictions, wars, everyday troubles and other upheavals. Very often, even having matured, people do not leave these subcultures, since for them this is not a way of spending leisure time, but life itself.
3. On alternative art (unofficially recognized artists, sculptors, musicians, graffiti artists). The first place is occupied by creative self-realization. They draw, write poetry, music, but their work goes beyond the generally accepted, therefore it is not officially recognized.

By the level of succession and value of surfactants

• Groups with a negative attitude (neo-Nazis, chauvinists, the straight edge movement).
• "Risk groups" (rastamans, hippies, punks, ravers, rappers, emo, goths, bikers).
• Groups with a neutral attitude (anime, naturists, nudists, role-players, tolkienists).

Relation of values ​​to generally accepted ways of achieving them

• Conformists. The values ​​of the group coincide with the social values ​​and are achieved by legal means.
• Retreaters. The values ​​of the group coincide with the public, but are achieved in any way, including illegal ones.
• Ritualists. Social values ​​are denied, but the values ​​of the subculture are achieved only by legal means.
• Innovators. Neither values ​​nor the means of obtaining them are recognized. Participants suggest alternative methods to achieve goals.
• Rebels. Values ​​and methods are not recognized, alternatives are put forward. To achieve them, any methods are chosen.

According to gender values

• Androgyny (lack of sex difference and separation social roles). The trend is noticeable, for example, among emo, glam rockers, freaks, goths, anime people, hippies.
• Masculinity (the cult of physical strength, brutality and masculinity). Characteristic for football fans, bikers, metalheads, skinheads, gopniks.
• In some subcultures, gender identification and the division of roles (glamour, role players, hip-hop) have been preserved.
• Gender indifferent, that is, neutral groups (punk, rasta, rave, alternative, rollers, skaters, snowboarders, hackers, rastamans).

The issue of causal relationships between the value orientations of subcultures and the characteristics of modern youth is controversial:

• on the one hand, young people themselves create and develop subcultures, which means they invest certain values;
• on the other hand, subcultures interact with each other, with common culture, with the culture of other countries, which means that new (perhaps beneficial to someone) installations penetrate into them.

As a rule, the values ​​of subcultures greatly influence the formation of personality and leave their mark forever. Even after a person's self-determination in society and leaving the subculture, some subcultural values ​​remain with him forever. The values ​​and trends of the youth environment, observed today, can take root and become a determining factor in shaping the future of the country, society, world culture.

Finally, I propose to get acquainted with the new and dangerous youth movement "Youth Patrol". This is a vivid example of a destructive and asocial youth subculture. Is this the kind of world we want to live in?

Society is made up of different people from various ethnic, religious and national cultures. In addition, there are a number of subcultures that many of us have not even heard of. Of course, we all know teenagers who like to dress up in black and call themselves "goth" or "emo". In addition to them, we know about such well-known and well-established subcultures and organizations as Hell's Angels, who travel around the United States on motorcycles dressed in leather.

All subcultures are united by the desire to deviate from the norm and establish what they consider their norm. Representatives of these subcultures have their own code of beliefs, which is strikingly different from the principles of most other people who are representatives of a generally accepted society and culture. While some people become members of a particular subculture for the express purpose of asserting their individuality, others' beliefs conform to the code of that subculture. Those people who are guided by the framework of social norms may be surprised by the existence of certain strange subcultures. Below we will talk about ten of the strangest subcultures in the world and find out what they are.

10. Internet subculture supporting anorexia

Membership in one of the most dangerous can be too expensive, although the price is not expressed in money. Most people are well aware that anorexia can cause many health problems and inevitably leads to death. However, there are a huge number of websites that support anorexia, as well as a bunch of forums that promote this disease as a positive lifestyle. The desperate desire of many women (and even men) and teenagers to be very thin leads them to think of anorexia in a positive way, and not as a disease. The Internet is full of websites and forums talking about the benefits of anorexia and how a person can achieve this life-threatening title.

Source 9Mexican Subculture Wearing Shoes with Long, Narrow Toes


The Mexican city of Matehula is a place where the fashion of wearing huge, colorful and even shiny shoes with long narrow socks flourishes. These shoes are very reminiscent of shoes worn by court jesters in the Middle Ages, and worn by their lovers. traditional music. Popular music in this area combines Spanish and African traditions and encourages people to dance in the street. Before big boots with long, narrow toes became the norm, people competed against each other to see who had the sharpest toe boot. In the end, these dancers on the streets of Matehuala went over the top and began to wear unusual shoes with long, narrow toes every day.

8. Japanese subculture Gyaru (Gyaru)


In an attempt to live a life of incomparable beauty and look unusually modern, young women from Japan have created their own subculture, which is drastically different from ancient culture geishas. Most of the girls who are followers of the Gyaro subculture set themselves the goal of looking almost the same. They create an image for themselves that allows them to stand out from the crowd at the same time, but look like one person in their group. They wear bouffant wigs, the highest platform shoes they can find, the shortest skirts, and make-up to paint themselves huge, expressive eyes. All this is done so that no one has any doubts about which subculture they belong to. Some of them even go to extreme lengths in an attempt to achieve unusually light skin tones.

7. Elvis Presley Rebellion Subculture

Elvis Presley himself was originally from the American South, however, the subculture of rebel Elvis fans flourishes in various parts of Switzerland. The subculture of Elvis Presley's rebellious fans emerged in the 1950s, at the same time that Elvis Presley and other "rebels" such as James Dean gained fame. The Swiss followers of this subculture imitate the looks and fashion of their American idols. Rebel fans of Elvis Presley are characterized by tight jeans, leather jackets, flashy jewelry on clothes and an inexorable desire to be different. This subculture exists to this day, despite the fact that the person who served as the inspiration for creating its code and name is no longer alive.

6. Subculture of Others or Azerkins (Otherkin)


Each of us at some point in his life may feel out of place or out of this world, as if he is not part of society. However, the Others subculture has gone much further. This is a group of people who found each other on the Internet. They feel as if they are not people, but some other creatures. Others believe that they are the result of reincarnation and that in a past life they were mystical beings or even aliens. The beings the Others perceive themselves to be often include angels, devils, fairies, and vampires.

5 Norwegian Black Metal Subculture


While the subculture of maintaining anorexia is against health, the Norwegian Black Metal subculture is against the law. This subculture was formed in the early 1990s and since its inception has opposed Christianity with the most terrible and violent methods, often resorting to arson and even murder. This group of criminals rejects everything that characterizes Christianity and wants to return to the worship of the Scandinavian gods that the Vikings worshiped centuries ago. They wear death metal clothes and are not considered by the rest of society, representing a dangerous subculture that is present in many parts of Norway.

4. Lolita subculture

The Lolita subculture, which originated in Japan in the 1990s, has recently spread throughout the world. Her followers are very feminine girls of playful behavior. Girls dress in dresses with frills, but their appearance often hides something gloomy. Frills and ruffles are often black, as are the satin ribbons tied into their hair. Some Lolita groups even wear traditional kimonos to support their charming image. Other Lolita groups favor an old-fashioned style, complete with accessories such as bonnets, petticoats, umbrellas and knee socks. The word Lolita became a household name in 1955 thanks to the novel of the same name.

3. The subculture of the Venezuelan Miss Barbie (Miss Barbie Venezuela)


Live women in beauty pageants look artificial, as if made of plastic, but there is a subculture in Venezuela that is actually based on plastic dolls. Barbie dolls take center stage at the annual beauty pageant, where fashionable 29cm dolls strut across the stage with the help of their human owners. The owners of these dolls take this subculture as seriously as any real beauty pageant and even behave like their own dolls during the part of the competition where they have to answer questions. In order to win this ornate beauty contest brimming with toys, the dolls must wear the best evening gowns and swimsuits. In addition, they must demonstrate perfect hair and makeup.

