"Medicinal Plants"

We are surrounded by plants everywhere: flowers, herbs, trees and shrubs. Without plants, there would be no life on earth. Plants help us breathe. And with their help, you can cure some diseases. You just need to know which plants are medicinal and use them correctly.

Each plant is created by nature for the good. People studied plants, passed on to another generation their knowledge of the medicinal properties of plants, and compiled Herbalists.

We have a pharmacy located almost under our feet. Children should see the beauty of the surrounding nature, understand the benefits of plants, flowers and herbs. We, adults, walk with children, go on excursions, to the park, forest, field, introduce them to our mother nature. In spring and summer, you can walk a lot and watch plants, birds, insects. Children are interested in everything.

Tell the children about medicinal plants. What plants are called medicinal, how to collect them correctly. Teach children to distinguish between medicinal herbs and cultivate respect for nature.

Stinging nettle

The word comes from the old Russian word "koprena" - silk. Nettles were used to obtain fiber and fabrics.

Previously, nettles were considered a means to exorcise evil spirits.

In difficult years, nettle helped people out a lot. It was eaten, prepared soups, salads. It has long been known as a medicinal plant. Folk wisdom says: One nettle will replace seven doctors.

Nettle is used for inflammation of the lungs, bleeding, gargle, used to strengthen hair.

Nettle stems and leaves are covered with stinging hairs. This feature of the plant is reflected in riddles and proverbs.

To mess around with him, to sit in nettles.

Though not fire, but it burns.

What herb does the blind recognize?

Grows like a green wall

She is bypassed

Prickly and evil diva,

What is the name of the grass?

(Nettle)

pharmaceutical camomile

Sisters are standing in the field,

Yellow eyes look at the sun

Every sister has

white eyelashes

(Chamomile)

The name comes from the Latin "romona" - Roman, borrowed from the Polish language. In literature, her image is associated with the image of modest beauty and kindness.

Description of chamomile

Chamomile is an annual herbaceous plant from the Compositae family.

The flowers are collected in a basket, which consists of white tongue-shaped petals and yellow tubular flowers. Chamomile blooms from May to September. It grows everywhere: in fields, along roads, near human dwellings.

Medicinal properties of chamomile.

Used as a sedative, anti-inflammatory, diuretic.

Gargle with a decoction of chamomile, use it as an anti-inflammatory agent for gastrointestinal diseases. Used as a cosmetic, chamomile decoction gives blonde hair a golden hue.

How is chamomile prepared?

Flowers are collected in dry weather, dried in a room well warmed by the sun, scattered in a thin layer on cloth or paper.

Dandelion officinalis

This plant is familiar to children since childhood. Who doesn't like to collect yellow dandelions and make wreaths out of them? This is a perennial plant of the Compositae family.

They bloom for a long time, forming many seeds per season.

When dandelions bloom, it seems that the children of the sun have descended to the earth and covered it with a beautiful carpet.

Dandelion is very similar to the sun.

Plantain

Grows along roads. Its Russian names are "plantain", "fellow traveler". It is also called "cutter", "rannik" - for its wound-healing properties.

In medicine, the leaves are used to heal wounds and cuts. Also used for stings of bees, wasps and even snakes. Freshly crushed mass of plantain leaves prevents the appearance of edema.

Plantain is used for diseases of the upper respiratory tract, for gastritis, stomach diseases.

Plantain seeds are sticky, stick to human shoes, to the paws of animals and are carried over long distances.

You will meet him along the paths,

You will heal abrasions,

Pluck off the leaf carefully.

Who will heal us?

(Plantain)

Mint

Add it to tea. Mint has many health benefits. Pleasant aroma, cooling taste. Mint tinctures are soothing.

Tasty tea and fragrant,

With her, he is light and pleasant:

The leaves are torn and dented.

What are you breathing in? - The smell ... (mint)

Lily of the valley

Listed in the Red Book. Fragile, beautiful and fragrant flower. But be careful. Lily of the valley is poisonous.

Lily of the valley is a very useful plant. Heart and sedative drops are prepared from it. In folk medicine, lily of the valley is used, but you need to consult a doctor because it is not safe.

The forest turns black

warmly awakened,

Embraced by spring dampness.

