Speech development is one of the issues that parents are most concerned about. In practice, their experiences are poured out in different ways. One category of parents sounds the alarm when a baby at 2 years old does not pronounce detailed phrases. After all, according to their grandmother, at that time they already knew Agnia Barto's poems by heart. Another category of parents stubbornly does not notice the pathology in the development of the baby. And only after the doctor's verdict - a delay in speech development, they begin to turn to specialists. But sometimes time is lost. It is almost impossible for a baby to fully adapt to life. How is speech delay manifested in children? And when should you sound the alarm?

Causes of pathology

Delayed speech development in a child can be triggered by social and biological factors.

biological sources

The reason lies in the brain dysfunction provoked by brain damage in the perinatal period. The anamnesis of such children contains:

• in childbirth;
• intrauterine hypoxia;
• hypotrophy;
• prematurity (prematurity);
• intrauterine infection;
• birth injury;
• neonatal encephalitis, ;
• deafness of the child;
• prolonged and frequent illnesses at an early age.

Social Sources

Sometimes a delay in speech development in a baby is due to an unfavorable environment, which is characterized by a deficit of speech contacts. Common causes become:

• underdevelopment of a culture of communication in the family;
• hospitalism syndrome (if the baby is often sick);
• pedagogical neglect;
• emotional stress.

Speech development is also inhibited by overprotection. Parents warn all the needs and desires of the baby. The child does not have stimulation for independent speech activity.

An overly informative environment is destructive. An excessive flow of information that is not appropriate for age leads to the habit of not listening to speech and not delving into its meaning.

Signs of pathology or when to sound the alarm

For a correct understanding of what signs signal a problem, you should know the conditional norms for the development of babies. A specialist neonatologist is already able to tell a lot by the cry of a newborn (its sound and volume).

Infant under 1 year old

Normal development is characterized by the following features:

• cooing stage - observed from 1.5 to 2 months;
• babble - characteristic of a baby 4-5 months old;
• babbling words - says a baby of 7-8.5 months;
• the first words - girls use at 9-10 months, and boys - at 11-12.

The following signs speak of pathology:

• little humming activity;
• soundlessness;
• lack of babbling;
• uniformity of vocalization;
• lack of emotional response to adults (by 4 months);
• misunderstanding of simple words;
• non-pronunciation of elementary syllables ma-ma at the age of 8-9 months.

Baby from 1 -1.5 years

At this age, an infant's active vocabulary contains about 10 words (mom, dad, and others). The passive dictionary has approximately 200 words. These are the names of actions and everyday objects.

Pathology is signaled by:

• lack of response to speech and sound;
• inability to reproduce words;
• misunderstanding of the simplest actions - sit down, come here;
• difficulties in the process of chewing (if a baby at 1.5 years old often chokes on even an apple).

Baby up to 2 years old

The age of 1.6-1.8 years is characterized as a lexical explosion. Words that are in the baby's passive vocabulary abruptly turn into an active one. Some children given period starts at 2 years old. At normal development there is a sudden transition of children to active speech. By the age of 2, children voice simple sentences consisting of 2 words.

Inhibition of speech development characterizes:

• the child says only a few words;
• inability to fulfill a simple request (show or action);
• does not repeat new words.

Baby at 2-3 years old

By the age of 3, children build sentences consisting of 3-4 words.

Speech development delay in children 3 years old is characterized by:

• inability to name surrounding objects, parts of the body;
• inability to point by name to a known object;
• inability to compose simple (of 2 words) phrases.

Child 3-4 years old

The kid begins to master grammatical forms. Changes words according to gender and number. Says whole sentences. In his speech he uses adjectives, pronouns, adverbs.

Speech development delay in 4-year-old children is determined by the following factors:

• the baby constantly rumbles, his speech is fast and incomprehensible or draws out words strongly;
• he does not build elementary sentences in which there is a subject, a predicate and several objects;
• does not accept simple explanations or stories;
• swallows the endings of spoken words;
• the baby says only phrases from books or cartoons;
• he does not build his sentences, but repeats the phrases of adults;
• there is an ajar mouth and increased salivation (this phenomenon is not associated with the growth of teeth).

Children 5 years old

Speech development delay in 5-year-old children leads to serious pathology. Up to 4 years, the baby masters the world. He rarely engages in communication. But from the age of 5, children draw information from communication with peers and adults. The low availability of speech leads to inhibition of mental development. Quite often at children of 5 years deviations in mental development are confirmed.

Doctors say that the delay in psychomotor and speech development are closely related. The crumbs, in which pathology is detected / e / tsya, late begin to hold their heads, walk and sit down. These children are clumsy, often injured by falling or bumping into objects.

Consequences of pathology

A kid who has developed a pathology that does not receive the necessary treatment is far behind his peers. Such children are recommended only specialized schools for the correctional program.

Any stress (mental, and sometimes: vaccination or fever) can aggravate the condition and lead to multiple symptoms:

• hysterics;
• memory loss;
• sleep disturbance;
• increased distractibility;
• aggression.

Diagnosis of pathology

Most parents believe that with problems in speech development, you should contact a speech therapist. This is the most common mistake. Since the speech therapist only teaches the baby to pronounce various sounds correctly. Perhaps this is at a conscious age of 4-5 years. A speech therapist begins his corrective work with a child at this age.

A baby with speech pathology should be examined by a group of specialists:

• pediatrician;
• pediatric neurologist;
• otolaryngologist;
• psychiatrist;
• speech therapist;
• psychologist.

Neurological diagnostics is aimed at identifying brain damage. It includes surveys:

• EchoEG.

Consultation with an otolaryngologist allows you to exclude ailments: chronic otitis media, hearing loss,.

Child treatment

The actual question is when to start corrective work? Doctors say - as soon as possible. Neurologists with early detection of pathology begin treatment from 1 year.

A defectologist works with children who have reached 2 years of age. His work is aimed at developing the crumbs of thinking, attention, motor skills, memory.

Teachers-proofreaders and speech development specialists work with children aged 2-2.5 years.

Speech therapists, whose job is to correctly pronounce sounds, the ability to build sentences and a competent story, begin classes with children at the age of 4-5 years.

