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Style diversity art of the 17th-18th centuries Prepared by the teacher of fine arts and the MHC MKOU secondary school Brutus Guldaeva S.M.

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In Europe, the process of separation of countries and peoples has been completed. Science has expanded knowledge about the world. The foundations of all modern natural sciences were laid: chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology, astronomy. The scientific discoveries of the beginning of the 17th century finally shook the image of the universe, in the center of which was man himself. If earlier art affirmed the harmony of the Universe, now man was afraid of the threat of chaos, the collapse of the Cosmic world order. These changes were reflected in the development of art. The 17th-18th centuries is one of the brightest pages in the history of world artistic culture. This is the time when the Renaissance came to replace artistic styles baroque, rococo, classicism and realism, which saw the world in a new way.

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ARTISTIC STYLES Style is a combination artistic means and techniques in the works of the artist, artistic direction, the whole era. Mannerism Baroque Classicism Rococo Realism

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MANERISM Mannerism (Italian manierismo, from maniera - manner, style), a trend in Western European art of the 16th century, which reflected the crisis of the humanistic culture of the Renaissance. Outwardly following the masters High Renaissance, Mannerist works are distinguished by complexity, intensity of images, mannered sophistication of form, and often sharpness of artistic solutions. El Greco "Christ on the Mount of Olives", 1605. National. Gal., London

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Characteristics style Mannerism (artsy): Sophistication. pretentiousness. Image fantastic, underworld. Broken contour lines. Light and color contrast. Shape lengthening. Instability and complexity of poses.

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If in the art of the Renaissance a person is the lord and creator of life, then in the works of Mannerism he is a small grain of sand in the world chaos. Mannerism embraced different kinds artistic creativity– architecture, painting, sculpture, decorative – applied art. El Greco "Laocoon", 1604-1614

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The Uffizi Gallery of the Palazzo del Te in Mantua Mannerism in architecture expresses itself in violations of the Renaissance balance; using architectonically unmotivated structural solutions that cause the viewer to feel uneasy. The most significant achievements of Mannerist architecture include the Palazzo del Te in Mantua (the work of Giulio Romano). The building is sustained in a mannerist spirit Uffizi Galleries in Florence.

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BAROQUE Baroque (Italian barocco - whimsical) is an artistic style that prevails late XVI until the middle of the 18th century. in European art. This style originated in Italy and spread to other countries after the Renaissance.

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CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE BAROQUE STYLE: Splendor. pretentiousness. Curvature of forms. Brightness of colors. An abundance of gilding. An abundance of twisted columns and spirals.

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The main features of the Baroque are splendor, solemnity, splendor, dynamism, life-affirming character. Baroque art is characterized by bold contrasts of scale, light and shadow, color, a combination of reality and fantasy. Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela Church of the Sign of the Virgin in Dubrovitsy. 1690-1704. Moscow.

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Particularly noteworthy is the Baroque fusion various arts in a single ensemble, a great degree of interpenetration of architecture, sculpture, painting and decorative arts. This desire for a synthesis of the arts is a fundamental feature of the Baroque. Versailles

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CLASSICISM Classicism from lat. classicus - "exemplary" - artistic direction in European art of the XVII-XIX centuries, focused on the ideals of ancient classics. Nicolas Poussin "Dance to the Music of Time" (1636).

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CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF CLASSICISM: Restraint. Simplicity. Objectivity. Definition. Smooth contour line.

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The main themes of the art of classicism were the triumph of public principles over personal ones, the subordination of feelings to duty, the idealization of heroic images. N. Poussin "The Shepherds of Arcadia". 1638 -1639 Louvre, Paris

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In painting, the logical unfolding of the plot, a clear balanced composition, a clear transfer of volume, the subordinate role of color with the help of chiaroscuro, and the use of local colors have acquired the main importance. Claude Lorrain "Departure of the Queen of Sheba" art forms classicism is characterized by strict organization, balance, clarity and harmony of images.

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In the countries of Europe, classicism existed for two and a half centuries, and then, changing, was reborn in the neoclassical trends of the 19th - 20th centuries. The works of classicist architecture were distinguished by the strict organization of geometric lines, the clarity of volumes, and the regularity of planning.

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ROCOCO Rococo (French rococo, from rocaille, rocaille - a decorative motif in the shape of a shell), a style trend in European art of the 1st half of the 18th century. Church of Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto

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CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ROCOCO: Refinement and complexity of forms. Fancifulness of lines, ornaments. Ease. Grace. Airiness. Flirtatiousness.

