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2017. Thematic direction"Reason
feeling. Grade 11
Thematic area "Mind and feeling"
Essay structure - reasoning
1. Introduction. Definition and formulation of the main problem that will be
be proved in the main part of the essay. The easiest way to formulate the topic of the essay is in
the form of a question. For example, the theme "Dark Kingdom" in the drama by A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" we
can be reformulated as follows: "How is it represented" dark kingdom» in the drama of A.N.
Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm"? We carry out the "decoding" of the topic by keywords. To each
define the keyword. Once the concepts are defined, we
we formulate our thesis (main idea), which we will argue in the main
parts of the essay.
2. The main part. Answer to main question themes or sequential proof
main idea essays, taking into account the problem posed in the introduction.
evidence), arguments (evidence), examples (using literary
material), intermediate conclusions. You must prove your thesis by attracting
arguments of at least one work of domestic or world literature
(it is better to take two), choosing your own way of using literary material. You can
show different level comprehension of a literary text: from the elements of semantic
analysis (themes, problems, plot, characters) to a comprehensive analysis
works in the unity of form and content and its interpretation in the aspect of the chosen
Topics. In the main part of the essay, the problems posed in
entry.
3. Conclusion. A short and precise answer to the question of the topic (a concise summary of the entire reasoning;
echo the introduction to it and contain conclusions on the problems posed
in the intro. The task is to summarize the reasoning. You must summarize your findings,
using the key words or terms included in the formulation of the selected
topics: if it contained the words “problem”, “image”, etc., repeat them in the final
conclusions. Remember that the conclusion and introduction are largely the same in content.
each other. You change only the form - from interrogative to affirmative.
note
An essay will become superficial if it is overloaded with material that
only mentioned but not analyzed.
The essay will be incomplete if you pick up little material.
The work that you use as an argument does not need to be paraphrased.
It is necessary to write your own reflections and reasoning about
how this problem is revealed in the work you indicated.
If the graduate does not answer the question of the topic, this means that he does not understand what
he is asked. In this case, the essay deserves an unsatisfactory
grades ("failure").
Algorithm for working on an essay
Choosing and thinking about the topic of the essay.
Revealing keywords themes of the essay.
Understanding terms and concepts in the formulation of the topic.
Definition of the main idea of the essay (my thesis).
Selection of literary material.
Determination of the main semantic parts of the essay and their content
filling, drawing up a plan.
Writing the text of the essay on the draft.
Editing, rewriting the essay on the form.
Working with a spelling dictionary.
Arguments for writing
1.At least one work of domestic or world literature (facts,
taken from literary (artistic, journalistic, scientific)
sources;
2.facts from the biographies of writers, scientists, artists, historical and
public figures;
3.well-known historical facts;
4.results of comparison of facts, logical conclusions.
Direction involves thinking about reason and feeling as the two most important
constituents inner world a person that influence his aspirations and
deeds. Reason and feeling can be considered both in harmonious unity and in
complex confrontation, constituting the internal conflict of the individual.
The theme of mind and feeling is interesting for writers different cultures and eras: heroes
literary works are often faced with a choice between
feelings and hints of the mind.
Possible formulations of essay topics
Why is it always difficult to choose between heart and mind?
How do the mind and feelings manifest themselves in extreme situations?
When is the “mind and heart out of tune”? (Griboyedov A.S. "Woe from Wit")
Is it possible to achieve some kind of balance (harmony) between reason and feeling?
Definition of concepts
"Intelligence -
1. the ability to think logically, comprehending the meaning and connection of phenomena, to understand the laws
development of the world, society and consciously find appropriate ways to
transformations.
2. Consciousness of something, views, as a result of a certain worldview.
"The senses -
1.the ability to perceive external impressions, to feel, to experience something.
sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste.
2. The state in which a person is able to be aware of his surroundings, owns his
spiritual and mental abilities.
3.The internal, mental state of a person, what is included in the content of his
mental life."
Words are synonyms
Intelligence: mind, reason, intellect, thinking ability, common sense.
The senses: sensation, impression, impulse, passion, experience, attraction,
enthusiasm.
