The Gothic style in architecture was the final stage in the development of medieval art before the start of the Renaissance. Gothic dominated Europe from the 12th to the 16th centuries, replacing the Romanesque style. The name of the style was given by the barbarian Germanic tribes that invaded the boundaries of the Roman Empire from the north (3-5 centuries AD), whom the Romans called "Goths". The term itself appeared already in the Renaissance, it was used as a derisive designation medieval culture. It is believed that the first name "Gothic" was used by Giorgio Vasari.
Roman Catholic Gothic Cologne Cathedral Holy Mother of God and St. Peter's (Kölner Dom). 1248-1437; 1842-1880 It was built on the model of the French cathedral in Amiens.
Giorgio Vasari. 1511-1574 Italian artist, architect, founder of art history.
The Gothic style originated in the middle of the 12th century in the north of France, a century later it was already widespread throughout almost the entire territory of Central Europe. A little later, he penetrated into Italy and the countries of Eastern Europe. This style was developed in countries where the Catholic Church was strong, which supported the religious ideology of Gothic. Gothic art was a cult, its purpose was to appeal to the Higher powers, to eternity. And therefore, the main building in the Gothic style was the cathedral - a temple building, which provided a synthesis of architecture, sculpture, painting, stained glass art. The appearance of the Gothic style coincided with changes in medieval society: centralized states began to form, cities grew, urban planning developed. A large cathedral was erected in the center of the city; the main public life. In the cathedrals, meetings of residents were held, sermons, debates of theologians, and festive mysteries were held. The temple building itself became the focus of the Universe, which was emphasized by the Gothic architecture, expressing the idea of the power of divine forces. Mountain stone with carefully hewn horizontal surfaces was used as a building material. Builders reinforced some places of masonry with iron staples, which were reinforced with molten lead. In North and East Germany, it was not uncommon to build with baked bricks, using bricks of various shapes and varied masonry.
Gothic and Romanesque styles
The Gothic style replaced the Romanesque style. Romanesque and Gothic seem to be quite different in their architectural expression, however, Gothic inherited a lot from Romanesque. The frame system became a feature of Gothic architecture - the builders adopted this constructive technique from the Romanesque cross vault. The basis of the vaulted structure are ribs - ribs.
Ribs in a Gothic vault.
Thanks to this design, the pressure on the walls was reduced, since the ribs rested on pillars (and not on the walls, as in Romanesque buildings). In addition, soil shrinkage was reduced, which was dangerous for massive Romanesque buildings. Another advantage of a frame vault is the ability to cover irregularly shaped buildings.
Thanks to the frame system in Gothic cathedrals, the load on the walls was significantly reduced.
The crossroads is the intersection of the main nave and the transept of the cathedral, forming a cross in plan. The nave is a rectangular inner space of the cathedral, enclosed by outer walls. Tracept - a transverse nave in cruciform cathedrals, crossing the main nave at a right angle.
Thanks to a new approach to building construction, Romanesque and Gothic architecture are very different in appearance. Romanesque buildings had smooth thick walls that created a feeling of protection and strength, isolation, alienation. Gothic buildings are an example of the complex interaction of the environment and interior space. This effect is achieved with the help of large windows, seemingly airy and light towers, stone decor.
Romanesque and Gothic styles are distinguished by the decor of buildings due to stained glass windows, thousands of sculptures, statues, stucco moldings with natural motifs, which became characteristic elements of Gothic and were practically absent (or used in small quantities) on the facades of Romanesque buildings.
Abbey Maria Laach (Abtei Maria Laach) is a Romanesque German monastery on the southwestern shore of Lake Laach in the Eifel mountains. The monastery was founded in 1093. Count palatine Heinrich II von Laach Completion of construction - 1216.
Pictured is the Gothic Ulm Cathedral. Ulm in Germany, 161.5 m high (1377-1890)
Gothic sculptural compositions differ from Romanesque ones in greater expression, dynamics, and tension of the figures. Sculpture becomes an integral part of the cathedral, part of the architectural idea, together with other architectural techniques, conveys the aspiration of the building upwards. In addition, the sculpture enlivens and inspires the building. The walls of Gothic buildings were decorated with figures of apostles, saints, prophets, angels, and sometimes they created scenes from biblical history. The Gothic architectural style displayed the world in the focus of the religious views of society, however, scenes from the life of ordinary people also intervened in religious motives. The central portal of the facade was usually dedicated to the image of Christ or the Virgin Mary, on the base of the portal the month was often depicted, symbols of the seasons - they depicted the theme of human labor, the walls were decorated with figures of biblical kings, saints, apostles, prophets and ordinary people.