2. Elevator subculture

For many people, a ride in an elevator is nothing more than a daily necessity, so they do not pay any attention to it. Some buildings have too many stairs, or stairs may only be used in emergencies. For others, riding in an elevator becomes a phobia. For the elevator subculture, however, they are both an obsession and an art form. These people take rides in elevators to new level, and their goal is to ride elevators around the world and document their adventures for viewers on YouTube.

1. Community of Elegant People (SAPE, Société des Ambianceurs et des Personnes Élégantes)


Forget New York and Paris and go to Africa, namely the Congo, if you want to see

Any civilized society presupposes the existence, implementation and organization of joint activities by people. The methods of its organization can be both formal and informal; they do not replace each other and proceed according to significantly different laws.

For example, in formal groups, relations are, as it were, impersonal: people act according to prescribed laws or rules. AT informal relationships, people or groups of people, there is communication and communication through public opinion or a system of interpersonal relations.

In other words, “formals” are members of society who adhere to the norms and laws of this society, and “non-formals” do not comply with these norms, “go beyond” social stereotypes and patterns.

Teenagers are informal

At the heart of any informal movement is the idea of ​​a free community of like-minded people, preserving emotional warmth and at the same time providing each member with a certain individual freedom.

Informals are those who break out of the formalized structures of our lives. They do not fit into the usual rules of conduct. Destroys all patterns and stereotypes, not only in appearance, but also in relationships. They strive to live in accordance with their own interests, and not those of others, imposed from outside.

In the 1980s, with the first impulses of freedom, the so-called "System" gained strength - a youth association mainly of punk rockers and hippies. It existed as a protest or rebellion against the communist system.

The informal youth subculture and its Sistema movement collapsed along with the collapse of the USSR, but a new way of life for people, the desire for a better life and gradual disillusionment formed a large number of other informal youth and adolescent groups.

Features of youth subculture

In the modern world, whether we notice it or not, a fairly stable youth subculture has already formed. It has its own internal and external features. Firstly, this is a common interest and one ideological program for all participants in an informal youth organization. Secondly, the fact that non-formals have a desire to assert themselves, along with competition in a group of the same.

At the same time, each informal youth group has a weakly expressed internal structure and internal connections.

Modern youth subcultures

Another important feature and feature of all youth movements is their external distinguishing features. Each group has its own name, its own informal status and the so-called dress-code (clothing code). Those. a form of clothing or an attribute that indicates that a teenager or young man belongs to one or another informal model of youth subculture.

Let's understand the classification of modern youth subcultures

So, for starters, all informal associations are divided into groups, and those, in turn, into micro groups. When dividing, they are guided purely by likes and dislikes.

There are also exclusively informal teenage movements, informal youth and mixed groups. There are anti-social informals and positive-minded.

General classification of informal youth organizations and types of youth subcultures

Sports directed informals

These are the so-called sports fans. Their movement is characterized by clear discipline and organization. Young people and teenagers who are well versed in a particular sport know its history. Promote a healthy lifestyle. Their appearance is recognizable - sports scarves, caps, T-shirts, etc.

Politically oriented youth subcultures

The most socially oriented youth subculture and informal grouping. They are distinguished by social activity, participation in various rallies and have a clear political position. These include: pacifists, Nazis (skinheads), punks, etc.

• a youth subculture of pacifists who oppose war and approve of the struggle for peace.
• youth subculture "skinheads" (from the English. Skin - skin, Head - head) spontaneously emerged marginal organization, which is characterized by nationalist views and willingness to defend them. Skins are easy to distinguish from others: shaven-headed, black and green jackets, nationalist T-shirts, jeans with suspenders.
• the youth subculture of punks is basically an extremist informal teenage movement, whose behavior is distinguished by shocking and unbridled desire to attract the attention of others.

Philosophizing youth subcultures

Among them, such a youth subculture as hippies stand out. Sloppy clothes, blue jeans, embroidered shirts, T-shirts with inscriptions and symbols, amulets, bracelets, chains are the hallmarks of hippies. Informal youth is in the eternal search for the meaning of life, knowledge of themselves and the world around them.

Musically directed informal movement

The youth subculture of rappers, rockers, breakers, parkour (street acrobatics), etc. Informals of this youth subculture are united by a steady interest in music or dance. And this interest is most often transformed into a lifestyle.

Other modern youth subcultures

• Goths (they popularize the cult of death in every possible way, they look very similar to vampires);
• emo (short for the word "emotions"). Their youth subculture is based on the idea that the life of a teenager is a very severe test, and therefore an emo informal person is sad and sad. This is evidenced by the black color in the clothes of a teenager, combined with pink, which is a symbol of love and friendship.
• The youth subculture of anarchists is distinguished by their demonstrative straightforwardness in their views and aggressive behavior. Black color in clothes, and a mandatory metal accessory.

Psychology of informality

Informal adolescents have their own psychological characteristics, primarily a desire and a tendency to imitate. This is understandable, since teenagers “do not yet know how” to be themselves, they are in search of the meaning of “I” and their purpose in life. Another characteristic of any informal youth subculture is the desire to stand out, the craving for autonomy and independence.

The realization of this aspiration is quite real in a group of people like himself. But in fact, a teenager dissolves in a crowd of his own kind. “The vast majority of informal groupings of the youth subculture do not rest on conscious unity, which rarely happens among adolescents, but on the sameness of the loneliness of its members.”

One of the conditions for the existence of teenage informal groups is the presence or creation of opponents, ill-wishers, etc. Most often, the world of adults becomes enemy number one. A teenager informal expresses disagreement, dissatisfaction with the system and extends this protest to all informals in the group.

Subculture are patterns of behavior, lifestyles, specific values and their symbolic expression of any social group.

Not only age cohorts and special sections of youth, but also professional groups have their own subcultures. Subcultures Doctors, astronauts, actors, television people, teachers have it ... The usual teacher words “window”, “hours”, “rusichka”, “prolong” are far from clear to all representatives of other professions. And try to decipher the slang of TV journalists: “brick”, “canned food”, “live”, “ruler”, “parquet” ...

youth subculture – these are behavior patterns, clothing styles, musical preferences, language (slang), specific values ​​and their symbolic expressions, typical for groups of young people (12-25 years old).

Youth subcultures have existed for a long time, at least since the second half of the twentieth century. In our country, they attracted the attention of society and the media in 1980s. In those years, the bearers of such special cultural practices were usually called members of informal youth associations. The most famous examples are hippies, punks, rockers, metalheads.

The main socio-psychological feature of informal youth associations is the symbolization of appearance, lifestyle, behavior, in particular, clothing, speaking style. For example, long hair hippies are not only long hair, but also a symbol of freedom; the English-language layer of hippie slang is an orientation towards Western patterns of behavior; an apartment where informals gather is not just a room, but a flat, where everyone is their own, united by an unpretentious style of everyday life.

Types of subcultures

Alternatives - formed in the first half 90s. It included representatives rappers, metalheads and punks. Of all youth musical directions, they stand out for their friendliness towards representatives of any subcultures. Unlike all musical movements, Alternative combined several styles at once, which made it possible to create a completely separate subculture. Based on the style hard core, were later involved Grunge and Industrial.

Closer to the turn of 2000, new style hit within mainstream and began to spread massively around the world. A huge impetus in the development of its popularity was provided by such groups as: Linkin Park,Korn, Limp Bizkit.

The appearance of Alternatives immediately catches the eye, those. They are easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures. They wear wide clothes and piercings. This subculture did not have a special ideology, everything rested on a musical experiment that radically changed the development of world music.

anime people- came from Japanese series Anime, which began to be filmed on a large scale in the twentieth century. Followers and adherents are easy to identify by bright things, symbolism. As a rule, Anime people do not hide this, but on the contrary put it on display. As for ideology and philosophy, within the framework of this subculture, it is completely absent. This movement is well developed in large cities, which cannot be said about settlements with a small number of people.