Artworks
A.S. Pushkin Eugene Onegin"(Tatyana - her husband - Onegin)
A.S. Pushkin Captain's daughter"(Pugachev-Grinev)
L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball" (Ivan Vasilyevich)
A.N. Ostrovsky "Dowry" (Larisa)
I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" (Odintsova)
A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" (Katerina)
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (Prince Andrei, Helen Kuragina)
N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District"
A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" (Ivan Timofeevich)
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (Natasha Rostova)
E. Zamyatin "We" (residents of the United State)
I.A. Bunin "Light Breath" (Olga Meshcherskaya)
A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" (Olesya)
M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" (Margarita)
M. Mitchell " gone With the Wind» (Scarlett)
Universal theses
Guys, I remind you that you can use the quotes below as
epigraphs to an essay or abstracts to a specific topic.
Ferdowsi ,Persian poet and philosopher: “Let your mind guide things. He soul
yours will not be allowed to evil.
W. Shakespeare ,English poet and playwright of the Renaissance: “To see and feel -
N. Chamfort ,French writer: "Our mind sometimes brings us no less grief,
than our passions.
G. Flaubert , French writer: “You can be the master of your actions, but in feelings
we are not free."
L. Feuerbach , German philosopher: "What are the hallmarks of true
human in man? Mind, will and heart. The perfect man has the power
thinking, will power and feeling power. The power of thinking is the light of knowledge, the power of will is
the energy of character, the strength of feeling - love.
A.S. Pushkin , Russian poet and writer: "I want to live in order to think and suffer."
N.V. Gogol ,Russian writer: “Reason is undoubtedly the highest ability, but it
is acquired only by victory over the passions.
V.G. Belinsky ,Russian literary critic 19th century: “Reason and feeling are two forces,
Equally in need of each other, they are dead and insignificant, one without the other.
L.N. Tolstoy ,Russian writer: “Every creature has organs that indicate to him
place in the world. For man, this organ is the mind.
MM. Prishvin ,Russian writer: “Morality is the ratio of the power of reason to the power
the senses".
MM. Prishvin ,Russian writer: “There are feelings that replenish and obscure the mind,
and there is reason that cools the movement of the senses.
EM. Remarque ,German writer:« Reason is given to man so that he understands: to live alone
mind cannot. People live by feelings, and for feelings it doesn’t matter who is right.”
Related keywords: "inner world of man", "harmony of mind and feelings",
"internal conflict" moral choice».
Life often puts a person before a choice. We must make our decision
development of the world, comprehending the meaning and connection of phenomena. Therefore, the mind as a rational
component of human consciousness gives us the ability to think and act,
based on logic and facts. Feelings are irrational in nature, since they are based on
emotions lie. The famous psychologist N.I. Kozlov compared the mind with a coachman who
sees where the cart drawn by horse-desires should go. If the horses run
on the beaten path, the reins can be loosened. And if there is an intersection ahead, then you need
the strong hand of the coachman. Need a will.
Of course, this is an allegory. But its meaning is clear: reason and feeling are the most important
components of the inner world of a person, influencing his aspirations and actions. On the
in my opinion, a person should always strive for harmony between reason and
feelings. This is the secret of true happiness. To prove my point
I will turn to the works of Russian literature ...
Main part. Argument from literature. L.N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
In the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy often puts his heroes before a choice "between
by the command of feeling and the prompting of reason.
According to the noble nobleman of Catherine's time, Prince Nikolai Andreevich
Bolkonsky, "... there are only two virtues: activity and intelligence." In the Bolkonsky family
Reason reigns, not feelings. Sending his son to the active army, the old prince
gives him parting words: “Remember one thing, Prince Andrei: if they kill you, it hurts me, an old man
will be ... And if I find out that you did not behave like the son of Nikolai Bolkonsky, I will ...
ashamed". Of course, N.A. Bolkonsky brings up his son in best traditions
Russian nobility: a person must have a feeling dignity,
to cherish the honor of an officer, to be a real citizen. This is all true. But what is the way
passed Andrei Bolkonsky? Was he happy? Let's remember the key episodes
from the life of Tolstoy's hero.
Napoleon, the beginning of his career. And Prince Andrei dreams of his Toulon: “I want glory,
I want to be known to people, I want to be loved by them, it's not my fault that I want this, that
for this alone I live.” Fortunately, the hero will soon realize the falsity of his goal.