Medical therapy

Medicines are prescribed by a pediatric neurologist based on a thorough examination. The crumbs are prescribed the following drugs:

1. nootropic drugs. Preparations known as building material and active nutrition for the brain. Common drugs: Actovegin, Lecithin, Cortexin, Neuromultivit.
2. Drugs that stimulate the functioning of speech zones. Effective means Cogitum.

Physiotherapy

Restoration of the functioning of various centers of the brain responsible for pronunciation, vocabulary the baby, his intellectual abilities and speech activity, stimulate:

• electroreflexotherapy is an effective method, but it is contraindicated for babies with convulsive syndrome, mental disorders;
• magnetotherapy.

Correctional work of the teacher

Drug therapy is ineffective if it is not accompanied by pedagogical impact. Medical centers for working with children who are lagging behind in speech development are developing entire training programs. This adjustment is aimed at:

• weakening and correction of negative factors of development;
• prevention of the consequences of speech inhibition;
• overcoming difficulties in the learning process.

Teachers use practical, visual and technical rehabilitation tools. For each kid, an individual plan is chosen, and lessons are thought out in the form of a game.

Parental treatment

Do not rely only on the help of specialists. Parents should actively engage with their child. Favorable results will bring:

1. The development of manual motor skills. The centers responsible for the development of manual motor skills and articulation are nearby. The development of the hand, as it were, tightens the development of speech. Puzzles, constructor, mosaic, insert games, cubes are very useful for the baby. Provide your baby with pyramids, lacing toys, balls, ring toss. It is recommended to train children on simulators for tying shoelaces and fastening buttons. It is useful for a kid to sculpt plasticine crafts, draw with paints (especially with fingers), string beads on a fishing line, embroider elementary drawings, and make engravings.
2. Massage. The procedure is very useful for deviations in psychophysical development. It is recommended to continue it in the younger school age.
3. Outdoor games. Psychologists advise using the logorhythmic technique. Games should be aimed at developing the ability to navigate in space. It is necessary to select exercises that allow you to move deftly and rhythmically, periodically changing the pace of movement. Useful for the child are games in which movements must be accompanied by speech.
4. Music therapy. Play with the baby according to the principle: Guess what sounded ?, Recognize the voice, Name the sounded instrument. Such games allow you to develop attention, teach you to concentrate, hear the rhythm, and catch the coloring of voices.
5. visual attention. The development of such attention is achieved by a variety of games with multi-colored sticks, cubes, stripes, geometric shapes. Effective use of special cards.

doctor advises

Effective drugs and treatments may be useless if the child is not provided with a supportive speech environment. Be sure to stimulate the child's speech development. Alternative methods such as dolphin therapy, hippotherapy (the process of treating horses) can serve as an effective addition to the above-mentioned treatment.

Do not despair if you notice a lag in your baby in speech development. The main thing is not to delay. Seek professional help as soon as possible. Statistics show that the correction of speech disorders, started at an early age, leads to the fact that a six-year-old baby does not differ at all from his peers.

Usually parents are very sensitive to the way their child speaks. After all correct speech- this is one of the most obvious signs of the normal intellectual development of the baby. If the baby begins to speak early, clearly and clearly - the parents are happy and proud. But a child with a speech delay causes concern and anxiety for moms and dads. And this is absolutely correct - after all, speech disorders are effectively treated only at the age of 2.5 to 7 years. Then it might just be too late.

Normal development of speech in children

How should a child's speech develop? What is considered the norm?

• AT year the baby should be able to speak about ten words. Naturally, these are still “childish” words, understandable only to him and you - “ma”, “ba”, “ki” (pussy). At the same time, the child must know the names of objects and actions familiar to him and respond to them: “give me a cube”, “let's go for a walk”, “bed”, “spoon”, “window”.
• AT two years the baby begins to speak in short sentences and use simple adjectives and pronouns (“I went”, “white pussy”). The vocabulary of a child, as a rule, consists of 50-100 words.
• AT 2.5 years the baby should pronounce more or less correctly about 200-300 words, and also know his name and speak, uses adjectives. At this age, the child begins to ask questions, tries to imitate the voices of animals - “meow”, “woof-woof”, etc.
• To three years children should be able to coherently compose a story from several sentences. In speech, pronouns, adverbs, adjectives must be used correctly. The kid should be understood by an outsider.

Naturally, the given norms are very relative - after all, all children different character, temperament, heredity, and the environment in which they grow up is different. In addition, as a rule, boys begin to speak later than girls by 4-5 months.

However, these guidelines will help attentive parents assess whether the baby's speech is appropriate for his age. If the lag is significant, then it may be time to contact a specialist.

Signs of a clear delay in the development of speech in children

Parents should start to worry if a child:

• AT 4 months does not respond to the appeal of the mother, does not smile at her.
• AT 9 months does not babble.
• AT 1.5 years: does not pronounce simple words; does not know the names of the surrounding objects and his own name; unable to follow a simple command such as "give me your hand" or "come to me."
• AT 2.5 years: knows few words; does not remember the names of objects; cannot speak in sentences, at least two words.
• AT 3 years: speaks incomprehensibly even to you; cannot make a sentence of three words, but speaks in phrases from fairy tales, rhymes and "cartoons" or repeats the phrases of adults uttered in front of him; does not understand your explanations; speaks very slowly or, conversely, too quickly, swallowing the endings; the baby has difficulty chewing and may choke on even a small piece; walks with a constantly half-open mouth; He has increased salivation for no apparent reason.

If you notice any of these signs in your baby, you should immediately contact your pediatrician. The doctor will prescribe an examination and refer you to the appropriate specialist. The earlier the treatment of delayed speech development in a child is started, the more likely it is that by school he will not be any different from his peers.

What are speech delays in children?

Language Development Delay (SPD)- this is when the baby does not speak the way it should be at his age.