Of all the existing, modern youth subcultures, this name is the most harmless, not carrying any danger, both for society and for its followers. The main thing that Anime people do is watching Anime in large quantities and discussing it in their circle.

Bikers- the subculture goes far to the roots in about 60-70s It was then that this direction began to take shape. The members of this class are usually men in their 30s who cannot imagine life without the following things: motorcycle, beer and rock music. All these three elements are inextricably linked.

Distinctive features bikers is from other types of subcultures - this motorcycle, long hair, skin, beard and beer belly. As a rule, they travel in groups, it is rare to meet them alone. Every self-respecting biker is a member of the club. You can determine in which one by the stripes on his clothes. This is the main sign of how the representatives of this class distinguish themselves from each other.

From other representatives of various subcultures, they are distinguished by a more or less calm character (relatively), they are the first to not get involved in fights, they live on their own, but if you touch a motorcyclist who is in a biker club, nothing good will come of it.

Today, the biker movement has also added scooters. They, as a rule, are ridden only by the younger generation, who do not have the money to buy a good motorcycle. Now they are already accepted into clubs, moreover, there is a separate movement in individual clubs.

Vanilla Girls or Vanillas- This new subculture, which originated quite recently (compared to all youth subcultures, just a few years ago). Moreover, this direction covered only girls. Home hallmark from other youth movements is always carrying a camera, (by and large mirror), in all places. Also, such girls are distinguished by increased emotionality and sensuality. With the help of a camera, Vanillas convey their emotional mood, and this is the only way they can do it.

Glamor - is one of the youngest subcultures of our time. It was formed on the basis club life and secular parties. The most important feature that distinguishes Glamor from other subcultures is unquestioning adherence to the latest fashion trends. You spend a lot of money on your looks. What do glamor people wear? are global brands Adidas other. Moreover, both a woman and a man can get into this subculture. Each gender has its own dress code.

Gopnik - subculture originated in last years the existence of the USSR. In their ideology and behavior, they are extremely close to hooligans. From other youth subcultures, Gopnik stand out prison slang, increased violence and low IQ. The term Gopnik itself originated from the word "GOP stop"- sudden robbery. Attitude towards other subcultures is aggressive, i.e. long hair makes the gopnik aggressive. They are wearing tracksuits and short hair.

Goths- like any modern trend youth originates from music. In their appearance, they are distinguished by the predominance (monotonous) black in clothes and cosmetics(if we are talking about girls), and also symbols related to death - teeth, crosses, inverted crosses, pentagrams, and so on. Throughout the existence of this Goth subculture, its adherents have not developed their own ideology, which should be followed. The only thing that remains unchanged and eternal among the representatives of this movement is a gloomy look and a predominance of decadence in the mood.

According to established traditions, a favorite place where people who adhere to this subculture gather is cemeteries(urban, rural, suburban, etc.).

Also, after 2000, another, more modern, separated from the Gotha subculture - Cyber ​​Goth.

grungers- one of the oldest subcultures, they arose under the influence of the musical direction grunge, from where they actually stood out as a separate culture in about 1990-1991. Her ancestors group Nirvana who were able to promote not only their style to the masses, but also give rise to a whole generation of their followers. In appearance, the Grangers are easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures, as a rule, they dress like their idol. Kurt Cobain, those. plaid shirt, sneakers and long hair- these three elements completely form the image and image. Moreover, preference is given to worn out clothes. Often, such things are bought in second-hand stores to form an image, style and image.

They are completely harmless to others. The grunge subculture is also distinguished by its conservatism, unwillingness to change its foundations of life, norms, philosophy or value system. As for age, there are no restrictions. Among the grungers you can meet both at the age of 15 (youth), and fully formed and established people (for 25-30 years). As mentioned above, this is the safest and most non-aggressive social movement in our time.

graffitiers - emerged from street art graffiti, at the end 1960s. At that time, this direction was called modern avant-garde. Later from USA graffiti began to spread rapidly around the world. As a rule, young people are involved in this movement, i.e. quite rarely you can meet adults with a spray can of paint. Choose different places for graffiti. Graffiti artists willingly draw both on abandoned buildings and on subway cars, not infrequently contemporary artists can be found on the central streets of large cities.

Cyber ​​Goth - is the youngest and most developing subculture. Tentatively, the origins of the birth fall on the 1990th year. The origins themselves were taken precisely from the Gothic movement, but in short term have been completely redirected. Like most subcultures, Cyber ​​Goths were formed due to musical trends in particular style. Noise, and Industrial, which was radically different from other existing styles of that period of time.

As the main hairstyles are used: dreadlocks, hair dyed in different colors, not uncommon among representatives of this movement and Iroquois, but with the punk subculture, they have nothing to do. The color range ranges from green to black, but bright ones are predominantly used. Word Cyber, is used for a reason. If you take a closer look at their appearance, you can see microchips, involved as an element of fashion design, i.e. own style.

Since this is the most modern subculture, the passion for computers is considered here by default. 90% of representatives of this informal direction are well versed in today's computer technologies.

Metalworkers- the subculture was formed at the beginning1960s. This direction was bornmusic style metal, or to be more precise, the styleheavy metal. The term metalworkers denotes all adherentsheavy rock musicand all kinds of metal, ranging from classicalHeavy Metal to Thrash Metalother more difficult areas. From this subculture, another one subsequently separated -satanists , which completely separated itself and became an absolutely independent current. Modern metalheads, however, like the founders of the direction, love a free life, living for their own pleasure. In these circles, it is common to drink alcohol and attend heavy rock concerts, as far as drugs are concerned, this is not accepted, although there are individual cases. The main component of this subculture is teenagers, aged 16 to 20 years old, as well as "Old" (old) representatives of this direction, metalheads aged 45 or more often come across.

From the image metal worker the following can be distinguished: leather clothes(mostly black) a lot of metal on the body(chains, spikes, bracelets, etc.), big boots, piercing(usually in the left ear), bandanas. From symbolism, often found skulls. Adherents of this direction introduced into use, the most popular informal gesture, called "Goat".

New Age -its essence lies in spiritual self-improvement. Hereread books, and it is considered thathigher intellectual and spiritual level of a person, the higher his status within the given subculture. Differences from ordinary people lie not only in this, it also touched on religion. The standard religions, Islam, Christianity or Buddhism are completely rejected by them. On the basis of world teachings, each member of the New Age creates his own current, interfering with the teachings of mystical vices with the rites of manism, neo-paganism or occult currents.

Punks- how a separate subculture began to form back in 1930, at that time there was no such thing as rock music, but it was then that the lifestyle and appearance of adherents of this direction began to become. The place of occurrence of Panks (homeland) is England. The first punks were people from the poor areas of the city of Wales. Their entertainment was robberies, hooligans, fights, debauchery. At that time, in these circles, the so-called Black Jazz. As for their ideology, almost all ideas and worldviews come down to ordinary anarchy, i.e. the existence of people without laws and state control.

Iroquois- a symbol of the punk movement, leather jackets on the naked body or torn T-shirts, massive facial piercings and neglect of the bath and shower- all these are the hallmarks of this subculture.

At rock concerts, Punks act aggressively, arranging Slam drinking alcohol in large quantities.

Pedovki (or another name for Pendovka) appeared very recently, about 2008 - 2009 year, this term was firmly included in informal hangouts. They call fagots girls(as a rule, youth age up to 20 years, to be more precise, from 12-17 years old- this is the peak of the age at which the wave of this youth movement is brought). In their appearance, demeanor, they try to combine the “positive” aspects of different subcultures, for example ready, emo, punk, and others. In particular, they create an image for themselves glamorous girl, trying to attract as much attention as possible with their appearance. Of all the youth subcultures, they are one of the youngest and most despised.