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Originating in France, rococo in the field of architecture was mainly reflected in the nature of the decor, which acquired emphatically elegant, sophisticated and sophisticated forms. Amalienburg near Munich.

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The image of a person lost its independent meaning, the figure turned into a detail of the ornamental decoration of the interior. Rococo painting was predominantly decorative. Rococo painting, closely associated with the interior, was developed in decorative and easel chamber forms. Antoine Watteau "Departure for the island of Cythera" (1721) Fragonard "Swing" (1767)

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REALISM Realism (French réalisme, from late Latin reālis “real”, from Latin rēs “thing”) is an aesthetic position, according to which the task of art is to capture reality as accurately and objectively as possible. The term "realism" was first used by the French literary critic J. Chanfleury in the 50s Jules Breton. "Religious Ceremony" (1858)

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CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF REALISM: Objectivity. Accuracy. Concreteness. Simplicity. Naturalness.

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Thomas Eakins. "Max Schmitt in a boat" (1871) The birth of realism in painting is most often associated with creativity french artist Gustave Courbet (1819-1877), who opened his personal exhibition "Pavilion of Realism" in 1855 in Paris. realism was divided into two main areas - naturalism and impressionism. Gustave Courbet. "Funeral in Ornan". 1849-1850

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Realistic painting has become widespread outside of France. AT different countries it was known under various names, in Russia - itinerant. I. E. Repin. "Barge haulers on the Volga" (1873)

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Conclusions: In the art of the 17th - 18th centuries, various artistic styles coexisted. Diverse in their manifestations, they nevertheless possessed unity and commonality. Sometimes completely opposite artistic solutions and images were only original answers to the most important questions of the life of society and man. It is impossible to unequivocally express what changes happened by the 17th century in the attitude of people. But it became obvious that the ideals of humanism did not stand the test of time. The environment, the environment and the reflection of the world in movement become the main thing for the art of the 17th - 18th centuries.

The 17th century turned out to be surprisingly favorable for the development of artistic culture. The successes of natural science have significantly expanded and complicated the concept of the world as a boundless, changeable and contradictory unity. The feeling of man's inextricable connection with this world, his dependence on the surrounding reality, on the conditions and circumstances of his existence dominated. That is why the carrier of artistic creativity is not only a person, but also the whole diversity of reality, its complex connections with a person. Accordingly, the themes of artistic creativity, the plot repertoire, became richer, new independent genres and styles, developed and deepened those that had developed in previous cultural eras. In the 17th century, almost simultaneously, styles appeared that had national character and covering different types art - classicism and baroque.

Classicism is represented in literature by such names as P. Corneille, J. Racine, J. B. Molière (France), D. Fonvizin (Russia); in painting - N. Poussin, K. Lauren (France); in sculpture - E. M. Falcone (France), Thorvaldsen (Denmark); in architecture - J. A. Gabriel, K. N. Ledoux (France); in music – K. V. Gluck, W. A. ​​Mozart (Austria).

The prominent representatives of the Baroque style in literature were Calderon (Spain), D. Milton (England); in painting - P. P. Rubens (born in Germany), in architecture - L. Bernini (Italy); in music - J. S. Bach, G. F. Handel (Germany), A. Vivaldi (Italy).

European art of the 18th century combined two different antagonistic principles: classicism and romanticism. Classicism meant the subjugation of man public system, developing romanticism strove for the maximum strengthening of the individual, personal principle. However, Classicism XVIII century has changed significantly in comparison with the classicism of the XVII century, discarding in some cases one of the most characteristic features of style - antique classical forms. In addition, the "new" classicism of the Enlightenment, at its very core, was not alien to romanticism.

An important new beginning in art XVIII century there was also the appearance of currents that did not have their own stylistic form and did not feel the need to develop it. Such a major culturological trend was primarily sentimentalism, fully reflecting the enlightenment ideas about the original purity and goodness of human nature, lost along with the original "natural state" of society, its distance from nature. Sentimentalism was addressed primarily to the inner, personal, intimate world of human feelings and thoughts, and therefore did not require special stylistic design. Sentimentalism is extremely close to romanticism, the “natural” person sung by it inevitably experiences the tragedy of a collision with the natural and social elements, with life itself, which is preparing great upheavals, the foreboding of which fills the whole culture XVIII century.

