Mamin-Sibiryak was not the discoverer of the working theme in his native literature. Reshetnikov's novels about the mining Urals, about the troubles, poverty and hopeless life of workers, about their search for a better life were the foundation on which Mamin's "mining" novels arose ("Privalovsky Millions", 1883; "Mountain Nest", 1884; "Three the end, 1890), and novels in which the action develops in the gold mines of the Urals (Wild Happiness, 1884; Gold, 1892).
For Reshetnikov, the main problem was to depict the whole "sober truth" about the working people. Mamin-Sibiryak, reproducing this truth, places a certain social mechanism (factory, mine) at the center of his novels.
The analysis of such a mechanism and the capitalist relations that have developed and are developing in it is the main task of the author. This principle of representation is somewhat reminiscent of some of Zola's novels ("The Womb of Paris", "Lady's Happiness"). But the resemblance is purely superficial.
In the novels of Mamin-Sibiryak, social issues obscure biological problems, and criticism of capitalist relations and serfdom remnants leads to the idea of an urgent need to reorganize life, which contradicts the principles of rigid determinism accepted in the aesthetics of French naturalists as an unshakable postulate. Both pathos, and criticism, and emphasized sociality - all this firmly connects the work of the "singer of the Urals" with the traditions of Russian revolutionary democratic literature.
Mamin-Sibiryak did not escape the influence of populism (evidence of this is the novel "Bread", 1895). However, an analysis of the facts of reality itself gradually convinced the writer that capitalism is a natural phenomenon and already established in Russian life, and therefore his novels oppose populist ideas.
The polemic with populist concepts is organically included in the novels "Privalovsky Millions", "Three Ends" and other works. The main thing, however, is not polemics in them, but the comprehension of complex socio-economic issues related to the problem of Russia's modern development.
Sergey Privalov, the protagonist"Privalovsky millions", "does not like the factory business and considers it an artificially created industry." Privalov dreams of rational organization grain trade, which would be useful to both the peasant community and the working people, but his undertaking collapses, as it turns out to be in the circle of the same inhuman capitalist relations.
The depiction of the struggle for Privalov's millions makes it possible to introduce into the novel many individuals who embody the various features of a rapidly capitalizing life. A kind of guideline in this complex world human passions, vanity and conflicting motives are served by numerous journalistic digressions and historical digressions characterizing the life of the Urals.
In subsequent novels of the writer, the emphasis is gradually transferred to the image of the life of the people. In The Mountain Nest, the question of the incompatibility of the interests of capitalists and workers becomes the main one, and in the Ural Chronicle, the novel Three Ends, it receives its greatest expression. This novel is interesting as an attempt by Mamin-Sibiryak to create a modern "folk novel".
In the 80s. the same attempt was made by Ertel, who recreated a broad picture of the folk life of the south of Russia (“Gardenins”). Both writers strive to speak about the results of the post-reform development of the country and, recreating the history of their region, they try to capture in the peculiar folk life of a particular region those patterns of the historical process that are characteristic of Russia as a whole.
In the novel by Mamin-Sibiryak, three generations replace each other, whose fate, thoughts and moods embody the transition from feudal Russia to capitalist Russia. The writer speaks about the raznochintsy intelligentsia, and about strikes, in which spontaneous protest against lawlessness and exploitation is expressed.
“Whoever wants to know the history of the existing relations in the Urals between two classes,” wrote the Bolshevik Pravda in 1912, “of the mining working population and the predators of the Urals, the possessors and others, will find in the writings of Mamin-Sibiryak a vivid illustration of the dry pages of history” .
In their general tendency, the novels of Mamin-Sibiryak oppose the novels of Boborykin. His work developed in the general mainstream of democratic literature of the second half of the 19th century: it took on its critical pathos and the desire to transform life. The concept of naturalism did not find its follower in the person of Mamin-Sibiryak.