In appearance, it is easy to distinguish them from representatives of other movements of directions, for example, they wear modern clothes for 12 months a year. skate shoes and clothes from specialized stores (board shops), brands are preferred Fallen. The arms are hung with various cheap bracelets purchased in McDonaldze, Euroset or Svyaznoy, as well as a large abundance icons. Also drawing on your own body, with a black marker, various expressions or “pictures”. Among this movement is actively distributed piercing, and everything that is possible is pierced.

Rastafans- the subculture was formed around 1920s. The culture itself began to spread from African territories, later covering caribbean. ideology is built around cannabis cult(cannabis), excessive consumption of this natural product and listening to songs recorded in the style reggae.

The appearance is very simple, but at the same time very catchy, i.e. ordinary T-shirts and the image or symbolism of hemp, manually linked hats or hoodies, dreadlocks. The color scheme in clothing, paraphernalia and symbols consists of three colors: red, yellow, green. Often woven into hair miscellaneous items: balls, thread etc. Majority Rastamans, wears long dreadlocks emphasizing their attitude to their subculture. The meaning of the Rassman subculture is as follows: smoke marijuana, expand your consciousness, comprehend the meaning of life, do no harm to others, promote reggae to the masses.

Ravers - subculture is an endless night parties at which they perform top djs, and from the speakers comes out electronic dance music. Ravers - party-goers subculture. The source of youth priorities is dance music, and their way of life originates from idols - musicians. "Rave" translates as a mass disco where DJs perform.

rockers- subculture appeared in 1960s year on the territory England. It was originally applied to young people who rode motorcycles.

The image of the rocker subculture is practical, in principle it has survived to this day. They are wearing leather jackets (leather jackets), decorated with various stripes, iron buttons and other paraphernalia. Of all the subcultures, rockers stand out for their kind attitude towards others and the complete absence of aggression towards representatives of other youth trends. The only negative traits of rockers is a strong addiction to drugs, alcohol and nakatina(cigarettes). In our time, this subculture has practically ceased to exist, as other musical directions and subcultures have replaced, such as alternatives and metalworkers.

rappers- the most common of all existing youth areas in Russia. Mass fashion, which came from the United States, is firmly entrenched in our country.

In appearance, it is quite simple to identify Rappers, they are wearing clothes on several sizes larger, i.e. she just hangs. Accepted in rap circles pathos, i.e. the more pretentious a person is, the steeper his surroundings treat him. Modern rap dictates the rules for its followers - the main focus is on sex, violence and toughness.

Among this youth movement is widespread basketball, beatbox, graffiti, break dance and other areas.

Skinheads- are one of the youngest directions. They got their name due to their appearance - bald voice(shaved). Moreover, the first followers did not come from Nazi Germany, as is now accepted. It began to actively emerge in Germany in 1960. Skinheads began to actively spread throughout the globe, by the year 2000, completely capturing the whole world.

Separately, it should be mentioned that, in general, the skinhead subculture is aimed at preservation of the nation, and the modern political system is trying to mix all peoples and nations. This is the main reason why skinheads fight so hard for the purity of the blood of their people. The swastika began to be used after the era Adolf Hitler, as a symbol of the movement of their ideology. In the early 1980s, members of this movement frequently adorned their bodies with swastika tattoos.

dudes- was considered the Soviet movement of the second half 40s – 50s years. At this time, on the busy streets of cities, one could see young people dressed obscenely in defiant clothes. Supporters of the movement of that time were distinguished by cynicism in their judgments and indifference to Soviet norms of behavior and morality.

Subculture dudes- it's kind of protest against standard stereotypes of behavior, uniformity in dress and style. After two decades of alienation of the USSR from the West, in the 1940s, the “window” in new world finally opened up. Fashion magazines and jazz records began to be brought from Europe, and the first films were shown in cinemas. foreign films. Therefore, the contrast reflecting the “Western way of life” in films has become a model of behavior for post-war youth.

About where the newfangled word at that time came from "dude" it's hard to understand now. According to one version, it was "born" on the pages of the popular magazine "Crocodile"(1949). In it, the falletonists so called the dressed up dudes "listening to jazz and hanging out in restaurants." A few years later, the word "dandies" came into use and, in fact, became the name of a new youth movement.

The style formed by the 50s was significantly different from the communist ideology. men wore tight pants(famous "pipes"), long double-breasted jackets, brightly colored shirts paired with colorful ties, pointed boots and sunglasses . For girls it was typical: sewn bows and the predominance of a large number of trinkets. Light costumes were complemented by all sorts of accessories (sticks or belts). Particular preference was given to colors in a cage, peas or large stripes.

straight age(sXe) - formed from a subculture Punk, gradually separating as a separate direction over time. Short for straight edge, spelled and sounds like sXe. The ideology of this youth subculture is very simple - an explicit, not hidden call for a healthy lifestyle, the rejection of meat and alcohol, that is, the preservation of one's health, not only physically, but also spiritually. The date of origin (formation) is considered to be 80s.

« Food instead of bombs”, so the followers of straight edge interpreted themselves until 2000, however, after this milestone, their ideals did not change much, except that a different musical preference was given than ordinary punk or hardcore.

From clothes and symbols, they are distinguished from other representatives of various subcultures only Cross (X) or use the shorthand abbreviation ( sXe). Later, the symbolism became the subject of tattoos.

Tolkienists- the direction appeared at about 1960, its idea, it is fully obliged writer D. Tolkien. The first sources were formed in the United States. As a rule, all works and the movement of Tolkienists are scientific and research works, in which the languages ​​of the created fantasy world, the intricacies of writing a series of books and controversial moments in the plots that appeared as they were written are studied. It was from the Tolkienists that a new direction went - roleplayers(role-playing, not to be confused with a sexual term). They completely imitated with their appearance the image of their fantastic character - orcs, elves, hobbits and other inhabitants of the Mediterranean. They completely got used to their image, and sometimes to such an extent that they practically lost touch with the real world.

The main feature that distinguishes them from other subcultures is passion for literature, and this is manifested not only in reading, but also in writing my own books dedicated to the themes of its legendary writer.

Trash models- sees the goal of fighting against glamor. Thus, trash girls, through their appearance, tend to litter the glamorous style that is fashionable today, to create ironic and cruel caricature. In order to stand out from the crowd, the youth of this trend will do everything possible - they will combine absolutely incompatible things: leopard print with cartoon T-shirts, lace and military, checks and stripes, rhinestones and spikes, creepy skulls and cute flowers, as well as butterflies, tiaras , anarchist and satanic symbolism ...

Also widely and universally used tattoos, piercing(including, " tunnels"- wide holes in the ears and not only in them), "snake language". Apart from bright makeup, false eyelashes, painted eyebrows(or their complete absence) the glamorous world of trash models is challenged by uneven asymmetrical hairstyles(ala "I fell off a dump truck..."). At the same time, the desire to surpass the rainbow is clearly expressed in the hair color. Among this trend, both traditional colors (acid pink, purple, yellow, arctic white) or mixed with each other, as well as "raccoon tail" and "exotic raccoon tail" (black and white or any other colored striped hair) are popular. For complete chaos, sometimes added to all this dreadlocks or afro braids.

Their favorite pastime is to take pictures of themselves from a very close distance in order to appear in all their shocking beauty. The main rule of the trash movement is the absence of any rules. They do not drive themselves into the framework of any particular subculture. It's more of a lifestyle.

Freaks(Freak) - a subculture formed in XX century, in the territory North America. Until now, her followers adhere to one main idea - stand out from the crowd of people around. To do this, they use not only clothes, but also use a different behavior and philosophy. The term Freak itself originated from English word freak, which means - a strange man. Each follower of this direction creates his own image and in no case adheres to social standards.

Often creative people enter this subculture musicians, actors, artists, writers and other representatives of creative professions.

fans(or football fans) - the subculture was formed at the beginning 1930s, after Football became a popular game around the world, the number of followers of this direction has increased exponentially. It so happened that each football club had its own staff of fans who supported their favorite team at games and tournaments. Main feature that distinguishes this subculture from others is minimal idealism - anyone can become a football fan, and no significant effort is required from him.