Sculptures in the Cathedral of Saints Mauritius and Catherine in Magdeburg - the first Gothic building in Germany. (1209 - 1520)
If we consider the Gothic style in architecture in the photo from different angles, one can imagine the majestic scope of the idea of medieval architects, displaying sublime religiosity, chanting and worship of the Higher Powers. The majesty of the cathedrals, their size, incommensurable with the size of a person, had a strong emotional impact on the believer. An example of the Gothic style in architecture, the photo of which is presented below:
Gothic style. Cathedral in Chartres - Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres - Catholic cathedral in the city of Chartres (1194-1260)
Stages of development of the Gothic style in architecture
In Gothic architecture, several stages of development are distinguished: early, mature - high Gothic and late, the so-called "flaming" Gothic.
early gothic dates back to the beginning of the 12th century and the first quarter of the 13th century. Examples of the Gothic style early period: Notre Dame Cathedral, cathedrals in Noyon, Lane. The abbey church of Saint Denis near Paris is considered the earliest work with a new vault design. The old church was rebuilt under Abbot Sugeria by architects from southern France. Despite the resistance of the monastery architects, the church was built in the Gothic style (example in the photo). At first, the facade and the western part of the building were rebuilt, three portals with wide doors were arranged on the facade in order to make it more convenient for people to enter the building, in 1151 towers were erected. Suger wrote a book that described the construction that was carried out in Saint Denis in 1137-1150.
Abbey of Saint Denis near Paris. France. 1137-1150
Mature goth.
Mature Gothic structures were erected from the 20s of the 13th century until its end. Examples are the cathedrals at Chartres, Reims and Amiens. Mature (high) Gothic is characterized by a frame structure, rich architectural compositions, a large number of sculptures and stained glass windows.
Cathedral in Reims (Notre-Dame de Reims) in the French province of Champagne (Champagne). The Archbishop of Reims, Aubry de Humbert, founded the Cathedral of Our Lady in 1211. Architects Jean d'Orbais 1211, Jean-le-Loup 1231-1237, Gaucher de Reims 1247-1255, Bernard de Soissons 1255- 1285
Late Gothic covers the 14th and 15th centuries.
Sometimes the late Gothic art of the 15th century is distinguished in a special period of the so-called "flaming" Gothic. This period is characterized by the development sculptural art. Sculptural compositions not only brought up religious feelings in people, depicting scenes from the Bible, but also reflected the life of ordinary people.
Sculpture on the facade of Milan Cathedral
Unlike Germany and England, late Gothic in France, devastated by the Hundred Years War, did not develop widely and did not create a large number of significant works. The most significant late Gothic buildings include: the Church of Saint-Maclou (Saint-Malo), Rouen, the Cathedral of Moulin, Milan Cathedral, Seville Cathedral, Nantes Cathedral.
Milan Cathedral. height from the ground (with a spire) - 108, 50 m; height central facade-56, 50 m; length of the main facade: 67.90 m; width: 93 m; area: 11.700 sq. m; spiers: 135; 2245 statues on facades
Buildings of Gothic architecture were built and rebuilt over many decades, and sometimes much longer. The architecture of one building intertwines the features of different stages of the development of the Gothic. Therefore, it is difficult to attribute this or that building to a specific period of the Gothic style. By the 15th century, a new class appeared in Europe - the bourgeoisie, centralized states began to develop, and secular moods in society were strengthened. Feudalism began to decline, and with it the Gothic style began to gradually lose its significance.
An open lesson on art history for the 2nd grade of the art department.
Topic: “The Artistic Culture of the Middle Ages. Romanesque and Gothic styles.
The lesson was compiled by a teacher of theoretical disciplines Kurilova K.S.
Purpose: the formation of students' ideas about the artistic culture of the Middle Ages.
Tasks: To acquaint students with the origins and nature of the Romanesque and Gothic styles;
Identify the distinctive features of the Romanesque and Gothic styles; develop cognitive activity;
To cultivate a moral and aesthetic perception of the world of art, an interest in art and its history.
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An open lesson on art history for the 2nd grade of the art department.
Topic: “The Artistic Culture of the Middle Ages. Romanesque and Gothic styles.
Lesson compiled teacher of theoretical disciplines Kurilova K.S.
Target : the formation of students' ideas about the artistic culture of the Middle Ages.
Tasks :
To acquaint students with the origins and nature of the Romanesque and Gothic styles;
Identify the distinctive features of the Romanesque and Gothic styles; develop cognitive activity;
To cultivate a moral and aesthetic perception of the world of art, an interest in art and its history.
