The name of the wonderful children's writer Korney Chukovsky is familiar to every adult in the expanses of the former USSR. More than one generation grew up on bright, good fairy tales and poems by Chukovsky, which were told to us by grandparents, fathers and mothers, and then we ourselves undertook to reread them.
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From the early age Chukovsky's fairy tales are interesting and instructive to read, children are always happy to meet new characters. in kindergartens and lower grades schools, Chukovsky's poems are loved and told almost more often than others, and there is a simple explanation for this. Characters, themes, situations in the stories of Korney Ivanovich are always relevant and connected with real life, while interesting for kids, regardless of their temperament and character.
Chukovsky's collections of works are a kind of initial encyclopedia of behavior, a "teacher" who helps a child figure out what is good and what is bad. For example, the well-known kind doctor Aibolit" will teach kids love for animals, mercy, and the fact that adults should still be obeyed. Thanks to the fascinating rhymes from "Moydodyr", the well-known motto "cleanliness is the key to health" will be explained to the baby in an accessible form, the basic concepts of hygiene will be instilled. And, at first glance, a simple verse-story "Cockroach" will teach you not to be afraid appearance, and deal with problems, even if you yourself are not distinguished by outstanding physical data.
And these are just three of the most famous works masters, and he has many more of them, and everything can be read online for free on our resource right now. So if you are thinking about what to choose to read for children, you can safely switch to Chukovsky's fairy tales and poems. Believe me, in this section there will be a lot of new and useful things for them, and, most likely, the kids will ask more than once to return to their favorite moments.
Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky(1882-1969) - Russian and Soviet poet, critic, literary critic, translator, publicist, known primarily for children's fairy tales in verse and prose. One of the first Russian researchers of the phenomenon mass culture. Readers are best known as a children's poet. Father of the writers Nikolai Korneevich Chukovsky and Lydia Korneevna Chukovskaya.
Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky(1882-1969). Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky (Nikolai Ivanovich Korneichukov) was born on March 31 (old style 19), 1882 in St. Petersburg.
In his metric was the name of the mother - Ekaterina Osipovna Korneichukova; followed by the entry - "illegitimate".
Father, St. Petersburg student Emmanuil Levenson, in whose family Chukovsky's mother was a servant, three years after the birth of Kolya left her, son and daughter Marusya. They moved south to Odessa, lived very poorly.
Nikolai studied at the Odessa gymnasium. In the Odessa gymnasium, he met and became friends with Boris Zhitkov, in the future also a famous children's writer. Chukovsky often went to Zhitkov's house, where he used the rich library collected by Boris's parents. From the fifth grade of the gymnasium Chukovsky was expelled when, by special decree (known as the "cook's children decree") educational establishments exempted from children of "low" origin.
The mother's earnings were so meager that they were barely enough to somehow make ends meet. But the young man did not give up, he studied on his own and passed the exams, receiving a matriculation certificate.
be interested in poetry Chukovsky started with early years: wrote poems and even poems. And in 1901 his first article appeared in the newspaper Odessa News. He wrote articles on the most different topics– from philosophy to feuilletons. In addition, the future children's poet kept a diary, which was his friend throughout his life.
With youthful years Chukovsky led a working life, read a lot, independently studied English and French. In 1903, Korney Ivanovich went to St. Petersburg with the firm intention of becoming a writer. He traveled to the editorial offices of magazines and offered his works, but was refused everywhere. This did not stop Chukovsky. He met many writers, got used to life in St. Petersburg and finally found a job for himself - he became a correspondent for the Odessa News newspaper, where he sent his materials from St. Petersburg. Finally, life rewarded him for his inexhaustible optimism and faith in his abilities. He was sent by Odessa News to London, where he improved his English.
In 1903 he married a twenty-three-year-old woman from Odessa, the daughter of an accountant in a private firm, Maria Borisovna Goldfeld. The marriage was unique and happy. Of the four children born in their family (Nikolai, Lidia, Boris and Maria), only two older children lived a long life - Nikolai and Lydia, who later became writers themselves. The youngest daughter Masha died in childhood from tuberculosis. Son Boris died in the war in 1941; another son, Nikolai, also fought, participated in the defense of Leningrad. Lydia Chukovskaya (born in 1907) lived a long and difficult life, was subjected to repressions, survived the execution of her husband, the outstanding physicist Matvey Bronstein.
To England Chukovsky travels with his wife, Maria Borisovna. Here the future writer spent a year and a half, sending his articles and notes to Russia, as well as almost daily visiting a free reading room library of the British Museum, where he read voraciously English writers, historians, philosophers, publicists, those who helped him develop own style, which was later called "paradoxical and witty." He gets to know
Arthur Conan Doyle, Herbert Wells, other English writers.
In 1904 Chukovsky returned to Russia and became a literary critic, publishing his articles in St. Petersburg magazines and newspapers. At the end of 1905, he organized (with a subsidy from L. V. Sobinov) a weekly journal of political satire, Signal. For bold caricatures and anti-government poetry, he was even arrested. And in 1906 he became a permanent contributor to the magazine "Scales". By this time he was already familiar with A. Blok, L. Andreev A. Kuprin and other figures of literature and art. Later, Chukovsky resurrected the living features of many cultural figures in his memoirs (Repin. Gorky. Mayakovsky. Bryusov. Memoirs, 1940; From Memoirs, 1959; Contemporaries, 1962). And nothing seemed to foretell that Chukovsky would become a children's writer. In 1908, he published essays on contemporary writers "From Chekhov to the present day", in 1914 - "Faces and Masks".
Gradually name Chukovsky becomes widely known. Its sharp critical articles and essays were published in periodicals, and subsequently compiled the books From Chekhov to the Present Day (1908), Critical Stories (1911), Faces and Masks (1914), Futurists (1922).