Description of the presentation THEMATIC DIRECTION "MIND AND FEELING" 1. by slides
1. What is the main thing in a person: mind or feelings? Or maybe these categories (concepts) should be balanced? … Philosophers have been discussing this since ancient times, thousands of books have been written about it. When a person first thinks about what controls him: feeling or reason? Is it not when he has already made a mistake (gets into a problem situation)? In my opinion, a person should always strive for harmony between reason and feelings. This is the secret of true happiness. However, this is not always the case in real life. To prove my point of view, I will turn to the works of Russian literature ... 2. Reason and feeling are the most important components of a person's inner world, influencing his actions. Reason is the ability to think logically, comprehending the meaning of being and the connection of phenomena. It is the mind that gives us the opportunity to think and act based on logic and facts. Feelings are the ability to perceive external impressions, to feel, to experience something. This is the inner state of a person, coming, as they say, from the heart. According to V. G. Belinsky, "mind and feelings are two forces that equally need each other." Let's turn to works of fiction.
In the novel "War and Peace" L. N. Tolstoy often puts his heroes before a choice "between the dictates of feeling and the prompting of reason." So, for example, in the Bolkonsky family, reason reigns, not feelings. N. A. Bolkonsky brings up his son in the best traditions of the Russian nobility: a person must have self-respect, protect the honor of an officer, be a real citizen. But what path did Andrei Bolkonsky go through? Lived at the behest of reason or feeling, and was he happy? At first, Prince Andrei is in the grip of vanity, he is carried away by the ideas of Napoleonism, he dreams of his Toulon, of being known to people. Fortunately, the hero will soon realize the falsity of his goal. His further actions led to disappointment. Pierre Bezukhov brings the hero back to life, who believes that “one must live, one must love, one must believe,” that is, live with feelings. And the young Bolkonsky is gradually returning to life. He falls in love with young Natasha Rostova,. Natasha's sensuality, her naturalness, her desire to love and be loved cannot but attract. Everything goes to mutual happiness. But... Prince Andrei again surrenders to the power of reason. He postpones the wedding for a year, and Natasha, confused in her feelings, cannot decide who she truly loves: Bolkonsky or Kuragin. And the heroine, trusting her feelings, not her mind, chooses Anatole. Why? The answer is obvious: she wants to enjoy life, to love now, without postponing her happiness for a year. Later, Natasha ardently repents. She is waiting for forgiveness from her fiancé. But the proud and proud Prince Andrei does not know how to forgive other people's mistakes, he does not know how to be magnanimous. The voice of reason makes him suppress his feelings.
During the Battle of Borodino, Prince Andrei finally understands that the main thing for an officer, a nobleman, is not glory, but love for the Fatherland. A sense of patriotism unites Bolkonsky with ordinary soldiers. After being mortally wounded, Prince Andrei finds some kind of spiritual harmony, because he has learned to love, forgive people, and sympathize with them. His last thoughts are connected with feelings: "Compassion, love for brothers, for lovers ... love for enemies ... which I did not understand." Analyzing the actions of Tolstoy's hero, we understand that a person, listening only to the voice of reason, suppresses his feelings. This is exactly what happened to Andrei Bolkonsky. In my opinion, it is important not only to understand what is happening with the mind, but also to make your choice with your heart. Andrei understood this life wisdom too late. An example of a sensual attitude to life is the easy carefree existence of Olya Meshcherskaya from I. Bunin's story "Light Breath". The author expressively conveys her whirling through life, unexpected actions. “I completely lost my mind,” says Olya. However, living her own destiny, Olya, like Natasha Rostova, wants everything at once, without thinking about the meaning of her life, and as a result dies. Undoubtedly, the personality of Olya Meshcherskaya is ambiguous. On the one hand, this strong personality lives without fear of being misunderstood - only by feelings, impulses of the soul. But on the other hand, Olya does not withstand the brutal struggle with the prejudices of society, its indifference, naked reason. What did the author want to say with his story? What does he put in the first place: reason or feelings? Undoubtedly, the tragic ending and the death of the heroine testify to the idea that there should be harmony in life.
Thematic direction of the final essay Fathers and children
The essay is evaluated according to five criteria:
- relevance to the topic;
- argumentation, attraction of literary material;
- composition;
- speech quality;
- literacy.
Reliance on a work of art when writing an essay implies not just a reference to a particular literary text, but also an appeal to it at the level of argumentation, the use of examples related to the problems and themes of works, the system actors etc.
