Introduction
Political, economic, social changes, scientific and technological revolution of the XX - XXI centuries. constantly cause the emergence of new concepts, and with them new words or rethinking of old concepts.
Vocabulary is the most permeable, changeable and mobile side of the language, which directly reacts to what is happening in the world of realities, it reflects our ideas about various phenomena of extralinguistic activity. characteristic feature vocabulary is its ability to grow indefinitely due to new words and new meanings that are formed in various ways.
The creation of neologisms is evidence of the life of the language, its desire to express all the richness of human knowledge, the progress of civilization.
The study of neologisms is part of the tasks of lexicology and stylistics; however, each of these sciences considers neologisms from its own, special point of view. Lexicology studies the reasons for the appearance of new words in the vocabulary of the language, the ways of their formation and the ways of the emergence of new meanings of words already existing in the language. Stylistics studies neologisms in terms of their stylistic coloring and possible expressive shades. Of course, the stylistic coloring of neologisms is determined by their occurrence and use in a particular speech style.
Between development and change in the selection of means of expression in speech styles of presentation and the evolution of vocabulary modern language there is a constant connection. Not only the newly appeared means of expression and stylistic neologisms are of interest to stylists, but also the emergence of new lexical units, the gradual death of archaisms, the role of historicisms in speech styles.
The purpose of the work is to reflect in what ways the neologisms of recent years are formed, fixed by the dictionary, and at the same time to reveal their stylistic role.
Definition of neologisms. Methods for the formation of neologisms
Neologisms (Greek - neos - new and logos - word) - new words or new meanings of already existing words, concepts, as well as new turns of speech (phraseological neologisms) that arise in the language in connection with the development public life and the emergence of new concepts.
Neologisms arise in a wide variety of areas of human activity: in everyday life, in science, technology, in social and political life. Therefore, neologisms are found in all functional speech styles, as well as in the language of modern fiction.
The press, radio and television, as well as the modern colloquial language of young people, replete with new specific words, serve as a display of new words.
An analysis of neologisms in recent years has shown that the vocabulary of the modern language is replenished in the following ways: 1) morphologically - as a result of affixal word formation; 2) semantic - as a result of rethinking the existing meaning of the word (meaning transfer); 3) by word formation; 4) by abbreviation; 5) by conversion; 6) by borrowing.
Life does not stand still: various changes are constantly taking place around us, science is developing, new ideas, new concepts, new objects, new technical devices appear. Language is alive dynamic system which reacts to any social changes. And each new phenomenon, new process requires its own name - a new word. This new word will neologism(from Greek neos new and logos word). The concept of neologism is relative: a word is considered neologism as long as speakers feel the effect of novelty and freshness in it. Over a certain period of time, neologisms can be fully mastered by the language and cease to be neologisms, becoming ordinary words of the main stock of the language.
So, in the 60s. in connection with the development of astronautics, many new words related to space have appeared: astronaut, cosmodrome, rocket launcher, lunar rover, etc. Of course, at present they can no longer be considered neologisms, since they have long entered the language and are widely used in it.
Now, due to the active development of science and technology, we often hear such words as bonus, deadline, trend, creative, merchandiser, copywriter, supervisor, coach, licombez (elimination of computer illiteracy), quarks (elementary particles), chromodynamics (section of physics) . These are examples of present tense neologisms.
There are general linguistic neologisms (lexical and semantic) and individual stylistic (individual author's) neologisms in the language.
Lexical neologisms appear in the language with the emergence of new realities in people's lives. These are the words merchandiser, copywriter, supervisor, coach, Internet.
Semantic neologisms- these are well-known old words from the active vocabulary of the Russian language, which have received a new meaning or shade of meaning. For example, zebra stripes on the roadway.
In addition to general language in speech, there can be copyright(individual, individually stylistic) neologisms. They are created by writers, poets to give special expressiveness and figurativeness to a literary text. They rarely go out of context, they are not widely used, as a rule they remain an accessory individual style so that their novelty and singularity are preserved. Until now, the neologisms of V. Mayakovsky (huge, December, snorts, etc.), V. Khlebnikov (exhausted, delighted-winged, laughing ones, etc.) are widely known.