In 1906, Korney Ivanovich arrived in the Finnish town of Kuokkala, where he made a close acquaintance with the artist Repin and the writer Korolenko. The writer also maintained contacts with N.N. Evreinov, L.N. Andreev, A.I. Kuprin, V.V. Mayakovsky. All of them subsequently became characters in his memoirs and essays, and Chukokkala's home handwritten almanac, in which dozens of celebrities left their creative autographs - from Repin to A.I. Solzhenitsyn, - over time turned into an invaluable cultural monument. Here he lived for about 10 years. From the combination of the words Chukovsky and Kuokkala, Chukokkala was formed (invented by Repin) - the name of a handwritten humorous almanac that Korney Ivanovich kept until the last days of his life.
In 1907 Chukovsky published translations by Walt Whitman. The book became popular, which increased Chukovsky's fame in the literary environment. Chukovsky becomes an influential critic, smashes tabloid literature (articles about A. Verbitskaya, L. Charskaya, the book “Nat Pinkerton and modern literature", etc.) Chukovsky's sharp articles were published in periodicals, and then compiled the books "From Chekhov to the Present Day" (1908), "Critical Stories" (1911), "Faces and Masks" (1914), "Futurists" (1922) and others. Chukovsky is the first researcher of "mass culture" in Russia. Chukovsky's creative interests were constantly expanding, his work eventually acquired an increasingly universal, encyclopedic character.
The family lives in Kuokkale until 1917. They already have three children - Nikolai, Lydia (later both became famous writers, and Lydia also became a well-known human rights activist) and Boris (died at the front in the first months of the Great Patriotic War). In 1920, already in St. Petersburg, the daughter Maria was born (Mura - she was the "heroine" of many of Chukovsky's children's poems), who died in 1931 from tuberculosis.
In 1916, at the invitation of Gorky Chukovsky heads the children's department of the Parus publishing house. Then he himself begins to write poetry for children, and then prose. Poetic tales " Crocodile"(1916)," Moidodyr" and " cockroach"(1923)," Fly Tsokotukha"(1924)," Barmaley"(1925)," Telephone"(1926)" Aibolit"(1929) - remain the favorite reading of several generations of children. However, in the 20s and 30s. they were severely criticized for being "unprincipled" and "formalistic"; there was even the term "Chukovshchina".
In 1916 Chukovsky became a war correspondent for the newspaper "Rech" in the UK, France, Belgium. Returning to Petrograd in 1917, Chukovsky received an offer from M. Gorky to become the head of the children's department of the Parus publishing house. Then he began to pay attention to the speech and struggles of young children and write them down. He kept such records for the rest of his life. From them, the famous book “From Two to Five” was born, which was first published in 1928 under the title “Little Children. Children's language. Ekikiki. Stupid absurdities” and only in the 3rd edition the book was called “From two to five”. The book has been reprinted 21 times and replenished with each new edition.
And many years later Chukovsky again acted as a linguist - he wrote a book about the Russian language "Alive as life" (1962), where he evilly and witty fell upon bureaucratic clichés, at the "clerk".
In general, in the 10s - 20s. Chukovsky dealt with many topics that one way or another found a continuation in his future literary activity. It was then (on the advice of Korolenko) that he turns to the work of Nekrasov, publishes several books about him. Through his efforts, the first Soviet collection of Nekrasov's poems with scientific comments (1926) was published. And as a result of many years research work was the book "Skill Nekrasov" (1952), for which in 1962 the author receives the Lenin Prize.
In 1916 Chukovsky became a war correspondent for the newspaper "Rech" in the UK, France, Belgium. Returning to Petrograd in 1917, Chukovsky received an offer from M. Gorky to become the head of the children's department of the Parus publishing house. Then he began to pay attention to the speech and struggles of young children and write them down. He kept such records for the rest of his life. From them, the famous book “From Two to Five” was born, which was first published in 1928 under the title “Little Children. Children's language. Ekikiki. Stupid absurdities” and only in the 3rd edition the book was called “From two to five”. The book has been reprinted 21 times and replenished with each new edition.
Back in 1919, the first work was published Chukovsky about the skill of translation - "Principles of Literary Translation". This problem has always remained in the focus of his attention - evidence of this is the book "The Art of Translation" (1930, 1936), "High Art" (1941, 1968). He himself was one of the best translators - he opened Whitman for the Russian reader (to whom he also dedicated the study "My Whitman"), Kipling, Wilde. Translated Shakespeare, Chesterton, Mark Twain, O Henry, Arthur Conan Doyle, retold Robinson Crusoe, Baron Munchausen for children, many biblical stories and Greek myths.
Chukovsky also studied Russian literature of the 1860s, the work of Shevchenko, Chekhov, Blok. AT last years In his lifetime, he published essay articles on Zoshchenko, Zhitkov, Akhmatova, Pasternak and many others.
In 1957 Chukovsky was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philology, at the same time, on the occasion of his 75th birthday, he was awarded the Order of Lenin. And in 1962 he received an honorary Doctorate of Literature from the University of Oxford.
The complexity of Chukovsky's life - on the one hand, a well-known and recognized Soviet writer, on the other - a man who did not forgive the authorities for many things, did not accept much, was forced to hide his views, constantly worrying about his "dissident" daughter - all this was revealed to the reader only after the publication of diaries the writer, where dozens of pages were torn out, and not a word was said about some years (like 1938).
In 1958 Chukovsky turned out to be the only Soviet writer who congratulated Boris Pasternak on being awarded Nobel Prize; after this seditious visit to his neighbor in Peredelkino, he was forced to write a humiliating explanation.
In the 1960s K. Chukovsky also started a retelling of the Bible for children. He attracted writers and writers to this project, and carefully edited their work. The project itself was very difficult, due to the anti-religious position of the Soviet government. The book titled tower of babel and other ancient legends" was published by the publishing house "Children's Literature" in 1968. However, the entire circulation was destroyed by the authorities. The first book edition available to the reader took place in 1990.