Thematic direction of the final essay of 2018-2019 in literature:
| Fathers and Sons.
This direction is directed towards eternal problem human existence, associated with the inevitability of generational change, harmonious and disharmonious relationships between "fathers" and "children".
This topic is touched upon in many works of literature, where various types of interaction between representatives of different generations are considered (from conflict confrontation to mutual understanding and continuity) and the reasons for the confrontation between them are revealed, as well as ways of their spiritual rapprochement.
Essays on literature for training in this thematic area
The conflict of generations, the eternal problem of "fathers" and "children" worries humanity from the very beginning of its existence. So what leads to misunderstanding? Is there a solution to this problem, or maybe it is unsolvable?
We can observe the most acute conflict between different generations in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The protagonist - a representative of a new generation - Evgeny Bazarov introduces a new worldview position, called nihilism. He actively follows this trend, one might even say "preaches" it, finding, albeit not very deep, a response in the heart of Arkady. Indeed, the older generation does not share his views, for them this curiosity is nonsense and stupidity. Inveterate conservatives cannot put up with Bazarov's catchy judgments: "A decent chemist is twenty times more useful than any poet." Nature is alien to him, and even love, in his words, is “rubbish”. How can you agree with this? To say this to people who have repeatedly sought inspiration in the poet's poems, admired the sunrise, sacrificed "the whole world" for the sake of love, surrendering to it entirely. What now? The condemnation of world values, as well as the denial of conservative foundations, cannot leave indifferent representatives of the so-called "fathers": Kirsanov stubbornly opposes "Mr. Nihilist". By the end of his life, Bazarov himself realizes his mistake, faced with a real, probably strong feeling to Odintsova, with the same feeling that he so unfairly condemned and did not value, he recognizes the imperfection of nihilism, and, perhaps, is already more condescending to the words once said by Kirsanov. The author himself, by the death of the protagonist, proves to us that nihilism has no place in our world, full of feelings, without which the existence of mankind is impossible at all. So, the “fathers” won, and they will never lose in this dispute, because we still write poetry, love and admire the stars in the night sky.
Disagreements between "fathers" and "children" have always existed. Their reasons are always different, maybe not always weighty, and sometimes very categorical. What is their essence? Misunderstanding people different eras, impatience fundamental changes or their absence at all. It cannot be said that this problem is insoluble: one has only to be a little more tolerant and learn to hear each other for two generations.
An example of an essay on the thematic direction Fathers and children:
Composition on the topic: Fathers and sons
Essay-reasoning on the thematic direction "Fathers and children"
Tears, misunderstandings - can they be avoided in the relationship between parents and children? Disputes between different generations have always arisen. The reasons for this darkness: musical tastes and passions, Political Views, literary likes and dislikes and others.
"Fathers and Sons" - the very name of Turgenev's famous novel clearly indicates the main issue raised in the work. The eternal human problem, which lies in the misunderstanding between subsequent and previous generations, becomes the subject of the author's reflections. The past, outgoing generation, as a rule, sees more good in themselves, positive traits than in his shift, which does not have clear moral aspirations. For the new generation, there is nothing worthy of attention in the old foundations. They can be characterized by the epithets "obsolete", "obsolete".
In fact, it is possible to smooth out sharp corners in relationships, it is enough to use two skills. The first is the ability to listen. It is in the arsenal of many people. And the second is the ability to listen. It's more difficult with him. This skill is mastered by units. Unfortunately, this fact is noticed belatedly, when the conflict that has come out is similar to a raging fire.
Disputes from our lives will never disappear. Only behind any of them lies a meaningless connotation, because persuasion is not a quick process. It takes time to think and place all the points. Another manifestation of his own good will. And the desire to go forward.
The problem of "fathers and sons" can be encountered anywhere: be it a family, a work team or society as a whole. To solve it, the older generation only needs to be more tolerant of the younger ones, even listening to them in some matters. For the generation of "children" it will be useful to treat the elders with great respect. And in any case, you can not do without mutual understanding.
Essay-reasoning on the thematic direction "Fathers and children"
An example of an essay on the thematic direction Fathers and children:
Composition on the topic: Fathers and sons
Is the conflict between fathers and children eternal?