Illustrative material:
A presentation that clearly reflects all the features of the architecture of the Middle Ages.
Other materials:
Album sheet to perform practical work, oil (or other) pencils.
SLIDE #1.
During the classes
organizational stage.
SLIDE #2.
In pursuit of a verse, an escaping word,
I like to go to medieval castles.
Their gloomy silence pleases my heart,
I love the sharp rise of their black-gray roofs,
Gloomy battlements on towers and gates,
Squares of glass pieces in lead bindings.
Drawbridges, deep ditches dips,
Steep staircases and vaulted halls,
Where the wind rustles and groans above
They tell me about battles and feasts ...
And immersed in a dream in the past, I see again
The grandeur of chivalry and the splendor of the Middle Ages.
This romantic image of a medieval castle was created by French writer and the 19th-century poet Theophile Gautier.
And it is no coincidence that opposites merged in the words of the poet: “a sharp rise” and “sullen battlements”, “deep ditches” and “vaulted halls”, “greatness of chivalry” and “brilliance”.
Today in the lesson we continue our acquaintance with artistic culture era of the Middle Ages.
Learning new material.
Goal setting.
The leading form of art of the Middle Ages is architecture. Other types of art are organically connected with it - music, fine arts, applied arts and others. Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the architectural styles of the Middle Ages. Let's try to understand them and distinguish between them. But how? - You ask. With the help of language.
Language, it gives us the opportunity to express our feelings and thoughts. Art also has the gift of speaking in its own special artistic language about the spiritual values of a person in different eras. This language in art is called style.
Let's take a closer look at the samples of architectural monuments and try to understand from whose lips the “words” about the past are heard?
On the screen are examples of the Romanesque and Gothic styles.Students look at samples and try to determine for whom, for what purpose, this or that building was built.
SLIDE #3.
An example of the Romanesque style is a castle, a fortress, the building is quite massive. Who speaks to us from the past?
Teacher: What do you think this building was for?
Students: This building was created to protect against the enemy, reminiscent of the era of knights.
SLIDE #4.
An example of the Gothic style is the church, the building is airy and directed upwards.
Teacher: Who speaks to us in this case? What was this building for?
Students : This is a church, it was created for believers, monks.
Teacher's word.
Indeed, the architecture of the Middle Ages has two faces - these are the so-called Romanesque and Gothic styles. But before we prepare for a detailed examination, we need to know the meaning of the terms that define these styles.
We had two search groups of students who prepared information on these styles.
SLIDE #5.
Student's message about the origin of the term "Romanesque art".
Term "Romanesque art"appeared in early XIX centuries. This is how European art of the 10th-12th centuries was designated. Scientists believe that the architecture of that period was strongly influenced by the so-called "Romanesque" architecture (from Latin romanus - Roman). Later, the views of researchers on medieval art changed, but the name "Romanesque art" was preserved.
The formation of Romanesque art in various countries and regions of Europe was uneven. If in the north-east of France the period ended at the end of the 12th century, then in Germany and Italy the characteristic features of this style were observed even in the 13th century.
SLIDE #6.
Work in a notebook.The term "Romanesque art" arose in the 19th century, as the style of European art of the 10th-12th centuries is designated.
Teacher's word.
SLIDE #7.
The main and most significant structures of the Romanesque style were the monastery-fortress, temple-fortress, castle-fortress. Maybe that's where the expression "My home is my castle" came from.
But the days of knightly wars have passed, and today we can make a trip to the Romanesque Cathedral. But before entering, let's take a look at it from the outside.
SLIDE #8.
The temple seems strict and massive. In Romanesque temples, solid stone ceilings were made. The enormous weight of the stone vaults required powerful, thick walls capable of withstanding a heavy load. The windows in the temples are small and narrow so that the walls do not lose their reliability. Therefore, in Romanesque cathedrals, twilight most often dominated.
SLIDE #9.
The main element of the composition of the monastery or castle is the tower - donjon . Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes- cubes, cylinders.
SLIDE #10.
The most important sign Romanesque architecture is the presence of a stone vault.
Code - type of overlap, which is formed by a convex curved surface. The only support for vault architecture finds in the wall.
SLIDE #11.
The entrance to the building began with the Portal, which fit into the environment.
SLIDE #12.
An important element of Romanesque architecture is a column with a capital decorated with sculptural ornaments.
The walls of the temple are smooth. Guys, how can you decorate a smooth wall?