Distinguish:

• Speech articulation disorder- the child speaks very indistinctly, even relatives cannot understand him, but at the same time he understands everything, does not have any mental disorders and is otherwise completely healthy.
• Expressive speech delay- the baby's speech is significantly behind his age norm / the child speaks very little or is silent at all.
• Receptive speech disorder- the child does not understand well what is said to him, although his hearing is all right.
• Combinations previous disorders.

Causes of speech delay in children

Experts divide the causes of speech disorders into social and physiological, that is, those that are related to health.

To social factors usually attributed to improper upbringing, depriving children of the desire to speak.

• This may be insufficient attention to the child - he simply has no one to talk to. Or parents speak so fast that the baby does not have time to isolate individual words and, in the end, stops trying to understand the adult.
• Sometimes the environment that is not suitable for the baby can lead to problems with speech - the child grows up in an environment where speech loses its value. For example, the TV is constantly on, adults are talking loudly to each other, a lot of extraneous sounds. The kid gets used not to listen to the speech and begins to speak with quotes from the "cartoons", not attaching importance to the words.
• Oddly enough, overprotection can also lead to a delay in the development of speech - in families with over-attentive parents, children can also lose their motivation to develop speech - after all, they are already understood!
• Very often there are difficulties with speech in children in bilingual families.
• And, of course, excessive demands on the child can “beat off” any desire to speak. Parents force the baby to repeat the same words and phrases, causing him to have a negative attitude towards speech.

Speech tempo delay associated with a lack of motivation to communicate is the easiest to correct. Of course, with timely treatment to the doctor. The best results are obtained by treatment started before 3–4 years of age. If you start to study with the child on time, then by the age of six he can catch up with his peers and even overtake them.

However, speech correction can be started even later, even at 5 or 7 years old. The main thing is not to ignore the problem.

To physiological factors Speech developmental delays include:

• hearing impairment;
• underdevelopment of the organs of articulation: lips, tongue, facial muscles, soft palate;
• visual impairment;
• brain damage, neurological diseases (intrauterine trauma, hypoxia, difficult or premature birth, trauma in the first year of life, severe illness at an early age);
• injury psychological plan(fear, parental quarrels);
• alcoholism of parents;
• heredity (if the parents in the family started talking late, then this is a reason for close monitoring of the baby and early contact with a specialist);
• congenital diseases: cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, autism, hyperactivity syndrome.

The delay in the development of speech in children associated with the listed reasons is treated much more difficult and longer. In these cases, the help of a doctor is required, and sometimes the joint efforts of different specialists.

Which specialists deal with speech disorders

Many parents believe that speech therapists are involved in the treatment of speech disorders. In fact, speech therapists only "set" the correct pronunciation of sounds. They start working with children from the age of four or five. Very few speech therapists work with younger children. But to wait so long, if the child clearly does not speak the way it should be at his age, it is impossible in any case.

Speech delay in a child requires, first of all, finding out the reasons. Only after this, the necessary specialist will be able to correct the development of the baby - a defectologist, psychologist, neuropathologist, speech therapist or even a psychiatrist.

The neurologist can start treatment already one year old baby if he has been diagnosed with a neurological disease. Defectologists and corrective teachers work with 2-year-old children, they are engaged in improving memory, thinking, attention, and motor skills. At the age of 4–5, speech therapists are involved, who teach children to speak clearly and competently, to build a story.

How is RRR treated?

Speech delay in children is treatable - the main thing is to start it on time, be patient and show some perseverance.
Treatment of speech disorders usually consists of the following components.

• Drug therapy

The attending physician will prescribe medicines for you, as a rule, these are means for “feeding” the neurons of the brain and for stimulating the speech zones.

• Magnetotherapy, electroreflexotherapy, dolphin therapy and hippotherapy

These methods of therapy allow you to influence the areas of the brain responsible for diction, memory, and intelligence. Magnetic therapy has no contraindications, but electroreflexotherapy cannot be used to treat children with epilepsy, convulsive syndrome and mental illness.

Dolphin therapy, hippotherapy and similar alternative methods are practiced by some specialists. These treatments are selected individually.

• Work with proofreading teacher

No drug therapy, if it is not accompanied by the work of a corrective teacher, psychologist or defectologist, is not able to eliminate the tempo delay of speech. The task of teachers is mental development children, their social adaptation, correction of past mistakes of education, improvement intellectual abilities, memory and attention. Every child is unique, so every child is treated individually.

• Daily work with parents

And, of course, parents should not hope that doctors will do all the work. The successful outcome of treatment largely depends on the perseverance, consistency and patience of mothers and fathers. It is very important that parents engage with the baby in a playful environment, without causing negative emotions in him.

What Methods Do Teachers Use?

The main methods for correcting speech delays are:

• Music and art therapy. Music therapy improves memory and attention. Art therapy improves visual memory.
• Object-sensory therapy, development of large and fine motor skills of hands, massage. For example, all finger games are very useful - modeling from plasticine, drawing with fingers, picking up puzzles, designers, pyramids, playing with cubes, fastening buttons, stringing beads on a thread. This is understandable - in the brain, speech centers are located next to the centers of fine motor skills of the hands, therefore, by developing the motor centers, the child automatically improves his speech.
• Outdoor games. Teachers can advise outdoor games that form the ability to orientate in space, the ability to move rhythmically or special games with speech accompaniment.

In general, it is quite possible to cope with the problem of speech delay in a child if you approach it seriously and responsibly. Just don't let it take its course, hoping that over time everything will go away on its own. From how well and correctly the baby speaks by the age of six, his future psychological development, his ability to communicate with peers and adults, his ability to study at school largely depend. The main thing is not to miss the moment - the sooner you start treatment for speech delay, the more likely it will be successful.

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All healthy kids!
Ps. This applies to boys too! There are just more girls here ;-)

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22 05.2016

Hello dear adults! Our today's meeting is dedicated to 3-year-old children. How do they speak? What they're saying? Why do some people not speak at this age? How can we help them speak correctly? We will talk about why a speech delay in a child of 3 years old should cause you anxiety and how parents should behave in this case.

N. B. Remember the heroine of Irina Muravyova in the movie "Carnival"? How she developed diction. This is very useful exercises- put nuts in your mouth and read tongue twisters. Try to offer a similar game to your little one, and you will see how interesting it will be for him. Instead of walnuts, you can use something smaller, such as hazelnuts or peanuts.