And on the strings of pearls

Everyone trembles from the wind.

Carefully woven by nature,

Wrapped in a green leaf

A flower grows in the wilderness untouched

Cool, fragile and fragrant.

The flora of the Donetsk region is represented by steppe, forest-steppe and floodplain representatives of the flora. A characteristic feature is the predominance of herbaceous plants (89.3%) over trees and shrubs. The region is characterized by two types of vegetation: steppe and forest. In the south and east of the region - steppes, in the north and the Donetsk Ridge - steppes and ravine forests. The forests of our region are more than half represented by artificial plantations, and the remains of an ancient forest can only be found here and there along the right bank of the Seversky Donets - in the Slavyansky and Krasnolimansky districts. Deciduous species predominate on the right bank: oak, alder, poplar, elm, aspen. Among the shrubs, blackthorn, viburnum, wild rose, yellow and white acacia, mountain ash, euonymus predominate. There are many edible mushrooms in the forests: oil, russula, boletus, mushrooms. There are also poisonous ones: fly agaric, pale grebe. Coniferous pine forests stretch on the left bank of the Seversky Donets. Cretaceous pine, a relic plant, grows on the chalk steeps of the Seversky Donets. Protective forest belts of white acacia, poplar, maple, mountain ash, apricot stretch along agricultural fields, highways and railways.

The vegetation cover has been severely disturbed and altered by human activities. Untouched steppe vegetation has been preserved only in protected areas and on the steep slopes of ravines. The flora of our region in terms of the richness of flora, diversity and uniqueness of plant species is not inferior to other regions of Ukraine, even such as the Carpathians and Crimea.

Two centuries ago, there were many animals and birds in our region. We will not be able to see many of them today: the saiga antelope, the wild horse tarpan, bears, beavers. The reduction of places historically suitable for the stay of wild animals, due to the economic development of the territory, the direct destruction of wildlife, the general technogenic load on the natural environment and excessive recreational pressure on natural complexes during periods of reproduction of wild animals cause a general impoverishment of the species and population composition of the fauna of the Donetsk region . Today, our region is inhabited by hare, squirrel, stone marten, forest dormouse, European mink, badger, weasel and ermine, red fox, wolves are less common. Hedgehogs, ground squirrels, mice, owls, steppe ferret, bats, shrews, raccoon dogs, marmots are also found in the steppes. About 250 species of birds live in the Donetsk region, but most of them visit our region only during migration - in spring and autumn. The largest bird is the bustard. In the forests live tits, flycatchers, redstarts, warblers, dawnbirds, nuthatches, cuckoos, nightjars, orioles, rooks, woodpeckers, gray crows, jackdaws, magpies, turtledoves. Sparrows, swallows, starlings, swifts live in settlements. In the steppe and fields - larks, quail and gray partridge. Only on the Belosaraiskaya and Kriva spits of the Sea of ​​Azov such birds as the steppe sandpiper, curlew, sandpiper have been preserved. Seagulls, lapwings, sandpipers live on the sea coast. The largest European frog species, the lake frog, is widespread in the region. Of the snakes in our region, there are a copperhead, a four-striped yellow-bellied snake, as well as a steppe viper, an ordinary one and a water one. Ducks and herons settle along the banks of rivers and reservoirs in our region. The fauna of the Sea of ​​Azov includes about 80 species of fish. The most important are bream, pike perch, beluga, herring, ram, anchovy, large flounder, goby. The fauna of the national natural park "Holy Mountains" is very interesting. The processes of reducing the composition of the fauna of the region are becoming irreversible. This requires the adoption of urgent measures aimed primarily at ensuring the special protection of the habitats of animals and the artificial reproduction of certain species of fauna, a significant increase in the effectiveness of control over their use.

Regional nature protection.