Students: Painting, mosaic, frescoes.
Teacher: This is true, the walls of Romanesque churches were decorated with frescoes and mosaics. Unfortunately, the painting of the Romanesque period has practically not been preserved.
During the Romanesque period, monumental sculpture first appeared. Sculptural images - reliefs - were located, as a rule, on portals (architecturally decorated entrances).
SLIDE #13; fourteen.
The sculpture of the Romanesque temple is special. Everything here is for the believer to think about his sins. Plots of the Last Judgment, biblical scenes, there was even a place for a monster devouring a sinner.
If the temple was the fortress of a god, then the castle was the fortress of a knight. Romanesque stone castles with powerful defensive walls were impregnable fortresses. Castles were erected by the river on a hill surrounded by a moat with water, a drawbridge was thrown over the moat.
SLIDE #15.
Student's report about one of the monuments of Romanesque architecture.
Cathedral in Worms (1171 - 1234) One has only to look at this temple in Worms, you feel its special spirit. He is like a ship that cuts through the waves. Four narrow towers guard the temple from the east and west. There is nothing superfluous in its architecture, the decoration is very restrained, only arches emphasize the main lines. Sculpture of the temple - unusual, wild, sometimes monstrous beasts. They are like a stone book - created for the believer to think about God and his laws.
SLIDE #16.
Intermediate conclusions.
It was in Romanesque architecture that huge buildings built entirely of stone first appeared. Vaults, massive thick walls, large supports, abundance smooth surfaces, sculptural ornament - characteristic features of the Romanesque church.
Let's continue our acquaintance with the architecture of the Middle Ages. And the next style is gothic.
Student's report on the origin of the term "Gothic art".
SLIDE #17.
Name "gothic art"(from Italian gotico - “Gothic”, after the name of the Germanic tribe ready) arose during the Renaissance. "Gothic" in those days meant "barbarian" as opposed to "Roman": gothic was called art that should not have been ancient traditions, which means that it was of no interest to contemporaries.
The notion that Gothic art was formless and unworthy of attention only changed in the 19th century, when the Middle Ages were no longer considered the "dark ages" in human history. However, the name "Gothic" was preserved for European art of the late Middle Ages. In various European countries, Gothic had its own characteristics and chronological framework, but its heyday falls on the XIII - XIV centuries.
SLIDE #18.
Work in a notebook.The term "Gothic art" originated during the Renaissance. This is the designation of the style of European art of the XII - XV centuries.
Teacher's word.
SLIDE #19.
The word "Gothic" itself is of a later origin, it comes from the word "Goths". The Goths are barbarian tribes that destroyed Rome and destroyed ancient art. But looking at these beautiful, airy Gothic cathedrals, we will not find anything in common with the barbarians. In the Gothic style, a single artistic idea is felt, and it is consistently carried out in all types of art: in architecture, sculpture, music, applied arts and even in writing. In Gothic cathedrals, stone turns into lace, and instead of heavy stone walls, the visitor sees light sparkling through the stained glass. Overcoming materiality is perhaps the main idea of the Gothic style. Spirit transforms matter, changes it.
SLIDE #20.
gothic temple - this is the spiritual symbol of the era embodied in stone. How to read this symbol? The temple embodies the image of the universe. Stone walls lose their power and begin to shine through. And instead of thick walls, we see fragile stained-glass windows filled with light. Leaving the earthly, the Gothic temple rushes up to heaven, defeating the entire weight of the stone.
SLIDE #21.
It was the architects of the Middle Ages who managed to create such a miracle, where fragile walls, consisting almost entirely of stained-glass windows - do not collapse under heavy stone vaults using a frame system with inclined arcs. It was this system that made it possible to embody a soaring vault inside the Gothic temple.
SLIDE #22.
The sculptures of the Gothic cathedral are full of meaning. Here are scenes from the Bible, images of Christ and the Mother of God, saints and prophets, kings of antiquity and modernity, and even a medieval calendar - the signs of the Zodiac and scenes of agricultural work.
SLIDE #23.
A distinctive detail of medieval Gothic architecture is the central stained-glass window."Gothic Rose". At first glance, this is just a set of various multi-colored pieces of glass - the eye is lost in this infinity. But if you look closely, you can see that there is no chaos at all. Everything is in its place. Moreover, the Gothic rose depicts nothing more than the order of the universe. In the center is God, around him are angels, then apostles, then saints, bishops, kings, and so on.
Let's make a short trip with you to the European medieval Gothic cathedrals. And our guides will be the students of the expert group, who were engaged in the study of Gothic-style cathedrals.