Let's pay attention to how our children speak. There are some normative boundaries that we, adults, can focus on when assessing the level of development of one or another area of ​​the baby's psyche. Let's consider the main ones.

First of all, the speech of a three-year-old child should be understood by others who do not communicate with you every day, i.e. speech should be legible enough for everyone. Secondly, your baby should understand well what you want from him through verbal messages. His vocabulary should be approximately 1000 words.

It is good if the child knows all the objects of the environment in the house, the names of all family members and his home address. In addition, the child must understand questions that require an extended content of the answer, such as "Why?" and for what?".

At 3-4 years old, the baby speaks quite freely on various topics. Not a long story, of course, but quite a coherent speech of short sentences. Build a short phrase of several words should not cause difficulties.

But if difficulties still arise, how to behave? Where to apply? Parents are always interested in the question of what to do and how to avoid such a situation.

It is important to pay attention to it in time so that by the period schooling Your child is no different from his classmates. To help you understand, let's find out the causes of such an unpleasant phenomenon as speech delay.

Causes of delayed speech development in children

Experts note 2 types of causes of speech delay in children:

1. Social
2. Physiological

From the names it is clear that social causes are due to the environment of the upbringing and development of the child, and physiological ones arise from questions about the health of the child. It is difficult to say which of them is more significant. Taken together, each of the causes and all together they affect the level of formation (unformedness) of speech skills, and, as a result, can cause

Social causes include a number of external factors that we can and should influence:

1. Parents in this family do not monitor the purity of their own speech, they speak quickly and unintelligibly, not paying attention to the fact that the baby grows up in the family and, like a sponge, absorbs the same speech.
2. Adults are too concerned about the fate of the baby, and anticipate his every desire. Why, then, should the child learn to speak if he is understood even without words?
3. The opposite situation is when the baby almost does not receive attention from adults. He does not know that people communicate through speech, no one gives him such information.
4. The child does not speak or speaks badly and little in a family where interpersonal relationships are regularly clarified with the help of scandals and screams. The baby's psyche is under stress, and silence acts as a protest or defensive reaction. In such a situation, close to complete dumbness.
5. A positive, but very difficult moment when parents in a family speak several languages. They speak to the child a little on each of them, an overflow of information on the one hand, and a lack of completeness of language structures on the other.
6. Often in the room where the child is located, a sound background is created in the form of a radio or TV, it prevents the baby from receiving full-fledged pure speech information.

N.B. Agree, it is in our power to avoid the emergence and rooting of each of these causes. There would be a desire. Analyze the situation in your family. Do you find that your baby's speech problems are due to social reasons? How will you act?

Physiology is a completely different matter. Here we cannot directly influence the process, but by paying due attention to the baby, supporting his attempts, we will soon be able to note a positive trend. Let's reveal which physiological problems can cause speech delay in the baby.

1. Intrauterine infection or disease of the mother during pregnancy, which affected the formation of the speech centers of the fetus.
2. Premature birth or their difficult course, accompanied by birth trauma or lack of oxygen.
3. Brain injury associated with physical impact or damage to the central nervous system due to prematurity, low birth weight, or infection during childbirth.
4. The baby may have impaired vision or hearing, then the perception of someone else's speech is much more difficult. It is very important for a child to see how sounds are born, and auditory perception should help this.
5. hereditary causes.
6. Congenital malformations are also the cause of the absence or impairment of speech. These may include Down syndrome or autism, cerebral palsy and other diseases.
7. Underdevelopment of the articulatory apparatus, which includes lips, tongue, palate.

The need for medical intervention and the appointment of treatment are due to important prerequisites for the development of disorders of the mental state of the child and general malaise. Treatment is recommended before the child reaches 7 years of age.

Dealing with speech problems

Children 3-4 years old are well influenced by narrow specialists until they have fully formed the organs of articulation. It is important for parents to suspect a speech delay in their child in time in order to help the child cope with the disease faster.

At the age of 3, a neurologist, psychologist, defectologist will have to work with a child. The speech therapist does not yet need to intervene in the process, because his field of activity includes setting the correct sound pronunciation. This specialist, if necessary, can be contacted after 4-5 years.

N.B. Helping parents to preschool institutions and polyclinics there are special rooms where you can get advice on the issue of treatment at any time. And it does not matter if it seems to you that you have not come according to your profile. You will definitely be directed and prompted to whose specialization your question can be attributed. Don't be afraid to ask for help when we are talking about your child!

If you miss the time and visit a specialized office after 7 years, the likelihood that your little one will not be able to fully communicate with peers is quite high.

Excessive loads will be contraindicated for such a child, this can provoke nervous outbursts, aggression or hysteria.

And then the baby will be able to attend only specialized educational institution, calculated on the need to rationally and carefully distribute the load. The educational process will include speech correction exercises and homework, which will be the responsibility of the parents.

In order for the correction of speech activities to give a result, parents should carefully look and listen to their child. You can notice deviations at an early age. If parents think they see a problem, you can always contact a specialist to dispel their suspicions.

If the problem is confirmed, you can immediately begin treatment, and time will not be lost, and the result will appear earlier. A defectologist or a neurologist finds out the cause of the violation and the parents receive an answer to the question What to do?

Methods of treatment for each specific case are selected individually. In different cases, a specialist may prescribe drug treatment with drugs that will improve blood circulation in the vessels of the brain and stimulate speech centers.

In another case, treatment with drugs can be enhanced by the use of magnetotherapy or reflexotherapy procedures. Specialized massage is an excellent addition to treatment, but can also be used as an initial method of correction.

To know that the treatment is being carried out correctly, parents are offered a lesson plan developed by the corrector. Pedagogical support in all cases of correction is as necessary as taking drugs prescribed by a doctor.