There are how many ways to form neologisms in the Russian language:
- a new word is formed to name new realities according to the standard (productive) models of word formation from morphemes that exist in the Russian language;
- a word that has long existed in the language can acquire a new meaning based on the similarity of the newly designated phenomenon with the phenomenon already known;
- the word is borrowed from another language together with the meaning or separately to refer to another phenomenon in a given society.
In the Russian lexicographic tradition, neologisms are recorded in special dictionaries. The most famous of them:
New words and meanings // Ed. N.Z. Kotelova, Yu.S. Sorokin. L., 1973, 1984.
New words and meanings // Ed. E.A. Levashova. SPb., 1997.
Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language at the End of the 20th Century / Ed. G.N. Sklyarevskaya. SPb., 1998.
Perestroika Dictionary / Ed. IN AND. Maksimov. SPb., 1992.
New in Russian vocabulary. Vocabulary materials. 1977-1996.
Pertsova N.N. Dictionary of neologisms by Velimir Khlebnikov. Vein; Moscow, 1995.
Kozyrev V.A., Chernyak V.D. The universe in alphabetical order // Essays on dictionaries of the Russian language. St. Petersburg, 2000.
Kozyrev V.A., Chernyak V.D. Dictionaries of neologisms // Essays on dictionaries of the Russian language. St. Petersburg, 2000.
We wish you good luck in your acquaintance with neologisms!
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The current state of neologisms in the field of terminology.
Political, economic, social changes, scientific and technological revolution of the 20th century. constantly cause the emergence of new concepts, and with them new words or rethinking of old concepts.
Vocabulary is the most permeable, changeable and mobile side of the language, which "directly reacts to what is happening in the world of realities", it directly reflects our ideas about various phenomena of extralinguistic activity''. A characteristic feature of the dictionary is its ability to grow indefinitely due to new words and new meanings that are formed in various ways. The creation of neologisms is evidence of the life of the language, its desire to express all the richness of human knowledge, the progress of civilization.
Neologisms (Greek - neos - new and logos - word) - new words that arise in the language in connection with the development of social life and the emergence of new concepts.
Dictionaries usually lag behind in fixing neologisms. In order to overcome this lag, in France, since 1980, the Dictionary modern words" Pierre Gilbert, which was conceived by the author as a reprint of his Dictionary of New Words, published in 1971. However, in the process of working on the dictionary, P. Gilbert changed his original idea.
Leaving the principle of constructing a dictionary unchanged, he significantly (by more than 50%) expanded its volume. The number of dictionary entries has been increased by one third.
The author points out that the task of the dictionary is to present, and in some cases to characterize in detail the lexical units (words and phrases) that are inherent in one or another aspect of the French language of the second half of the 20th century. The dictionary includes morphological, semantic neologisms, borrowings.
Noting the influence of extralinguistic factors on the replenishment of the vocabulary of the French language, Gilbert emphasizes that at present there are a number of problems that attract everyone's attention, which are often commented on in newspapers. List of these thematic groups
(centre d`interet) is presented in alphabetical order: 1. car and traffic; 2.atomic energy; 3. audiovisual means;
4.leisure; 5. medicine; 6.drug addiction; 7. everyday life; 8.policy;
9. social and professional life; 10. information theory; 11. ecology and environment; 12. economics and finance. The author believes that the main part of the neologisms appearing in the language belongs to one of the listed groups. The validity of such a classification is questionable: the data thematic groups are clearly unequal both in terms of the meaning of the concepts reflected in the life of society, and in terms of the quantitative composition of the lexical units included in the group (compare, for example, groups 6 and 8).
Especially many neologisms appear in the scientific and technical language as a result of the rapid progress of science and technology.
So, for example, in the Russian language, during the period of the emergence and development of aviation, the words appeared: plane, pilot, land, air pocket, etc.