Student messages.Architectural monuments are illustrated on the screen.
SLIDE #24.
Cologne Cathedral - Roman Catholic Gothic Cathedral in Cologne (Germany), which ranks third in the list of the tallest churches in the world and is one of the monuments of the world cultural heritage. The construction of the main temple of the Cologne Archdiocese was carried out in two stages - in 1248-1437 and in 1842-1880. Upon completion of construction, the 157-meter cathedral became the tallest building in the world for 4 years.
SLIDE #25.
Cathedral in Reims It was built in the XIII century, that is, later than Notre Dame Cathedral and the Cathedral in Chartres. Reims Cathedral is one of the most famous examples of Gothic art in France due to its architecture and sculptural compositions, it is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. From the Middle Ages until the 19th century, the cathedral was the coronation site of almost all French monarchs.
SLIDE #26.
Cathedral in Chartres - Catholic Cathedral, located in the city of Chartres. Located near Paris and is one of the masterpieces of Gothic architecture. For example, the cathedral in Chartres is 130 meters long. To get around it, you need to overcome the path of half a kilometer. In 1979, the cathedral was included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
SLIDE #27.
Notre Dame Cathedral (Notre Dame de Paris)- a Christian cathedral in the center of Paris, the geographical and spiritual "heart" of the French capital, located in the eastern part of the island of Cité, on the site of the first Christian church in Paris - the Basilica of St. Stephen.
The majestic Notre Dame de Paris was founded in 1163 (the first stone of the future cathedral was laid by the Pope Alexander III), but its construction continued for several centuries - until the XIV century. Three entrances lead to the temple - portals framed by arches going into the depths; above them are niches with statues - the so-called "royal gallery", images of biblical kings and French kings.
For many years the cathedral stood dilapidated, until in 1831 it appeared famous novel Victor Hugo, which marked a revival of interest in the historical heritage, and Gothic art in particular, and drew attention to the deplorable state of the great architectural monument. The king, by his decree, instructed to restore the temple. Since then, the constant concern of the authorities is the preservation of the cathedral in its original form.
SLIDE #28.
Notre Dame de Paris is famous for its bells. The largest bell is Mary, named after the Mother of God and the patroness of this cathedral, its weight is 6,023 kg. The bell is hung on the South Tower. His story is engraved on it.
The architecture of the cathedral shows a duality of stylistic influences: on the one hand, there are echoes of the Romanesque style of Normandy with its powerful and dense unity, and on the other hand, innovative architectural achievements of the Gothic style are used, which give the building lightness and create the impression of simplicity of a vertical structure.
SLIDE #29.
Generalization of the Gothic style.
The Gothic cathedral is an infinitely complex, changeable play of openwork forms. Arches, galleries, towers, huge windows - sometimes narrow and high, sometimes round (the so-called Gothic roses) with colored glass and the most complex binding of frames. The cathedral inside and outside is inhabited by a mass of sculptures (for example, in Chartres Cathedral there are about 9 thousand statues alone). In a word, a Gothic cathedral is a whole world.
Generalization and consolidation of the acquired knowledge.
Teacher's word. I distribute to each of you a table with the characteristics of the styles of the Middle Ages, your task, with the help of the knowledge gained and the table, reveal what style are the proposed images on the screen(there are 3 slides on the screen with images of comparisons of the Romanesque and Gothic styles).
Image work.
SLIDE № 30 - 33.
(this table is distributed to each student for pasting in a notebook)
Features of medieval art styles
ROMAN STYLE | GOTHIC STYLE |
|
church architecture | The buildings of the cathedrals are heavy and squat, they were huge structures - because. their main task was to accommodate a large number of people during worship. Characteristic features: thick walls, large supports, smooth surfaces. | The Gothic cathedral has a light construction, directed upwards. An innovation in the architecture of the Gothic period is the system of arches. The walls ceased to play a bearing role, which means that they did not need to be made thick and massive. |
Painting | As a rule, on the vaults and walls of the temple depicted biblical stories, which had to be considered while moving around the temple. The murals of the Romanesque period had an instructive character. | In the Gothic cathedral, wall painting gave way to a stained-glass window - an image made up of glasses fastened together, which was placed in the window opening. |
Sculpture | During the Romanesque period, monumental sculpture first appeared in Western Europe. Sculptural images - reliefs - were located on the portals of churches. The reliefs were usually painted - this gave them greater expressiveness and persuasiveness. | The sculptural and pictorial decoration of the cathedrals, made on religious and secular subjects, carried a system of views and ideas that should have guided in their Everyday life people of the Middle Ages. |
SLIDE #34.