Korney Ivanovich was one of the first to discover Solzhenitsyn, the first in the world to write an admiring review of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, gave the writer shelter when he fell into disgrace, and was proud of his friendship with him.
Long years Chukovsky lived in the writers' village Peredelkino near Moscow. Here he often met with children. Now there is a museum in Chukovsky's house, the opening of which was also associated with great difficulties.
AT post-war years Chukovsky often met with children in Peredelkino, where he built Vacation home, published essay articles about Zoshchenko, Zhitkov, Akhmatova, Pasternak and many others. There he gathered up to one and a half thousand children around him and arranged holidays for them “Hello, summer!” and "Goodbye summer!"
Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky died on October 28, 1969 from viral hepatitis. At the dacha in Peredelkino (Moscow region), where he lived most of his life, now his museum operates there.
"Children's" poet Chukovsky
In 1916 Chukovsky compiled a collection for children "Yolka". In 1917, M. Gorky invited him to head the children's department of the Parus publishing house. Then he began to pay attention to the speech of young children and write them down. From these observations, the book Two to Five was born (first published in 1928), which is a linguistic study children's language and characteristics of children's thinking.
First children's poem Crocodile» (1916) was born by accident. Korney Ivanovich and his little son were on the train. The boy was sick and, in order to distract him from suffering, Korney Ivanovich began to rhyme lines to the sound of wheels.
This poem was followed by other works for children: cockroach"(1922)," Moidodyr"(1922)," Fly Tsokotukha"(1923)," wonder tree"(1924)," Barmaley"(1925)," Telephone"(1926)," Fedorino grief"(1926)," Aibolit"(1929)," stolen sun"(1945)," Bibigon"(1945)," Thanks to Aibolit"(1955)," Fly in the bath» (1969)
It was fairy tales for children that became the reason for the beginning in the 30s. bullying Chukovsky, the so-called fight against "Chukivism", initiated by N.K. Krupskaya. In 1929 he was forced to publicly renounce his fairy tales. Chukovsky was depressed by the event and could not write for a long time after that. By his own admission, since that time he has turned from an author into an editor.
For children of primary school age Chukovsky retold ancient greek myth about Perseus, translated English folk songs (" Barabek», « Jenny», « Kotausi and Mausi" and etc.). In the retelling of Chukovsky, the children got acquainted with "The Adventures of Baron Munchausen" by E. Raspe, "Robinson Crusoe" by D. Defoe, with "The Little Rag" by the little-known J. Greenwood; for children, Chukovsky translated Kipling's fairy tales, the works of Mark Twain. Children in Chukovsky's life have become a truly source of strength and inspiration. In his house in the village of Peredelkino near Moscow, where he finally moved in the 1950s, up to one and a half thousand children often gathered. Chukovsky arranged for them the holidays "Hello, summer" and "Farewell, summer." Talking a lot with children, Chukovsky came to the conclusion that they read too little and, having cut off a large piece of land from his summer cottage in Peredelkino, he built a library for children there. “I built a library, I want to build a kindergarten for the rest of my life,” said Chukovsky.
Prototypes
It is not known whether the heroes of fairy tales had prototypes Chukovsky. But there are quite plausible versions of the emergence of bright and charismatic characters in his children's fairy tales.
In prototypes Aibolita two characters are suitable at once, one of which was a living person, a doctor from Vilnius. His name was Tsemakh Shabad (in the Russian manner - Timofey Osipovich Shabad). Dr. Shabad, having graduated from the medical faculty of Moscow University in 1889, voluntarily went to the Moscow slums to treat the poor and the homeless. He voluntarily went to the Volga region, where, risking his life, he fought the cholera epidemic. Returning to Vilnius (at the beginning of the twentieth century - Vilna), he treated the poor for free, fed children from poor families, did not refuse help when pets were brought to him, even treated wounded birds that were brought to him from the street. The writer met Shabad in 1912. He visited Dr. Shabad twice and personally called him the prototype of Dr. Aibolit in his article in Pionerskaya Pravda.
In letters, Korney Ivanovich, in particular, said: “... Doctor Shabad was very loved in the city, because he treated the poor, pigeons, cats ... It used to happen that a thin girl would come to him, he tells her - you want me to write you a prescription ? No, milk will help you, come to me every morning and you will get two glasses of milk. So I thought how wonderful it would be to write a fairy tale about such a kind doctor.
In the memoirs of Korney Chukovsky, another story about a little girl from poor family. Dr. Shabad diagnosed her with systemic malnutrition and brought the little patient himself a white bun and hot broth. The next day, as a token of gratitude, the recovered girl brought her beloved cat as a gift to the doctor.
Today, a monument to Dr. Shabad is erected in Vilnius.
There is another contender for the role of Aibolit's prototype - this is Dr. Doolittle from the book of the English engineer Hugh Lofting. While at the front of the First World War, he came up with a fairy tale for children about Dr. Doolittle, who knew how to treat different animals, communicate with them and fight with his enemies - evil pirates. The story of Dr. Dolittle appeared in 1920.
For a long time it was believed that in cockroach» depicts Stalin (Cockroach) and the Stalinist regime. The temptation to draw parallels was very strong: Stalin was short, red-haired, with a lush mustache (Cockroach - "liquid-legged goat, bug", red with a large mustache). Big strong beasts obey him and are afraid of him. But The Cockroach was written in 1922, Chukovsky might not have known about important role Stalin, and, moreover, could not portray the regime that gained strength in the thirties.
Honorary titles and awards
1957 - Awarded the Order of Lenin; awarded the degree of Doctor of Philology
1962 - Lenin Prize (for the book Nekrasov's Mastery, published in 1952); Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of Oxford.
Quotes
If you want to shoot a musician, insert a loaded gun into the piano on which he will play.
A children's writer should be happy.
With the help of the radio, the authorities are spreading rollicking vile songs among the population so that the population does not know either Akhmatova, or Blok, or Mandelstam.
The older the woman, the larger the bag in her hands.