Fans are especially active after major football matches when in the nearest areas of the stadium, in the literal sense, almost everything is carried. This movement spawned a network beer bars focused specifically on a particular group. Subsequently, they became a kind of headquarters and a gathering place for regular fans.

hackers- is one of the youngest directions of our millennium. As a rule, these are people (young men and persons under 30) who proficient in computers. By their appearance, it is difficult to identify them on the street. Most of them prefer to sit at home at the computer, rather than spend time in the company of their peers on the street or in entertainment venues. First of all, these are the people who can hack programs or entire websites, they can easily bypass any security systems. Do not confuse hacker with programmer. These two directions differ significantly from each other, although they have much in common with each other than it might seem at first glance. It should be said right away that not every programmer, maybe Hacker. As a rule, not all of them reveal their identities. On the net they hide behind fictitious and names called Nicks.

Hippie- a subculture originated in the territory America during the period 1960s years. In general, it was an integral youth movement of white people. Its main difference was a separate concept of society and social foundations. They were also distinguished peacekeeping position(pacifists), they hated nuclear weapons and any force on people. In parallel with the political context, Hippie made a great contribution to the development minor religions, promoting them to the masses through their movement. Moreover, they have had a huge development in the distribution of drugs among young people, motivating this as an expansion of consciousness. Among the drugs, it was common to use marijuana (cannabis) and LSD, as a rule, this was done for meditation. Appearance subculture The hippie stood out loose clothes, a lot of baubles on her hands and long hair.

Hipsters - the main contingent of adherents of this direction was taken from the audience jazz music . The scope was later expanded to include indie styles, alternative music, films of the genre art house and modern literature. Hipster age ranges from 16-25 years old, mostly they are representatives of the middle class who are looking for new forms and ways of social self-expression.

It is quite easy to recognize such people on the street, they are wearing T-shirts with prints(massively common nowadays) sneakers, notebook, SLR camera,iPhone (or tablet computer).

They are passive to politics, riots, protests or other forms of youth expression. Complete apathy towards the entire social world is an invariable feature of this subculture of the stratum. They like to take a lot of photos, posting them in most cases on social networks, for general viewing. They like to keep online diaries, on such popular blog services as LiveJournal(LJ), Blogs Mail, Twitter.

Emo boys- the most beautiful representatives of the male half harm all adherents of rock. Many girls are attracted to bright tight T-shirts, torn, sloping bangs and black eyeliner. Today it is not uncommon to meet an emo boy on the street with black polished nails. Excessive neatness in clothes and a well-groomed appearance (which is quite rare among ordinary teenagers) attracts the attention of girls. Emo boys just like girls lead a healthy lifestyle. At present, there are many around the world emo bands. Many won the love of their fans not only with the lyrics, but also with the beauty of their voices.

Chkalovskaya secondary school No. 1

North Kazakhstan region

Yaroshinskaya Svetlana Edmundovna

History and social studies teacher

"The influence of subcultures on the spiritual and moral development of youth"

Content:

2.Features of youth subcultures, conflict of youth subcultures.

3. The influence of subcultures on the spiritual and moral development of youth.

6. Interview with representatives of youth subcultures, youth affairs specialist.

List of usedliterature.

1. What is a youth subculture? Main features.

The increased role of youth subcultures in modern society can be explained by understanding what role the subculture plays.

youth subculture - this is the culture of a certain young generation that has a common style of life, behavior, group norms, values ​​and stereotypes. Youth subcultures can be defined as a system of meanings, means of expression, lifestyles. Created by youth groups, subcultures reflect attempts to resolve conflicts associated with a broader social context. Subcultures are not some kind of foreign formation, on the contrary, they are deeply accelerated, in a general socio-cultural context. Entering adolescence, the individual moves away from the family, looking for a new company that allows him to undergo socialization. Official youth organizations group adolescents of the same age, but often claim only "social (public) life", without affecting their personal lives. That is why young people prefer not the official structure, but the youth subculture, where they have the opportunity to realize themselves at the level of social communications in their social environment. Participation in a subculture is"game of adulthood", where young people construct a kind of life situations and learn to behave in them.

Subculture - a system of values, behavior patterns, lifestyle of a social group, which is an independent holistic formation within the framework of the dominant culture.

Subcultures change so quickly and are so diverse in one single period of time within one large space that sometimes it is not even possible to name them.

In fact, the main thing in the concept of subculture is the prefix sub-, denoting a bare structural opposition directed against the phenomena of a large culture.

Representatives of a subculture have their own culture, their own so much that, having a common colloquial language with a large culture, they put other sensations, other concepts into the same words, behind all this there is a fundamentally different symbolism.

Under subculture should be understood the main characteristics of social values, norms and preferences of adolescents, which are reflected in the social position and in other forms of self-realization of the individual. Thus, any subculture is a way of expressing the individuality of young people.

According to modern point vision subculture is a special sphere of culture . Let's just say it's education within culture which is distinguished by its own values ​​and customs. This is the culture of a certain young generation, which has a common style of life, behavior, group norms. If a young person has an unusual style of clothing, behavior, statements - all these may be signs of involvement in a particular subculture. Of course, each subculture keeps its own "secret", hidden, intended exclusively for the initiates. In many of its features, the youth subculture simply repeats the television subculture, which molds a convenient viewer for itself.

2.Features of youth subcultures, the conflict between them.

There are features that characterize the youth subculture as a whole. One of these features is characterized by scientists as alienation from the older generation, his cultural property, ideals. It did not arise today and looks like a lack of meaning in life. Against this background, the youth subculture is turning into a counterculture with its own ideals, fashion, language and art.

Leisure more and more become the main sphere of life of young people. True life for her begins outside the school threshold. Young people go into leisure as into a protective shell, where they are truly free. The main elements of leisure are: rest, active physical activity, entertainment, self-education, creativity, reflection, holiday. The communicative, aesthetic, emotional, cognitive, entertaining functions of culture and leisure are most fully realized.

One of the specific features of the youth subculture is " Westernization (Americanization) of cultural needs and interests. The values ​​of national culture are being replaced by samples of Western mass culture. Accordingly, the value palette of adolescent consciousness is changing, where pragmatism, cruelty, and an immoderate desire for material success play the main roles. Accordingly, highly revered values ​​are squeezed out of the value set of young people, such as politeness, respect for others. In choosing cultural idols, today's youth often follow the requirements of the group environment (hanging out) and fashion trends, rather than their own choice or the advice of their parents. Those who disagree with the group run the risk of joining the ranks of "outcast", "not interesting", "not prestigious" people.
Thus, youth subculture- this is the culture of a certain young generation that has a common style of life, behavior, group norms, values ​​and stereotypes.

The subculture, to which young people belong mainly, is a certain choice of what clothes to wear, what music to listen to, what values ​​to believe in, and, first of all, which group to belong to. AT big city young people can choose from any of a variety of such groups. They arise even within national communities.
The huge variety of youth associations entails certain conflicts, which are mainly of a personal nature and result in a confrontation between young people who consider themselves to be members of different subcultural associations.
Any youth subculture has certain rules, sometimes "unwritten" traditions, values, even views on the same situations or incidents in several subcultures can radically differ, and each subculture considers its opinion to be the most correct, accurate and relevant. The main difference between the conflicts of youth subcultures and the conflicts taking place among adults is that the older generation is able to be more tolerant and correct about outside opinions, or at least only verbally respond to the identification of any obvious contradictions or differences in views ( debate and compromise). Young people, on the other hand, react more temperamentally to such manifestations of “otherness” of someone directly to their social group and try with all their might to change this, but, encountering opposition and unwillingness of the opposite side to obey, they try, again thanks to youthful egocentrism, to solve such a problem with physical force. . It is from such situations that youth conflicts, intergroup clarification of relations, the definition of right, wrong, guilty and injured follow.
The conflict within culture always has a subordinate place, as it destroys the traditional mechanisms of its self-preservation and sustainable development. Here, a conflict of cultural and civilizational foundations of society, represented by different social groups, is also possible. In particular, between different subcultures.
3. The influence of subcultures on the spiritual and moral development of youth.