Only by acting as a well-coordinated mechanism, adults can help the child overcome the boundaries of helplessness and join the team of peers as a full-fledged link. Now we can make a brief conclusion and classify the methods used in the struggle for the purity of children's speech:

1. Medical method
2. Reflexo and magnetotherapy
3. Classes with a teacher-proofreader

All these methods are designed to help parents. In addition to the steps taken from the field of medicine and pedagogy, parents can also apply at home the knowledge and experience of developments specially designed to correct speech deficiencies and develop the skill as such.

family club

The family is always worried when doctors make appointments for a child. But the role of parents is to help their child. better doctors. Who can, with such care and joy, make faces with him in front of a mirror or persuade him to drink bitter medicine, except for his mother? So let's try to figure out how we can help the baby cope with the problem of speech development.

N.B. To be honest, I prefer not to use the word "problem" at all, in any context. I propose instead to say "question", "problem", "nuance". Agree, the “problem” sounds like a sentence and something insoluble and global. But call it a nuance, and it will be easier to deal with, because a nuance is such a small, insignificant something with which the conversation is short.

Exercises to eliminate the shortcomings of speech and to develop it are very simple and accessible to every mother. Even without knowing it, you can conduct such classes yourself. Do you play with your baby every day? And the game develops children in the best possible way. It’s just that some special moments of training will need to be included in the games, and the baby will not notice that he is learning and developing.

Finger Theatre. An indispensable tool for the development of any child. You can arrange performances, or you can simply rub your fingers together or massage each phalanx with pads. To maintain interest, add some verses or sayings.

Developing fine motor skills, we stimulate the intellect and speech, don't forget! So stock up on puzzles, mosaics, plasticine and clay, come up with games with a designer, cubes or paper (origami).

Outdoor games. The feeling of freedom and flight has a beneficial effect, in general, on the state of mind and body. If shouting loudly at home is not always appropriate (family anxiety, neighbors), then on the street you can throw out all the negative energy, and at the same time train your ligaments and articulation apparatus.

Ball games are useful, its chaotic movements develop orientation in space, attention, and running and jumping saturate the cells of the body with oxygen. Introduce your baby to outdoor games using repetitive syllables or sounds. Use "Swan Geese", "The King Walked Through the Forest", "Traffic Light".

Massage. The appointment of a professional massage is justified in case of violations of the psychomotor development of the baby, it should be done by a specially trained person, a children's masseur. General strengthening exercises and simple strokes can be done by one of the parents.
Usually a massage from a specialist is prescribed in a course, as a rule, it is 10 days.

During this time, the child's body gets used to pleasant procedures so much that positive dynamics appear after several sessions. Then it is important for parents to maintain this vigorous state, which helps to revive all the cells in each organ.

The development of the cognitive sphere. At home, we can develop the memory and attention of our child at every step. After all, the space around us is simply crammed with all sorts of tasks for logic and attentiveness.

In any of the rooms of your house or apartment there are rectangular windows, tables or cabinets, round plates, floor lamps or paintings. Look for games and exercises in the objects of the environment to compare objects by color, size, exclude unnecessary ones according to any principle.

Games with musical instruments. Nothing can replace the sound of music for the comprehensive development of the individual, this is especially important in childhood.

Extraordinary Advantage musical exercises the fact that the baby can sing sounds that are difficult to pronounce, this greatly facilitates the task. And for children suffering from stuttering, music is the salvation! By pronouncing words in a singsong voice, the speech apparatus learns concentration against the background of relaxation, and speech levels out over time.

Each of the sections aimed at developing speech and eliminating delay contributes to general theme our conversation today. But I ask you to remember that in every issue the “golden mean” is important, having found which you will no doubt cope with any troubles.

Act without fanaticism, excessive enthusiasm for all kinds of techniques can negatively affect the formation of the personality of your child, who is forced to study from morning to night foreign languages and rehearsing endless scales.

A child at 3 years old, who by this time has formed a small inner "I", who is experiencing a crisis of 3 years old, is capable of many actions, sometimes contrary to our expectations. Let's help our beloved baby overcome this barrier in the form of delayed speech development and enter a new age stage with full confidence in their uniqueness and the unconditional love of their parents.

Support in any life situation- an important educational and developing springboard for strengthening one's own self and awareness of one's importance, especially for the family. We can provide this for our own children, which means we must do it.

I hope that our kids will grow up happy and loved. I wish everyone to avoid nuances in development, and those who have encountered them - to resolve the situation in a positive way as soon as possible.

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A delay in speech development in a child is a lag behind the age norm in children under the age of 4 years. Children with this diagnosis acquire conversational skills in the same way as other children, but the age range is significantly shifted.

Speech therapists, defectologists, psychologists and neurologists are sounding the alarm about the lag, focusing on the fact that the overall psychological development of the child and the formation of the sphere of interpersonal interaction depend on it. The development of cognitive processes in a child also depends on the development of speech: memory, thinking, imagination, attention.

Causes of pathology:

1. Lack of demand. If no one talks to the child, or vice versa, guesses all his desires, and speaks to him without forming the child’s need to express his requirements and emotions in words
2. Slow rate of maturation of nerve cells responsible for speech (most often genetically determined)
3. Diseases and lesions of the brain (hypoxia, injuries and infectious diseases suffered in utero, during childbirth and in the first year of life)
4. Hearing disorders. It is formed on the basis of what is heard, if the child has hearing problems, then there are problems with the reproduction of words.

Norms under the age of 3 years

Deviation from the proposed norms for 1-2 months (lead or lag) will also be the norm. If the child is lagging behind in several indicators at once, he does not have any skills at all, then you should contact a specialist or pick up educational games and exercises and engage with the baby regularly. First year by month:

2 - the child utters separate sounds, the first spontaneous vocalizations directed to an adult (usually mother).

3 - there are experiments with vowel sounds - stretching "a-a-a", "uh-uh", "oh-oh-oh". Gulit, "cooing."

4 - hum turns into roulades of sounds, i.e. one sound, as it were, flows into another: "u-u-a-a-o."

5 - melodic humming, random babbling, adding some consonants to the pronounced vowels, combinations of syllables appear.

6 - random babble is improved ("yes-yes-yes", "ma-ma-ma"). Consonants merge with vowels, the child tries to imitate audible sounds, leads with an adult a kind of dialogue while listening to the intonation.

