According to contemporaries, Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm" was very significant for that time because it perfectly reflects a strong folk character that opposes outdated foundations. The role of the other characters in the play, their interpretation as acting or extra-plot persons, depends on the critic's understanding of the general conflict of the work. If the basis of "Thunderstorm" is understood as an everyday drama, then it is difficult to attribute most of the characters beyond the plot, but if we perceive it as a "tragedy of the soul", then, undoubtedly, playing a big role for the work as a whole, all the characters, except for Katerina, do not carry an effective loads. Now let's move on to the description of the characters themselves and their role significance.
Let's start with a general description of them. Here it is necessary to recall the symbolism of names, which, as in the works of other authors, plays an important role in Ostrovsky's plays. The first person we meet in the list of persons is Savel Prokofievich Dikoi. According to the biblical story, Savel is connected with Paul, that is, Wild in his essence is close to God. But at the same time, the name Paul is distorted, which may indicate the rigidity of his views, namely, that the desire for God in him is suppressed by some kind of bitterness, savagery. This impression is supported in us by the name of the character. Next on the list of persons we see Boris Grigorievich. This hero is clearly alien to the atmosphere of the town, and he himself, like others, is aware of this. Looking ahead, it must be said that all critics agree that this person is out of plot, in particular, Dobrolyubov wrote: "Boris relates more to the situation." Further we see the name of Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova. The image of Marfa Ignatievna fully corresponds to its biblical prototype. She sees the salvation of the soul in the external manifestations of obedience to God, Martha attaches great importance to the internal structure of the house. Tikhon also lives up to his name. He belongs to the category of people "neither this nor that." On the one hand, he is allegedly harmless by his indifference, but on the other, his inaction turns out to be disastrous. The next character of interest to us is Barbara. She is, as it were, an "antonym" to Katerina. It has barbaric beginnings and, accordingly, pagan ideology. Kuligin is a self-taught mechanic. His name is associated with a sandpiper, but it can be translated as a quiet swamp. However, in itself it does not carry a semantic load and is interesting only in a conversation with Wild. After that come Vanya Kudryash and Shapkin . These names contain elements of nationality. Their names clearly show that they belong to the same type as Varvara. Feklusha is a very interesting character in terms of the plot. Her name, translated as divine, fully corresponds to the image of a wanderer. The last in a series of characters is Glasha, which means sweet in translation. And indeed, she loves to listen to various "sweet" Feklushina stories and conversations of the owners.
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The place of "speaking" surnames in the plays of A.N. Ostrovsky Completed by: student of the 10th "G" class Shishkin Ekaterina MOU Gymnasium named after A.L. Kekina of the city of Rostov 2010
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Proper names and nicknames occupy an important place in the lexical composition of the language. Onomastic names introduced into the structure of a work of art, as one of the important elements of means of expression, are organically linked with the content of the work. Fictitious names, nicknames, titles provide invaluable assistance to writers. nominative-identifying function a means of typing characters a means of conveying the author's attitude a vivid characteristic of characters The role of proper names in literature
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In Russian literature, proper names, as a special lexical category, became the object of reflection for the first time in the artistic practice of the classicists. In the 18th century, the theatrical spectator, even before the start of the performance, knew what heroes he would see on stage. The playwright was instructed to give the characters "speaking" surnames. Having read “Skotinin, Prostakov and Vralman” or “Milon and Pravdin” in the list of characters, it was easy to guess what kind of characters the author brought out in the play. There are three types of speaking surnames: actually speaking, “which report one important feature of the hero” (Skotinin, Famusov, Tugoukhovsky, Molchalin); evaluators (Skalozub, Khryumina, Zagoretsky, Khlestova); associative (Chatsky, pointing to the prototype of the protagonist of the drama - Chaadaev). "Talking" surnames in the era of classicism
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What do the names say in the work of A.N. Ostrovsky? Classicism with its strict rules is a thing of the past. But the playwrights fell in love with the "speaking" surnames. Often used them and Ostrovsky. However, not all of them were invented by the author, as it was in the era of classicism, but taken from the language. In the early period, many real names appear in Ostrovsky's plays. For example, in the 1940s, among the Moscow merchants, there were surnames Bolshov, Khorkov, Kabanov.