All children love their parents. Although kids are sometimes capricious and do not obey, nevertheless, for them, their mother is the kindest and most beautiful, and their father is the strongest and smartest.
But the children grow up, and in almost every family there is some kind of misunderstanding, and often a conflict flares up between the older and younger generations. Why is this happening? Why relatives, close people do not feel comfortable next to each other, cannot or do not even want to be together? These questions are not today: the problem has existed for centuries and, unfortunately, not only has not been solved, but is becoming more and more aggravated. The conflict of "fathers and sons", of course, could not but get on the pages of the works of Russian writers.
In the 19th century I.S. Turgenev just called one of his significant novels - "Fathers and Sons". Basically, the writer talks about the clash of ideas, but I would like to dwell on an everyday situation that is close to any person: on the relationship between Yevgeny Bazarov and his parents.
Bazarov's parents, Vasily Ivanovich and Arina Vlasyevna, are madly in love with their only son. When, after a long separation, he comes to them, they cannot breathe on their Enyushenka, they do not know what to feed and where to put their son. The father experiences undisguised joy and pride when Arkady calls Bazarov one of the most wonderful people he has ever met. But what about Bazarov? Does he feel the same way about old people? He loves his parents, but he judges harshly, calling their life insignificant, stinking. Such an existence causes boredom and anger in him. Having not lived in the family for even two days, Eugene is going to leave: his father's adoration and mother's troubles interfere with him.
The situation is understandable and typical: it always seems to young people that their parents are retired people, and their song is sung, that everything new, interesting is outside home. That they, young people, will do much more and better than their ancestors. Of course, this is how it should be, otherwise life would stand still! But a young person should have a feeling of spiritual attachment to his parents and home, a feeling of sincere gratitude for everything that his elders gave him.
In the last tragic moments of his life, Bazarov is surrounded by the love of his parents and speaks of them with tenderness: After all, people like them cannot be found during the day with fire ... Wherever the hero strives, whatever goals he sets for himself, he has enough warmth of soul, in order to pay tribute to the old people before death.
I would like to recall one more work that makes us think about how callous and cruel we are sometimes towards ourselves. close person- mothers. In K. Paustovsky's story "Telegram", the old loving mother Katerina Petrovna has been waiting for her daughter Nastya for a long time. And that business, worries, everyday fuss, and there is not even time to answer a mother's letter. But since the mother writes, it means she is alive and well. Nastya sends money to the old woman and does not think that the mother just needs to see her daughter, hold her hand, stroke her head. When the girl received an alarming telegram and finally arrived in the village, her mother had already been buried by strangers. She can only come to a fresh grave mound. She feels the bitterness and weight of her loss, but nothing can be returned.
Writers show that often at the heart of the eternal conflict lies the ordinary callousness and ingratitude of children.
Life is not easy: parents and children cannot live without ever arguing, quarreling, offending each other. But if both of them remember that they are one link in an endless chain of generations, that life is tightly connected links of this chain, that everything rests on love, kindness, mutual understanding, then, perhaps, the long-standing conflict of generations will exhaust itself, and people on earth will be happier. I think it's possible.
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Official comment: The direction involves thinking about reason and feeling as the two most important components of a person’s inner world, which influence his aspirations and actions. Reason and feeling can be considered both in harmonious unity and in complex confrontation, which constitutes the internal conflict of the personality. The theme of reason and feeling is interesting for writers of different cultures and eras: the heroes of literary works often face a choice between the command of feeling and the prompting of reason.
Aphorisms and sayings famous people:
There are feelings that replenish and obscure the mind, and there is a mind that cools the movement of feelings. M.M. Prishvin
If the feelings are not true, then our whole mind will be false. Lucretius
A feeling held captive by a crude practical need has only a limited meaning. Karl Marx
No imagination can come up with such a multitude of contradictory feelings as usually coexist in one human heart. F. La Rochefoucauld
To see and feel is to be, to think is to live. W. Shakespeare
The dialectical unity of reason and feeling is the central problem of many works of art in world and Russian literature. Writers, depicting the world of human intentions, passions, actions, judgments, one way or another relate to these two categories. Human nature is arranged in such a way that the struggle between reason and feeling inevitably gives rise to an internal conflict of the personality, and therefore provides fertile ground for the work of writers - artists of human souls. The history of Russian literature, represented by the change of one literary direction to others, showed a different correlation between the concepts of "reason" and "feeling". In the Age of Enlightenment, reason becomes a key concept that determines the worldview of a person of that time. This was naturally reflected in the ideas of writers about literary creativity, about what the heroes of their works and the system of personal values should be.