Adolescence, especially from the age of 13-15, is the age of the formation of moral convictions, the principles by which a teenager begins to be guided in his behavior. At this age, there is an interest in worldview issues, such as the emergence of life on Earth, the origin of man, the meaning of life. The formation of a teenager's correct attitude to reality, stable beliefs must be given paramount importance, because. it is at this age that the foundations of conscious, principled behavior in society are laid, which will make themselves felt in the future.

The moral beliefs of a teenager are formed under the influence of the surrounding reality. They can be erroneous, incorrect, distorted. This occurs when they are formed under the influence of random circumstances, bad influence streets, unseemly acts.

In close connection with the formation of the moral convictions of young people, their moral ideals are formed. In this they differ significantly from younger students. Studies have shown that ideals in adolescents manifest themselves in two main forms. Teenager younger age the ideal is the image of a particular person, in which he sees the embodiment of qualities highly valued by him. With age, a young person has a noticeable “movement” from images of close people to images of people with whom he does not directly communicate. Older teenagers begin to make higher demands on their ideal. In this regard, they begin to realize that those around them, even very loved and respected by them, are for the most part the most ordinary people, good and worthy of respect, but are not the ideal embodiment of the human person.

In the development of young people's cognition of the surrounding reality, there comes a moment when a person, his inner world, becomes the object of cognition. Exactly at adolescence there is a focus on the knowledge and assessment of the moral and psychological qualities of others.

Along with the growth of such interest in other people, adolescents begin to form and develop self-awareness, the need for awareness and evaluation of their personal qualities.

Analyzing, we can summarize and identify the following age features characteristic of adolescence:

The need for energy discharge;

The need for self-education; active search for the ideal;

Lack of emotional adaptation;

Susceptibility to emotional contagion;

criticality;

Uncompromising;

The need for autonomy;

Aversion to guardianship;

The importance of independence as such;

Sharp fluctuations in the nature and level of self-esteem;

Interest in personality traits;

Need to be;

The need to mean something;

Need for popularity.

Adolescents have a desire to study their "I", to understand what they are capable of. During this period, they strive to assert themselves, especially in the eyes of their peers, to get away from everything childish. Less and less focused on the family and turn to her. Adolescents who have lost their bearings, who do not have support among adults, are trying to find an ideal or a role model. Thus, teenagers adjoin one or another informal organization. A feature of informal associations is the voluntariness of joining them and a steady interest in a specific goal, idea. The second feature of these groups is rivalry, which is based on the need for self-affirmation. A young man strives to do something better than others, to get ahead of even the people closest to him in some way. This leads to the fact that within the youth groups are heterogeneous, they consist of a large number of micro-groups that unite on the basis of likes and dislikes. It is in the space of informal communication that the primary, independent choice by a teenager of his social environment and partner is possible. It is generally accepted that the main thing for adolescents in informal groups is the opportunity to relax, spend free time. From a sociological point of view, this is wrong: "nonsense" is one of the last places in the list of what attracts young people to informal associations - only a little more than 7% say this. About 5% find an opportunity to communicate with like-minded people in an informal environment. For 11%, the most important thing is the conditions for the development of their abilities that arise in informal groupings.

4. Acquaintance with the types of subcultures.

The study of youth subcultures has long been an important direction in the sociology of youth. Youth movements can be divided into the following groups:
- Associated with music, music fans, followers of the culture of musical styles: rockers, metalheads, punks, goths, rappers, trance culture.
- Differing in a certain worldview and way of life: goths, hippies, Indianists, punks, rastamans.
- Sports related: sports fans, rollerbladers, skaters, street bikers, bikers.
- Associated with games, going to another reality: role-players, Tolkienists, gamers.
- Related to computer technology: hackers, users, the same gamers.
- Hostile or asocial groups: punks, skinheads, RNU, gopniks, lubers, Nazis, periodically: football fans and metalheads.
- Religious associations: Satanists, sects, Hare Krishnas, Indianists.
- Groups contemporary art: graphitters, break dancers, pro-modern artists, sculptors, musical groups.
- Elite: Majors, Ravers.
- Antiquarian subcultures: beatniks, rockabilly.
- Subculture of the masses or counterculture: gopniks, rednecks.
- Socially active: societies for the protection of history and the environment, pacifists.

1
.Emo.Recently, the direction of emo has become very popular among young people. But not everyone knows what it is! If we talk about emo as a concept, then we can say that emo is not just a direction, but special image life and thinking of people. The word emo comes from the word emotion. Emo people live only by emotions, whether they are positive or negative. For people of this category, the expression of feelings through emotions is not a manifestation of weakness, but a completely natural state. Emo kids in the crowd are as easy to distinguish as ready. To fully express their emotions and feelings, emo kids write poems and songs, are fond of photography and drawing. Who is this emo kid? If you literally translate each word, it turns out that emo is emotions, and kid is a child. Together we get an emotional child. But in em's direction it's
It says that each of us remains a child at heart. Emo kids, how children perceive the world. They find joy in some small things, and even the smallest loss or failure can upset them very much. But there is another kind of emo-kids. E then those who do not hide their emotions and perceive the world in a special way just because they just want to join the company of emo people. Such a peculiar shell is just an image, or just an empty picture, behind which there is nothing. Basically, the emo craze for emo kids passes very quickly. They are not afraid of the opinions of others and easily demonstrate their feelings. Often, emo kids rush from one emotional extreme to another: from grief to happiness, from sadness to joy, etc. It is these features that distinguish emo from other subcultures. There is a stereotype of emo as whiny boys and girls. First of all, for representatives of this subculture, the main values ​​are: mind, feelings, emotions. The ability to combine these 3 components is the essence of emo. Emo kid is a vulnerable depressive person who actually dreams of a clean and happy love. Representatives of this trend, as a rule, wear black or pink hair, slanting bangs covering half of the face (a symbol that the emo kid is only half open to the world), and short hair sticking out in the back different sides. Girls can have children's, funny hairstyles - two small ponytails, bright hair clips on the sides, bows and hearts. Black and pink clothes mean a mixture of feelings (i.e. black means depression, and pink means joy and other positive emotions.) Also, emo kids thickly line their eyes with black pencil and paint their nails with black varnish, regardless of gender. Another distinctive feature of the emo representative is piercing, which means the absence of fear of pain. It is mainly done on the face. Also, the presence of bright badges and multi-colored bracelets and beads. Shoes typical for emo are sneakers. Emo - music appeared in the 80s of the twentieth century in the USA - as one of the offshoots of hard rock. Love and death is the favorite scenario of emo musicians, who are also characterized by romanticism, sophistication uvstvo and pure, children's perception of the world.

2. Goths.

Still, there is such a direction as the Goths. They replaced the punks in 1979 in the UK. This subculture has outlived many of its peers, and continues to evolve. Her figurative system and cultural preferences clearly demonstrate the connection with the ideals of literature. gothic style dating from the nineteenth century.

G It is common for fathers to wear black clothes, as well as hair color and makeup. Clothing style can range from punk to medieval. In addition, here you can find outfits from the Victorian era. Girls wear corsets, leather skirts or long dresses, while Goth men prefer black cloaks, or camisoles with a black collar turned up. The general trend is sad, sometimes even mournful, mystical motives and appearance. Goths have a strange attraction to everything dark and mysterious. Their style is distinguished by dark colors, mourning, sometimes combined with eroticism. In the image of a typical goth, there are black hair, black nails, bright eyeliner with a black pencil. Hairstyle plays a huge role. Basically it is long straight hair, or a large bun lifted up with a gel. Goths prefer jewelry made of silver, in the form of various symbols of death. Decorations with skulls, coffins, crosses, etc. There is also a love of cemeteries, tombstones and crypts among the Goths. Purely Gothic symbols include bats, vampires, and similar images.