At the same time, one cannot, of course, assume that acquaintance with the theory and work of Zola and his followers passed without a trace for Russian literature. In articles, letters, statements recorded by memoirists, the greatest writers responded in one way or another to the provisions put forward by Zola, which undoubtedly had a creative impact on them.
The younger generation of writers resolutely came out in favor of expanding the problems of literature. All life, with its light and dark sides, had to be included in the writer's field of vision. Very characteristic is Chekhov's response in 1886 to a letter from a reader complaining about the "dirt of the situation" in the story "Tina" and the fact that the author did not find, did not extract the "pearl grain" from the dung heap that attracted his attention.
Chekhov replied: Fiction therefore it is called artistic because it depicts life as it really is. Its purpose is unconditional and honest truth. To limit its functions to such a specialty as getting “grains” is just as deadly for it as if you forced Levitan to draw a tree, ordering him not to touch the dirty bark and yellowed foliage<...>For chemists, there is nothing unclean on earth.
A writer must be as objective as a chemist; he must renounce worldly subjectivity and know that dunghills in the landscape play a very respectable role, and evil passions are just as inherent in life as good ones.
Chekhov speaks of the writer's right to portray the dark and dirty sides of life; this right was persistently defended by the writers of the 1980s. R. Disterlo drew attention to this, who, characterizing the main trend in the work of representatives of the new literary generation, wrote that they strive to paint reality "as it is, in the form in which it manifests itself in a particular person and in specific cases of life." The critic correlated this trend with Zola's naturalism.
Fiction writers really turned to such themes and plots, to those aspects of life that had not previously been touched or hardly touched by Russian literature. At the same time, some writers were carried away by reproducing the "wrong side of life", its purely intimate sides, and this was the basis for their rapprochement with naturalist writers.
Disterlo stipulated in his review that "the resemblance is purely external",106 other critics were more categorical in their judgments and spoke of the appearance of Russian naturalists. Most often, such judgments applied to works of a certain kind - to novels like Stolen Happiness (1881) by Vas. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko or "Sodom" (1880) by N. Morsky (N. K. Lebedev).
In the article "On Pornography" Mikhailovsky considered both of these novels as a slavish imitation of Zola, as works indulging the base tastes of the bourgeoisie.
However, the novels of Morskoi and Nemirovich-Danchenko have nothing to do with naturalism as a literary movement and can only be called naturalistic in the most ordinary, vulgar sense of the word. This is the naturalism of piquant scenes and situations, in which the main meaning of the depicted lies.
Among the authors who paid great attention to the "life of the flesh" were writers who were not devoid of talent. In this regard, criticism spoke of "moral indifference", which arose on the basis of "refinedly depraved sensations", as a characteristic feature of the era of timelessness. S. A. Vengerov, to whom these words belong, had in mind the work of I. Yasinsky and V. Bibikov. The novel of the latter "Pure Love" (1887) is the most interesting in this sense.
On the topic, it is close to Garshin's "Incident": the provincial cocotte Maria Ivanovna Vilenskaya, the main character of the novel, herself establishes her spiritual relationship with the heroine of Garshin, but this relationship is purely external. Bibikov's novel is devoid of that sharp protest against the social system that forms the basis of The Incident.
The fate of Vilenskaya is depicted by the author as the result of a combination of special circumstances and upbringing. The father was not interested in his daughter, and the governess from the Parisian singers aroused unhealthy feelings in the young girl; she fell in love with the assistant accountant Milevsky, who seduced her and left her, and her father kicked her out of the house. The heroine Bibikov has many rich and charming patrons, but she dreams of pure love. She fails to find her and commits suicide.
Bibikov is not interested in the moral issues traditionally associated with the theme of "fall" in Russian literature. His heroes are people drawn by a natural feeling, and therefore, according to the author, they can neither be condemned nor justified. Sexual attraction, debauchery and love can be both “clean” and “dirty”, but in both cases they are moral for him.