Feelings and personal interests were relegated to the background, giving way to duty, honor, service to the state and society. This did not mean that the heroes are devoid of passions and emotions - they are often very passionate young men who are able to sincerely love. For classicism, something else is more important - to what extent the heroes are able to overcome their personal interests and, with a cold mind, fulfill a sense of duty to the Fatherland.
Comedies by D.I. Fonvizin " Undergrowth" and A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". The conversations of Starodum and Pravdin, Starodum and Milon about the duty, honor of a person, about his most important spiritual and moral qualities, which dictate his actions, ultimately boil down to exalting reason over feelings. Or, Alexander Andreevich Chatsky's devotion to his ideals and beliefs, connected with the realization of the need to eradicate the old orders of Famusov's Moscow, with the change in society and the consciousness of the younger generation, is evidence of his rational approach to himself and the surrounding reality. Thus, in the era of the dominance of classicism in literature, unconditional primacy is given to reason, actions are dictated by balanced decisions, life experience, the problems of social sounding come to the fore. Sentimentalism comes to replace classicism, and later romanticism with a radical turn to the category of “feeling”.
In the story of N.M. Karamzin « Poor Lisa» the heroine is guided by the experienced feelings of sincere pure love to his chosen one Erast, which, unfortunately, ultimately leads to an irreparable tragedy. Deception leads to the collapse of hopes, the loss of the meaning of life for Liza. The feelings of the hero, his passions and experiences become key aspects of artistic research by romantic writers.
V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin in his early works, M.Yu. Lermontov and many other Russian classics depicted strong characters who were guided by the desire for the ideal, the absolute, were aware of the vulgarity of the surrounding reality and the impossibility of finding that very ideal in this world. This gave rise to their inevitable conflict with the world, led to exile, loneliness, wandering, and often even to death. Feelings of love, longing for a loved one push Svetlana from the ballad of the same name by V.A. Zhukovsky look into other world to know your destiny and meet your chosen one. And the heroine experiences an unlimited feeling of fear, falling into that terrible reality filled with demonic forces. Not the mind, but the command of the heart pushes Mtsyri from the poem of the same name by M.Yu. Lermontov to escape from the monastery and return to his homeland in order to find a home, friends, or at least "graves of relatives." And having known himself, the nature of his inner freedom, the hero understands with his mind that he can never become a part of the monastic world, the world of "imprisonment" and prison, and therefore makes a choice towards death as eternal freedom. During the period of the fading of romanticism and the coming to replace it with realism, many writers acutely felt the need to reflect this process in works of art. One of the ways to implement this is the clash in the work of images of heroes, symbolizing different types of personalities - romantics and realists.
A classic example is the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", in which two opposites inevitably collide - "wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire" - Vladimir Lensky and Eugene Onegin. The time of romantics with their dreams and ideals, as Pushkin shows, is gradually leaving, giving way to rationally thinking, pragmatic individuals (in this case it is appropriate to recall the epigraph to the sixth chapter of the novel, in which the duel between the characters takes place - "Where the days are cloudy and short, // A tribe will be born that does not hurt to die").
The second half of the 19th century, with the dominance of realism in Russian literature, greatly complicated the dichotomy of the concepts of "reason" and "feeling". The choice of heroes between them becomes much more difficult, thanks to the reception of psychologism, this problem becomes more complicated, often determining fate literary image. A magnificent example of Russian classics is the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", in which the author intentionally collides feelings and reason, leading the reader to the idea that any theory has the right to exist if it does not contradict life itself. Evgeny Bazarov, putting forward rationalization ideas for changing society, the old way of life, preferred the exact sciences that could benefit the state, society, humanity, while denying all the spiritual components of human life - art, love, beauty and aesthetics of nature. Such denial and unrequited love for Anna Sergeevna leads the hero to the collapse of his own theory, disappointment and moral devastation.
The struggle of reason and feelings is shown in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The clearly thought-out theory of Raskolnikov does not cause the hero to doubt his competence, which leads him to commit murder. But the pangs of conscience that haunt Rodion after committing a crime do not allow him to live in peace (a special role in this aspect is given to the dreams of the hero). Of course, one should not lose sight of the fact that this problem is complicated in the novel by bringing the religious context to the fore.