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Methods for the formation of surnames by A.N. Ostrovsky 1) indicate the appearance of a person (Puzatov, Borodkin, Pleshakov) on the manner of behavior (Lyutov, Groznov, Gromilov) on the way of life (Baklushin, Pogulyaev, Dosuzhev) on the social and financial situation (Bolshov, Velikatov) 2) are formed from nationwide words (names of animals, birds, fish) with a pronounced negative meaning (Baranchevsky, Lisavsky, Kukushkina) from dialect words (Lynyaev from lynyat - “shirk, evade business”, Khlynov from khlyn - “swindler, thief, deceiver”, Ogudalova from ogudat - "seduce, deceive, inflate, trick, swindle, braid") from distorted foreign words (Paratov, Negligents) 3) metaphorization (Berkutov, Korshunov)
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"Talking" surnames in the play "Thunderstorm" Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova In "Thunderstorm" in the list of characters, the nickname of the main character is given along with the surname. In the main text of the play, she is called Kabanikha, but not even once by her last name: in the minds of the viewer, she is Kabanikha. This emphasizes the "animal" beginning in her character. It is no coincidence that Kabanova bears the name Marfa (Greek) - “lady, mistress of the house”: she really holds the house completely in her hands, all household members are forced to obey her. Ignatievna, that is, "ignorant" or "ignoring." She does not notice what is happening with loved ones, does not understand that their ideas about happiness are completely different. She is absolutely sure of her rightness, makes others live by her own rules. And thus she is indirectly to blame for the tragedy of Katerina and provokes Varvara to escape.
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Savel Prokofievich Dikoy The surname Dikoy also contains a lot of interesting things. The fact is that the ending -oy in the corresponding words is now read as -y (-y). Thus, Wild is nothing but a "wild man", simply a "savage". The name Savel recalls the name of the gospel character Saul, the persecutor of Christians, under the name of Paul, who became a zealous preacher of their dogma. But with the hero of the "Thunderstorm" such a transformation, alas, does not occur. Prokofy means "prosperous". Boris Grigoryevich Dikoy's nephew, the son of his brother, also Dikoy. But the name of Boris never sounds in the play - it is so incompatible with his character. But still, he is flesh from the flesh of his ancestors and knows that he is entirely in the power of the "dark kingdom", therefore he will not be able to defend his love and protect Katerina. Boris translated from Bulgarian - "fighter".
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Tikhon and Varvara Kabanova Varvara (Greek) - “who came from foreign lands”, i.e. ignorant, wild (neighboring peoples were backward in comparison with the Greeks). Indeed, Varvara easily steps over morality: she meets with Kudryash, then, when her mother locks her up, she runs away with him. She does not obey the rules that forbid her to do what she wants without experiencing the slightest remorse. Her motto is: “do whatever you want, as long as it’s sewn and covered.” Therefore, Katerina's torment is incomprehensible to her, she does not feel guilty for pushing her to sin. In some cases, Ostrovsky focuses on the folk semantics of the name. For example, Tikhon is translated from Greek as successful, but it is difficult to call the life of the character in the play "Thunderstorm" successful. But the connection with the word "quiet" is obvious. Tikhon is afraid to argue with his mother, he cannot even stand up for Katerina, protect her from her unfair accusations.
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Katerina Katerina is translated from Greek as "pure". Despite the fact that she commits two terrible sins: adultery and suicide, she remains morally pure, therefore she is opposed to all other characters. The heroine is aware of her guilt, cannot hide it, and therefore confesses to Tikhon that she has committed a sin right on the street. She feels the need for punishment; sincerely suffers that he cannot repent, cannot feel the sinfulness of his love. She silently endures Kabanikh's reproaches, understanding their justice, and, according to Tikhon, "melts like wax." Ostrovsky uses not the canonical form (Ekaterina), but the folk one, emphasizing the folk-poetic side of the character of the heroine, her folklore worldview, which is expressed in the desire to fly, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe "grave": "Under the tree there is a grave ... how good! .. Her sun warms it, wets it with rain ... in the spring grass will grow on it, such soft ... birds will fly to the tree, they will sing, they will take out children, flowers will bloom: yellow, red, blue ... all kinds. A large number of words with diminutive suffixes is also characteristic of folklore.