"Pure Love" was not accidentally dedicated to Yasinsky, who also paid tribute to such views. Yasinsky also explores love and passion as natural inclinations, not burdened with a "moral burden", his numerous novels are often built on this very motive.
Bibikov and Yasinsky can be considered the immediate predecessors of the decadent literature of the early 20th century. Art, according to their concepts, should be free from any "tendentious" questions; both proclaimed the cult of beauty as a cult of feeling, free from traditional moral "conventions".
As already mentioned, Yasinsky stood at the origins of Russian decadence; Let us add to this that he was also one of the first to aestheticize the ugly in Russian literature. Motives of this kind can be found in the novel The Lights Out, the hero of which paints the painting A Feast of Freaks. Peru Yasinsky owns a novel under the characteristic title "Beautiful Freaks" (1900). But these processes have no direct relation to naturalism as a trend either.
Naturalism is a special literary and aesthetic trend, organically formed in a certain historical period and exhausted itself as a system, as a creative method by the beginning of the 20th century. Its emergence in France was due to the crisis of the Second Empire, and its development is associated with the defeat of the Paris Commune and the birth of the Third Republic, this "republic without republicans."
Conditions and features of the historical development of Russia in the second half of the XIX century. were significantly different. The fate of the bourgeoisie and the search for ways to renew the world were different. This created the prerequisites for a negative attitude of Russian progressive aesthetic thought towards the theory and practice of naturalism.
It is no coincidence that Russian criticism was almost unanimous in its rejection of naturalism. When Mikhailovsky wrote that in critical articles Zola “there was something good and something new, but everything good was not new for us Russians, but everything new is not good,” he expressed precisely this general idea. The fact that in Russia naturalism did not find the ground for its rooting and development was one of the evidence of the deep national originality of its literature.
History of Russian literature: in 4 volumes / Edited by N.I. Prutskov and others - L., 1980-1983
The century before last became interesting stage development of human history. The emergence of new technologies, faith in progress, the spread of enlightenment ideas, the development of new social relations, the emergence of a new class of the bourgeoisie, which became dominant in many European countries - all this was reflected in art. The literature of the 19th century reflected all the turning points in the development of society. All shocks and discoveries are reflected in the pages of novels by eminent writers. 19th century literature– multifaceted, diverse and very interesting.
Literature of the 19th century as an indicator of public consciousness
The century began in the atmosphere of the Great French Revolution, the ideas of which captured all of Europe, America and Russia. Under the influence of these events, the greatest books of the 19th century appeared, a list of which you can find in this section. In Great Britain, with the coming to power of Queen Victoria, a new era of stability began, which was accompanied by a national upsurge, the development of industry and art. Public tranquility produced the best books of the 19th century, written in all sorts of genres. In France, on the contrary, there was a lot of revolutionary unrest, accompanied by a change in the political system and the development public thought. Of course, this also influenced the books of the 19th century. Literary age ended with an era of decadence, which is characterized by gloomy and mystical moods and a bohemian lifestyle of artists. Thus, the literature of the 19th century gave works that everyone needs to read.
Books of the 19th century on the site "KnigoPoisk"
If you are interested in 19th century literature, the list of the KnigoPoisk site will help you find interesting novels. The rating is based on the feedback from visitors to our resource. "Books of the 19th century" - a list that will not leave anyone indifferent.
The Medieval Passion of Walter Scott
The ancestor of the historical novel, Walter Scott, was born in the Scottish city of Edinburgh in 1771. All his life the writer limped on one leg (the consequences of childhood paralysis). After studying law, Walter Scott went to work in his father's law firm.
Possessing a phenomenal memory, Walter Scott from an early age was fond of the Middle Ages and the works of ancient authors. At the beginning of his legal career, the future writer traveled extensively around the country in search of various old ballads and legends about Scottish heroes.