Everything that the inhabitants want, they pass off as a program of the government.
When you are released from prison and you are going home, these minutes are worth living for!
The only thing that is permanent in my body is false teeth.
Freedom of speech is needed by a very limited circle of people, and the majority, even among the intelligentsia, do their job without it.
You have to live long in Russia.
Who is told to tweet, do not purr!
“It is often said of children's writers that he himself was a child. This can be said about Chukovsky with much more reason than about any other author ”(L. Panteleev“ The Gray-haired Child ”).
The passion for children's literature that glorified Chukovsky began relatively late, when he was already a famous critic: he wrote his first fairy tale "Crocodile" in 1916.
Then his other fairy tales appeared, making his name exceptionally popular. He himself wrote about it this way: “All my other writings are so obscured by my children’s fairy tales that in the minds of many readers, I wrote nothing at all, except for Moidodirs and The Fly-Tsokotuha.” In fact, Chukovsky was a journalist, publicist, translator, literary critic. However, let's briefly get acquainted with his biography.
From the biography of K.I. Chukovsky (1882-1969)
I.E. Repin. Portrait of the poet Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky (1910)
Chukovsky's real name is Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneichukov. He was born in St. Petersburg on March 19 (31), 1882. His mother was a peasant woman Ekaterina Osipovna Korneichukova, and his father was Emmanuil Solomonovich Levenson, in whose family the mother of Korney Chukovsky lived as a servant. He had an older sister, Maria, but shortly after the birth of Nikolai, his father left his illegal family and married "a woman of his circle", moving to Baku. Chukovsky's mother and children moved to Odessa.
The boy studied at the Odessa gymnasium (his classmate was the future writer Boris Zhitkov), but he was expelled from the fifth grade due to his low birth.
Since 1901, Chukovsky began to publish in the Odessa News, and in 1903 he went to London as a correspondent for this newspaper, having learned English on his own.
Returning to Odessa in 1904, he was captured by the revolution of 1905.
In 1906, Korney Ivanovich arrived in the Finnish town of Kuokkala (now Repino near St. Petersburg), where he met and became friends with the artist Ilya Repin, the writer Korolenko and Mayakovsky. Chukovsky lived here for about 10 years. From the combination of the words Chukovsky and Kuokkala, Chukokkala was formed (invented by Repin) - the name of a handwritten humorous almanac that Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky kept until the last days of his life.
K.I. Chukovsky
In 1907, Chukovsky published translations by Walt Whitman and from that time began to write critical literary articles. His most famous books on the work of his contemporaries are The Book of Alexander Blok (Alexander Blok as a Man and a Poet) and Akhmatova and Mayakovsky.
In 1908, his critical essays on the writers Chekhov, Balmont, Blok, Sergeev-Tsensky, Kuprin, Gorky, Artsybashev, Merezhkovsky, Bryusov and others were published, which were included in the collection From Chekhov to Our Days.
In 1917, Chukovsky began to write a literary work about Nekrasov, his favorite poet, finishing it in 1926. He was engaged in the biography and work of others writers of the 19th in. (Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Sleptsov).
But the circumstances of the Soviet era were ungrateful for critical activity, and Chukovsky suspended it.
In the 1930s, Chukovsky was engaged in the theory of literary translation and actually translations into Russian (M. Twain, O. Wilde, R. Kipling and others, including in the form of "retellings" for children).
In the 1960s, K. Chukovsky conceived a retelling of the Bible for children, but this work could not be published due to the anti-religious position of the Soviet authorities. The book was published in 1990.
At the dacha in Peredelkino, where Chukovsky constantly lived in recent years, he constantly communicated with the surrounding children, read poetry, invited to meetings famous people: famous pilots, artists, writers, poets.
Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky died on October 28, 1969. He was buried in Peredelkino. His museum operates in Peredelkino.
Tales of K.I. Chukovsky
"Aibolit" (1929)
1929 is the year of publication of this tale in verse, it was written earlier. The plot of this fairy tale, beloved by all children, is extremely simple: Dr. Aibolit goes to Africa, to the Limpopo River, to treat sick animals. On the way he is helped by wolves, a whale and eagles. Aibolit works selflessly for 10 days and successfully cures all patients. Its main medicines are chocolate and eggnog.
Dr. Aibolit is the embodiment of kindness and compassion for others.
Good Doctor Aibolit!
He sits under a tree.
Come to him for treatment.
Both the cow and the wolf
And a bug, and a worm,
And a bear!
Getting into difficult circumstances, Aibolit first of all thinks not about himself, but about those to whom he hurries to help:
But in front of them is the sea -
Raging, noisy in space.
And there is a high wave in the sea.
Now she will swallow Aibolit.
"Oh, if I drown
If I go to the bottom
What will become of them, the sick,
With my forest animals?
But here comes the whale:
"Sit on me, Aibolit,
And like a big ship
I'll take you forward!"
The story is written like this plain language, which is how children usually speak, which is why it is so easy to remember, children easily memorize it by ear after reading it several times. The emotionality of the tale, its accessibility for children and the obvious, but not intrusive educational value make this fairy tale (and other fairy tales of the writer) a favorite children's reading.
Since 1938, based on the fairy tale "Aibolit", films began to be made. In 1966, a musical Feature Film"Aibolit-66" directed by Rolan Bykov. In 1973, N. Chervinskaya made a puppet cartoon "Aibolit and Barmalei" based on Chukovsky's fairy tale. In 1984-1985. director D. Cherkassky made a cartoon in seven episodes about Dr. Aibolit based on the works of Chukovsky "Aibolit", "Barmaley", "Cockroach", "Fly-Tsokotuha", "The Stolen Sun" and "Telephone".
"Cockroach" (1921)
Although the fairy tale is for children, adults also have something to think about after reading it. Children will learn that in one animal kingdom, calm and joyful life animals and insects were suddenly destroyed by an evil cockroach.
The bears rode
By bike.
