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RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Markovtseva Olga Grade 8
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The first third of the 19th century is called the "golden age" of Russian culture. Its beginning coincided with the era of classicism in Russian literature and art. Buildings built in the style of classicism are distinguished by a clear and calm rhythm and proportions. Even in the middle of the 18th century, St. Petersburg was buried in the greenery of estates, then the building of the city began. St. Petersburg classicism is not the architecture of individual buildings, but of entire ensembles.
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Work began with the construction of the Admiralty building according to the project of I.K. Korobov and A.D. Zakharova, 1806-1823
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Great importance was the construction at the beginning of the 19th century of the Exchange building on the spit of Vasilyevsky Island.
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The building of the Senate and Synod
Construction 1829-1834 architect K.I. Russia. The building of the Senate and Synod is the last great work great architect. The architectural monument is distinguished by rich sculptural decor.
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Alexandrinsky Theater
The Alexandrinsky Theater (designed by K. Rossi) is part of an ensemble of two squares and a street; the theater is a masterpiece of Russian classicism. Grand opening theater took place in 1832, it is named after the wife of Nicholas I. It is one of the oldest professional theaters in Russia.
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Mikhailovsky Palace
The Mikhailovsky Palace theater building was conceived as a gift to Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich from his brother Emperor Alexander I. Construction was carried out from 1819 to 1825 according to the project and under the direction of K.I. Russia. The estate scheme, traditional for Russian classicism, has found its application in the composition of the palace.
The estate scheme, traditional for Russian classicism, has found its application in the composition of the palace.
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Auditorium Petersburg Bolshoi Theater in the 1820s.
View of the Bolshoi / Kamenny Theater in St. Petersburg before demolition in 1886
The building of the Bolshoi Theater (construction in 1824, architects Beauvais, Gilardi and others) is one of the best examples of Russian classical architecture.
big theater
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Monument to Minin (standing) and Pozharsky (sitting) against the backdrop of St. Basil's Cathedral
The monument to Minin and Pozharsky was the first monument in Moscow erected not in honor of the sovereign, but in honor of folk heroes. In 1803, the collection of donations for the monument to Minin and Pozharsky, which was erected on Red Square in 1818, began.
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Grand Kremlin Palace
The Grand Kremlin Palace is located on Borovitsky Hill. Its facade faces the Moscow River and stretches from west to east for 125 meters. The palace was built in 1838-1849 by a group of Russian architects led by K.A.Ton.
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Cathedral of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God
The Kazan Cathedral was conceived as the main temple of the capital and was built in 1801-1811 according to the project and under the guidance of the outstanding architect A. N. Voronikhin. The cathedral became a monument of Russian military glory: trophies were placed in it Patriotic War 1812. In 1813, the great Russian commander M. I. Kutuzov was buried here.
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St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg
St. Isaac's Cathedral is the largest building erected in Russia in the first half of the 19th century according to the design of Montferrand.
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General Staff Building
In the center of the capital, on Palace Square K.I. Rossi erects the building of the General Staff (1819-1829).
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The world-famous palaces, parks and architectural ensembles of Peterhof are an outstanding monument of Russian artistic culture XVIII- XIX centuries, driven by Emperor Peter I.
Palace and Park Ensemble "Peterhof"
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The credit for its creation belongs to many outstanding architects, artists and unknown artisans.
Delightful parks, fountains of various shapes and types (176 in total), 4 cascades, majestic palaces, gilded statues of ancient gods and heroes, collections of sculptures, paintings and works decorative arts makes Peterhof a unique and invaluable asset of world culture.
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Eclecticism gradually replaced classicism. It is a free choice and various historical styles. early stage eclecticism (1830-1860) is associated with romantic stylization. More and more previously unknown types of structures were built - railway stations, "passages", large industrial buildings, apartment buildings, new streets were laid, old ones were expanded and settled, gardens, squares and boulevards were arranged, many shopping, banking, educational, entertainment and hospital buildings were erected. buildings and complexes.