At first, Scott's creativity manifested itself in writing poetry, novels in verse, but then he switched his interest to prose. Walter Scott, being a magnificent artist, like no one else could breathe life into events covered with the dust of time. The famous name of Walter Scott was made by his poems "Rockby", "Lady of the Lake" and "Song of the Last Minstrel". These works, dedicated to the beloved Middle Ages, were an unprecedented success among the author's contemporaries.
The historical past of England is reflected in such novels by Walter Scott as Ivanhoe, Woodstock, The Abbot and many others. The first historical work written by a Scottish writer in the prose genre is Waverley, or Sixty Years Ago. This work opened a cycle of novels devoted to a historical theme (the so-called Waverley cycle), which remain popular in our time. Walter Scott died of apoplexy in 1832.
Unstoppable in the manifestation of feelings - Honore de Balzac
Great French writer- Honore de Balzac, was born in 1799 in the French city of Tours in a peasant family. Like many other famous writers, Balzac, at the request of his father, had to become a lawyer. However, the future writer abandoned law, devoting himself to literature.
By nature, Balzac has always been distinguished by an uncontrollable manifestation of feelings for literally everything that surrounded him. If he loved, then for life, if he hated, then completely and completely. The writer was known as a maximalist in everything. He believed that he would certainly become great and famous. Basically, that's what happened.
Balzac's path to glory was long and thorny. At first, he wrote some rather mediocre works, looking for exactly the topic that would be given to him best. As a result of a long search, fame finally came to him after the publication of the work Shagreen Skin. Further, the author, with amazing swiftness, wrote all his most famous works: “The Shine and Poverty of the Courtesans”, “Dark Matter”, “The Mass of the Atheist”, “The Museum of Antiquities” and many others. These works were written by Balzac in a short time. There were legends about his ability to work almost non-stop.
Balzac is a recognized master of the adventure novel. His whole life consisted of a series of adventures. He easily got into debt, invested in illusory financial projects, burned out and repeated all over again. In 1850, a severe heart disease cut short the life of the famous writer.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - a treasure of Russian literature
The most famous Russian poet and writer, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, was born in Moscow in 1799. The writer comes from an ancient noble family, which Pushkin himself was incredibly proud of and often sang in his poems. In addition, Pushkin's maternal great-grandfather, the African Abram Petrovich Gannibal (the prototype of the protagonist of the writer's famous work, Peter the Great's Moor), was also a source of pride for Pushkin.
Alexander Sergeevich was quite famous among the Russian aristocracy of the 19th century. The age in which he lived, in our time, is rightfully the golden age of Russian literature. The writer was friends with many famous personalities - Prince Vyazemsky, Nashchokin, Pushchin, Zhukovsky, this is not the whole list of people who were proud of their friendship with Pushkin.
Much has been written about Pushkin. His ability to skillfully play with words, erecting monumental works from them, can leave few people indifferent. The writer became famous for many prose works - "Shot", " Queen of Spades"," Young lady-peasant", a large number of poems - " Prisoner of the Caucasus", "Ruslan and Ludmila", " Bronze Horseman", as well as a huge number of poems. Behind short life(the poet was killed in a duel at the age of 37 in 1837), Pushkin managed to write many works that are rightfully considered one of the best in world literature.
The romantic nature of Victor Hugo
Victor Marie Hugo, one of France's most revered writers, was born in Besançon in 1802. The writer lived almost the entire 19th century, but he devoted himself to literature only after his retirement after engaging in political activities. During the reign of Napoleon III, Hugo was forced to leave France due to differences of opinion with the ruling party. Speaking against the oppression of the people, the writer lived in exile for more than 20 years.
By nature, Victor Hugo was a convinced romantic, believing that the freedom of a person and his convictions should be valued above all else. The writer fiercely opposed the humiliation of his people, calling for the erection of the rights and freedoms of every person on a pedestal.
The main work in the life of Victor Hugo is his novel Les Misérables, on which the author worked for thirty years. The writer himself gave great value this novel, believing that such works are designed to rebuild society.