In the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" the categories of "reason" and "feeling" are brought to the fore. For the writer, it is important to what extent one side or another prevails in the characters, how they are guided in their actions. The inevitable punishment, according to the author, deserves those who do not consider the feelings of other people, who are prudent and mercenary (the Kuragin family, Boris Drubetskoy). Those who surrender to feelings, the dictates of the soul and heart, even if they make mistakes, are able to eventually realize them (remember, for example, Natasha Rostova's attempt to run away with Anatole Kuragin), are capable of forgiveness, sympathy. Of course, Tolstoy, as a true writer-philosopher, called for a harmonious unity of the rational and sensual in man. These two categories receive an interesting embodiment in the work of A.P. Chekhov. For example, in "Lady with a dog" where the all-consuming power of love is proclaimed, it is shown how much this feeling can affect a person’s life, literally regenerating people to a new life. In this regard, the final lines of the story are indicative, in which it is stated that the heroes understood with their minds how many obstacles and difficulties lay ahead of them, but this did not frighten them: “And it seemed that a little more - and a solution would be found, and then a new one would begin, wonderful Life; and it was clear to both that the end was still far, far away and that the most difficult and difficult was just beginning.
Or an opposite example - a story "Ionych", in which the hero replaces spiritual values - namely, the desire to love, have a family and be happy - with material, cold calculation, which inevitably leads to the moral and spiritual degradation of Startsev. The harmonious unity of mind and feeling is demonstrated in the story "Student", in which Ivan Velikopolsky comes to realize his destiny, thereby gaining inner harmony and happiness.
The literature of the 20th century also presented many works in which the categories of "mind" and "feeling" occupy one of the primary places. In a play "At the bottom" M. Gorky - a symbolic embodiment of concepts through rational realistic understanding environment, in which a person resides (Satine's reasoning), and illusory ideas about a bright future, instilled hopes in the souls of the heroes by the wanderer Luke.
in the story "Destiny of Man" M.A. Sholokhov - the bitter disappointment of Andrei Sokolov, who went through the war and lost all the most precious thing that was in his life, and the role of Vanechka in the fate of the protagonist, who gave him new life. In an epic novel « Quiet Don» M.A. Sholokhov - the moral torment of Grigory Melekhov regarding feelings for Aksinya and duty to Natalya, dialogism in the choice of power. In a poem "Vasily Terkin" A.T. Tvardovsky - the Russian soldier's awareness of the need to win external enemy merged with a feeling of boundless love for the motherland. in the story "One day of Ivan Denisovich" A.I. Solzhenitsyn - the merciless conditions of detention, accompanied by a bitter awareness of the objectivity of reality, and Shukhov's inner intentions, leading to the problem of preserving the human in oneself in such conditions.
Universal intro
Feelings are our response to
developments outside world, our
internal settings. Like or
dislike, admire or
leaves indifferent
fear or certainty. Mind
-
is the ability to open and
learn the laws of the world.
Alexander Evgenievich Gavryushkin
There are no feelings without reason, and reason without feelings.
Like, tones,
shades.
"I love you" - breaks out of the mouth,
And mind with feelings go wall on
wall.
Are they enemies, friends, antibodies?
What do they have in common, and what distinguishes them?
For the mind, the most important thing is
And feelings of love only think ...
When they are united, it is an explosion.
An explosion of happiness that illuminates everything around,
And if apart - a painful abscess,
Which, inflamed, interferes with life.
All knowledge without feelings is, alas, dead.
We cannot build happiness on knowledge.
What good is it that we are so intelligent?
Our mind without love is worth so little!
Feelings whisper to us: “Give everything to love ...”,
And the mind says: "Actually
You're making a mistake, don't rush!
Wait a little, at least a week ... "
So what's more important? Almighty, tell me...
Perhaps the mind that works miracles,
Or our feelings, because without them, alas,
We do not know true love?
There are no feelings without reason and no reason without feelings.
White helps to see black.
A world without love is so uncomfortable empty
In it, our rebellious mind is lonely.
Possible abstracts
1. "GOOD FEELINGS" GET OVER
MIND. THE VOICE OF MERCY IS STRONGER
REASONABLE REASONS.