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Polytechnical Museum
The initiators of the creation Polytechnic Museum were scientists who united in 1864 in the Imperial Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography (IOLEAE). The idea arose to create in Moscow public museum applied knowledge. To collect exhibits for the museum, the All-Russian Industrial Exhibition was held in Moscow. The grand opening of the exhibition took place on May 30, 1872.
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Historical Museum
The Historical Museum in Moscow was founded in 1872, opened in 1883. The largest repository of monuments national history and culture. Moscow City Duma gave her own land - for the construction of the museum.
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Cathedral of Christ the Savior
In 1839, on the banks of the Moskva River, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was laid according to the project of the architect K.A. Ton. He combined classicism with the "Russian style".
It took almost 44 years to build, and in 1883 it was opened for worship. On December 5, 1931, the temple building was destroyed to the ground by an explosion.
The temple was restored in the 90s of the twentieth century and has been reopened for visits and services since 2000.
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The Hermitage opened its doors, where the artistic treasures of the imperial family were collected. The first public art museum appeared in Russia.
In 1852 in cultural life A remarkable event took place in Russia.
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Tsarskoye Selo Admiralty
Tsarskoye Selo is a brilliant monument of world architecture and landscape art. Three of its parks occupy 600 hectares, where there are more than 100 architectural structures.
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Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, St. Petersburg
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Pavilion "Grotto" in the Catherine Park of Tsarskoye Selo, St. Petersburg
The presented material is intended for use in the study of the course of the History of Russia in grades 8 and 10 on the topic “Russian culture of the first half of the 19th century”. Additionally, it can be used in the lesson on World Artistic Culture when studying the architectural style of late classicism-Empire.
The purpose of the lesson: form a holistic view of the development of architecture in the first half of the 19th century.
Tasks:
- increase the level of cognitive abilities of students;
- active development of the material;
- to cultivate a sense of pride in the great Russian culture, patriotism, to raise the level of general culture;
New terms: Empire, “Moscow Empire”, “Petersburg Empire”
New names: A. Voronikhin, A. Zakharov, Thomas de Thomon, C. Rossi, O. Bove, Gilardi, A. Grigoriev.
Form of conducting: Combined lesson for obtaining new knowledge using a training presentation, input and final control of knowledge with elements of developing thinking technology. The lesson is held in a computer class .
During the classes
Stage 1. Motivation
The theme of the work is Russian architecture I half of XIX century, Empire architecture. This style was a bright but short page in the history of Russian and Western European architecture.
In Russia, he established himself after the victory in the war of 1812, when Russian society experienced an upsurge, the unity of all the inhabitants of the state, therefore architectural style carried with him the pathos of heroism, the assertion of the strength of the human mind, the power of the state. He was imbued with a life-affirming, victorious spirit, that is, he contained a creative principle.
learning task
The majestic and harmonious architecture of the Empire style of the first half of the 19th century does not lose its attractiveness even today, what is the secret of its eternal youth? Can the first half of the 19th century be called the “golden age” of Russian architecture?
Stage 2. Activation of knowledge
And we will start with a repetition, with the solution of an introductory test, in order to recall the historical conditions under which Russian culture developed in the first half of the 19th century.
Stage 3. Main part of the lesson
Working with a tutorial presentation
Today we will learn how architecture developed in the first half of the 19th century in the Russian state.
The study of this topic will be on schedule.
1. Empire: origin and features.
2. Petersburg Empire:
A.N. Voronikhin,
J.Thomas de Thomon,
A. K. Rossi,
O. Montferrand.
3. Moscow Empire: O. Bove, D. Gilardi, A. G. Grigoriev.
4. Conclusion, verification test.
You will work in the lesson, each independently, in front of each student on the computer screen, a training presentation. Carefully study it at the end of the study - proceed to the implementation control questions test
Test questions
If the results of the final test are not satisfactory, then the students turn to the memo material, after studying which, they repeat the attempt to solve the test.
4. Final stage
Students briefly formulate the features of the development of architecture learned in the lesson in the first half of the 19th century
In architecture, classicism was transformed into "Empire", combining the severity of lines and the richness of decorations.