The second, no less famous work of Hugo, is rightfully considered the novel Notre Dame Cathedral. The author's contemporaries highly appreciated this work, but few could have imagined that in the image of Quasimodo the author personified the oppressed and despised French people.
The famous writer lived a life full of all sorts of events. Victor Hugo died in 1885.
Adventurer Alexandre Dumas (father)
Distinguished by a powerful physique and a penchant for adventure, Alexandre Dumas was born in 1802 in a small Parisian town - Villers-Cotres. Having lost his father early, Alexander was too independent and had an unbridled character. He refused to submit to any discipline, often wandered through the forests, and got into various adventures.
Alexandre Dumas decided to devote his life to literature after seeing a production of Shakespeare's Hamlet. Deciding to take Paris by storm, Dumas, with virtually no money in his pocket, went to the capital. Alexander did not have eminent patrons, he did not know what genres literary works are divided into. All he had was a great desire to write and an assertive, fame-hungry character. For the first six years of living in Paris without money and any assistants, Dumas managed to find a calling and gain fame.
The writer devoted the first half of his literary life to the theater. The plays he wrote made it possible to talk about Dumas as an outstanding playwright. Alexandre Dumas later wrote several historical novels, who brought him worldwide fame - "The Count of Monte Cristo", "Three Musketeers", "Queen Margot", "Iron Mask" and others.
Possessing a good sense of humor, Alexandre Dumas did not part with a good mood even on the verge of death. The author of countless novels died in 1870.
The great "storyteller" - Hans Christian Andersen
The famous friend of the children of the whole world - Hans Christian Andersen, was born in 1805 in the small town of Odense, located in Denmark. A boy from an ordinary family of a shoemaker and a laundress surprised everyone with his knowledge of Shakespeare's sonnets. Andersen had an incredible imagination, and by nature he was a sophisticated and emotional person.
Having moved to Copenhagen in his youth, Andersen unsuccessfully tried to get into the theater troupe. Leaving these attempts, the future writer writes his first play. In vain trying to convince the theatergoers to put her on stage, Andersen, nevertheless, accepts their offer to study at school for free (Hans' family was so poor that they could not pay for their son's studies).
Andersen gained fame only in 1829, when the writer's first story was published - "A walking trip from the Holmen Canal to the eastern tip of Amager." Only a few years later, Andersen, having received a monetary allowance from the king, will be able to fulfill his dream of traveling abroad and, as a result, become the author of fairy tales that glorified him throughout the world. For a long time, the writer will try to become famous as a novelist and playwright, but everyone will perceive him only as a writer of fantastic stories. Few people know that Andersen despised and hated his fairy tales that made him famous. The great storyteller died in his sleep in 1875.
One of the most mysterious and controversial personalities of the 19th century, Edgar Allan Poe, was born in 1809 in the American city of Boston. AT early age the boy was left an orphan, his father left the family immediately after the birth of Edgar, and his mother died when the future writer was about three years old. Edgar Allan Poe was raised by a wealthy merchant, who later moved to live in England. Growing up, Poe quarreled with his mentor and returned to Boston. There, with the last money, he publishes the first book of his poems. Left without a penny in his pocket, the writer is forced to enroll in military service. Further, Edgar Poe works in various publications, publishes his poems, but this activity does not bring him either money or fame. Poe's life began to improve only after he moved to Philadelphia, where he got a job as a magazine editor. During his work, he publishes two volumes of prose "Grotesques and Arabesques", as well as a large number of literary critical articles.
Subsequently, Poe moved to live in New York, where he published the poem "The Raven", which made him famous. Following this, Edgar Allan Poe begins to pursue a series of failures. His beloved wife Virginia dies, the publishing house where the writer works is closed. All this leaves an imprint on the mind of Poe. He begins to take opium, became addicted to alcohol. In the last goals of his life, the mind of the writer was clouded, he was often visited by gloomy thoughts, ridiculous fantasies. All this affected the poems and stories he wrote. Gothic fantasy, mixed with detective elements, as close as possible to reality, such were the works of the author. The most popular were "The Fall of the House of Usher", "A Ghost Wanders Europe", "Oval Portrait", "The Well and the Pendulum" and many others. The writer died in 1849.