And behind them a cat
Backwards.
And behind him mosquitoes
On a balloon.
And behind them crayfish
On a lame dog.
Wolves on a mare.
Lions in the car.
Bunnies
In a tram.
A toad on a broom... They ride and laugh,
Gingerbread chews.
Suddenly from the gateway
scary giant,
Red and mustachioed
Cockroach!
Cockroach, Cockroach, Cockroach!
The idyll is broken:
He growls and screams
And his mustache moves:
"Wait, don't rush
I'll swallow you up in no time!
I will swallow, I will swallow, I will not have mercy.
The animals trembled
They fell into a faint.
Wolves from fear
They ate each other.
poor crocodile
Toad swallowed.
And the elephant, all trembling,
So I sat down on a hedgehog.
So the Cockroach became the winner,
And forests and fields lord.
Beasts submitted to the mustachioed.
(May he fail, the damned one!)
So they trembled until the cockroach was pecked by a sparrow. It turns out that fear has big eyes, and it is so easy to intimidate stupid inhabitants.
“He took and pecked a cockroach. So there is no giant!
Illustration by V. Konashevich
Then there was the concern -
Dive into the swamp for the moon
And nail to heaven with nails!
Adults in this tale will easily see the theme of power and terror. Literary critics have long pointed to the prototypes of the fairy tale "Cockroach" - this is Stalin and his henchmen. Perhaps this is so.
"Moydodyr" (1923) and "Fedorino grief" (1926)
Both of these tales are united common topic- a call for cleanliness and tidiness. The writer himself said this about the fairy tale “Moidodyr” in a letter to A. B. Khalatov: “Do I shy away from trends in my children's books. Not at all! For example, the Moidodyr trend is a passionate call for cleanliness and washing for the little ones. I think that in a country where, until recently, about anyone who brushes their teeth, they said “gee, gee, you see that you are a Jew!” this trend is worth all the others. I know hundreds of cases where Moidodyr played the role of People's Commissariat of Health for the little ones.
The story is told from the perspective of a boy. Things suddenly start to run away from him. The talking washbasin Moidodyr appears and reports that things have fled because he is dirty.
Irons for boots
Boots for pies
Pies for irons,
The poker behind the sash...
By order of Moidodyr, brushes and soap are thrown at the boy and begin to wash him by force. The boy breaks free and runs out into the street, but a washcloth flies in pursuit of him. A crocodile walking down the street swallows a washcloth, after which he threatens the boy that he will swallow him if he does not wash himself. The boy runs to wash, and things return to him. The tale ends with a hymn to purity:
Long live scented soap,
And a fluffy towel
And tooth powder
And thick scallop!
Let's wash, splash,
Swim, dive, tumble
In a tub, in a trough, in a tub,
In the river, in the stream, in the ocean, -
And in the bath, and in the bath,
Anytime and anywhere -
Eternal glory to water!
The monument to Moidodyr was opened in Moscow in Sokolniki Park on July 2, 2012 on Pesochnaya Alley, next to the playground. The author of the monument is St. Petersburg sculptor Marcel Korober
And this monument to Moidodyr is installed in children's park Novopolotsk (Belarus)
Based on the fairy tale, two cartoons were shot - in 1939 and 1954.
In the fairy tale "Fedorino's grief", all the dishes, kitchen utensils, cutlery and other things necessary for the household escaped from Grandma Fedora. The reason is the carelessness and laziness of the hostess. The dishes are tired of being unwashed.
When Fedora realized the horror of her existence without dishes, she repented of her deed and decided to catch up with the dishes and agree with her about returning.
And behind them along the fence
Grandma Fedor is jumping:
"Oh oh oh! Oh oh oh!
Come back home!”
The dishes themselves already feel that they have very little strength for further travel, and when they see that the repentant Fyodor is following her, promises to improve and take up cleanliness, she agrees to return to the hostess:
And the rock said:
"I feel sorry for Fedor."
And the cup said:
"Oh, she's a poor thing!"
And the saucers said:
"We should be back!"
And the irons said:
"We are not Fedor's enemies!"
Long, long kiss
And she caressed them
Watered, washed.
She rinsed them.
Other tales of Chukovsky:
"Confusion" (1914)
"Crocodile" (1916)
"Buzzing Fly" (1924)
"Telephone" (1924)
"Barmaley" (1925)
"Stolen Sun" (1927)
Toptygin and the Fox (1934)
"The Adventures of Bibigon" (1945)
Tales of K.I. Chukovsky was illustrated by many artists: V. Suteev, V. Konashevich, Yu. Vasnetsov, M. Miturich and others.
Why do children love K.I. Chukovsky
K.I. Chukovsky always emphasized that a fairy tale should not only entertain the little reader, but also teach him. In 1956, he wrote about the purpose of fairy tales: “It consists in cultivating humanity in a child at any cost - this marvelous ability of a person to be excited by other people's misfortunes, to rejoice in the joys of another, to experience someone else's fate as his own. Storytellers are anxious that the child from an early age should learn to mentally participate in the life of imaginary people and animals and break out in this way beyond the narrow framework of egocentric interests and feelings. And since, when listening, it is common for a child to take the side of the kind, courageous, unjustly offended, whether it will be Ivan Tsarevich, or a runaway bunny, or a fearless mosquito, or just a “piece of wood in a hutch,” our whole task is to awaken, educate, strengthen in the receptive child's soul this precious ability to empathize, sympathize and rejoice, without which a person is not a person. Only this ability, instilled from the very early childhood and brought in the process of development to the highest level, created and will continue to create the Bestuzhevs, Pirogovs, Nekrasovs, Chekhovs, Gorkys ... ".
Chukovsky's views are practically brought to life in his fairy tales. In the article “Working on a Fairy Tale”, he pointed out that his task was to adapt to the little guys as much as possible, inspire them with our “adult ideas about hygiene” (“Moydodyr”), about respect for things (“Fedorino grief”) , and all this at a high literary level, accessible to children.