7 - babble. The child understands the meaning of words. May be silent for a while to check the reaction of an adult.

8 - babble, like communication. The child learns to pronounce sounds by imitating adults, not always understanding the meaning, like an echo (echolalia).

9 - sound serenades, the first lightened words (“mama-mama”).

The babble is more complex.

10 - listens to the conversations of adults, understands more and more words, imitates their rhythm, new syllables appear in pronunciation, simple words("on", "av").

11 months. Playing sounds at the discretion of the child. The number of facilitated words is slightly increased. A child can put different meanings into the same words, replacing whole sentences with them (see above).

12 months. The child already knows about 10 facilitated words and easily imitates when he hears a new word. Understands more than 20 words.

Norms in the second year of life

The stage of active speech is autonomous. The child uses amorphous root words, distinguishing them from words heard by adults. From 1.5 years old, with the same word, the child denotes a number of objects (“de” - tree, girl, do; “ku” - eat, chicken; “pa” - fell, stick, spatula.) The child still does not know how to generalize . For example, he understands the meaning of the words "chair", "table", "bed", but at the same time does not know the meaning of the word "furniture".

The beginning and end of the period of autonomy is associated with the beginning and end of the crisis of the first year of life. If a child lingers at this stage up to 3-5 years, this indicates a delay in mental development.

By the age of two, the child correlates familiar words with the objects depicted in the pictures (shows a bear, a ball, the sun, etc.).

Autonomy is replaced by a subspecies - "telegraph". At first, these are monosyllabic combinations expressing the meaning of the whole sentence. The child uses words denoting objects related to his desire and interests. Since the child’s environment has its own individual set of such objects that he often meets, plays with, sees, then the set of words for different children is different. Having learned to use words in a certain situation, the child uses them in other situations, sometimes without noticing the substitution of the true meaning of the word. These are, as a rule, nouns, first feminine, later masculine, verbs, even adjectives in the singular. The child can already change words, using not only the present, but also the past tense of the verb, the plural of nouns.

Developmental norms in the third year of life

A delay after 3 years can adversely affect not only speaking ability, but also the ability to read, write, even think. Those. there is a lag in the development of the entire psyche of the child. Therefore, it is worth paying attention if the development of the child is very different from age norms and contact a specialist (speech therapist, psychologist) for help. The earlier a problem is identified, the easier it is to deal with it and avoid further complications.

There are proposals, they become more and more complex. The child asks questions, changes intonation. There are still many grammatical errors in the story, it can be discontinuous. There are many repetitions of words, hesitations in pronunciation, but by the age of 4 this passes. Vocabulary grows rapidly, by the age of 3 it can be 1000-1500 words! Often, children create their own rules of conversation, words ("flycat").

What should you pay close attention to?

Pronunciation of sounds by a child in the first eight months of life (babies pronounce various sounds “aaa”, “mmm”). If the baby is stubbornly silent, there is reason to think and turn to a neurologist in a timely manner.

Word comprehension appeal to a child aged 10-14 months. If the baby does not turn around when they are addressed to him, and uses crying to attract attention to himself.

Recognition of objects by ear. At the age of 14-18 months, children distinguish objects by ear and can show objects in the picture (“Where is the bear?”, “Where are the ears?”, “Where is the doll?”)

Execution of simple commands. At the age of 18-24 months, the baby is able to satisfy the request of an adult ("Take the ball and give it to me", "raise the cube and give it to me").

Pronunciation of words and phrases. At the age of 2-3 years, children pronounce individual words and form phrases (“mom, let's go for a walk”).

Pronunciation of sounds and words. At the age of 3-4 years, children can pronounce sentences consisting of a subject, a predicate and an object (“dad went to work”, “I'm going for a walk”). It is especially necessary to pay attention if most of the sounds are not pronounced correctly and at the age of 4 years the child is unable to form sentences.

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis occurs at a time when speech should already be developed, that is, at three to four years, most often such a diagnosis is made at a time when time has been lost to catch up and correct this condition. Therefore, parents should not wait for the child to speak on his own, attention to the development of the language should be paid from the very beginning. early age, especially if there are a number of indications for this (problems prenatal development fetus, severe delivery, neurological indications).

The diagnosis of delayed speech development in a baby is made only on the basis of a comprehensive conclusion of specialist doctors: a psychologist, a neuropathologist, a speech therapist.

Before prescribing treatment in such a situation, the reason why this disease occurred is clarified.

If the problem is psychological (lack of adult attention, lack of need for conversation), then best method correcting the situation will be additional stimulation. Parents should pay maximum attention and bring an emotional aspect to the relationship with the child. There should also be classes with speech therapists and speech pathologists-defectologists.

If the problem is neurological in nature, as a result of brain dysfunctions, the treatment is prescribed by a neuropathologist. Medicinal preparations of nootropic action (nootropil, cinarizine, cortexin, encephabol, etc.) are prescribed, their action is aimed at improving the blood circulation of the brain, at improving the integrative function of the brain.

Also, a neurological disease is treated by transcranial micropolarization. The areas of the brain responsible for the development of thinking are exposed to a direct electric current of weak strength (10 times less than with electrophoresis), this activates the activity of these areas, normalizes development, and also normalizes the development of cognitive processes (memory and attention).

If a child has this disease due to hearing impairment (deafness), then the child is assigned to a specialized kindergarten.

Today, skating is both ice dancing, and figure skating, and games, such as tag with a puck and hockey. To teach a child to skate and turn him into a little "star" on the ice. The very first stage in this process is the study and assimilation of simple skating, that is, the baby must move on skates in small steps and at low speed. What is the purpose of such exercises? First of all, this is a general strengthening of the state of the body, and in particular muscles and, of course, a lively outdoor recreation. When the child masters the skates, you can safely let the child go with one, two, three people or even groups, but for now, careful supervision is required. You can be allowed to play "train" or some other games on ice. Now this will not be a surprise for anyone and quite often you can see how the skates are put on the crumbs as soon as he gets on his feet. After all, at the age of eight or ten years, the doors of many sports schools closed in front of the child. But, it seems to me that in this matter one can do without fanaticism. To choose, as they say, the "golden" mean, so that it is not beyond the child's strength, but not entirely easy either.