Teacher: To consolidate knowledge about the Gothic style, I suggest you draw on a piece of paper one of the elements of the stained-glass window ornament - the “shamrock”.Shamrock - a symbol of the Christian faith, symbolized the Holy Trinity: God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.
Summary of the lesson.
Today in the lesson we continued our acquaintance with the artistic culture of the Middle Ages and, based on a comparative analysis of the architecture of that time, we got an idea of the two main styles of medieval architecture: Romanesque and Gothic.
Notebook entry: The term "Romanesque art" originated in the 19th century. This is the designation of the style of European art of the 10th - 12th centuries.
Bamberg Cathedral, eastern facade with two towers The main buildings in this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress
A characteristic feature of Romanesque architecture is thick walls cut through by small windows.
The main element of the composition of the monastery or castle is the tower - donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, cylinders. Donjon (fr. donjon) - the main tower in European castles of the Romanesque style.
The most important feature of Romanesque architecture is the presence of a stone vault. Arch - type of overlap, which is formed by a convex curved surface. Architecture finds the only support for the vault in the wall.
The building carefully fit into the surrounding nature, looked solid and solid. This was facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped recessed portals.
PORTAL - the entrance to the temple with perspectively decreasing semi-arches cut into the thickness of the walls.
In the 12th century, for the first time, sculptural images were used to decode the facades of churches. The plots most often served as formidable prophecies of the Apocalypse and the Last Judgment.
Sculpture of a Romanesque church
St. Peter's Cathedral in Worms
Some conclusions: For the first time in Romanesque architecture, huge buildings built entirely of stone appear. Vaults, massive thick walls, large pillars, an abundance of smooth surfaces, sculptural ornamentation are characteristic features of Romanesque architecture.
Preview: "Gothic Rose"
Cathedral in Cologne (Germany)
Cathedral in Reims (France)
Cathedral in Chartres (France)
Notre Dame Cathedral (Notre Dame de Paris)
Some conclusions: Appearance Gothic cathedral - a building directed upwards. Lightness, airiness of the structure is given by arches, galleries, domed vaults, huge windows. A special role is played by stained-glass windows, a feature of the Gothic cathedral, a round window - a “Gothic rose”. The Gothic cathedral inside and outside is inhabited by a mass of sculptures.
Romanesque fortified city of Carcassonne in Provence (XII-XIII c.), France
Gothic Cathedral in York, 13th century, England
Gothic chapel-reliquary of the Holy Chapel Sainte-Chapelle, XIII century, France
Romanesque Fortress of the Conquistadors, X-XI centuries, Germany
The shamrock is a symbol of the Christian faith.
Homework: Draw a sketch of a Romanesque castle.
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
Prepared by Belousova M.A., teacher of fine arts Romanesque and Gothic styles in the architecture of the Middle Ages.
2 slide
Description of the slide:
Romanesque style (from lat. romanus - Roman) - art style, which dominated Western Europe (and also affected some countries of Eastern Europe) in the X-XII centuries (in a number of places - in the XIII century), one of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art. Most fully expressed in architecture. Bamberg Cathedral in Germany, east facade with two towers and polygonal choirs.
3 slide
Description of the slide:
the main role in the Romanesque style, severe fortress architecture was assigned. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress, located on elevated places, dominating the area. The English name for the Romanesque style is Norman. The tower on the Nibelungen Bridge, built in 1887-1900, is an example of the neo-Romanesque style. Germany, Worms.
4 slide
Description of the slide:
Abbey Maria Laach Romanesque style. A German monastery on the southwestern shore of Lake Laach. The monastery was founded in 1093. Count palatine Heinrich II von Laach Completion of construction - 1216.
5 slide
Description of the slide:
The term "Romanesque style" was introduced at the beginning of the 19th century by Arcisse de Caumont (a French antiquarian and archaeologist from noble family Komonov, founder of the French Archaeological Society), who established a connection between the architecture of the 11th-12th centuries and ancient Roman architecture (in particular, the use of semicircular arches and vaults). Roman bridge with semicircular arches. Alcantara, Spain
6 slide
Description of the slide:
Arch - architectural element, curvilinear overlap of a through or blind opening in a wall or a span between two supports (columns, bridge abutments). Like any vaulted structure, it creates a lateral thrust. As a rule, arches are symmetrical about the vertical axis. Dudley - a ruined castle in the town of Dudley, in the West Midlands, England, 12th century.