After the war of 1812, Moscow and St. Petersburg underwent a detailed restructuring. Petersburg, the Palace and Senate Square, in Moscow - Teatralnaya.
A significant contribution to the architecture of St. Petersburg was made by A. Zakharov (Admiralty), A. Voronikhin (Kazan Cathedral, the building of the Mining Institute, K. Rossi (Russian Museum, Palace Square and the General Staff, the ensemble of the Mariinsky Theater, the building of the Senate and Synod O.. Montferrand (Issakievsky Cathedral, Alexander Column)
O. Bove worked in the Empire style in Moscow (reconstructed Red Square, Bolshoi Theater Triumphal Arch,) D. Gilardi (the building of Moscow University, the House of the Lunins.)
In the 30s, a single style breaks up, eclecticism or historicism appears.
After that, we return to the learning task and try to answer the question posed at the beginning of the lesson.
What is the secret of the eternal youth of the architecture of the 1st half of the 19th century? Can the first half of the 19th century be called the “golden age” of Russian architecture?
A journey into the world of architecture of the first half of the 19th century convinces that talented works created in any architectural style exist outside of time and continue to excite modern man. Empire architecture is a living source of creative ideas!
These magnificent works of architecture go to Russia to look at just like the masters of the Renaissance go to Italy.
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Russian architecture in the first half of the 19th century Presentation prepared by: Zhenya Romanova Zhenya Tanacheva
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At the beginning of the 19th century, public interest in works of art increased significantly, which contributed to the development artistic culture. An important feature of the development of art of this period was the rapid change artistic directions and the simultaneous existence of different artistic styles.
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In the architecture of the first half of the century, classicism lingered longer than in other areas. artistic creativity. He dominated almost until the 40s. Its pinnacle at the beginning of the 19th century was the Empire style, expressed in massive forms, rich decorations, and the severity of lines inherited from imperial Rome. An important element of the Empire was also sculptures that complemented the architectural design of buildings. Palaces and mansions of the nobility, buildings of higher government institutions, noble assemblies, theaters and even temples were built in the Empire style. Empire was the embodiment of the ideas of state power and military strength.
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Early XIX in. was a time of rapid development of the capitals - St. Petersburg and Moscow. As well as the central part of large provincial cities. A feature of the construction of this period was the creation architectural ensembles- a number of buildings and structures combined into a single whole. In St. Petersburg during this period, Palace, Admiralteyskaya and Senatskaya squares were formed. in Moscow - Teatralnaya. Provincial cities were rebuilt according to special plans. Their central part now consisted not only of cathedrals, palaces of governors and mansions of the nobility, buildings of noble assemblies, but also new institutions - museums, schools, libraries, theaters.
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The largest representatives ZAKHAROV Andreyan (Adrian) Dmitrievich, Russian architect. Empire representative. Creator of one of the masterpieces of Russian architecture - the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg (1806-23).
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Zakharov created a monumental building in strict forms of the Russian Empire according to the traditional three-axis scheme: a tower surrounded by a colonnade at the top and crowned with a dome with a spire, and two wings, each of which has a central portico and two side six-columned loggias. Numerous statues (allegorical figures) and reliefs of facades and interiors by V. I. Demut-Malinovsky, F. F. Shchedrin, I. I. Terebenev and S. S. Pimenov are organically connected with architectural forms building. The Admiralty, to the tower of which three highways of the city converge, is the center architectural composition Petersburg.
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VORONIKHIN Andrei Nikiforovich (1759-1814), Russian architect, representative of the Empire style. His works in St. Petersburg - the Kazan Cathedral (1801-1811), which laid the foundation for a large urban ensemble on Nevsky Prospekt, the Mining Institute (1806-1811) - are marked by monumental and strict solemnity. Participated in the creation of architectural ensembles of Pavlovsk and Peterhof.