The advent of radio led to the emergence of such words as: radio receiver, radio interference, radio, etc.
The development of atomic energy brought with it new terms: nuclear ship, decontamination; in English, words that appeared relatively recently can serve as examples of neologisms: telespectator-telespectateur (m); atomic reactor -reacteur (m) atomique; nuclear-powered ship
-navire (m) atomique; labeled atoms - atomes marques.
Obviously, such words are perceived as neologisms only until the concepts they express become familiar, after which they are firmly included in the vocabulary and are no longer perceived as new.
It should be noted that neologisms, as a rule, arise on the basis of the existing language tradition, using word-formation means already available in the language.
So, for example, the neologism nuclear ship noted above, which arose in the language in connection with the implementation of the plan for the construction of an atomic icebreaker, morphologically consists of the components atom + move that existed earlier in the language and was modeled after the words steamship, motor ship, electric ship.
The volume of scientific and technical information on foreign language great.
Extensive layers of terminological vocabulary, characterized by direct or partial motivation, are increasingly being included in the active vocabulary, affecting the nature of word-formation relationships within the language.
Representing a neutral denotative word with an exact nominative meaning, the term denotes specific subject, phenomenon, concept, process without evaluation element. To the terminological vocabulary, most often the so-called dominant keywords and phrases.
R. K. Minyar-Beloruchev notes that “a term is a word endowed with the quality to designate a scientific concept that, together with other concepts of a given branch of science or technology, constitutes one semantic system.”
The need to name new objects or phenomena that are the result of the development of society itself, as well as the socio-economic differentiation that takes place in society, according to M.L. Papko, contributed to the emergence of terminological complexes (TC): grande bourgeoisie, travail manuel, integration sociale.
Big specific gravity TC in the terminological system of sociology, politics, economics is explained by linguistic and extralinguistic factors: the discrepancy between the infinity of knowledge of objective reality and limited linguistic resources, the very language form, which is the phrase, the continuous development of society and further deepening scientific knowledge.
In French, terms are built according to traditional word-formation models, and some words are also used in a general sense, as special terms (corbeau-1.raven; 2.bracket; also-
1. sleeve; 2. hose). This layer of vocabulary undoubtedly needs serious research, which is of interest not only in practical but also in theoretical terms, since the definition of terms is directly related to the replenishment of the vocabulary of the language. In addition, the identification of certain patterns in the formation of a term and the definition of its stylistic role can contribute to the development of issues of terminological lexicography. The ways of creating terms are reduced mainly to the formation of derivative words and multilingual borrowing. The appearance of the term in the scientific style is associated with the semantic development of general language vocabulary, which proceeds in 2 directions - metaphorical transfer and enrichment of the concept
In French, terms are mainly expressed by nouns, verbs, adjectives, less often by adverbs.
For linguistics, the study of terminological vocabulary has great importance both from the point of view of reflecting in it the modern level of a particular science, the logical harmony of building a scientific system, and from the standpoint of the ways of terminology formation, its linguistic design.
Terminology - the most dynamic sphere of vocabulary at the present stage of language development - makes it possible to reveal productive processes that occur not only in the metalanguage, but also in the general literary language, since the term is not a special type of lexical unit, and only there is a function, a form of its use.
Suffixation, perfixation and parasynthesis.
The analysis of neologisms shows that the vocabulary of the modern French language is replenished in the following ways: 1) morphologically as a result of affixal transformation; 2) semantic as a result of rethinking the existing meaning of the word; 3) by addition; 4) by abbreviation; 5) borrowing.
The most represented is the group of nouns that arise according to the standard rule, according to the productive models of word formation of the language, including 1 or 2 affix morphemes, a suffix or a prefix. Less common, but no less important, are borrowing, compound words, and rethinking the meanings of words.
It should be noted that in the French scientific text the terms are expressed mainly by nouns, verbs, adjectives, less often by adverbs. Suffixation is a very common phenomenon in the language.