7 slide
Description of the slide:
8 slide
Description of the slide:
Romanesque churches and cathedrals are predominantly three-aisled: the central nave on the eastern side ends in a semicircular apse. The nature of the ceilings is changing: wooden construction trusses disappear, they are replaced by a stone vault, first semicircular, then cross. Massive towers become a characteristic element of the exterior. The entrance is decorated with a portal (from the Latin "porta" - a door), cut into the thickness of the walls by semicircular arches, reduced in perspective.
9 slide
Description of the slide:
Arch (from "reduce" - connect, close) - in architecture, a type of overlap or covering of structures, a structure that is formed by a convex curvilinear surface. Vaults allow you to cover large spaces without additional intermediate supports.
10 slide
Description of the slide:
Worms Cathedral, Germany, Worms (1130-1181) Thick walls, narrow windows, towers - all these stylistic features of architectural structures simultaneously performed a defensive function. The serf character of churches, cathedrals, allowed the civilian population to take refuge in them during feudal civil strife. The interior layout and dimensions of the cathedrals responded to cultural and social needs. The cathedral could accommodate a lot of people of various classes: laity and clergy, commoners and nobility, numerous pilgrims.
11 slide
Description of the slide:
Gothic (Italian gotico - Gothic, Gothic) - a period in the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the 12th to the 15th-16th centuries. Gothic came to replace the Romanesque style, gradually replacing it. Salisbury Cathedral (1220-1320) - the Cathedral of the Virgin Mary in the city of Salisbury (England), is considered an example of English Gothic. Famous for its 123 meter spire, the tallest medieval building in the UK.
12 slide
Description of the slide:
Signs of Gothic in architecture: a frame system (lancet arches of the cross vaults rest on pillars), huge windows, multi-colored stained-glass windows and lighting effects. Cologne Cathedral in Germany, Construction: 1248-1437, 1842-1880
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First architectural style in the Middle Ages became the Romanesque style. This is monumental architecture the main purpose of which was initially protection from the enemy and attacks from the outside. The main features of the architecture are massive thick walls, the thickness of which reached several meters. Small narrow windows were arranged in the walls, which did not allow, in the event of an attack, to get inside the building or hit them with arrows. Loopholes were erected on the walls, behind which people could hide, reflecting the attack of the structure. The Romanesque style is represented mainly by castle architecture. Because of the poor lighting, the interior of the castles was dark and lit only artificially. The walls were decorated with frescoes from the inside. Castles were erected on impregnable ledges, rocks and hills. Lived outside the castle simple people, which, in case of danger, hid behind the walls of the castle. Often a moat with a swing bridge was dug around the castle. The moat was filled with water and the bridge rose in case of danger, closing the entrance to the castle. The whole appearance of Romanesque architecture looks squat, massive and solid. Fulfilling its main purpose, the architecture does not have any decorative decoration on the outside.
The Romanesque style is being replaced by the Gothic. It appears as a result of the reconstruction of one of the Romanesque castles. The young abbot had a vision of a city in heaven in a dream. Having told about his vision, the abbot offers a radically new solution in the construction of temples. Massive load-bearing walls disappear and in their place completely new elements appear in the structures. Gothic is distinguished by very high, pointed spiers directed high up. It was possible to achieve the construction of such tall structures thanks to the appearance of flying buttresses and buttresses in architecture. These elements helped to significantly reduce the load on the load-bearing walls. Flying buttresses extending from the walls in the form of semicircular arches connected the wall and the buttress. These elements were also included in the decoration of the cathedral. Gothic became widespread throughout Europe. Gothic cathedrals struck a person with their size and showed the full power of divine power and beauty. Masters skillfully working with stone turned it into works of art and created light and seemingly floating compositions from it. New technologies made it possible to make huge window openings in the walls of the cathedrals, which were covered with stained-glass windows. Pieces of colored glass were used to compose compositions mainly of a religious theme, and the light penetrating through them was scattered throughout the room with soft blue, red, yellow shadows, which created a mystical and solemn atmosphere.
Introduction
Middle Ages (Middle Ages) is historical period, which separated antiquity (i.e. Greco-Roman antiquity) from its "revival" in the XV-XVI centuries. The political map of the Middle Ages represented the states of the Visigoths, Lombards, Franks, Ostrogoths, etc.
For a long time, the attitude towards the Middle Ages was exclusively negative: its art was considered rude for its inconsistency with the norms of an ideal classical form, its culture was considered primitive. The dominance at that time of the religious worldview was perceived as a "reactionary" dominance of the Church.