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Kuligin The surname Kuligin recalls the famous Russian inventor of the 18th century Kulibin. The hero is the most advanced person in the city of Kalinov, who dreams of installing lightning rods, a sundial and inventing a perpetual motion machine. Both - both Kuligin and Kulibin faced rejection of the ideas around them. But this is a real surname, formed from the widespread dialect word kuliga - "a kind of sandpiper, snipe, as well as a piece of land in the forest, a meadow or a forest clearing cleared for agriculture." He gives the impression of something small, defenseless: in this terrible swamp he is a sandpiper - a bird and nothing else. He praises Kalinov as a sandpiper praises his swamp. There are dialects in which a clumsy, clumsy person is called a kuliga. The surname hints that Kuligin's ideas can be considered advanced only in the backward city of Kalinovo.
From the point of view of the phenomenon of speaking names we are considering, a lot of new, remarkable material can be found in the plays of this great playwright. Let us touch upon only the most interesting moments of the use of this literary device in Ostrovsky's most famous plays.
For example, in the play "Thunderstorm" there are no random names and surnames. Tikhonya, weak-willed drunkard and sissy Tikhon Kabanov fully justifies his name. The nickname of his "mother" - Kabaniha has long been rethought by readers as a name. No wonder the creator of "Thunderstorm" already in the poster presents this heroine in this way: "Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova (Kabanikha), a rich merchant's wife, a widow." By the way, her old, almost sinister name, paired with Savel Prokofievich Diky, quite definitely speaks of their characters, lifestyle, and morals. Interestingly, in translation from Aramaic, the name Martha is translated as "lady."
The surname Dikoy also contains a lot of curious things. The fact is that the ending -oy in the corresponding words is now read as -y (-y). For example, Pushkin's "desert sower of freedom" (in the current pronunciation - "desert") means "lonely." Thus, Wild is nothing but a "wild man", simply a "savage".
Names and surnames also have a symbolic meaning in the play "Dowry". Larisa - translated from Greek - a seagull. The surname Knurov comes from the dialect word knur - boar, boar, wild boar. Paratov is etymologically connected with the adjective porous - lively, strong, hefty, zealous. Vozhevatov comes from the phrase "tough people", which means cheeky, shameless. In the name, patronymic and surname of Larisa's mother, Harita Ignatievna Ogudalova, everything turns out to be significant. Charites (from the Greek charis - grace, charm, beauty) were called gypsies from the choir, and every gypsy was called Ignat in Moscow. Hence the comparison of Larisa's house with a gypsy camp. The surname comes from the word ogudat - to deceive, seduce, inflate. Julius Kapitonovich Karandyshev, in contrast to the name and patronymic with the surname, already contains the image of this person in the grain. Julius - the name of the noble Roman emperor Caesar, Kapiton - from the Latin capitos - head, Karandyshev - from the word pencil - short, short, a man with exorbitant and unfounded claims. So psychologically polyphonic human characters emerge from the very first pages of the play.
Surprisingly interesting from the point of view of the study of the semantics of speaking names is the play "Hot Heart", in which there is a whole constellation of the most curious surnames, names and patronymics of the characters. Here, by the way, as V. Lakshin writes about this in the article “Ostrovsky's Poetic Satire”: “Perhaps the most striking and politically caustic figure in comedy is Serapion Mardarevich Gradoboev. Well, Ostrovsky invented a name for him! Serapion is easily changed into “scorpion”, as the rude Matryona calls him, Mardariy sounds next to the dissonant word “muzzle”, and even Gradoboev is a surname filled to the brim with ironic semantics: not only crops beaten by hail, but also a battle imposed on the city " . By the way, Gradoboev is none other than the mayor of the city of Kalinov (remember "Thunderstorm", "Forest"), who is not very almondy with the townsfolk.