Great mystic - Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol
The recognized genius of world literature - Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich, was born into a family of landowners living in the village of Bolshiye Sorochintsy, Poltava province in 1809. Near the estate of Gogol's father there was a village called Dikanka, which is currently known to everyone, thanks to the writer's works. Growing up, Gogol went to St. Petersburg, where he entered the civil service. This activity extremely disappointed Nikolai Vasilyevich, and he decided to devote himself to literature.
The work that made Gogol's name famous was the story "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka". Further, Gogol writes no less famous works "Taras Bulba", "The Government Inspector". In them, he describes the struggle of the common people for their sovereignty, ridicules the morals that reign within the so-called "elite" of the state. Also full of mystery are famous works writer "Viy" and "Christmas Eve Night", where the writer masterfully describes the life of the Ukrainian people, putting into it elements of folk beliefs and mystical stories.
In 1842 Gogol's main work was published - “ Dead Souls". The plot of the novel caused great excitement in reader circles and among critics. The attitude towards him was ambiguous - Gogol was praised and at the same time accused of slandering the existing reality. Subsequently, Gogol began to write the second volume of the famous novel, designed to describe the positive side of Russian life. However, tormented by foreboding imminent death and doubts about his literary vocation, Gogol destroys part of the manuscript, motivating his act by the fact that it will negatively affect humanity. In 1852 Gogol dies in his apartment.
After the death of the writer, a large number of works remained, many of which have been filmed in our time. The death of the writer deeply shocked Russian society. The reburial of Gorky in 1931 at the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent gave rise to rumors that the writer did not die, but fell asleep, just a lethargic sleep, and was buried alive. However, there is currently no confirmation of these speculations.
Charles Dickens is the favorite English writer
Charles Dickens, one of the world's most talented writers, was born in 1812 in Landport, Great Britain. The father of the future writer was a port official, but went bankrupt when Dickens was still going to school. The boy had to go to work in a factory to somehow help feed his family. As a result, Dickens did not receive a serious education.
Once, as an adult and working as a stenographer in Parliament, Dickens decided to earn extra money by writing small essays. They were successful, and Charles was invited to one of the newspapers as a court reporter. It was then that Dickens began to collaborate with various comic artists. The writer composed for them short humorous stories. A series of similar stories called "The Pickwick Club" was extremely popular in England. Subsequently, Dickens wrote a novel, which he called The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, the main character of which was the same comic character - Mr. Pickwick.
In world literature, Charles Dickens is known as a wonderful satirist and humorist. However, this does not mean that the writer could only arouse laughter in the hearts of people. One of the brightest works of the author - "The Adventures of Oliver Twist", made readers all over the world empathize with the main character. The most grandiose novel of the writer "David Copperfield" tells about the heart experiences of the hero, and in some details resembles the personal life of the author himself.
Gradually Dickens became very popular and loved in England. In addition, the works written by him brought wealth to the author. However, at the end of his life, there was some dissatisfaction with his position in Dickens's character, he was seized by a passion for change, anxiety. Apparently, this was a sign of psychological fatigue. In 1870 famous writer died as a result of a hemorrhage.
Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov - the fate of an officer
Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov - "the sun of Russian poetry", as his contemporaries called him, was born in Moscow in 1814, into a noble family. The poet graduated from a military school in St. Petersburg, after which he entered the hussar regiment for service. For the publication of poems about the death of Pushkin, Lermontov was exiled by the command to the Caucasus. By nature, Lermontov was quick-tempered, he liked to let unflattering jokes at his acquaintances, to mock everyone. The result of this behavior were duels involving the poet. After the first duel, in which Lermontov fought with the son of the French envoy, the poet was again sent to the Caucasus. There he took part in the fighting, showed courage. However, the tsar did not want to reward the rebellious poet, and refused to transfer him to St. Petersburg. The duel between Lermontov and Martynov in Pyatigorsk in 1841, where the author was undergoing treatment, turned out to be the last. The poet was killed.