3. Rockers.

E one more representatives of black color - rockers. The word rockers was originally used to define the British youth in Britain in the sixties of the last century. They allowed themselves to cut through the roads on motorcycles rather disrespectfully. Their course appeared in the fifties, in the era of rock and roll. However, the first rockers are united by only one principle - the manner of riding a motorcycle, and only then such a thing as style appeared. These guys could drive at a speed of 160 kilometers per hour on the ring roads of London.

The rocker style gave rise to necessity and practicality. The rockers wear motorcycle leather jackets, adorned with buttons, patches, patches, and pins in abundance. The rocker hairstyle can, in principle, depend on personal preference, but it is often referred to as the flattened or, conversely, enhanced pompadour hairstyle that characterizes representatives of rock and roll in the fifties.

Music became the main segment of the rocker subculture in the USSR. But besides the positive attitude towards music, rock culture has another side. This is the abuse of drugs, alcohol, cigarettes. Unlike other subcultures, it is this one that tends to promote health-damaging things. Ideally, a rocker is a well-read person who understands the social situation, knows how to think independently and draw conclusions, which he sets out in the appropriate texts set to music. We associate Viktor Tsoi, Vyacheslav Butusov, Andrey Makarevich and others with such legends of rock. Russian rock is a separate concept that has no analogues, but is very respected in the rest of the world.

4. Skinheads.

Also, I would like to tell you about the skinhead subculture, which has spread over the past decade throughout Europe, North America and other continents. Skinheads got their name from their appearance: namely, spherical and shaved heads. These are representatives of the working class, whose subculture was founded in the UK in the sixties of the last century.

The main external sign of skinheads is their hairstyle. The hair is cut very short, or some parts of the head are shaved. Skinheads are dressed in thick leather jackets in black or green. On his feet are heavy shoes resembling army ones, often with titanium plates. Representatives of this trend have tattoos at a premium. Like all subcultures, skinheads have their own music, such as ska, reggae.

5. Gopniks. Gopnik is a representative of a subculture that was formed as a result of the infiltration of criminal aesthetics into the work environment. Get close to the thugs. Gopnikov is distinguished by the use of thieves' jargon, very low level intellectual and spiritual development, a tendency to violence, a disdainful attitude towards the rule of law in general, as well as towards the police, and law-abiding citizens. Unlike most informals and youth associations, the gopniks did not assign any names to the rest of the population and did not distinguish themselves into a separate group relative to the entire population. Thus, gopniks do not realize themselves as a subculture. The gopniks themselves do not call themselves gopniks, they call each other "boys". They spend most of their time on the street, among their favorite places - parks, squares, bus stops, garages and courtyards at kindergartens. Gopniks, as a rule, are children from dysfunctional families. Also, the cultivation of gopniks is facilitated by our state, the media and Mass culture generally. For example, watching TV series about gangsters, films with violence and cruelty, and much, much more. They are usually dressed in tracksuits, a cap or baseball cap, and cheap running shoes.

The following main features of subcultures are distinguished

1) Informal groups do not have official status.

2) Weakly expressed internal structure.

3) Most associations have weakly expressed interests.

4) Weak internal communications.

5) It is very difficult to single out a leader.

6) They do not have an activity program.

7) Act on the initiative of a small group from outside.

8) Represent an alternative to state structures.

9) It is very difficult to classify in an orderly manner.

As the reasons for “leaving for the underground”, young people name:

1) Challenge to society, protest.

2) Challenge to the family, misunderstanding in the family.

3) Unwillingness to be like everyone else.

4) The desire will be established in the new environment.

5) Draw attention to yourself.

6) Undeveloped sphere of organizing leisure activities for young people in the country.

7) Copying Western structures, trends, culture.

8) Religious ideological convictions.

9) Tribute to fashion.

10) Lack of purpose in life.

11) Influence of criminal structures, hooliganism.

12) Age hobbies.

In the course of working on the project, we found material that gives the necessary conditions for the success of social and pedagogical assistance to older students - representatives of unofficial youth subcultures. The nature of the interaction between a teacher and a high school student; a constructive dialogue involves:

- the existence of a contract as a cultural mechanism that regulates relations between a teacher and a high school student,

- communication is built on the basis of the unconditional acceptance of the pupil, no matter what ideas he shares and promotes,

- advising the pupil on the possibilities of the social environment, institutions in resolving the problems of socialization;

- emotional support for both the act itself and the principle of freedom of choice.

- equipping pupils with the missing means of self-understanding.

An important condition for the effectiveness of socio-pedagogical assistance to high school students - representatives of youth subcultures is the creation of a club community based on youth subcultural practices, which contributes to:

- emancipation, acceptance by the pupil of himself,

- student mastery various options self-presentation in socially acceptable forms,

- mastering by the pupil ways of solving communicative problems (including a constructive dialogue with adults, with representatives of other subcultures).

The organization of experimentation and self-expression in the field of youth subculture is carried out by constructing a kind of "carnival" sites, where during various kinds of fun, games, contests, processions, participants can experiment with their appearance, try on the attributes of representatives of a particular subculture. At the carnival venues, an important role is played by the socio-psychological atmosphere of looseness, which is provided by the protection of schoolchildren from sanctions from the subjects of social education and agents of subcultures. For full-fledged experimentation, self-expression of pupils in the field of youth subculture, the educator must accept the style of the subculture as a model for self-realization of students.

The method of providing social and pedagogical assistance to high school students - representatives of youthful subcultures requires a combination of group and individual forms of work.

The appearance of the teacher should correspond to the main fashion trends in order to attract and win over students, however, the elements of clothing should not express a preferred attitude towards any of the subcultures. The ability to adjust a person to himself with words and actions is an important component of the image.

The activities of a teacher in providing social and pedagogical assistance in group work can be disclosed through a list of pedagogical tasks aimed at:

- creating a positive emotional climate in the group;

- obtaining by a teenager the experience of constructive interaction with others;

- expanding knowledge about the ways and options for expressing, presenting oneself to others;

- gaining experience of self-expression in this group;

- mastering the ways of discussing, comprehending and understanding the meanings of symbols and meanings inherent in various subcultures, awareness of their individual characteristics.

Creating a positive emotional climate in the group is important for students to feel comfortable, tolerant of each other, not afraid to talk about themselves, not shy about experimenting.

A young man needs to determine the boundaries of his real possibilities, to find out what he is capable of, to establish himself in society. This is confirmed by the following quote from Erickson: “A young man must, like an acrobat on a trapeze, lower the crossbar of childhood with one powerful movement, jump over and grab onto the next crossbar of maturity. He must do this in a very short period of time, relying on the reliability of those whom he must let go and those who will receive him on the opposite side.

6. Interview with representatives of youth subcultures, a specialist in youth policy.

Interviews with representatives of the youth subculture "emo".

Samigatova Galiya:
“My name is Samigatova Galiya. I'm in the 9th "A" class. When I became interested in the subculture "Emo" I was 14 years old.

In this subculture, I liked the brightness and style of clothing the most. They are very emotional, but secretive, somewhere alone. I just got tired of this monotony, I wanted to change something. And suddenly my friend became emo. This is what pushed me to become emo.

Of course, each subculture influences moral values each person.

At first, I didn’t even look like an emo, then I began to drag on. In the summer, when I went to Astana, I went to gatherings and didn’t even differ in anything.

Then I became sadder, thoughts darker. I felt alone. I was constantly haunted by the feeling that life would soon end. I began to swear with foul language, I wanted to die. Even now in life there are such moments, but everything is still not so.

I am most attracted to the subculture "Anime" at the moment. I watch cartoons such as Vampik, Death Note and others.