(Very often there are situations when a person
acts according to the dictates of the heart against the voice
mind. For example, this happens when we
driven by sympathy.
Sometimes, helping someone, you have to break
rules, to act contrary to their
interests. The voice of mercy turns out
stronger than reason.)
or
Arguments
Many writers have addressed the theme of mercy.
So, in the story of Valentin Petrovich Rasputin
"French Lessons" is about
teacher Lidia Mikhailovna, who did not
was able to remain indifferent to the distress
the position of his student (game for money) ....
In the story of Andrei Platonovich Platonov
"Yushka" main character, whose name
the story is named, also lives more with feelings,
rather than guided by reason (almost all
the money earned at the forge is an orphan. BUT
myself…)
Possible abstracts
2. NEGATIVE FEELINGS SOMETIMES TAKING UP
OVER THE CONCEPTS OF GOOD AND EVIL.
CONSEQUENCES OF ACTIONS,
DICTATED BY SUCH FEELINGS,
CAN BE TRAGIC.
(Sometimes it happens that a person is possessed
negative feelings: anger, resentment, envy.
Overwhelmed by them, he does worthy
condemning actions, although, of course,
he knows in his mind that he is doing evil.
The consequences of such actions may be
tragic)
Arguments
Let's turn to the story of Anna Mass "The Trap",
which describes the girl's behavior
Valentine. The heroine is disgusted
in relation to his brother's wife Rita. it
the feeling is so strong that valentine
decides to set a trap for his daughter-in-law: ...
The story lets you think about what
do not succumb to the power of negative
feelings, as they can provoke
cruel deeds, about which later
will be deeply regretted.
Possible Arguments
3. MIND OVERCOMES FEELINGS. THIS IS
MAY CAUSE TRAGIC
CONSEQUENCES.
(
Should one always listen to
the voice of reason? At first glance, it seems
what "yes. However, the mind does not always give
correct advice. Unfortunately sometimes
it happens that actions
driven by reason,
lead to negative consequences)
Arguments
Let us turn to the story of A.P. Chekhov “In
pharmacy." The author describes home
teacher Svoykin, who, being
seriously ill, immediately after taking
the doctor came to the pharmacy ...
After reading this short story, we see,
that not always reasonable decisions lead to
good. Sometimes they have very
tragic consequences.
Arguments
And in the story of A.P. Chekhov "On Love" we get acquainted with
sad story of the relationship of the main characters ...
…. Love cannot be guided by any
rules, however Alekhin and Anna Luganovich
succumbing to the call of reason, abandon their
happiness, lock love in a case, and both deeply
unhappy
The story of Albert Likhanov "Labyrinth".
(Yielding to family pressure, the hero brings feelings to
sacrifice to reason: he refuses his favorite work in
benefit of earnings)
Possible abstracts
4. MIND AND FEELINGS. THE TRAGEDY OF CHOICE
(Feelings or reason? Sometimes in our life
situations arise in which
right choice. listening to
feelings, a person will sin against
moral standards and dooms himself to
tragic consequences; listening to
mind, he too will suffer. May be not
be a path that would lead to
successful resolution of the situation)
Arguments
A.S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin"
(The tragedy of the fate of Pushkin's heroine in
that the choice between reason and feeling
in her situation it is a choice without a choice,
any solution will only lead to
suffering (Episodes of Tatiana's meeting with
Onegin after marriage))
The story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
(Andriy's love for a beautiful Polish girl)
Possible abstracts
5. "LEARN TO CONTROL YOURSELF." HUMAN
MUST BE ABLE TO DEAL WITH
NEGATIVE FEELINGS.
(Succumb to feelings or conquer them?
Probably no clear answer
exists. Of course, if we are driven
“good feelings”, such as compassion,
desire to help, you should listen to
him. If these feelings are negative,
destructive - you need to be able to tame them,
listen to reason)
Arguments
So, in the story of Anna Mass "Difficult
exam" refers to a girl, Anya
Gorchakova, who managed to endure
tough test...
The writer wants to teach us a lesson: how
no matter how strong the negative feelings, we
should be able to deal with them and go
to the goal, despite
disappointments and failures.
Homework(by Tuesday)
Using the first thesis, write
an essay about
Do reasonable and
moral?"