How to teach a child to skate is one question, because the main thing is not to be late. Since the average age to start learning to ride is considered to be four to five years, when the child is already free to stand on his own feet and easily learn the new kind sports. Moreover, every child is different. physical development, some may still have weak muscles of the back, legs and abdominals, which are directly involved in ice skating, that they are not even able to stand on skates. Based on such features of the child's body, it would be better to wait and strengthen all the muscles. For this, physical exercises such as lunges (forward and backward), goose step, jumps, squats and other general developmental exercises are suitable.

Before you teach a child to ride on ice, you must overcome fear and insecurity with him. Special training exercises in the yard on trampled frozen snow will help you with this. To do this, you need to put on your skates, walk a little in them and do various squats and tilts, and even jump until the child feels complete confidence in himself. No one could teach without injuries and abrasions, therefore, the most important points in preparation for skating is learning to fall. It is necessary to develop this skill in the child and bring it to automatism, otherwise he has many chances of getting injuries dangerous to health and life. It is safest to fall on your side. But, in no case back, as you can get a fracture of the spine or worse - swipe heads. I would like to draw your attention to the fact that falls mainly occur not during sliding, but during a stop, when you straighten up to your full height. Given this information, teach your child to always stand on half-bent legs, while leaning forward slightly, putting the skates not straight, but at an angle - this will give more balance and the legs will not part in different directions.

In our time, the issue related to the dismissal of women who have children aged three to fourteen years, as well as people with disabilities, is quite relevant. And if everything is transparent and understandable with the vacation, then some questions arise regarding the dismissal. The dismissal of an employee can be made if there is a statement from the employee in which he indicates the exact date of dismissal.

It should be noted that the employer is warned by the employee about the dismissal in advance. There are fixed deadlines in the legislation, that is, at least fourteen days from the day that follows for filing an application. This is necessary so that the employer makes a full calculation and finds a new employee for the vacant vacancy.

There are other alternatives this deadline. It can be reduced by agreement between the employer and the employee, as well as at the request of the employee who leaves if there are violations by the employer Labor Code or inability to continue working. In this case, the employee must indicate in the application a valid reason for terminating the employment relationship. That is, dismissal to care for a baby can only happen if there are such reasons. Such reasons include: moving to live in a new place, caring for a child under 14 years old, re-pregnancy, caring for a sick relative or disabled person of the first group, due to admission to any educational institution, employment by competition, exit retirement and other reasons.

Dismissal to care for a child under 3 and / or 14 years

Most often, one of the parents is on leave to care for a child under 3 years old. If you want to quit, then you must write a correct application for a request to provide you with leave to care for a child, followed by dismissal. An employer has no right to refuse a woman this vacation for child care, the terms of the warning are met, which means that they also have no right to refuse dismissal. Write an application, register with the employer the calculation and the work book. You are required to issue it on the last day before the vacation.

If you are about to quit your job and have a child under 14, you can use dismissal to care for a child under 14 as the reason for leaving. In the application for dismissal, it is necessary to indicate that you are resigning of your own free will "due to the need to care for a child under the age of fourteen." This wording makes it possible, if necessary, to contact the employment center to influence the duration of payment and the amount of unemployment benefits. The employer must be warned about the dismissal in accordance with the terms specified in the existing Labor Code. If you did not warn the employer about the upcoming dismissal, then according to the existing Labor Code, the employer has the right to assign you a working period within 14 days before dismissal. By mutual agreement, this period may be reduced.

Dismissal to care for a child with a disability

Sometimes a letter of resignation is written due to the presence of a child with a disability. In this case, it is necessary to indicate in the wording of the letter of resignation that you are resigning of your own free will "due to the need for care." The application may not indicate until what age you will care for the child, or indicate until the child reaches 18 years of age. It is better, of course, to provide a medical certificate certified in accordance with all the rules. But for dismissal for this reason, it is enough for the employee to have such a child, and the data on children must be in the personnel service.

All these reasons for dismissal indicate the impossibility of continuing the work of an employee. After the application is submitted by the employee, the employer is obliged to carry out the dismissal to care for the baby at the woman's own request, at any time within the next two weeks. Many mothers are worried about whether the experience is interrupted in this case. For women who have children under the age of 14 years, the continuity of experience is maintained. This is approved in clause 5 of the Rules for calculating the continuous work experience of workers and employees when assigning benefits for universal state social insurance, approved by the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 13, 1973 No. 252 with changes up to July 1, 1991.

Be sure to make sure that your work book is filled out according to the Instructions. That is, she was not just fired of her own free will, but fired of her own free will “due to the need to care for her son / daughter under the age of fourteen, paragraph 3 of Art. 77 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. If you are denied dismissal for this reason or your work book is filled out not for the reason indicated in your application, demand a written refusal from the employer and boldly go to court.

Delayed speech development in children (SRR) is a complex disease in which the development of speech lags far behind the accepted age norms. Despite the fact that each baby is individual, by the age of 3-4 he should speak clearly and coherently. RRR is noted when intellectual development the child corresponds to his age, and speech lags far behind. This disease is effectively treated in children under 7 years of age. How to recognize it in time?

Norms of development of children's speech

Each child has his own temperament, his own heredity. Many factors influence its development. The above norms are relative: if the development of the baby's speech deviates for several months, you should not worry. You also need to consider that boys usually start talking 5 months later than girls. You need to be guided by the given data in order to find out whether the speech of the crumbs corresponds to his age.

The child must be able to:

• by the year, pronounce at least 10 words that are understandable to himself and close people (at the same time, the child must know the name of simple objects and actions known to him);
• by the age of 2, speak in short sentences (of 2-3 words), his vocabulary increases to 100 words;
• at 2.5 years old, it is correct (or almost correct) to pronounce about 300 words, know and say your name, use adjectives, ask simple questions;
• by 3 years of age short story from several sentences, correctly use all parts of speech (the words of the child must be understood by strangers), his vocabulary increases to 1000 words;
• at the age of 4, build sentences of more than 4 words, pronounce almost all sounds correctly, change intonation, answer questions.