Some suffixes give a large number of terminological units: -ite,
Isme, -ence, -ure, -tien, -iste, etc.
The suffix -it is usually attached to the stems of adjectives, denoting quality, means. Its main meaning is the objectivity of quality: reductible-reductibilité reduced, preserved - diminutiveness, persistence.
The suffixes -isme, -iste give simultaneous pair formations: antimilitariste-antimilitarisme antimilitariste-antimilitarisme.
The suffixes -tion, -ation, in addition to denoting action and effectiveness, often denote a state: dеcurtation - drying of the tops of trees, reaction - counteraction, coagulation - clotting, vaporation - evaporation.
Since at present English has had and continues to have a great influence on the vocabulary of the French language, the French linguist P. Lera, not without reason, believes that the stability of suffixes
–aire, -eur, -el is supported by borrowings from English into
–ary, -er, -al. Lera speaks of a new "relantization" taking place in the vocabulary of modern French based on French (rather than Latin) morphology, often under the influence of words borrowed from English - Anglo-Americanisms of Romance origin, for example: conversationel, résidentiel, textuel.
Prefixation is such an affixal way of word formation, in which the word-formation meaning is expressed using prefixes. Functionally and, partially, semantically, prefixes are close to suffixes. However, there are also significant differences between them. Suffixes, being at the end of a word, are stressed, therefore they are more closely merged with the generating stem than prefixes. The word-formation meaning of suffixes is more complex and diverse than that of prefixes; a significant number of prefixes do not have particular meanings (inter-, in-, hyper-, pré-, pro-).
Prefixes, which have a clear derivational meaning, are more dependent on the generating stem than suffixes. Hence the possibility of lexicalization
(i.e. independent use of prefixes as words): ultra
(m) - ultra, super-reactionary; super - the highest, highest quality.
This is the relative independence of prefixes from the generating base, their semantic proximity to function words - prepositions - makes it necessary to distinguish between prefix formations and compound words. In earlier studies on romance (for example, in the works
A. Darmsteter) prefixation refers not to affixal word formation, but to word formation. Note that in modern French, some prefixes are written, like compound words, with a hyphen; compare: cache-nez and extra-fin, ex-dйputй.
Prefixes are semantically close to function words, from which derivatives are not formed. Consequently, functionally, prefixes are closer to suffixes, and not to generating stems. In word formation, the foundations of significant words are combined.
Parasynthesis, or the prefix-suffix method of word formation, is the creation of new words by simultaneously adding a prefix and a suffix to the generating stem. Thus, in parasynthesis, the interaction of two other morphological methods of word formation is manifested - prefixation and suffixation
(or its functional replacement).
Expansion of the meaning of words and word formation.
Dictionary enrichment can occur by changing the meanings of existing words by expanding their meanings. The expansion of meaning is understood as such a development in which the word, originally denoting a concept, for the most part concrete and particular, begins to denote a more general concept.
All nouns, the meaning of which is being rethought, can be divided into 3 groups, characterized by different properties.
1) Words whose meaning changes only in combination with a certain word: parapluie (m) - umbrella; parapluie noir - the black curtain of fascism; parapluie atomatique - atomic protection (curtain); parapluie onusien - under UN protection.
2) Words that are used regardless of the component following them. This is a specific group that includes:
A. words that acquire a new political meaning in connection with rethinking (expansion of meaning): categorie (f)-category-class; visa (m)-visa - (trans.) complete freedom of action for a journalist; occultation (f) - eclipse - veiling something from the masses.
The meaning of the following words is similar: information (f) - important news; procedure - the structure of the agenda; pertinence
(f) – the validity or appropriateness of the action (political);
B. specific words begin to denote abstract concepts: dossier (m) - business - problem; seuil (m) - threshold - age limit
(psychology);
B. a certain group of words, being rethought, acquires a new content: suite (f) - a row, a string, a connection - a passage room; console (f) - a table with curved legs - the totality of the entire body of communication equipment;
D. metamorphic rethinking of words: cactus (m) - an obstacle, a nuisance - a thorn; omelette (f) - omelet - political confusion (fam.); perchoir (m) - perch - parliament (fam.).