One of the most important characteristics of the culture of the Enlightenment is the process of replacing the religious principles of art with secular ones. Secular architecture in the 18th century for the first time takes precedence over church architecture in almost all of Europe. Obviously, the invasion of the secular beginning into the religious painting of those countries where she previously played leading role- Italy, Austria, Germany. Genre painting, reflecting the everyday life of the artist's observation of real life real people, is widely used in almost all European countries, sometimes striving to take the main place in art. Ceremonial portrait, so popular in the past, gives way to an intimate portrait, and in landscape painting the so-called "mood landscape" (Watto, Gainsborough, Guardi) arises and spreads in different countries.

characteristic feature painting XVIII century is the increased attention to the sketch, not only among the artists themselves, but also among connoisseurs of works of art. Personal, individual perception, mood, reflected in the sketch, sometimes turn out to be more interesting and cause a greater emotional and aesthetic impact than the finished work. Drawing and engraving are valued more than paintings because they establish a more direct connection between viewers and the artist. The tastes and requirements of the era have changed and the requirements for color picturesque canvases. In the works of artists of the 18th century, the decorative understanding of color is enhanced, the picture should not only express and reflect something, but also decorate the place where it is located. Therefore, along with the subtlety of halftones and the delicacy of colors, artists strive for multicolor and even variegation.

A product of purely secular culture the Enlightenment became a style "rococo", which received the most perfect embodiment in the field of applied art. It also manifested itself in other areas where the artist has to solve decorative and design tasks: in architecture - in planning and decorating the interior, in painting - in decorative panels, murals, screens, etc. Rococo architecture and painting are primarily focused on creating comfort and grace for the person who will contemplate and enjoy their creations. Small rooms do not seem cramped thanks to the illusion of “playing space” created by architects and artists who skillfully use various artistic means for this: ornament, mirrors, panels, special colors, etc. The new style has become, first of all, the style of poor houses, in which, with a few tricks, he introduced the spirit of coziness and comfort without underlined luxury and pomposity. The eighteenth century introduced many household items that bring comfort and peace to a person, warning his desires, making them at the same time objects of genuine art.

An equally significant aspect of the culture of the Enlightenment was the appeal to the artistic means of capturing the sensations and pleasures of a person (both spiritual and bodily). Among the greatest thinkers of the Enlightenment (Voltaire, Helvetius) one can find "gallant scenes" in which the protest against the sanctimonious morality of the time sometimes develops into frivolity. In France since early XVIII century, both the public and critics begin to demand from the new art, first of all, “pleasant”. Such requirements were made to painting, and to music, and to the theater. "Pleasant" meant both "sensitive" and purely sensuous. Most clearly reflects this requirement of the time famous phrase Voltaire "All genres are good, except boring."

The attraction of visual arts to entertaining, narrative and literary explains its rapprochement with the theater. The 18th century is often referred to as the "golden age of the theatre". The names of Beaumarchais, Sheridan, Fielding, Gozzi, Goldoni constitute one of the brightest pages in the history of world drama.

The theater turned out to be close to the very spirit of the era. Life itself went towards him, prompting interesting stories and collisions, filling old forms with new content. It is no coincidence that it was during the Enlightenment that the famous Venice Carnival becomes not just a holiday, but a way of life, a form of life.

Music occupies an important place in the hierarchy of spiritual values ​​in the 18th century. If a art Rococo seeks, first of all, to decorate life, theater - to denounce and entertain, then the music of the Enlightenment strikes a person with the scale and depth of analysis of the most hidden corners. human soul. The attitude towards music is also changing, which in the 17th century was just an applied instrument of influence both in the secular and in the religious spheres of culture. In France and Italy in the second half of the century, a new secular form of music, opera, flourished. In Germany and Austria, the most "serious" forms of musical works- oratorio and mass. Achievement musical culture of the Enlightenment, no doubt, is the work of Bach and Mozart.

The Age of Enlightenment is characterized by a craving for adventure, adventure, travel, the desire to penetrate into a different "cultural" space. She found her manifestation in magical operas with many extraordinary transformations, in tragicomedies, fairy tales, etc.

An outstanding contribution to the history of world culture was the publication of the fundamental Encyclopedia of Sciences, Arts and Crafts, launched D. Diderot(1713-1784) and D "Alamber. The Encyclopedia systematizes the most important scientific achievements humanity and approved the system cultural property reflecting the most progressive views of the time.

He fully reflected in himself the signs of the time, all its complexity and inconsistency - a philosopher, naturalist, poet and prose writer - Voltaire. One of the most profound and sharply satirical works of Voltaire "Candide, or the Optimist" fully reflected the general trends in the development of educational literature.