Nature is everything that surrounds a person and arose without his intervention. Ecology is a science that studies environmental issues. A high concentration of industrial and agricultural production, transport infrastructure, combined with a high population density have created an unfavorable ecological situation in the region. Protection from air pollution. Priority areas of action: - in the coal industry: introduction of coal mining processes without supply of waste rock to the surface, maximum use of methane; - in metallurgy and coke production: introduction of waste-free metallurgy, transition to electric arc and converter methods of steel production, complete purification of coke oven gas from hydrogen sulfide. Transition to environmentally friendly technologies in all industries. Equipping emission sources with efficient dust and gas cleaning equipment. Raising the level of technical condition and operation of existing equipment. Protection against pollution of water resources - prevention of negative hydrogeological consequences of the closure of mines, as well as filtration of harmful substances into mines; - construction of new, expansion and reconstruction of existing sewerage systems and domestic wastewater treatment; - demineralization of mine waters. To eliminate or limit the negative impact of accumulated and newly created hazardous waste on the environment, it is necessary: ​​- to ensure the maximum reduction in the volume of hazardous waste generation, their further disposal or neutralization and environmentally safe storage; - liquidation of highly toxic wastes of the chemical and coke industry; - introduction of neutralization technologies, collection, neutralization and disposal of waste containing hazardous heavy metals and oil waste; - construction of a regional plant for the processing of highly toxic waste; - liquidation of unauthorized landfills, as well as bringing existing household landfills to a safe sanitary and epidemic state

Intensive development of minerals and their processing have a negative impact on the geological and environment. The work of coal mines causes subsidence of the surface above mine workings, the development of deformations, erosion, and flooding. In order to protect land, it is necessary to increase the pace and volume of land reclamation disturbed by industrial production; - Carrying out activities related to erosion control. Protection and rational use of natural plant and animal resources, the natural reserve fund, the creation of a system for monitoring the general condition of the animal and plant world and the study of the state of individual species and groups of the animal and plant world, primarily those listed in the Red Book; - preparation of a regional program for the conservation of biodiversity in Donbass; - activation of work to prevent cases of accidental and other pollution of water bodies of Donbass in order to improve the state of reproduction of fish resources. Protection and rational use of mineral resources. The main problems that need to be addressed are: - the activity of enterprises leads to the pollution of aquifers used for domestic and drinking water supply; - insufficient use of associated minerals; - insufficient measures are being taken to minimize the negative consequences of the closure of coal mines. The main problem of ensuring radiation safety is the lack of a radiation monitoring system on the territory of Donbass. It is necessary to create a radiation monitoring center in the territory of Donbass based on the development of a regional program to protect the population from the effects of ionizing radiation. Ensuring environmental control and management of environmental activities. Necessary priority measures to solve the problem: - creation of an environmental monitoring center; - organizing the exchange of experience on practical issues of ensuring the environmental safety of territories; Given the nationwide approach to the ecological state of the region, it becomes necessary to coordinate the actions of environmental structures, authorities and business entities for a long-term period. In general, we can say that environmental issues are relevant for the entire world community. For Donbass, protecting the environment is an extremely important issue, since we are the most technologically loaded area in Europe. Solving the problems of the ecology of our region, we must join forces to improve the quality of life of people.

3. Calculate the scale of the terrain plan if the distance on the plan is 3.5 cm, and on the ground this distance is 350 m.

Find out how many times the distance on the ground is greater than the distance on the plan.

350m:3.5cm=10000 times

In 1 cm - 100m

The soils of Donbass are fertile, mostly black earth. The thickness of the most fertile layers reaches a meter of thickness, and sometimes more. Soddy soils are also widespread. Humus chernozems were formed on forest-like rocks. In the floodplains of rivers and beams - meadow chernozems, meadow-marsh, mainly with saline soils. More than 60 types of soils have been identified. The soils of the Luhansk region are predominantly ordinary chernozems (81% of the region's area), soddy rubble soils with 50-80% erosion, in the Seversky Donets valley - chernozem, soddy sandy soils (54-64% erosion). Forests cover 8.6% of the territory. There are few natural forests. There are ravine forests (oak, ash, maple, elm, pear, apple), floodplain (alder, aspen, poplar, willow) and watershed (oak, ash, maple, pear). The area of ​​shelterbelts is 20.5 thousand hectares (acacia, oak, maple, etc.). The soil cover of most of the Donetsk region is characterized by chernozems, in the northern regions there are soddy slightly podzolized soils, along the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov - slightly solodized chernozems and solonetzes.