Mordas Alina:

“My name is Alina Mordas. I study in the 9 "A" class of Chkalovskaya high school No. 1. I became emo at the age of 13.

I was attracted to this subculture: the style of clothing, isolation, pink and black colors.

In "Emo" I moved because of life circumstances. Problems surrounded me in every area of ​​my life. Constant quarrels with friends, with parents. Studying at that time did not please me either. I wanted to close myself off from everyone, to withdraw into myself, but not to restrain my emotions. I wanted to create my own little universe where no one would interfere with me. I just wanted to hide from everyone in my inner, spiritual corner and not leave it, as my crystal, pink dreams were shattered against the cast-iron forehead of reality.

The Emo subculture has long attracted my attention. I could not plunge into it with my head like: “Emo is not only bright clothes, tears and disheveled hair. Emo is a state of mind.

After I became a representative of this subculture, my friend followed me. This angered me. I still hold a grudge against her. It hurt me. It was as if, without my consent, she invaded my little world, which I invented only for myself.

"Emo" definitely influenced me. I became closed. I was haunted by strange thoughts that I don't want to remember. I messed up. Do I regret that I was - emo ... Maybe to some extent, "yes." But the subculture has not only a negative, but also a positive impact on a person. As the saying goes: "I learn from my mistakes!". I learned to appreciate everything that I have, everyone who is with me. I found out who my a true friend and learned to appreciate life.

Now I am a representative of the Ulzzang subculture. This Japanese subculture welcomes positive vibes, bows, and rosy cheeks.

Here's my little story about how I was Emo."

Interview with a Goth (did not want to give his name):

-When did you decide to become a goth? At what age and why?

It started for me in the 7th grade, now I'm in 11. I really love the color black, I love something extraordinary, and the film " father's daughters"! In this film, Nastya Sivaeva, who played the role of Daria, became my idol. In it, I saw myself, we are a little similar in character. And I decided to become like her. I began to read a lot about the Goths, changed my wardrobe.

-What kind of music do you prefer to listen to?

- Gothic, gothic metal, classical. Specifically: “Lacrimosa”, “To Die For”, “Death Stars”, “The 69 Eyes”andmuchother.

-What are your ideals of spiritual morality?

Many believe that the Goths are "non-humans." That we love death and so on. The essence of our ideology is the savoring of pain and suffering, so death must still be suffered. It is pleasant for a Goth to revel in his misfortune, real or imagined. I consider myself to be ordinary goths who look at life simply (we are all mortal), do not look into the past, love dark tones in clothes. I also love my family, I wish them happiness. I just want them to accept me for who I am.

- Do goths often get together?

In ordinary life - no, more often in chat rooms. In general, Goths are loners.

- Why would they even date in real life?

Goths are the same ordinary people, and they, like everyone else, need communication (at least occasionally). And they are looking for "their own kind."

Interview with a specialist in youth policy Satymgalieva Almagul Islambekovna:

The nature of our research determined the method of studying the problem, we interviewed a specialist in the youth policy department

- How do you assess the general cultural development of our youth?

- In my opinion, our level cultural development very low. I want to immediately give statistics: most adolescents are older school age consider all kinds of bad habits acceptable, and in combination with sports. In our time, it has become popular to take as an example the main characters of the series: “Brigade”, “Boomer”, set them as ideals for yourself and try to imitate them. Also, many young people are prone to this opinion: “Everything will be decided for us and they will manage without our opinion.” I would like to explain. This means that the modern teenager is passive and holds such an opinion, because he believes that his view of any problem or task is of no interest to anyone and is absolutely priceless. This is how everyone thinks, as a result, our young people practically do not participate in the life of the city at all.

-What are the main goals of youth policy in the village of Chkalovo?

First of all it is:

Improving the legal framework in the field of youth policy;

Creation of conditions for the effective involvement of young people in the socio-economic and socio-political development of the city, region and the country as a whole;

Education among young people of the ideals of citizenship and patriotism;

Prevention of socially negative phenomena and creation of conditions for successful social adaptation of young people.

Formation in the youth environment respectful attitude to traditional family values, support for a young family.

Thus, in this work, I examined the concept of youth subculture, the history of the term and concept itself, as well as the origins of youth subcultures, and the significance for the modern functioning of society. In general, the phenomenon of subcultures is now firmly established in everyday life. Due to the peculiarities of telecommunications, it is currently creating a stratification of our society according to interests.

The students of the village of Chkalovo, for the most part, consider today's youth as kind, sympathetic and positive people. These young people believe that mercy, spirituality, love for relatives and friends occupy a central place in their souls. Main reasons for joining groups- this is loneliness and misunderstanding of parents, as well as indirect ones: isolation, imitation, grouping, freedom, emotional saturation of communication, the desire to compensate for shortcomings in the family and school. Traits they like in gang teens is the ability to stand up for oneself, courage and independence.

Today we need to help people who are striving, albeit in an unusual way, to show their civic position, to express their own opinion. In order to judge whether a group or an association is acting for the benefit or to the detriment of its members and society as a whole, it is necessary to study their activities, to make contact with them.

List of used literature

1. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya K.A. "Strategy of life". M., 1996.

2. Gatskova E. I. Youth and modernity. M. "Infra". 2001.

3. Levikova, S. I. Youth subculture: textbook. allowance / S. I. Levikova. - Moscow: Grand: Fair-press, 2004

4. Olshansky D.V. “Informals: a group portrait in the interior” - M: Pedagogy, 1990.

5. Rakovskaya O.A. Social orientations of youth: tendencies, problems, prospects / M.: "Nauka". - 1993.

6. Nikolsky D. Sociology of youth (Youth extremism and youth subculture) / http://www.romic.ru/referats/0703.htm
7. Yaroshevsky M.G. "Social education". M. 1997.

Electronic resource

Electronic resource

APPENDIX 1.

Questionnaire for the survey of youth and students.

Topic: "Attitude of youth and students to youth subcultures, including informal ones"

Dear friends!

This sociological questionnaire is devoted to the study of the attitude and awareness of young people about various youth subcultures. Your answers will help to identify possible risks when joining various youth organizations, to determine the reasons that encourage young people to join the ranks of adherents of informal movements.

Floor:  M

 F

2. In your opinion, youth subculture is ( 1 answer option):

 form of leisure;

 temporary hobby;

 lifestyle of modern youth.

3. What do you think is an informal youth association? ( 1 answer option)

 a group of people who violate public order, living contrary to the rules of behavior and morality accepted in society;

 a group of young people united by common non-standard hobbies and interests;

 a group of young people protesting society with their unusual behavior, appearance and specific outlook on life;

4. Have you had any experience of communicating with representatives of informal subcultures?

 Yes

 No

5. How do you feel about different youth subcultures?

 negative;

 I don’t care, I never thought about it;

 is positive.

6. Do you agree that the existence of youth subcultures is a threat to the public?

 yes;

 I believe that NOT all youth subcultures pose a danger to society;

 no.

7. Are you interested in any areas of youth subcultures?

 No;

 I don't care;

 Yes;

 I don't know anything about them.

8. Are there any youth movements whose views, ideas and hobbies you like?

 No;

 Yes.

9. What do you think motivates young people to join various youth associations? ( 1 answer option)

 the desire to stand out from the crowd and express their protest against the prevailing foundations and orders;

 common non-standard interests and views;

 desire for self-actualization.

10. Do you think that joining youth organizations is fraught with negative consequences?

 course (drugs, physical injuries, psychological problems);

 I do not think that all youth associations are so dangerous;

No, I'm sure it's completely harmless.

11. How would you react to the fact that one of your relatives (relatives, friends) will join the representatives of the youth subculture?

 sharply negative;

 I have nothing against youth associations, but I would not like my relatives to join them;

 I think it all depends on which youth movement they decide to join;

 I don't care, that's their business;

 is positive.

12. Should the state exercise control over youth organizations and movements in any way?

Appendix 3