The founder of enlightenment romanticism in literature - J. J. Rousseau. His moral and aesthetic ideals are fully reflected in the most famous and significant novel "New Eloise". The followers of Russianism were Karamzin (" Poor Lisa”), Goethe (“The Suffering of Young Werther”), Chaderlo de Laclos (“Dangerous Liaisons”).

The Age of Enlightenment was the most important turning point in the spiritual development of Europe, which influenced almost all spheres of the socio-political and cultural life. Having debunked the political and legal norms, aesthetic and ethical codes of the old class society, the Enlighteners did a titanic work on creating a positive system of values, addressed primarily to a person, regardless of his social affiliation, which organically entered the flesh and blood of Western civilization. Cultural heritage The 18th century still amazes with its extraordinary diversity, the richness of genres and styles, the depth of understanding of human passions, the greatest optimism and faith in man and his mind.

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Stylistic diversity of art of the XVII-XVIII centuries
Prepared by the teacher of fine arts and MHC MKOU SOSH p. Brutus Guldaeva S.M.

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In Europe, the process of separation of countries and peoples has been completed. Science has expanded knowledge about the world. The foundations of all modern natural sciences were laid: chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology, astronomy. The scientific discoveries of the beginning of the 17th century finally shook the image of the universe, in the center of which was man himself. If earlier art affirmed the harmony of the Universe, now man was afraid of the threat of chaos, the collapse of the Cosmic world order. These changes were reflected in the development of art. The 17th-18th centuries is one of the brightest pages in the history of world artistic culture. This is the time when the Renaissance was replaced by the artistic styles of baroque, rococo, classicism and realism, which saw the world in a new way.

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ARTISTIC STYLES
Style is a combination of artistic means and techniques in the works of an artist, an artistic movement, an entire era.
Mannerism Baroque Classicism Rococo Realism

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MANNERISM
Mannerism (Italian manierismo, from maniera - manner, style), a trend in Western European art of the 16th century, which reflected the crisis of the humanistic culture of the Renaissance. Outwardly following the masters of the High Renaissance, the works of the Mannerists are distinguished by their complexity, intensity of images, mannered sophistication of form, and often sharpness of artistic solutions.
El Greco "Christ on the Mount of Olives", 1605. National. Gal., London

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Characteristic features of the style Mannerism (artsy):
Sophistication. pretentiousness. Image of a fantastic, otherworldly world. Broken contour lines. Light and color contrast. Shape lengthening. Instability and complexity of poses.

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If in the art of the Renaissance a person is the lord and creator of life, then in the works of Mannerism he is a small grain of sand in the world chaos. Mannerism covered various types of artistic creativity - architecture, painting, sculpture, decorative and applied arts.
El Greco "Laocoon", 1604-1614

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Uffizi Gallery
Palazzo del Te in Mantua
Mannerism in architecture expresses itself in violations of the Renaissance balance; using architectonically unmotivated structural solutions that cause the viewer to feel uneasy. The most significant achievements of Mannerist architecture include the Palazzo del Te in Mantua (the work of Giulio Romano). The building of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence is sustained in a mannerist spirit.

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BAROQUE
Baroque (Italian barocco - whimsical) is an artistic style that prevailed from the end of the 16th to the middle of the 18th centuries. in European art. This style originated in Italy and spread to other countries after the Renaissance.

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CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE BAROQUE STYLE:
Pomp. pretentiousness. Curvature of forms. Brightness of colors. An abundance of gilding. An abundance of twisted columns and spirals.

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The main features of the Baroque are splendor, solemnity, splendor, dynamism, life-affirming character. Baroque art is characterized by bold contrasts of scale, light and shadow, color, a combination of reality and fantasy.
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
Church of the Sign of the Virgin in Dubrovitsy. 1690-1704. Moscow.

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It is especially necessary to note in the Baroque style the fusion of various arts in a single ensemble, a large degree of interpenetration of architecture, sculpture, painting and decorative art. This desire for a synthesis of the arts is a fundamental feature of the Baroque.
Versailles

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CLASSICISM
Classicism from lat. classicus - "exemplary" - an artistic trend in European art of the 17th-19th centuries, focused on the ideals of ancient classics.
Nicolas Poussin "Dance to the Music of Time" (1636).

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CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF CLASSICISM:
Restraint. Simplicity. Objectivity. Definition. Smooth contour line.