Western European culture is a close connection with religion; it's close to folk art; symbolism; paintings and sculptures decorating medieval temples, as well as architecture.
The art of the Western European Middle Ages is divided into three stages: pre-Romanesque (VI-X centuries), Romanesque (XI-XII centuries) and Gothic (XIII-XV centuries). In this test, we will focus on the Romanesque and Gothic styles, namely architecture.
In the Gothic era, many cathedrals were built - high, with elongated windows, decorated with stained-glass windows. Such was the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris (Notre Dame Cathedral) in France. And not only was it, it is still active and it is the spiritual heart of Paris. More details about this wonderful cathedral will be discussed in the fourth paragraph.
“One of my main goals is to inspire the nation with love for our architecture,” wrote V. Hugo in the preface to the novel of the same name “Notre Dame de Paris”. Who else from the writers was inspired by this beautiful paris cathedral, we learn in the fifth paragraph.
Romanesque and Gothic styles in architecture
As mentioned above, the Romanesque and Gothic styles belong to the Middle Ages. The Romanesque style refers to the art of Western and Central Europe in the 10th-12th centuries. (in a number of countries until the 13th century), when the dominance of feudal-religious ideology was most complete. The name of the style comes from the Latin name of the city of Rome (Roma), since the style originates in areas that were part of the Roman Empire in the past. Romanesque architecture is a development of the previous one, the origins of which lie in Christian antiquity, and, consequently, Roman architecture.
At the beginning of the XI century. first of all, in the areas adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea, the first Romanesque buildings appear. These most ancient monuments have a characteristic masonry of the largest rough-hewn stones. The facades of buildings were often decorated with flat reliefs and "false" deaf arcades. The main role in the Romanesque style was assigned to severe, fortified architecture, massive stone structures were usually erected on elevated places and dominated the area. The appearance of Romanesque buildings was distinguished by monolithic integrity and solemn strength, the building consisted of simple, clearly identified volumes, emphasized by uniform divisions; the power and thickness of the walls were enhanced by narrow window openings, stepped portals and imposing towers. The same features of massiveness are characteristic of temple structures, which were covered with wall paintings - frescoes from the inside, and brightly painted reliefs from the outside. The painting and sculpture of the Romanesque type is characterized by a flat two-dimensional image, generalization of forms, violation of proportions in the image of figures, lack of portrait resemblance to the original, intense spiritual expressiveness. The images are rigorous, often extremely naive.
The knight's castle, the monastic ensemble, the church are the main types of Romanesque buildings that have come down to our time. Typical examples of Romanesque architecture are: Notre Dame Cathedral in Poitiers, cathedrals in Toulouse, Orsinval, Velez, Arne (France), cathedrals in Oxford, Winchester, Norich (England), in Stanager (Norway), in Luid (Sweden), the church of the monastery Maria Lach (Germany). There are monuments of the Romanesque style in Austria, the Scandinavian countries, Poland, Hungary and other countries.
By the end of the XII century. Romanesque style is replaced by Gothic (from the Italian word gotico - Gothic, after the name of the Germanic tribe ready).
The Gothic style differs from its predecessor; this is a style that has created a completely different system of forms, organization of space and volumetric composition. The Gothic era coincided with the formation and development of urban centers during the Classical Middle Ages. The first temple buildings of the Gothic style, which became a model for later structures, are characterized by slender columns carried upwards, assembled as if in bundles and opening on a stone vault. The general plan of the Gothic temple is based on the shape of the Latin cross (Fig. 1). Outside and inside the cathedrals were decorated with statues, reliefs, stained-glass windows, paintings, emphasizing the most feature Gothic - aspiration upward. Such were the Gothic cathedrals in Paris, Chartres, Bourges, Beauvais, Amiens, Reims (France).
The cathedrals of England were somewhat different, for which they were characterized by a large length and a peculiar intersection of the lancet arches of the vaults. Most bright examples Gothic style of England are Westminster Abbey in London, cathedrals in Salisbury, York, Canterbury, etc.
The transition from Romanesque to Gothic in Germany was slower than in France and England. This explains the presence of a large number of buildings of the eclectic style. The lack of building stone, especially in the northern regions of Germany, gave rise to brick Gothic, which spread quite quickly throughout Europe. The first brick Gothic church was the church in Lübeck (XIII century).
In the XIV century. a new technique arises - flaming gothic, which was characterized by the decoration of the building with stone lace, that is, the finest stone carving. The masterpieces of the flaming Gothic include the cathedrals in the cities of Amber, Amiens, Alason, Conche, Corby (France).