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BOVE Osip Ivanovich (1784-1834), Russian architect. Empire representative. Chief architect of the Commission for the restoration of Moscow after the fire of 1812. With the participation of Beauvais, Red Square was reconstructed, Theater Square with the Bolshoi Theater (1821-24), Triumphal Gates (1827-34) was created.
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MONFERRAN August Avgustovich (1786-1858) - Russian architect, decorator and draftsman. A representative of late classicism, his work marks the transition from classicism to eclecticism. French by origin. From 1816 he worked in Russia. Such buildings of Montferrand as St. Isaac's Cathedral and the Alexander Column played a significant role in shaping the ensembles of the center of St. Petersburg.
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Ton Konstantin Andreevich - (1794-1881), Russian architect, "Russian-Byzantine" style in Russian architecture. In 1838-1849, the Grand Kremlin Palace was built under his supervision. In 1837, according to his project, the construction of the grandiose Cathedral of Christ the Savior began in Moscow in memory of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. In 1839, the architect designs the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Armory of the Moscow Kremlin (1843-51) and becomes their main builder. In Moscow, Ton also built the first railway station in Russia, the Nikolaevskaya Road (now Leningradsky Station, 1849; in St. Petersburg - now Moscow, 1844-51).
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At the beginning of the 19th century, public interest in works of art increased significantly, which contributed to the development of artistic culture. An important feature of the development of art of this period was the rapid change of artistic trends and the simultaneous existence of various artistic styles.
In the architecture of the first half of the century, classicism lingered longer than in other areas of artistic creativity. He dominated almost until the 40s. Its pinnacle at the beginning of the 19th century was the Empire style, expressed in massive forms, rich decorations, and the severity of lines inherited from imperial Rome. An important element of the Empire was also sculptures that complemented the architectural design of buildings. Palaces and mansions of the nobility, buildings of higher government institutions, noble assemblies, theaters and even temples were built in the Empire style. Empire was the embodiment of the ideas of state power and military strength.
Early 19th century was a time of rapid development of the capitals - St. Petersburg and Moscow. As well as the central part of large provincial cities. A feature of the construction of this period was the creation of architectural ensembles - a number of buildings and structures united into a single whole. In St. Petersburg during this period, Palace, Admiralteyskaya and Senatskaya squares were formed. in Moscow - Teatralnaya. Provincial cities were rebuilt according to special plans. Their central part now consisted not only of cathedrals, palaces of governors and mansions of the nobility, buildings of noble assemblies, but also new institutions - museums, schools, libraries, theaters.
The largest representatives ZAKHAROV Andreyan (Adrian) Dmitrievich, Russian architect. Empire representative. The creator of one of the masterpieces of Russian architecture of the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg ().
Zakharov created a monumental building in strict forms of the Russian Empire according to the traditional three-axis scheme: a tower surrounded by a colonnade at the top and crowned with a dome with a spire, and two wings, each of which has a central portico and two side six-columned loggias. Numerous statues (allegorical figures) and reliefs of facades and interiors by V. I. Demut-Malinovsky, F. F. Shchedrin, I. I. Terebenev and S. S. Pimenov are organically connected with the architectural forms of the building. The Admiralty, to the tower of which three highways of the city converge, is the center of the architectural composition of St. Petersburg.
VORONIKHIN Andrey Nikiforovich (), Russian architect, representative of the Empire style. His works in St. Petersburg Kazan Cathedral (), which laid the foundation for a large city ensemble on Nevsky Prospekt, the Mining Institute () are marked by monumental and strict solemnity. Participated in the creation of architectural ensembles of Pavlovsk and Peterhof.
BOVE Osip Ivanovich (), Russian architect. Empire representative. Chief Architect of the Commission for the Restoration of Moscow after the Fire With the participation of Beauvais, Red Square was reconstructed, Theater Square with the Bolshoi Theater (), Triumphal Gates () was created.
MONFERRAN August Augustovich () - Russian architect, decorator and draftsman. A representative of late classicism, his work marks the transition from classicism to eclecticism. French by origin. From 1816 he worked in Russia. Such buildings of Montferrand as St. Isaac's Cathedral and the Alexander Column played a significant role in shaping the ensembles of the center of St. Petersburg.