Flora and fauna of Luhansk and Donetsk regions

Lugansk region is located in the zone of forb-fescue-feather grass steppes. Vegetation as a result of human activity has undergone great changes. Most of the territory of the region is plowed up, only on the slopes of ravines, in river valleys and in reserves (Streltsovskaya steppe, Provalskaya steppe), areas of steppe vegetation have been preserved. More than a thousand species of various plants grow here. There are few forests (about 7% of the region's territory). Located mainly along rivers, on the slopes of river valleys, gullies and ravines. The gully-type forests predominate. They grow in beams and are distinguished by significant diversity: there are about 50 species of trees and shrubs in them. Such breeds predominate - oak, birch, ash. The undergrowth is represented by yellow acacia, bushes of blackthorn, elder, viburnum, wild rose. These species are found on the edges and clearings.

The fauna of the Lugansk region is represented mainly by steppe and some forest animals, however, the wild fauna is poor. There are about 250 species of birds, 60 mammals, 9 reptiles and 47 fish. From predators there are: wolf, fox, raccoon dog, weasel, etc. Among rodents, the most common are: hare, marmot, hamster, jerboa, mole, etc. Feathered predators include red-footed falcons, hawks, imperial eagles. The forest is abundantly inhabited by useful and songbirds: larks, quails, nightingales, woodpeckers, swifts, swallows and many others. There are a lot of different fish in rivers, lakes and ponds.

Donetsk region is characterized by two types of vegetation: steppe and forest. Steppes dominate in the south and east of the region, in the north and the Donetsk Ridge - steppes and ravine forests. Natural steppe vegetation has been preserved mainly in protected areas, on the coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov - areas with solonchak vegetation. Forests and shrubs occupy 5.6% of the region's territory, mainly in the Seversky Donets valley - pine forests, on the Donetsk Ridge - oak forests, ravine forests. The north-steppe elevated and slope natural-territorial complexes predominate. The vegetation cover has been severely disturbed and altered by human activities. Untouched steppe vegetation has been preserved only in the Kamennye Mogily and Khomutovskaya steppe reserves, and on the steep slopes of ravines. The first to bloom in the steppe are netted saffron (crocus), white chickweed, goose onion, tulips, frog, coltsfoot, sleep-grass, irises, black cohosh, adonis, violets. 1870 species of flora were noted on the territory of the region. Of the rare plants in the region, there are more than 91 out of 541 species of flora listed in the Red Book of Ukraine and 39 species listed in the European Red List.

The fauna of the region includes over 25 thousand species of animals of various systematic groups, of which more than 24 thousand species are spineless. Vertebrate animals are represented by fish and cyclostomes of 9 species, reptiles of 12 species. About 300 species of birds, more than 49 species of mammals are constantly located and observed on the territory of the Donetsk region on flights, flights, wintering and migrations. In accordance with previous data, 131 species of animals that are in the territory of the region are listed in the Red Book. Almost everywhere in nature there are a field mouse, a gray rat, a gray hamster and other mouse-like rodents, a fox, a hare, from birds - a quail, a gray partridge, a gray crow, a hoopoe, larks, swallows, sparrows, woodpeckers. In the few forests of the region (mainly in the north) there are: fox, badger, raccoon dog, elk, roe deer, wild boar, squirrel, hare, common hedgehog, birds: pheasant, rook, magpie, nightingale, tits, turtledoves, owls , woodpeckers. On the sandy spits and the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov: fox, hare, birds: gray goose, lapwing, coot, ducks, waders, pigeons and others. In the rivers of the Donetsk region there are fish: carp, crucian carp, pike, rudd, bream, fish, silver carp, common catfish, ruff, perch, pike perch, tench. In the waters of the Sea of ​​Azov: goby, sprat, anchovy, herring, Azov shad, flounder and others.

Two centuries ago, there were many animals and birds in the Donbass. We will not be able to see many of them today: the saiga antelope, the wild horse tarpan, bears, beavers.