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The main themes of the art of classicism were the triumph of public principles over personal ones, the subordination of feelings to duty, the idealization of heroic images.
N. Poussin "The Shepherds of Arcadia". 1638 -1639 Louvre, Paris

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In painting, the logical unfolding of the plot, a clear balanced composition, a clear transfer of volume, the subordinate role of color with the help of chiaroscuro, and the use of local colors have acquired the main importance.
Claude Lorrain "Departure of the Queen of Sheba"
The artistic forms of classicism are characterized by strict organization, balance, clarity and harmony of images.

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In the countries of Europe, classicism existed for two and a half centuries, and then, changing, was reborn in the neoclassical trends of the 19th - 20th centuries.
The works of classicist architecture were distinguished by the strict organization of geometric lines, the clarity of volumes, and the regularity of planning.

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ROCOCO
Rococo (French rococo, from rocaille, rocaille - a decorative shell-shaped motif), a style trend in European art of the 1st half of the 18th century.
Church of Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto

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CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ROCOCO:
Refinement and complexity of forms. Fancifulness of lines, ornaments. Ease. Grace. Airiness. Flirtatiousness.

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Originating in France, Rococo in the field of architecture was mainly reflected in the nature of the decor, which acquired emphatically elegant, sophisticated and sophisticated forms.
Amalienburg near Munich.

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The image of a person lost its independent meaning, the figure turned into a detail of the ornamental decoration of the interior. Rococo painting was predominantly decorative. Rococo painting, closely associated with the interior, was developed in decorative and easel chamber forms.
Antoine Watteau "Departure for the island of Cythera" (1721)
Fragonard "Swing" (1767)

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REALISM
Realism (French réalisme, from late Latin reālis “real”, from Latin rēs “thing”) is an aesthetic position, according to which the task of art is to capture reality as accurately and objectively as possible. The term "realism" was first used by the French literary critic J. Chanfleury in the 50s.
Jules Breton. "Religious Ceremony" (1858)

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CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF REALISM:
Objectivity. Accuracy. Concreteness. Simplicity. Naturalness.

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Thomas Eakins. "Max Schmitt in a Boat" (1871)
The birth of realism in painting is most often associated with the work of the French artist Gustave Courbet (1819-1877), who opened his personal exhibition "Pavilion of Realism" in 1855 in Paris. realism was divided into two main areas - naturalism and impressionism.
Gustave Courbet. "Funeral in Ornan". 1849-1850

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Realistic painting has become widespread outside of France. In different countries it was known under different names, in Russia it was known as Wanderers.
I. E. Repin. "Barge haulers on the Volga" (1873)

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Findings:
In the art of the 17th-18th centuries, various artistic styles coexisted. Diverse in their manifestations, they nevertheless possessed unity and commonality. Sometimes completely opposite artistic solutions and images were only original answers to the most important questions of the life of society and man. It is impossible to unequivocally express what changes happened by the 17th century in the attitude of people. But it became obvious that the ideals of humanism did not stand the test of time. The environment, the environment and the reflection of the world in movement become the main thing for the art of the 17th - 18th centuries.

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References: 1. Danilova G.I. World art culture. Grade 11. - M.: Bustard, 2007. Literature for additional reading: Solodovnikov Yu.A. World Art. Grade 11. - M .: Education, 2010. Encyclopedia for children. Art. Volume 7.- M.: Avanta+, 1999. http://ru.wikipedia.org/

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Run test tasks:
For each question, there are several possible answers. Correct, in your opinion, answers should be marked (underline or put a plus sign). For each correct answer you get one point. The maximum amount of points is 30. The amount of points scored from 24 to 30 corresponds to the test.
Arrange the epochs, styles, trends in art listed below in chronological order: a) Classicism; b) Baroque; in) Roman style; d) Renaissance; e) Realism; f) Antiquity; g) Gothic; h) Mannerism; i) Rococo

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2. Country - the birthplace of the Baroque: a) France; b) Italy; c) Holland; d) Germany. 3. Match the term and definition: a) baroque b) classicism c) realism 1. strict, balanced, harmonious; 2. reproduction of reality through sensory forms; 3. lush, dynamic, contrasting. 4. Many elements of this style were embodied in the art of classicism: a) antique; b) baroque; c) gothic. 5. This style is considered lush, pretentious: a) classicism; b) baroque; c) mannerism.