3) words rethought into scientific terms (as a rule, everyday meaning): banque (m) - bank - banque de mots, banque de terminologie - linguistic term; flottement (m) - financial term; class (f) is a statistical term.
Observations on neologisms (compound words) allow us to conclude that in modern French nouns have a wide semantic range and are used to define new concepts that appear in scientific, socio-political and everyday vocabulary. This is explained by the fact that words consisting of two (and sometimes more) words are a convenient means for conveying complex concepts in a concise form, which is especially important when forming terms. “The desire to form compound words,” writes G.O. Vinokur, “is natural already because in this way the very possibility of forming new words from known material expands ... very often there is a need to express two ideas in one word.”
In French, compound words are usually formed according to general rules developed during the development of the language. A feature of word formation in French is the fact that not bases are connected, but whole words, between which there is a coordinating or subordinating one.
A coordinative connection exists when two nouns are connected, each of which can be considered as an application to the other. This is how neologisms are formed compound words: chemise-veste
(m), portrait-robot (m), heure-cerveau (m), moine-meager (m). The group of complex nouns with the most diverse subordination:
A) noun + de + noun: rez-de-jardin;
B) truncated noun on "o" + noun: йcosysteme (m)
Clinocar (m), pyrodrame (m), logotype (m), video-gramme (m);
C) verb + noun: mange-disques (m);
D) adjective + noun: national-petrilisme (m), cornelo-rasinisme (m);
E) the substantiated part of the sentence: tout-en-un (m), prkt-a-porter (m).
Consideration of the semantics of compound words shows that most of the new nouns are terms: a) medical terms: clinocar (m), criminogenese (f), schisophrene (m); b) technical: optoelectronique (f), distribanque (m), lunambule (m), mange-disques
(m); c) socio-political: national-petrolisme (m), femme-obget
(f), moine-menager (m), greve-bouchon (f) ; d) household: electromenagiste (m), unisexe (m), sexplosion (f), chemise-veste (f); e) scientific: heure-cerveau (m), cornelorasinisme (m).
It should be noted that word composition in French is less developed than in some other languages (Russian, German). This can be explained by the following features of French word formation:
1. first of all, independent parts of the word are combined, and not stems, which, in turn, is caused by the morphemic structure of French names, where the stem is equal to the word, which is why thematic connecting vowels are only in one word-formation type: franco-soviétique; 2. the French language is not characterized by juxtaposition of the elements of compound words; 3. Most compound words in French are nouns.
Borrowing and reduction.
The next way to enrich the vocabulary is borrowing from other languages. The expansion of economic and cultural ties, the development of science and technology leads to the emergence of new concepts and words, borrowing from other languages. The studied material indicates that borrowings from the English language are most widely represented.
First of all, they borrow words in certain combinations: a) economic terms: auditeur interne, buisiness school, credibilite gap, shampooing, buisiness-game, l`audit (m), merchandising (m), basemen (m), couponing (m ) ; b) household terms: kit (m), schoping (m), padding (m), deodorant (m), gadjet (m), charter (m); c) socio-political terms: sponsoring (m), mailing (m), staff (m), busing
(m), senseur (m).
It is noteworthy that the vast majority of borrowings are nouns formed from participle 1.
Compound words are also borrowed, which can be grouped according to their structural composition. in the following way: a) substantive part of the sentence: mix-and-match (m); b) noun + noun: aid-man (m), cash-flow (m), lip-service (m), cover-baby (m); c) verb
Prepositional postpositive: teach-in (m), sit-in (m).
According to their semantic composition, compound words borrowed from the English language are terms: a) commercial, economic: cash-flow (m), shopping-center (m); b) household: mix-and-match (m), baby-food (m); c) socio-political: aid-man (m), lip-service (m), teach-in (m), talent-scout (m).