Lermontov began to write early. His works became famous when the author was not even 20 years old. Whatever the poet tried himself in, in prose or in poetry, the fruits of his work always became masterpieces. Lermontov's poems "Sail", "Three Palms", the poems "Mtsyri", "Demon", the novel "A Hero of Our Time" - all this will remain in the memory of posterity for a long time. Lermontov's contemporaries found in his works the spirit of the search for truth, an extraordinary depth of feeling. So was the poet himself. He constantly strived for something new, a quiet life weighed on him. He was loved and reviled at the same time. From the outside, Lermontov seemed arrogant, arrogant, ridiculing everyone and everything. But for close friends, he was always devoted and unusually kind person. The death of the poet deeply shocked everyone, leaving no one indifferent.
"Master of Minds" - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev
This truly brilliant writer was born in Orel in 1818 in a noble family. Turgenev was an extremely weak personality. The consequence of this was the upbringing of the writer in severity. His mother was a rather despotic nature, preferring her whole family to live by her rules. However, despite the cowardice of character and the education of a philosopher, Turgenev took part in the Patriotic War of 1812.
All his life, Turgenev was dissatisfied with serfdom, he was oppressed by the life of the peasants, forced to work up to a sweat under the yoke of the landlords. This mood of Turgenev was reflected in many of the writer's works, these include "The Landowner", "Notes of a Hunter", "A Month in the Village". The writer was also very fond of touching in his works on the topic of problems that arise between society and the individual. A striking example of such a work is "Fathers and Sons". The age-old conflict of two generations, colorfully described by Turgenev, is still relevant to this day.
Turgenev's acquaintances describe him as an overly kind and soft-hearted person. Many said that even with the servants in his house, the writer behaved like a family, as if they were his own people. Turgenev was very friendly with the famous French singer Pauline Viardot. Until his death, he lived in her house with her family. The writer's death occurred in 1883 as a result of a spinal disease.
Great "seer" - Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
The famous writer was born in Moscow in 1821. His family came from an ancient Lithuanian family, known from records for its indomitability and violent character. At the age of 18, Dostoevsky loses his father, which is the result of the first epileptic seizure of the future writer. Subsequently, this disease accompanied Dostoevsky all his life. At first, Fedor Mikhailovich served in the drawing room of the engineering department. Almost a year after the start of the service, he retired, as he realized that literature was his vocation.
Dostoevsky's first novel, entitled "Poor People", immediately earned its author recognition as a writer of the "Gogolian trend" or the so-called "natural school". In the work, Dostoevsky very accurately described the social disorder of the “little man”. Fedor Mikhailovich always tried to reflect the image of reality in his work in a realistic way. He was a master of dramatic storytelling and character complexity. In addition, Dostoevsky was a prominent supporter of the revolutionary views that existed at that time in society. For his commitment to the society of "Petrashevites" he was sentenced to death, which was later replaced by hard labor.
One of the great novels of the great writer - "Crime and Punishment" is considered almost prophetic. All the circumstances of the situation, the images of the heroes are reflected in the 20th century - the century of wars and violence. Dostoevsky in many of his works not only showed his contemporary society with its cruelty and oppression of people. The writer also played situations of the development of this situation, described what such a society could come to. In many ways, his subsequent works, The Brothers Karamazov and The Idiot, also became prophetic. The famous "seer" passed away in 1881.
Classic adventure genre - Jules Verne
One of the founders of science fiction, which is rightfully considered Jules Verne, was born in the French city of Nantes in 1828 in the family of a lawyer. Initially, Jules Verne was also preparing to become a lawyer, but the love of literature prompted him to change his mind.