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6. Strict organization, balance, clarity and harmony of images are characteristic of this style: a) rococo; b) classicism; c) baroque. 7. The works of this style are distinguished by the tension of the images, the mannered sophistication of the form, the sharpness of artistic solutions: a) rococo; b) mannerism; c) baroque. 8. Paste architectural style“Architecture……… (L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy, B. F. Rastrelli in Russia) is characterized by spatial scope, fusion, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms. There are often deployed large-scale colonnades, an abundance of sculpture on the facades and in the interiors "a) Gothic b) Romanesque style c) Baroque

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9. Representatives of classicism in painting. a) Delacroix; b) Poussin; c) Malevich. 10. Representatives of realism in painting. a) Delacroix b) Poussin; c) Repin. 11. Periodization of the Baroque era: a) 14-16 centuries. b) 15-16 century. c) 17th century (late 16th-mid 18th century). 12. G. Galileo, N. Copernicus, I. Newton are: a) sculptors b) scientists c) painters d) poets

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13. Match the works with styles: a) classicism; b) baroque; c) mannerism; d) rococo
1
2
3
4

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Art historian A.A. Anikst noted: “confidence in the imminent and inevitable triumph of the positive principles of life disappears. The feeling of its tragic contradictions is aggravated. The former faith gives way to skepticism. The humanists themselves no longer trust reason as a good force. Able to renew life. They also have doubts about the nature of man - whether good principles really dominate in it.

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Stylistic diversity of art of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Mannerism Baroque Classicism Rococo Realism

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Mannerism (Italian manierismo, from maniera - manner, style) is a trend in European art of the 16th century, reflecting the crisis of the humanistic culture of the High Renaissance. The main aesthetic criterion is not following nature. The mannerists distorted the harmonious principle inherent in them, cultivating ideas about the precariousness of human destiny, which is in the power of irrational forces. The works of these masters are distinguished by sharp coloristic and light and shade dissonances, complexity and exaggerated expressiveness of poses and motives of movement, elongated proportions of figures, virtuoso drawing, where the line outlining the volume acquires an independent meaning. G. Arcimboldo El Greco El Greco Christ Carrying the Cross

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P. Rubens. Marchioness Brigitte Spinola Doria Renbrant. "Christ during a storm on the Sea of ​​Galilee" V.V. Rastrelli. Ambassadorial Staircase Baroque (Italian barocco, literally - bizarre, strange), one of the dominant styles in the architecture and art of Europe and Latin America in the late 16th - mid-18th centuries. Baroque embodied new ideas about the unity, infinity and diversity of the world, about its dramatic complexity and eternal variability; his aesthetics was built on the collision of man and the world, ideal and sensual principles, reason and irrationalism. Baroque art is characterized by grandiosity, pomp and dynamics, intensity of feelings, passion for spectacular spectacle, the combination of illusory and real, strong contrasts of scales and rhythms, materials and textures, light and shadow.

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Bryullov Karl. The last day of Pompeii Bryullov Karl. Narcissus Looking into the Water by Nicolas Poussin. Triumph of Neptune Poussin Nicolas Classicism, an artistic style in European art of the 17th-early 19th century, one of the most important features of which was the appeal to forms ancient art as an ideal aesthetic and ethical standard. The principles of rationalistic philosophy underlying classicism determined the view of theorists and practitioners of the classical style on work of fiction as the fruit of reason and logic, triumphing over the chaos and fluidity of sensually perceived life. In Classicism painting, line and chiaroscuro became the main elements of form modeling, local color clearly reveals the plasticity of figures and objects, and separates the spatial plans of the picture.

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Pompeo Batoni Diana and Cupid Watteau Antoine Dance of Sebastian Ricci Abraham and three angels Rococo (French rococo, from rocaille, rocaille - a decorative shell-shaped motif), a style trend in European art of the 1st half of the 18th century. Passion for exquisite and complex shapes, bizarre lines, much like the silhouette of a shell. Subtle transfusions of color and at the same time somewhat faded in color rococo painting. Complex love affairs, transience of hobbies, daring, risky, human actions challenging society, adventures, fantasies. Rococo artists were characterized by a subtle culture of color, the ability to build a composition with continuous decorative spots, the achievement of general lightness, emphasized by a light palette, a preference for faded, silvery-bluish, golden and pink hues.

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Realism (from French realisme, from Latin realis - material) - in art in a broad sense, a truthful, objective, comprehensive reflection of reality by specific means inherent in the types of artistic creativity. The common features of the method of realism is the reliability in the reproduction of reality. Accuracy, concreteness, unbiased perception of life, attention to common folk types, a heartfelt perception of life and nature, simplicity and naturalness of human feelings. Ilya Repin Barge haulers on the Volga

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In the art of the XVII-XVIII centuries. there were different artistic styles. Diverse in their manifestations, they had a deep inner unity and commonality. Sometimes completely opposite artistic solutions and images were only original answers to the most important questions of life and society.