There are borrowings from other languages - Greek: praxis (f); Arabic: baraka (m); Canadian: tobogann (m); Scandinavian
(Swedish): aubudsman (m).
Many borrowings in French have expanded their meaning or changed their original meaning. So, for example, tobogann (m)
- a public attraction with a sled, sledding has acquired a new meaning - a metal device for the unhindered passage of cars at a crossroads.
As you know, lexical borrowings are one of the sources of terminology formation. Their study allows us to trace the complexity of language processes, the interweaving of internal and external phenomena in the language, the impact of the latter on various parts of the language structure.
Considering that the French language constantly needs words-terms and therefore resorts to the specialization of commonly used words, some linguists conclude that the French language is characterized by the desire to perceive foreign language units in indecomposable and unanalyzable forms. This leads to the relative predominance of borrowings proper and that "tracing of scientific and technical terms does not always meet the needs of accurate reproduction of a foreign original."
As you know, the word "satellite", which has wide circle usage in Russian, entered the French language with one meaning "Soviet artificial satellite" - spoutnik.
Note that this lexical borrowing has a dual function. This is, firstly, the nomination function. In addition, with the help of this noun, a differentiation of concepts is introduced: sateillite artificiel - an artificial satellite (more often "American artificial satellite"). In French, the Russian word, having adapted, expanded the range of usage, entering the phrase la vaisseau-spoutnik - "spaceship", which, in turn, was a synonym for the primordial formation la vaisseau spatial. As a result, a synonymic series was formed: vaisseau –spoutnik- vaisseau spatiale- vaisseau cosmique-navire spatial-navire cosmique-navire de l’espace, in which vaisseau-spoutnik represents the structure from a borrowed word and is native, and vaisseau cosmique is a tracing paper of the Russian language.
All borrowed words can be divided into four groups:
1. words used to denote concepts that are peculiar only to the country from whose language they are borrowed: aid man
(m) - a doctor who helped the Americans in Vietnam; kid (m) cap with a long visor named after an American hero from the movie
Ch. Chaplin; western-spaghetti (m) - Italian action movie in an American way.
2. words that expanded the meaning: staff (m) - support - any support of the party leader, minister; lip-serice (m) - oral promise - assurances; sportswear (m) - sportswear; living
(m) - housing - common room, furniture.
3. words that have acquired a new meaning: padding (m) - mattress stuffing - laying in the working women's clothing; fad (m) - whim
- a whim of fashion; gadjet (m) - a trinket - a bright sticker on clothes.
4. borrowed words introduce new concepts: brushing (m)
-soaping; cash-flow (m) - sit-in.
The formation of noun neologisms through reduction, or abbreviation, reflects the tendency to save language resources. This phenomenon was especially developed in the 20th century. It should be distinguished: 1) reduction of words by truncation - a morphological method of word formation, 2) reduction of phrases, as a result of which initial compound words are created, and 3) word mergers, 2), 3) - morphological and syntactic methods of word formation.
1. Mostly polysyllabic book words are truncated when they are widely used in colloquial speech: mitropolitain - métro, microphone - micro, television - télé.
This happens in accordance with the phonetic tendencies of the French language "to a significant reduction and reduction of words"
(Bally, 1955). Thus, polysyllabic book words, becoming one (two-) complex by means of truncation, are likened to folk words.
2. it is believed that the reduction of phrases occurred in the Latin language (PS-post scriptum), and in the 20th century. has become widespread. However, NB (nota bene), PS, etc. are graphic, not lexical abbreviations. Only lexical abbreviations are word-forming, in which a new lexical unit is created from the phrase - a compound abbreviated initial word: ONU (Organization des Nations Unies), CEE
(Conseil économique européen), HLM (Habitation a loyer modéré), SIDA (syndrome d'immunodécit approprié).