There is also a merchant Kuroslepov in the Hot Heart, who, either from drunkenness or from a hangover, suffers from something like night blindness: he does not see what is happening under his nose. By the way, his clerk, the favorite of Madame Kuroslepova, has a characteristic name - Narkis.
If you look through the works of A.N. Ostrovsky, you can find many characters with telling names. These are Samson Silych Bolshov, a wealthy merchant, and Lazar Elizarich Podkhalyuzin, his clerk (the play “Our people - we will settle”); Egor Dmitrievich Glumov from the drama "Enough Stupidity for Every Wise Man", who really mocks those around him; an actress of the provincial theater Negina from "Talents and Admirers" and a lover of delicate treatment, the merchant Velikatov.
In the play "The Forest" Ostrovsky persistently names the characters with names associated with the concepts of "happiness and misfortune", as well as with "paradise, arcadia". No wonder the name of the landowner Gurmyzhskaya is Raisa. Yes, and the root of the surname of Raisa Pavlovna leads to certain reflections. A.V. Superanskaya and A.V. Suslova write about this: “The name of Raisa Gurmyzhskaya, a wealthy landowner, in Russian is consonant with the word “paradise”. The clue to her last name can be found in another play by Ostrovsky - “The Snow Maiden” - In the words of Mizgir, who tells about the wonderful island of Gurmyz in the middle of the warm sea, where there are a lot of pearls, where there is heavenly life.
And about the stage names of the provincial actors Schastlivtsev and Neschastlivtsev, the same authors write as follows: “Ostrovsky remains an unsurpassed master of names and surnames. So, in the play "Forest" he shows the provincial actors Schastlivtsev and Neschastlivtsev. Yes, not just Schastlivtseva, but Arcadia (cf. Arcadia - the legendary happy country inhabited by shepherdesses and shepherds). Gennady Neschastlivtsev (Gennady - Greek noble) is a noble tragic actor. And their common fate seems especially tragic against the background of these names.
So, one of Ostrovsky's methods of forming surnames is metaphorization (figurative meaning). So, the surname Berkutov (“Wolves and sheep”) and Korshunov (“Poverty is not a vice”) are formed from the names of birds of prey: the golden eagle is a strong mountain eagle, sharp-sighted, bloodthirsty; a kite is a weaker predator, capable of grabbing smaller prey. If the character with the surname Berkut is from the breed of "wolves" (which is emphasized by the title of the play) and "swallows" a large fortune, then Korshunov in the play dreams of stealing, like a chicken, from his father's house a weak, fragile creature (Lyubov Gordeevna).
Many of Ostrovsky's surnames are formed from common words (names of animals, birds, fish) with a pronounced negative meaning: they seem to characterize people by the properties that are inherent in animals. Baranchevsky and Pereyarkov are stupid as sheep; Lisavsky is cunning, like a fox; Kukushkina is selfish and heartless, like a cuckoo...
The surname of Ostrovsky can also indicate the appearance of a person: Puzatov, Borodavkin, Pleshakov, Kurchaev, Belotelova; in the manner of behavior: Gnevyshev, Gromilov, Lyutov, Groznov; on lifestyle: Baklushin, Pogulyaev, Dosuzhaev; on the social and financial situation: Bolshov, Velikatov ... And the names Goltsov, Mykin, Tugina, Kruchinina indicate the difficult, full of need and deprivation, the life of their bearers.
Almost a third of all the surnames in the playwright’s works are of dialectal origin: Velikatov (“Talents and Admirers”) from Velaty, that is, “stately, prominent, important, swaggering, proud, polite, able to treat people, inspiring respect for himself”; Lynyaev (“Wolves and Sheep”) from shirking, that is, “shirking, evading business” (V.I. purchase and sale ", Zhadov ("Profitable place") from to wait - in the old meaning: "to experience a strong desire."
Ostrovsky's plays are rich in funny surnames: Razlyulyaev ("Poverty is not a vice"), Malomalsky ("Don't get into your sleigh"), Nedonoskov and Nedorostkov ("Jokers").