PLANT WORLD OF DONBASS Parkhomets I.Yu., teacher geography, Lugansk

The Donetsk basin and adjacent territories within the borders of the Luhansk and Donetsk regions, located in the zone of forb-fescue-feather grass steppes and is part of three floristic historical and geographical regions:

1. Donetsk floristic region associated with the Donetsk ridge; characterized by a high degree of isolation of ancient forest and steppe endemic and semi-endemic species; 2. Dono-Donetsk floristic region; characterized by a pronounced psammophilous (plants that are adapted to life on the sands) and the most magnificently developed Cretaceous complex with its own endems; 3. Priazovsky floristic region; has its own granite and sublittoral (coastal) complexes.

The Red Book of Ukraine includes 45 plant species found in our region. Among them are narrow-local (endemic), that is, having a very limited distribution area and not found outside the Donetsk Ridge and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, and relict, remaining from ancient geological times only in a few places on the planet. To save these species, a system of protected areas has been created. There are three reserves in the Donbass - Khomutovskaya steppe, Stone graves and Lugansky, consisting of three branches: Streltsovskaya steppe, Stanichno-Lugansky reserve and Provalskaya steppe.

RELICTS (lat. relictum - remnant) in biology are living organisms that have survived in modern biota or in a certain region as a remnant of an ancestral group that was more widespread or played a large role in ecosystems in past geological epochs. RELICT - a residual manifestation of the past in our time.

Endemics (from Greek ἔνδημος - local) - taxa (animals or plants), whose representatives live in a relatively limited area. Such a characteristic of a taxon as living in a limited area is called endemism. Endemism is opposed to cosmopolitanism.

The ranges of endemics are limited by biotic, climatic or geological barriers. The oceanic islands, isolated mountain valleys and reservoirs isolated from other reservoirs similar in biotic characteristics are the richest in endemic forms. In particular, on the island of Saint Helena, about 85% of the species are endemic, and on the Galapagos Islands - up to 97%. Distinguish between paleoendemic and neoendemic.

Endemics are plants or animals found only in a particular geographic area.

Paleoendemics are representatives of ancient taxa, as a rule, preserved to this day due to the isolation of their habitats from more progressive groups.

Neoendemic species include young species that have formed in an isolated area.

In general, paleoendemism is a sign of the extinction of a species, and neoendemism is a sign of development.

The palm tree on the coat of arms of the Donetsk region outrages the minds of many fellow countrymen, annoyed by the fact that because of this Donbass is called the "banana republic". Colleague Evgeniy Koval has been researching the problem of flora with our linguistic roots for a long time. And he offers several purely Donetsk plants for our coat of arms.

To enrich the coat of arms of the region with new plants, it is logical to turn to plants and animals, in whose name there is an adjective "pre-Netsk", common only in the Donetsk region, or both. Are there any?

It turned out - there is. According to the latest data, there are about 1930 species of higher plants in the natural flora of the Donetsk region. Some species are distributed only on the Donetsk Ridge or in the Seversky Donets basin. 11 of them have the specific name "Donetsk". Two species - Donetsk bedstraw and Donetsk lastoven - are described by Doctor of Biological Sciences Professor V. M. Ostapko - Deputy. research director and Department of Flora of the Donetsk Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Almost all species, except for the widespread Donetsk violet and Donetsk feather grass, which grows on the territory of the branch of the Ukrainian steppe reserve "Provalskaya steppe" in the Luhansk region, are included in the Red Book of the Donetsk region, which is prepared for publication by scientists from the Flora Department of the Donetsk Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the Department of Botany and Ecology of Donetsk National University.

Here they are, the heroes of Donetsk flora!

Cornflower Donetsk: herbaceous biennial; several small populations are known; relic species; grows on the sands of the floodplain terrace in the middle reaches of the river. Seversky Donets; is under the threat of extinction due to natural and historical rarity, collection by the population for bouquets, excessive recreational load; protected on the territory of the National Natural Park (NNP) "Holy Mountains". Included in the European Red List, "Red Book of Ukraine".

Donetsk bedstraw: herbaceous perennial; relic, rare steppe species; in the Donetsk region, it grows on the territory of the local nature reserve "Pristenskoe" (Amvrosievsky district). Grown in the DBS NAS of Ukraine since 1987.

Gorse Donetsk: shrub of the legume family; relic species, endemic of the Donetsk Ridge, growing on chalk outcrops and clay-marl slopes; noted in the vicinity of Serebryanka of the Artyomovsky district, but, over the past few decades, it has not been found on the territory of the Donetsk region, perhaps it should be considered disappeared; the causes of extinction are natural and historical rarity, chalk mining in possible habitats, excessive grazing pressure, steppe fires.