Depending on their phonemic composition (presence or absence of vowels in the middle of a word, correspondence or not of the resulting word to French words in form), initial abbreviations are divided into: 1) alphabetisms, or letter abbreviations: PTT, TSF, GGT; acronyms, or sound abbreviations that have at least one vowel phoneme and are pronounced like normal words: OTAN, SMIC, CAPES,
Unlike truncated words, initial words are stylistically neutral and belong mainly to political, economic, military scientific terminology: RFA, OPEP, OTAN, PDG.
In explanatory and bilingual dictionaries, initial abbreviations are usually not registered. They must be looked for in special dictionaries of abbreviations. An increase in the number of initial abbreviations leads to homonymy, which is especially often observed in two-component words.
Thus, the abbreviation AM corresponds to 76 items: Académie de médecine, acte de mariage, administration militaire, aironautique maritime, etc., GM-67, F.M.-35, and C.A.-105.
The scope of the use of many initial words is limited to a certain branch of science or technology.
3. Word fusion (telescope) is a method of word formation in which part of one word merges to form a single whole with part of another word or with the whole word: minibus = mini + autobus; prop'art = propagande + l'art;
Benelux = belgo + nérlando + luxembourgeois. This way of word formation great development in recent decades.
It is found in various styles - from the political and economic language of the press to slang.
By their structure, bullion words can consist of such parts as, for example: 1) the initial part of the 1st word + the whole 2nd word: restaurant + route = restauroute; 2) the initial parts of the 1st and 2nd words: plastique + solide = plastisol; 3) the initial part of the 1st + the final part of the 2nd word: stagnation + inflation = stagflation, etc.
The formation of neologism nouns through onomatopoeia or homotopy is represented by only two examples: tralalire, brain-drain.
Analysis of neologisms - terms in French economic texts.
Leader incontesté sur le marché du sirop, Tiesserie n'en pas moins attaqué depuis plusieurs années par les marque de distributeurs. Sur le segment des bidons, qui pise la moitié du marché, la marque ne détient plus que 38% de parts de marché en valeure, contre 50% pour les marques d'enseignes, qui vendent leurs produits basiques agrumesplantes environ 3 francs de moins. « Dйs 1990, nous avons compris qu'une sortie par le haut s' imposait, affirme
Richard Masurek, director of marketing. En effet les mesures d'elasticité-prix, mennées par Nielsen, se sont révélés trop décevantes. Or, nous n'entendons pas sacrifier notre rentabilité dans le seul but de mentenir notre part de marché. (Economie d'entreprise).
So, the word leader is borrowed from English, in translation it means "leader". But, it should be noted that, having come to French, this word expanded its meaning and also means "editorial article".
Explaining the origin of the neologism marketing, it must be said that it is used primarily in economic terminology.
It is borrowed from the American. In modern French, this anglicism is used more often than its synonymous neologisms: marchаnge (derived from marchы), mercatique (from lat.mercatus, marchй) and marchandisage (from marchandise).
The next neologism еlasticity-prix - the elasticity of prices, by wording, has turned into an economic term.
Ouverte a la circulation le 22 mars , la section LAONS-REIMS de l’autoroute A.26 (52.5 km) achève la liaison CALAS-REIMS et permet d’effectuer, sans quitter l’autoroute, les 600 km du trajet CALAIS-
De nombreuses innovations techniques ont ety mises en oeuvre pour réaliser la construction dans un délai tris court et dans les meilleures conditions and conomiques.
Pour franchir la vallée de la veste, une technique tris particulière de consolidation des sols mous a yté utilisé: renforsement de la base des remblais par des matériaux géotextiques, a haute résistance en traction. la solution la plus adapté, sur le plan technico-économique, pour réaliser la chaussée, a été la mise en oeuvre d'une structure en dalle épaisse de béton de ciment.
(Fait marquant, 1990).
The emergence of the neologism autoroute is associated with the emergence of new concepts in the automotive vocabulary. He replaced the French term autostrade. Formed by merging the whole word route and the abbreviated word automobile- auto.
Gёtextique is also formed by compounding from Greek gёo and French textique.
By compounding, the next term is also formed - tychnico- йconomique.