As a “building material” for the formation of the names of the characters, Ostrovsky does not often, but uses distorted foreign words: Paratov (“Dowry”) from the French “parade” (does everything for show, likes to show off, splurge. In the theater A.N. Ostrovsky, the speaking names are so precise and significant that it is time to talk about the virtuoso, phenomenal mastery of this technique by the playwright.
The disclosure of the meaning of names and surnames in the plays of A.N. Ostrovsky helps to comprehend both the plot and the main images. Although surnames and names cannot be called speaking in this case, since this is a feature of the plays of classicism, they are speaking in the broad - symbolic - sense of the word.
Wild in the northern Russian regions meant "stupid, crazy, insane, half-witted, crazy," and wild - "fool, beat, go crazy." Initially, Ostrovsky intended to give the hero the patronymic Petrovich (from Peter - “stone”), but there was no strength, firmness in this character, and the playwright gave Diky the patronymic Prokofievich (from Prokofy - “in time”). This was more suitable for a greedy, ignorant, cruel and rude person who at the same time was one of the richest and most influential merchants in the city. Actor M. Zharov
Martha - "mentor", Ignatius - "unknown, who put himself." The nickname of the heroine could be formed from two words that equally deeply correspond to the essence of her character, either - a wild ferocious pig, or a boar - a block of ice. Cruelty, ferocity and coldness, indifference of this heroine are obvious. Kabanova is a wealthy widow; this description has both social and psychological meaning. Actress V. Pashennaya
Wild, self-willed characters, except for Wild, are represented in the play by Barbara (she is a pagan, a barbarian, not a Christian and behaves accordingly). Her name means "rough" in Greek. This heroine is really quite simple spiritually, rude. She knows how to lie when necessary. Its principle is “do whatever you want, as long as it’s sewn and covered.” Varvara is kind in her own way, loves Katerina, she helps her, as it seems to her, find love, arranges a date, but does not think about what consequences all this may have. This heroine is in many respects opposed to Katerina - according to the principle of contrast, scenes of a date between Kudryash and Varvara, on the one hand, and Katerina and Boris, on the other, are built. Actress O. Khorkaova
"Self-taught mechanic", as the hero presents himself. Kuligin, in addition to the well-known associations with Kulibin, also evokes the impression of something small, defenseless: in this terrible swamp he is a sandpiper - a bird and nothing more. He praises Kalinov as a sandpiper praises his swamp. P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky, in his review of The Thunderstorm, wrote: “... Mr. Ostrovsky very skillfully gave this man the famous name of Kulibin, who brilliantly proved in the past century and at the beginning of this century what an unlearned Russian person can do with the power of his genius and unbending will.” Artist S. Markushev
Julius Kapitonych Karandyshev - the combination of the name and patronymic of the hero sounds unusual, grotesque - the name of the Roman emperor and the common people's patronymic. With such an unusual combination, the author immediately emphasizes the complexity and inconsistency of the hero. The surname Karandyshev can be interpreted by looking into Dahl's dictionary. Pencil means "short, short". Actor A. Myagkov
And finally, Kharita - the mother of three daughters - is associated with the Kharites, the goddesses of youth and beauty, of which there were three, but she also destroys them (remember the terrible fate of the other two sisters - one married a cheater, the other was stabbed by a Caucasian husband). Harita Ignatievna Ogudalova - "a middle-aged widow, dressed elegantly, but boldly and beyond her years." Harita - a name meaning "charm" (Kharites - the goddess of grace); Ignat in the 19th century was called a gypsy in general, like, for example, Vanka - a cabman, like Fritz - a German during World War II, etc. Thus, the gypsy theme, so important in this play, begins literally with a poster. Actress L. Freindlich
Paratov is both a parade and a pirate. Also, of course, the obvious comparison of Paratov with a wild beast, that is, powerful, predatory, strong and merciless. His predatory behavior in the play is best characterized by this surname. Sergei Sergeevich Paratov - a sonorous combination of the name and patronymic of this hero is complemented by a meaningful surname. In the language of hunters paraty means "strong, fast beast." Indeed, in the guise of a hero there is something predatory, cruel. Actor N. Mikhalkov