In the art of the 17th - 18th centuries, various artistic styles coexisted. The presentation gives brief characteristics styles. The material corresponds to Danilova's textbook "World Artistic Culture" grade 11.

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Style diversity of art of the XVII-XVIII centuries Brutus Guldaeva S.M.

In Europe, the process of separation of countries and peoples has been completed. Science has expanded knowledge about the world. The foundations of all modern natural sciences were laid: chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology, astronomy. The scientific discoveries of the beginning of the 17th century finally shook the image of the universe, in the center of which was man himself. If earlier art affirmed the harmony of the Universe, now man was afraid of the threat of chaos, the collapse of the Cosmic world order. These changes were reflected in the development of art. The 17th-18th centuries is one of the brightest pages in the history of world artistic culture. This is the time when the Renaissance was replaced by the artistic styles of baroque, rococo, classicism and realism, which saw the world in a new way.

ARTISTIC STYLES Style is a combination of artistic means and techniques in the works of an artist, an artistic movement, an entire era. Mannerism Baroque Classicism Rococo Realism

MANERISM Mannerism (Italian manierismo, from maniera - manner, style), a trend in Western European art of the 16th century, which reflected the crisis of the humanistic culture of the Renaissance. Outwardly following the masters of the High Renaissance, the works of the Mannerists are distinguished by their complexity, intensity of images, mannered sophistication of form, and often sharpness of artistic solutions. El Greco "Christ on the Mount of Olives", 1605. National. Gal., London

Characteristic features of the style Mannerism (artsy): Sophistication. pretentiousness. Image of a fantastic, otherworldly world. Broken contour lines. Light and color contrast. Shape lengthening. Instability and complexity of poses.

If in the art of the Renaissance a person is the lord and creator of life, then in the works of Mannerism he is a small grain of sand in the world chaos. Mannerism covered various types of artistic creativity - architecture, painting, sculpture, decorative and applied arts. El Greco "Laocoon", 1604-1614

The Uffizi Gallery of the Palazzo del Te in Mantua Mannerism in architecture expresses itself in violations of the Renaissance balance; using architectonically unmotivated structural solutions that cause the viewer to feel uneasy. The most significant achievements of Mannerist architecture include the Palazzo del Te in Mantua (the work of Giulio Romano). The building of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence is sustained in a mannerist spirit.

BAROQUE Baroque (Italian barocco - whimsical) is an artistic style that prevailed from the end of the 16th to the middle of the 18th centuries. in European art. This style originated in Italy and spread to other countries after the Renaissance.

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE BAROQUE STYLE: Splendor. pretentiousness. Curvature of forms. Brightness of colors. An abundance of gilding. An abundance of twisted columns and spirals.

The main features of the Baroque are splendor, solemnity, splendor, dynamism, life-affirming character. Baroque art is characterized by bold contrasts of scale, light and shadow, color, a combination of reality and fantasy. Cathedral of Santiago - de - Compostela Church of the Sign of the Virgin in Dubrovitsy. 1690-1704. Moscow.

It is especially necessary to note in the Baroque style the fusion of various arts in a single ensemble, a large degree of interpenetration of architecture, sculpture, painting and decorative art. This desire for a synthesis of the arts is a fundamental feature of the Baroque. Versailles

CLASSICISM Classicism from lat. classicus - "exemplary" - an artistic trend in European art of the 17th-19th centuries, focused on the ideals of ancient classics. Nicolas Poussin "Dance to the Music of Time" (1636).

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF CLASSICISM: Restraint. Simplicity. Objectivity. Definition. Smooth contour line.

The main themes of the art of classicism were the triumph of public principles over personal ones, the subordination of feelings to duty, the idealization of heroic images. N. Poussin "The Shepherds of Arcadia". 1638 -1639 Louvre, Paris

In painting, the logical unfolding of the plot, a clear balanced composition, a clear transfer of volume, the subordinate role of color with the help of chiaroscuro, and the use of local colors have acquired the main importance. Claude Lorrain "Departure of the Queen of Sheba" The artistic forms of classicism are characterized by strict organization, balance, clarity and harmony of images.

In the countries of Europe, classicism existed for two and a half centuries, and then, changing, was reborn in the neoclassical trends of the 19th - 20th centuries. The works of classicist architecture were distinguished by the strict organization of geometric lines, the clarity of volumes, and the regularity of planning.