Ce qui m' a beaucoup frapé aux Etats-Unis, c' est le nombre de vente-réclames ou des soldes. Pour le 4 juillet, pour les anniversaires des Présidents, pour Thanksgiving, pour Noël biensure, pour Mermorial Day, et je suis certain d'en oublier. Ici, nous avons des soldes de fins de série, ou d'inventaire, et des prix spésiaux de lancement, mais c'est a peu prés tous.
Est-ce que vous faites appel a des publicitaires pour organizer vos campagnes?
Au début, nous faisons notre publicité nous-memes, nous chérchions des slogans, nous préparions nos annonces et nous achetions de l'espace dans les différent journaux et périodiques pour publier nos réclames. Mais maintenant nous utilisons les services d'une agence de publicité et ... je dois avouer que le rendement nettement supérieure.
It should be noted that with the development of commerce and advertising in French, neologisms in terminology arise. Since the passage is devoted to advertising, it contains a large number of terms that have appeared relatively recently and which can be called neologisms.
Vente-réclame. IN encyclopedic dictionary this word is absent, as it is used in economic terminology.
Therefore, we turn to the economic dictionary, where we find the translation - advertising sale.
Having studied the methods of formation in French terminology, we can come to the conclusion that this word is formed by addition.
Vente, having several different meanings, as Larousse shows, is used in many phrases, while expanding the meaning of other words.
Réclame itself (from lat. Reclamare) appeared a long time ago in French (1625) and was used in the field of typography, theater and music. With the development of mass media, it began to be used as a synonym for "publicity" (1869).
Slogan - borrowed from English; a Scottish word from the Gaulish language, where it meant "the call of the clan to war." In French, in the meaning of “slogan”, it began to be used in politics and advertising only at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Solde - Borrowed from Italian (soldo).
Agence de publicity is a terminological complex that can be called a neologism, although its components have long been used in the language. However, in this combination they do not lose their lexical-semantic independence.
« On se donne douze mois pour réfléchir, répond Vincent Grimond, le
PDG du Studio Canal. Nous discutons avec tous les groupes américains a l'exeption de la Fox de Ruper Murdoch, qui a choisi de s'attaquerseul au marché european" .Outre le miliardaire Al-Valid, on parle du tandem Belusconi-Kirch. Mais, depuis peu, la nouvelle entité RTL
Group, issue de la fusion de la CLT-UFA et de Pearson TV, semble tenir la corde.
Turning to French magazines and newspapers, I found a huge number of abbreviations that can be attributed to neologisms, since abbreviation is one of the ways new words penetrate into the language. Moreover, these initial words are stylistically neutral and belong mainly to terminology.
To decipher these abbreviations, we turn to the dictionary of abbreviations.
PDG- président directeur général, general director appeared in
20th century with the development of marketing and commerce (1960).
RTL- revue technique luxembourgeoise, Revue technique luxembourgeoise, Luxembourg periodical.
CLT-UFA. It should be noted that the dictionary of abbreviations does not give the full meaning of CLT-UFA.. But, since this is a compound word, we can look at a separate interpretation of CLT and UFA.. However, there are several meanings of CLT.
1.CLT- code language télégramme. encrypted telegram.
2. CLT- compagnie légire de transmission. Light communications company.
3. CLT- compagnie légire de transport. Light transport company.
4. CLT - Compagnie luxembourgeoise de télédiffusion.
Based on the context, choose the 4th definition and give the value
TV - télévision, television.
So, the analysis of French texts allows us to conclude that in the French language, due to the progress of science and technology, there are indeed a large number of neologisms in the field of terminology, and this allows the language to develop and remain alive.
Despite the fact that more and more anglicisms are being introduced into French, other ways of forming neologisms in terminology are still relevant to this day.
Anglicisms, Spanishisms, Italianisms, Russianisms make the terminology international, since the same spelling and meaning allow scientists and specialists to better understand each other.
The growing number of abbreviations testify to the trend of saving language resources and simplifying the language.