The writer introduced a lot of cognitive material into his tales. In fairy tales, he touches on themes of morality, rules of conduct. Fairy tales help little man learn mercy, educate its moral qualities, develop Creative skills, imagination, love for the artistic word. They teach them to sympathize in trouble, to help in adversity, and to rejoice in the happiness of others. And all this is done by Chukovsky unobtrusively, easily, accessible to children's perception.
Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky (real name - Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneichukov). Born March 19 (31), 1882 in St. Petersburg - died October 28, 1969 in Moscow. Russian Soviet poet, publicist, literary critic, translator and literary critic, children's writer, journalist. Father of the writers Nikolai Korneevich Chukovsky and Lydia Korneevna Chukovskaya.
Nikolai Korneichukov, who later took the literary pseudonym Korney Chukovsky, was born in St. Petersburg on March 31 in a new style; the frequently occurring date of his birth, April 1, appeared due to an error in the transition to new style(added 13 days, not 12, as it should be for the 19th century). Nevertheless, Korney himself celebrated his birthday on April 1.
Nikolai's mother was a peasant woman from the Poltava province, Ekaterina Osipovna Korneichukova, who worked as a maid in St. Petersburg in the Levenson family. She lived in civil marriage with the son of the family, student Emmanuil Solomonovich Levenson. The born boy already had a three-year-old sister, Maria, from the same union. Shortly after the birth of Nikolai, student Levenson left his illegitimate family and married a woman "of his own circle." Ekaterina Osipovna was forced to move to Odessa.
Nikolai Korneychukov spent his childhood in Odessa and Nikolaev.
In Odessa, the family settled in an outbuilding, in the Makri house on Novorybnaya Street, No. 6. In 1887, the Korneichukovs changed their apartment, moving to the address: Barshman’s house, Kanatny Lane, No. 3. Five-year-old Nikolai was sent to Madame Bekhteeva’s kindergarten, about staying in which he left the following memories: “We marched to the music, drew pictures. The oldest among us was a curly-haired boy with Negro lips, whose name was Volodya Zhabotinsky. That's when I met the future national hero Israel - in 1888 or 1889!!!".
For some time, the future writer studied at the second Odessa gymnasium (later became the fifth). His classmate at that time was Boris Zhitkov (in the future also a writer and traveler), with whom young Korney struck up friendly relations. Chukovsky did not succeed in graduating from the gymnasium: he was expelled, according to his own statements, because of his low birth. He described these events in his autobiographical story. "Silver coat of arms".
According to the metric, Nicholas and his sister Maria, as illegitimate, did not have a patronymic; in other documents of the pre-revolutionary period, his patronymic was indicated differently - “Vasilyevich” (in the marriage certificate and baptismal certificate of his son Nikolai, later fixed in most later biographies as part of the “real name” - given by the godfather), “Stepanovich”, “Emmanuilovich ”, “Manuilovich”, “Emelyanovich”, sister Marusya bore the patronymic “Emmanuilovna” or “Manuilovna”.
From the beginning of his literary activity, Korneichukov used the pseudonym "Korney Chukovsky", which was later joined by a fictitious patronymic - "Ivanovich". After the revolution, the combination "Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky" became his real name, patronymic and surname.
According to the memoirs of K. Chukovsky, he “never had such a luxury as his father, or at least his grandfather,” which in his youth and youth served as a constant source of shame and mental suffering for him.
His children - Nikolai, Lydia, Boris and Maria (Murochka), who died in childhood, to whom many of her father's children's poems are dedicated - bore (at least after the revolution) the surname Chukovsky and the patronymic Korneevich / Korneevna.
Since 1901, Chukovsky began to write articles in the Odessa News. Chukovsky was introduced to literature by his close school friend, a journalist. Zhabotinsky was also the guarantor of the groom at the wedding of Chukovsky and Maria Borisovna Goldfeld.
Then, in 1903, Chukovsky, as the only newspaper correspondent who knew English (which he learned on his own from the Self-Teacher in English Ohlendorf), and tempted by a high salary at that time - the publisher promised 100 rubles a month - went to London as a correspondent for Odessa News, where he left with his young wife. In addition to Odessa News, Chukovsky's English articles were published in the Southern Review and in some Kiev newspapers. But fees from Russia came irregularly, and then completely stopped. The pregnant wife had to be sent back to Odessa.
Chukovsky moonlighted as a correspondent of catalogs in british museum. But in London, Chukovsky thoroughly familiarized himself with English literature - he read in the original, Thackeray.
Returning to Odessa at the end of 1904, Chukovsky settled with his family on Bazarnaya Street No. 2 and plunged into the events of the 1905 revolution.
Chukovsky was captured by the revolution. He twice visited the insurgent battleship Potemkin, among other things, accepting letters to relatives from the insurgent sailors.
In St. Petersburg, he began publishing the satirical magazine "Signal". Among the authors of the journal were such famous writers like Kuprin, Fedor Sologub and Teffi. After the fourth issue, he was arrested for lèse majesté. He was defended by the famous lawyer Gruzenberg, who achieved an acquittal. Chukovsky was under arrest for 9 days.
In 1906, Korney Ivanovich arrived in the Finnish town of Kuokkala (now Repino, Kurortny District (St. Petersburg)), where he made a close acquaintance with the artist and writer Korolenko. It was Chukovsky who persuaded Repin to take his writing seriously and prepare a book of memoirs, Far Close.
Chukovsky lived in Kuokkala for about 10 years. From the combination of the words Chukovsky and Kuokkala formed "Chukokkala"(invented by Repin) - the name of a handwritten humorous almanac that Korney Ivanovich kept until the last days of his life.