Ton Konstantin Andreevich - (), Russian architect, "Russian-Byzantine" style in Russian architecture. In under his leadership, the Grand Kremlin Palace was erected. In 1837, according to his project, the construction of the grandiose Cathedral of Christ the Savior began in Moscow in memory of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. In 1839, the architect designs the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Armory of the Moscow Kremlin () and becomes their main builder. In Moscow, Ton also built the first railway station in Russia, the Nikolaevskaya Road (now Leningradsky Station, 1849; in St. Petersburg, now Moscow).
Karl Ivanovich Rossi - () Russian architect. He made a new contribution to the history of Russian classicism. His major works: the Mikhailovsky Palace in St. Petersburg (now the Russian Museum) with the entire area of arts, the Palace Square ensemble with the General Staff Building and the arch, etc.
First half of the 19th century went down in history as the beginning of the "golden age" of Russian artistic culture. It was distinguished by: the rapid change of artistic styles and trends, the mutual enrichment and close interconnection of literature and other areas of art, the strengthening of the public sound of the created works, the organic unity and complementarity of the best examples of Western European and Russian folk culture. All this made the artistic culture of Russia diverse and polyphonic, led to an increase in its influence on the life of not only the enlightened strata of society, but also millions of people. ordinary people. First half of the 19th century went down in history as the beginning of the "golden age" of Russian artistic culture. It was distinguished by: the rapid change of artistic styles and trends, the mutual enrichment and close interconnection of literature and other areas of art, the strengthening of the public sound of the created works, the organic unity and complementarity of the best examples of Western European and Russian folk culture. All this made the artistic culture of Russia diverse and polyphonic, led to an increase in its influence on the life of not only the enlightened strata of society, but also millions of ordinary people.
"Artistic culture of the 19th-20th centuries" - 20th century. Russian artistic culture. Ideas for a brighter future The ideal of a free individual. Artistic culture of the 19th and 20th centuries. The history of culture of the 20th century - in the Great french revolution. European art 19th-20th century. World art culture of two centuries.
"Impressionism in art" - Field of poppies. Van Gogh. (1848 - 1903). Kiss. (1839 - 1906). Ravel. Style directions of artistic culture in Western Europe XIX century. (1830 - 1903). Pierre. A woman holding a fetus. Sails in Argenteuil. Aznagulova Natalya Alexandrovna Absinthe. Sulfur. Impressionism.". Degas. Monotype. Ball at the Moulin de la Galette.
"Architecture of the 19th century" - The erected tower. 19th century architecture. The Eiffel Tower was built by 300 workers. Everything in the interior is subject to strict geometric laws. Neoclassicism. Masterpieces. Victorian neo-Gothic. The structure will be crowned with eighteen towers. Church of the Holy Family. Fairytale Neuschwanstein. Eclecticism. outdoor device.
"Fine Art Nouveau" - Aubrey Beardsley "Climax". art modern. Salome. Salome, the femme fatale who beheaded John the Baptist. O. Beardsley "Siegfried". ART of the XX century. Beardsley. O. Beardsley "Skirt of peacock feathers." Aubrey Beardsley's Salome's Toilet. Aubrey Vincent Beardsley 1872 - 1898.
"Artists of the XX century" - Woman in an armchair. "Guernica" and pacifism. Ghost cow. Three women. "Breakfast on the Grass" based on Edouard Manet. Raised knee. Woman in a hat. The paintings included in the golden fund of surrealism were painted in the 1930s. Three figures. Henri Matisse (fr. Fauvism Matisse. One of the most famous representatives of surrealism.
"Impressionism in painting" - "Camilla in a Japanese kimono". Boulevard Montmartre. Edouard Manet (1832-1883). "Spring Bouquet". Great Impressionists. Auguste Renoir, The Frog. Gorich Angelina. Impressionism. "White Peonies". "Dance at Bougival". French painter, one of the first and most consistent representatives of impressionism.
In total there are 34 presentations in the topic