ROCOCO Rococo (French rococo, from rocaille, rocaille - a decorative motif in the shape of a shell), a style trend in European art of the 1st half of the 18th century. Church of Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ROCOCO: Refinement and complexity of forms. Fancifulness of lines, ornaments. Ease. Grace. Airiness. Flirtatiousness.

Originating in France, rococo in the field of architecture was mainly reflected in the nature of the decor, which acquired emphatically elegant, sophisticated and sophisticated forms. Amalienburg near Munich.

The image of a person lost its independent meaning, the figure turned into a detail of the ornamental decoration of the interior. Rococo painting was predominantly decorative. Rococo painting, closely associated with the interior, was developed in decorative and easel chamber forms. Antoine Watteau "Departure for the island of Cythera" (1721) Fragonard "Swing" (1767)

REALISM Realism (French réalisme, from late Latin reālis “real”, from Latin rēs “thing”) is an aesthetic position, according to which the task of art is to capture reality as accurately and objectively as possible. The term "realism" was first used by the French literary critic J. Chanfleury in the 50s. Jules Breton. "Religious Ceremony" (1858)

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF REALISM: Objectivity. Accuracy. Concreteness. Simplicity. Naturalness.

Thomas Eakins. "Max Schmitt in a boat" (1871) The birth of realism in painting is most often associated with the work of the French artist Gustave Courbet (1819-1877), who opened his personal exhibition "Pavilion of Realism" in 1855 in Paris. realism was divided into two main areas - naturalism and impressionism. Gustave Courbet. "Funeral in Ornan". 1849-1850

Realistic painting has become widespread outside of France. In different countries it was known under different names, in Russia it was known as Wanderers. I. E. Repin. "Barge haulers on the Volga" (1873)

Conclusions: In the art of the 17th - 18th centuries, various artistic styles coexisted. Diverse in their manifestations, they nevertheless possessed unity and commonality. Sometimes completely opposite artistic solutions and images were only original answers to the most important questions of the life of society and man. It is impossible to unequivocally express what changes happened by the 17th century in the attitude of people. But it became obvious that the ideals of humanism did not stand the test of time. The environment, the environment and the reflection of the world in movement become the main thing for the art of the 17th - 18th centuries.

References: 1. Danilova G.I. World Art. Grade 11. - M.: Bustard, 2007. Literature for additional reading: Solodovnikov Yu.A. World Art. Grade 11. - M .: Education, 2010. Encyclopedia for children. Art. Volume 7.- M.: Avanta+, 1999. http://ru.wikipedia.org/

Perform test tasks: Each question has several possible answers. Correct, in your opinion, answers should be marked (underline or put a plus sign). For each correct answer you get one point. The maximum amount of points is 30. The amount of points scored from 24 to 30 corresponds to the test. Arrange the epochs, styles, trends in art listed below in chronological order: a) Classicism; b) Baroque; c) Romanesque style; d) Renaissance; e) Realism; f) Antiquity; g) Gothic; h) Mannerism; i) Rococo

2. Country - the birthplace of the Baroque: a) France; b) Italy; c) Holland; d) Germany. 3. Match the term and definition: a) baroque b) classicism c) realism 1. strict, balanced, harmonious; 2. reproduction of reality through sensory forms; 3. lush, dynamic, contrasting. 4. Many elements of this style were embodied in the art of classicism: a) antique; b) baroque; c) gothic. 5. This style is considered lush, pretentious: a) classicism; b) baroque; c) mannerism.

6. Strict organization, balance, clarity and harmony of images are characteristic of this style: a) rococo; b) classicism; c) baroque. 7. The works of this style are distinguished by the tension of the images, the mannered sophistication of the form, the sharpness of artistic solutions: a) rococo; b) mannerism; c) baroque. 8. Insert the architectural style “Architecture ……… (L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy, B. F. Rastrelli in Russia) is characterized by spatial scope, fusion, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms. There are often deployed large-scale colonnades, an abundance of sculpture on the facades and in the interiors "a) Gothic b) Romanesque style c) Baroque

9. Representatives of classicism in painting. a) Delacroix; b) Poussin; c) Malevich. 10. Representatives of realism in painting. a) Delacroix b) Poussin; c) Repin. 11. Periodization of the Baroque era: a) 14-16 centuries. b) 15-16 century. c) 17th century (late 16th-mid 18th century). 12. G. Galileo, N. Copernicus, I. Newton are: a) sculptors b) scientists c) painters d) poets

13. Match the works with styles: a) classicism; b) baroque; c) mannerism; d) rococo 1 2 3 4