In 1907, Chukovsky published Walt Whitman's translations. The book became popular, which increased Chukovsky's fame in the literary environment. Chukovsky became an influential critic, smashed tabloid literature (articles about Lydia Charskaya, Anastasia Verbitskaya, "Nata Pinkerton", etc.), wittily defended the futurists - both in articles and in public lectures - from the attacks of traditional criticism (he met Mayakovsky in Kuokkala and later became friends with him), although the Futurists themselves were by no means always grateful to him for this; developed his own recognizable manner (reconstruction of the psychological appearance of the writer on the basis of numerous quotations from him).
In 1916, Chukovsky again visited England with a delegation from the State Duma. In 1917, Patterson's book With the Jewish Detachment at Gallipoli (about the Jewish Legion in the British Army) was published, edited and with a foreword by Chukovsky.
After the revolution, Chukovsky continued to engage in criticism, publishing two of his most famous books on the work of his contemporaries - "A book about Alexander Blok"(“Alexander Blok as a man and a poet”) and “Akhmatova and Mayakovsky”. The circumstances of the Soviet era turned out to be ungrateful for critical activity, and Chukovsky had to “bury this talent in the ground”, which he later regretted.
Since 1917, Chukovsky set to work on Nekrasov, his favorite poet, for many years. Through his efforts, the first Soviet collection of Nekrasov's poems was published. Chukovsky completed work on it only in 1926, reworking a lot of manuscripts and providing texts with scientific comments. Monograph "Skill of Nekrasov", published in 1952, was reprinted many times, and in 1962 Chukovsky was awarded the Lenin Prize for it.
After 1917, they managed to publish a significant part of the poems, which were either previously banned by the tsarist censorship, or they were "vetoed" by the copyright holders. Approximately a quarter of the currently known poetic lines of Nekrasov was put into circulation precisely by Korney Chukovsky. In addition, in the 1920s, he discovered and published manuscripts of Nekrasov's prose works (The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trosnikov, The Thin Man, and others).
In addition to Nekrasov, Chukovsky was engaged in the biography and work of a number of other writers of the 19th century (Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Sleptsov), to which, in particular, his book “People and Books of the Sixties” is devoted, participated in the preparation of the text and editing of many publications. Chukovsky considered Chekhov the writer closest to himself in spirit.
Passion for children's literature, glorified Chukovsky, began relatively late, when he was already a famous critic. In 1916, Chukovsky compiled the Yolka collection and wrote his first fairy tale, Crocodile.
In 1923, his famous fairy tales "Moydodyr" and "Cockroach" were published.
In the life of Chukovsky there was another hobby - the study of the psyche of children and how they master speech. He wrote down his observations of children, their verbal creativity in the book From Two to Five (1933).
All my other writings are so overshadowed by my children's fairy tales that, in the minds of many readers, I did not write anything at all, except for "Moydodirs" and "Fly-Tsokotuha".
In February 1928, Pravda published an article by N. K. Krupskaya, Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR, “On Chukovsky's Crocodile”: “Such chatter is disrespect for a child. First, he is beckoned with a gingerbread - cheerful, innocent rhymes and comical images, and along the way they are allowed to swallow some kind of dregs that will not pass without a trace for him. I don't think we need to give our kids the Crocodile."
According to the researcher L. Strong, the widow's speech at that time actually meant a "ban on the profession", and among party critics and editors, the term "Chukivism" soon arose.
In December 1929, in Literary newspaper"A letter from Chukovsky is published with a renunciation of fairy tales and a promise to create a collection" Merry Collective Farm ". Chukovsky was very upset by the renunciation (besides, his daughter fell ill with tuberculosis): he really would not write a single fairy tale after that (until 1942), as, indeed, the aforementioned collection.
The 1930s were marked by two personal tragedies of Chukovsky: in 1931, his daughter Murochka died after a serious illness, and in 1938, the husband of his daughter Lydia, physicist Matvey Bronstein, was shot. In 1938 Chukovsky moved from Leningrad to Moscow.
In the 1930s, Chukovsky did a lot of work on the theory of literary translation (“The Art of Translation” of 1936 was republished before the start of the war, in 1941, under the title “High Art”) and translations into Russian (, and others, including in the form "retelling" for children).
He begins to write memoirs, on which he worked until the end of his life (“Contemporaries” in the ZhZL series). Posthumously published "Diaries 1901-1969".
As the NKGB reported to the Central Committee, during the war years, Chukovsky spoke out: “With all my heart I wish the death of Hitler and the collapse of his crazy ideas. With the fall of the Nazi despotism, the world of democracy will come face to face with the Soviet despotism. Will wait".
On March 1, 1944, the Pravda newspaper published an article by P. Yudin “Vulgar and harmful concoction of K. Chukovsky”, in which an analysis of Chukovsky’s book “We will overcome Barmaley” published in 1943 in Tashkent was arranged (Aibolitia is waging war with the Svirepiya and its king Barmaley), and this book was recognized in the article as harmful.
The tale of K. Chukovsky is a harmful concoction that can distort modern reality in the minds of children. "War tale" K. Chukovsky characterizes the author as a person who either does not understand the duty of a writer in the Patriotic War, or deliberately vulgarizes the great tasks of raising children in the spirit of socialist patriotism.
In the 1960s, K. Chukovsky started a retelling of the Bible for children. He attracted writers and writers to this project and carefully edited their work. The project itself was very difficult due to the anti-religious position of the Soviet government. In particular, they demanded from Chukovsky that the words "God" and "Jews" should not be mentioned in the book; by the forces of writers a pseudonym was invented for God "Wizard Yahweh".
The book called "The Tower of Babel and Other Ancient Legends" was published by the publishing house "Children's Literature" in 1968. However, the entire circulation was destroyed by the authorities. The circumstances of the ban on the publication were later described by Valentin Berestov, one of the authors of the book: “It was the height of the great cultural revolution in China. The Red Guards, noticing the publication, loudly demanded to smash the head of the old revisionist Chukovsky, who clogs the minds of Soviet children with religious nonsense. The West responded with the headline “New discovery of the Red Guards”, and our authorities reacted in the usual way.” The book was published in 1988.