Ushanka Donetsk: herbaceous biennial; a rare species, sporadically found in the Donetsk Forest-Steppe and the Sea of ​​Azov; grows along the edges of forests, among shrubs and on chalk outcrops; the reasons for the rarity of the species are the plowing of the steppes, recreational load, excessive load during grazing, afforestation in the steppe areas. The species is protected on the territory of the NNP "Svyatye Gory", nature reserves (NR) "Melovaya Flora" and "Stone Graves", as well as in several wildlife sanctuaries. Grown in DBS NAS of Ukraine.

Rosehip Donetsk, Rosa Doneciana- a small shrub growing in stony steppes, on sandstone outcrops; known only in 2 locations - the tract "Zor-Tau" in the Starobeshevsky district and on the territory of the natural monument of national importance "Tract Grabovo", in the Shakhtyorsky district; the species is endangered; the reasons for the rarity are the extraction of natural stone, grazing, and the collection of fruits by the population. Grown in DBS NAS of Ukraine. Included in the European Red List, "Chervona Book of Ukraine". relic species growing on coal shale, shale talus, granite and sandstone outcrops; recorded in the Donetsk Forest-Steppe (Mius river basin) and Northern Azov region (Kalmius river basin); the reasons for the rarity of the species are its relict nature, the extraction of natural stone in the places of its growth, grazing, and recreation. The species is protected on the territory of the Kalmiusskoye Nature Reserve, the Donetsk Ridge Regional Landscape Park (RLP). Grown in DBS NAS of Ukraine. Included in the European Red List, "Red Book of Ukraine".

Donetsk goatbeard: herbaceous perennial; a rare species growing on river and dry sands in the river basin. Seversky Donets; the reasons for the rarity of the species are the economic development of the territory, grazing, sand mining; protected on the territory of NNP "Holy Mountains".

Lastoven Donetsk: herbaceous perennial; a rare relict species growing in ravine and floodplain oak forests, along forest edges and among shrubs in the Donetsk Forest-Steppe; the reasons for the rarity of the species are its relict nature, the deterioration of growing conditions in forests. The species is protected on the territory of the NNP "Svyatye Gory", RLP "Donetsk Kryazh", as well as other objects of the natural reserve fund of the Donetsk region. Grown in DBS NAS of Ukraine.

Cleome Donetska: annual; endemic of the Donetsk Ridge; relic species growing on coal shale, shale scree; noted in the Donetsk forest-steppe, in the basin of the river. Mius and Krynka; the reasons for the rarity of the species are its relict nature, grazing; is endangered; included in the World Red List, the European Red List, the Red Book of Ukraine.

Donetsk violet: endemic of the Donetsk Ridge, often found in ravine oak forests and along the edges of the forests of the Donetsk forest-steppe. First identified near the Lokomotiv stadium in Donetsk.

Donetsk feather grass: grows in the department of the Ukrainian steppe reserve "Provalskaya steppe". A rare species on the verge of extinction. It is included in the "Chervona Book of Ukraine", the Red Book of the Luhansk region.

Of the “Donetsk” animals, only a very rare, almost wingless one is known. grasshopper Isophya doneciana. Described in the monograph by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko in 1954. Until now, it has not been found anywhere except the Donetsk Upland. It is an example of local species endemism among the animals of the region. Unfortunately, this species may have disappeared.

Afterword

In general, there is a lot of work to be done with the new coat of arms. What is the only question: whether to introduce isophia into it from a purely Donetsk grasshopper? On the one hand, the insect, in addition, may have disappeared. But in the coat of arms of France during the Bonapartes there were bees. There are bees in the coat of arms of Simferopol. So why not?

Evgeniy KOVAL

The botanical part was prepared by d.b.s., prof. V. M. Ostapko and engineer of the department of flora of the Donetsk Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine E.G. Mulenkova, Zoological - Senior Researcher of the Department of Population Genetics, Ph.D. G.V. Popov. All photographs were taken by d.b.s., prof. V. M. Ostapko.