A specialist should be contacted if by the age of 3-4 years the child pronounces words incomprehensibly even for parents, does not understand adult speech, speaks too quickly or slowly, often uses phrases from cartoons, is not able to make a sentence of 3 words. If, along with these signs, there is increased salivation, difficulty chewing and swallowing, you should immediately visit a doctor. Timely treatment of ZRR gives the baby every chance to be no different from his peers by the beginning of school.

Causes of the problem

All the reasons for the delay in the speech development of a child are divided by experts into 2 groups. Physiological factors include those related to the health of the baby. Treatment of RDD caused by such problems is always more difficult and requires the help of different specialists. Social causes include those reasons that depend on the environment of the baby, the characteristics of his upbringing.

Physiological causes of RRR:

• hearing impairment;
• vision problems;
• poor development of the organs of articulation: tongue, lips, soft palate;
• brain damage;
• trauma or serious illness in the neonatal period;
• diseases caused by intrauterine trauma;
• problems during the mother's pregnancy, her alcohol use;
• premature or difficult childbirth;
• some congenital diseases: Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, hyperactivity, autism;
• heredity.

Social factors:

• insufficient attention paid to the child when he has no one to talk to;
• slurred speech of parents and surrounding people;
• overprotective parenting leading to deprivation of motivation to speak;
• frequent emotional stress;
• the constant operation of the TV, the presence of extraneous sounds surrounding the child;
• family communication in several languages.

Why should you see a doctor?

If not start necessary treatment delays in speech development at the latest at the age of 7, the child will noticeably lag behind peers at school age. Such a baby will have to attend only a specialized school. Parents will need to always monitor the condition of the child. An increase in mental or physical stress, diseases (even mild ones), vaccinations can lead to a deterioration in his well-being and cause sleep disturbance, headache, nosebleeds, hysteria, memory loss, aggression.

Treatment of disorders in speech development is carried out not only by a speech therapist. This specialist deals only with the production of sounds in children 4-5 years old. What to do if the child is more younger age speaks with obvious speech impediments? Under no circumstances should diagnosis and treatment be delayed.

After finding out the reasons for the delay in speech development, a specialist can deal with the problem. Defectologists, psychologists, neuropathologists, psychiatrists, proofreaders work with 3-year-old children. If a child has a congenital neurological disease, a neuropathologist can begin treatment at the age of one. Speech therapists teach children 4-5 years old to speak clearly and competently.

Treatment Methods

Parents are always interested - at what age should a baby be treated? According to doctors, treatment should begin as soon as the first suspicions of a pathology appear. All specialists involved in the development of speech can already work with children 3-4 years old. There are several treatments for RDD.

The drug method consists in taking certain medications by the child. All drugs are prescribed by a pediatric neurologist after a thorough examination. Such drugs activate the activity of speech zones and "feed" the neurons of the brain. In no case should you give the child these or other drugs on your own, they should be prescribed only by a doctor.

Physiotherapy includes magnetotherapy and electroreflexotherapy. These procedures allow you to restore the functioning of certain areas of the brain that are responsible for vocabulary, mental abilities, and diction. They can be used from 2 years. Contraindications are epilepsy, convulsive syndrome, mental disorders.

Drug therapy and physiotherapy must be accompanied by the work of a corrective teacher, otherwise they will be ineffective. Specialists work with children from 3 years of age and help correct developmental defects, prevent the possible occurrence of speech inhibition, and teach them to cope with difficulties in the treatment process. For each child, an individual plan of treatment sessions is developed in the form of a game.

How to help doctors?

Treatment will be more successful if parents help specialists. The child spends most of the time with them, so regular classes with mom and dad will have a huge positive effect. To determine what kind of work parents need to do daily with the child, you should consult with a specialist.

The following exercises bring good results.

1. . The development of manual motor skills improves the functioning of the articulatory apparatus. From 2-3 years old, it is useful for a child to collect puzzles, a designer, play with cubes, mosaics, lacing, liners, sculpt from plasticine, draw with finger paints, string beads on a fishing line.
2. Outdoor games. For the development of speech, games aimed at the ability to navigate in space, deftly move, change the speed and direction of movement are useful. It is good if all the actions of the child are accompanied by words.
3. Music games. They perfectly develop attention, teach you to concentrate, catch a change in timbre, rhythm. You can guess the voices of animals, various musical instruments, with older children - the names of melodies.
4. The development of visual attention. To improve speech, games with colorful objects, geometric shapes, and special cards are indispensable.
5. Massage. It is necessary if the ZRR is caused by deviations in the psychophysical development of the child. It is better to entrust professional massage to a specialist, and parents can also do general strengthening movements.

Any occupation requires a systematic approach, so it needs to be paid attention daily. In the process of treatment, the supervision of a specialist is required. A 3-year-old child must be shown to a defectologist once a week. A 4-year-old child will need to meet with specialists twice a week. To enhance the effect of treatment, when communicating with a child, follow simple rules:

• do not talk with the baby about his problem, do not be shy about his speech;
• make the crumbs want to imitate an adult in speech, emotions;
• voice all the actions that you or the child perform, do not be afraid to repeat the same words;
• use simple sentences (of 3-4 words) when communicating with the baby;
• read fairy tales, poems accessible to his understanding;
• limit or completely exclude TV viewing;
• sing songs with your baby every day for at least 5 minutes;
• develop the baby's respiratory system: teach him to play the pipe, harmonica, blow soap bubbles;
• do not force the baby to study, do it in the form of a game;
• massage children's hands and fingers with a special massager, for this you can use spruce or pine cones;
• if the child is tired, postpone classes for a more favorable time for him;
• always encourage the improvement of the child's speech development.

The most "advanced" methods of treatment may be ineffective if the child develops in an unfavorable environment. To stimulate his speech development, additional methods are needed, such as dolphin therapy, hippotherapy. Even the communication of a child with a pet can enhance the effect of treatment. The main thing is to remember: the sooner speech correction is started, the faster and easier the result will be achieved.