In recent years, Chukovsky has been a popular favorite, winner of a number of state awards and holder of orders, at the same time he maintained contacts with dissidents (, Litvinov, his daughter Lydia was also a prominent human rights activist).
At the dacha in Peredelkino, where he constantly lived in recent years, he arranged meetings with the surrounding children, talked with them, read poetry, invited famous people, famous pilots, artists, writers, poets to meetings. Peredelkino children, who have long since become adults, still remember those children's gatherings at Chukovsky's dacha.
In 1966, he signed a letter of 25 cultural and scientific figures to the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU against the rehabilitation of Stalin.
Korney Ivanovich died on October 28, 1969 from viral hepatitis. At the dacha in Peredelkino, where the writer lived most of his life, his museum now operates.
Family of Korney Chukovsky:
Wife (since May 26, 1903) - Maria Borisovna Chukovskaya (nee Maria Aron-Berovna Goldfeld, 1880-1955). Daughter of accountant Aron-Ber Ruvimovich Goldfeld and housewife Tuba (Tauba) Oizerovna Goldfeld.
Son - poet, prose writer and translator Nikolai Korneevich Chukovsky (1904-1965). His wife is the translator Marina Nikolaevna Chukovskaya (1905-1993).
Daughter - writer and dissident Lidia Korneevna Chukovskaya (1907-1996). Her first husband was a literary critic and literary historian Tsezar Samoylovich Volpe (1904-1941), the second - a physicist and popularizer of science Matvey Petrovich Bronstein (1906-1938).
Son - Boris Korneevich Chukovsky (1910-1941), died shortly after the start of World War II, in the fall of 1941, returning from reconnaissance near the Borodino field.
Daughter - Maria Korneevna Chukovskaya (Murochka) (1920-1931), the heroine of children's poems and father's stories. Granddaughter - Natalia Nikolaevna Kostyukova (Chukovskaya), Tata (born 1925), microbiologist, professor, doctor of medical sciences, Honored Worker of Science of Russia.
Granddaughter - literary critic, chemist Elena Tsezarevna Chukovskaya (1931-2015).
Grandson - Nikolai Nikolaevich Chukovsky, Gulya (born 1933), communications engineer.
Grandson - cameraman Evgeny Borisovich Chukovsky (1937-1997).
Grandson - Dmitry Chukovsky (born 1943), husband of the famous tennis player Anna Dmitrieva. Great-granddaughter - Maria Ivanovna Shustitskaya (born 1950), anesthesiologist-resuscitator.
Great-grandson - Boris Ivanovich Kostyukov (1956-2007), historian-archivist.
Great-grandson - Yuri Ivanovich Kostyukov (born 1956), doctor.
Great-granddaughter - Marina Dmitrievna Chukovskaya (born 1966).
Great-grandson - Dmitry Chukovsky (born 1968), chief producer of the directorate of NTV-Plus sports channels.
Great-grandson - Andrei Evgenievich Chukovsky (born 1960), chemist.
Great-grandson - Nikolai Evgenievich Chukovsky (born 1962).
Nephew - mathematician Vladimir Abramovich Rokhlin (1919-1984).
Chukovsky's fairy tales can be read from early childhood. Chukovsky's poems with fairy-tale motifs are excellent children's works, famous for a huge number of bright and memorable characters, kind and charismatic, instructive and at the same time loved by children.
Without exception, all children love to read Chukovsky's poems, and what can I say, adults also remember with pleasure the beloved heroes of Korney Chukovsky's fairy tales. And even if you do not read them to your baby, meeting with the author in kindergarten at matinees or at school in the classroom - it will definitely take place. In this section, Chukovsky's fairy tales can be read immediately on the site, or you can download any of the works in .doc or .pdf formats.
About Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky
Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky was born in 1882 in St. Petersburg. At birth, he was given a different name: Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneichukov. The boy was illegitimate, for which life has put him in difficult situations more than once. His father left the family when Nikolai was still very young, and he and his mother moved to Odessa. However, failures awaited him there too: the future writer was expelled from the gymnasium, since he came “from the bottom”. Life in Odessa was not sweet for the whole family, the children were often malnourished. Nikolai nevertheless showed strength of character and passed the exams, preparing for them on his own.
Chukovsky published his very first article in Odessa News, and already in 1903, two years after the first publication, the young writer went to London. There he lived for several years, working as a correspondent and studying English literature. After returning to his homeland, Chukovsky publishes his own journal, writes a book of memoirs, and by 1907 becomes famous in literary circles, though not yet as a writer, but as a critic. Korney Chukovsky spent a lot of energy on writing works about other authors, some of them are quite famous, namely, about Nekrasov, Blok, Akhmatova and Mayakovsky, about Dostoevsky, Chekhov and Sleptsov. These publications contributed to the literary fund, but did not bring fame to the author.
Poems of Chukovsky. The beginning of the career of a children's poet
Nevertheless, Korney Ivanovich remained in my memory as a children's writer, it was Chukovsky's children's poems that made his name into the history of long years. The author began to write fairy tales quite late. Korney Chukovsky's first fairy tale is the Crocodile, written in 1916. Moidodyr and the Cockroach came out only in 1923.
Not many people know that Chukovsky was an excellent child psychologist, he knew how to feel and understand children, he described all his observations and knowledge in detail and cheerfully in a special book “From Two to Five”, which was first published in 1933. In 1930, having experienced several personal tragedies, the writer began to devote most of his time to writing memoirs and translating works by foreign authors.
In the 1960s, Chukovsky got excited about the idea of presenting the Bible in a childish way. Other writers were involved in the work, but the first edition of the book was completely destroyed by the authorities. Already in the 21st century, this book was published, and you can find it under the title "The Tower of Babel and Other Biblical Traditions." Last days The writer spent his life at a dacha in Peredelkino. There he met with children, read them his own poems and fairy tales, invited famous people.