In his works, the writer bows to the scientific progress of mankind, invents new ways and methods of its development. During his life, Jules Verne released a huge number of novels, short stories and novellas. Several of his works have been filmed and make us follow the adventures of Jules Verne's heroes with delight even in our time. Almost everyone has known his cult novels since childhood - Around the World in 80 Days, Fifteen-Year-Old Captain, Journey to the Center of the Earth, Captain Grant's Children and many others. A distinctive feature of these adventure works is that Jules Verne, although he described incredible events, carefully thought through technical features and well-known scientific discoveries in order to give his works a certain amount of realism. Jules Verne loved to describe the characters of his heroes magnificently, giving them features of heroism, and sometimes comicality. A breathtaking adventure reigns on almost every page of the books written by this wonderful writer.
Jules Verne was very fond of traveling. He traveled a lot around the world, collecting subjects and faces for his works. However, after being wounded in the leg (the writer was shot by a mentally ill nephew in 1886), Jules Verne had to forget about traveling. The famous "traveler" died of diabetes in 1905.
Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy
A descendant of an old noble family, Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, was born in the family estate of Yasnaya Polyana, which is located near Tula in 1828. At an early age, Tolstoy lost his parents. Numerous relatives took up the upbringing of the future writer and his brothers and sisters. At the beginning, Tolstoy dreamed of becoming a diplomat, but without finishing his studies at the Oriental Faculty, he transferred to law. But Tolstoy also did not have to become a jurist. He went back to the family estate, which he inherited, where he tried to write novels. Without finishing any of them, the writer returned to Moscow. For a long time Tolstoy tried to find a field of activity in which he could realize himself.
Tolstoy's life at first was a series of sprees and parties. At one time, a gypsy camp even lived on his estate. In the end, the writer's older brother takes him with him to the Caucasus, where Tolstoy takes part in hostilities. It is in the Caucasus that Tolstoy contemplates writing a novel consisting of four parts: "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth", "Youth", and begins to implement his plan. After the publication of the first part of the novel, recognition and fame come to Tolstoy. The subsequent two parts also caused a stir among the reading population of Russia (the fourth part of the novel was not written). The Caucasian theme is also reflected in the works of the writer - "Hadji Murad", "Cossacks", "Degraded".
Subsequently, Tolstoy takes part in the Russian-Turkish war, participates in the defense of Sevastopol and several times is presented with the St. George Cross, but he never receives it due to difficult relations with the leadership that approved the awards. It was at that time that Tolstoy wrote his legendary "Sevastopol Tales", which struck contemporaries with the reality of a soldier's life. The most important work that brought Tolstoy world fame was his novel War and Peace. Even if the writer did not subsequently write a single line, this novel would still leave him in the memory of his descendants as a great writer. However, Tolstoy did not stop there. Further, Anna Karenina, Resurrection, The Death of Ivan Ilyich and many others are published. Towards the end of his life, Lev Nikolaevich was excommunicated from the church, in connection with open atheistic statements. The great writer died of pneumonia in 1910.
"Protestant" nature of Mark Twain
The real name of this famous writer was Samuel Lenghorne Clemens. He was born in the town of Florida in the US state of Missouri in 1835. Orphaned early, Mark Twain had to drop out of school and get a job as an apprentice typesetter in local newspapers. The writer took the pseudonym "Mark Twain" while working as a pilot on a private steamer. Subsequently, during the beginning in the USA civil war, Mark Twain was forced to move to the west of the country. It was there that his literary career began. At first, Mark Twain worked as a miner in Nevada, extracting silver. Subsequently, he left this activity, and got a job in a newspaper. Working in various publications, Mark Twain traveled widely. The result of the wanderings were written letters, which later became the basis of his book "Simples Abroad". This work was a huge success, and Mark Twain became famous overnight.
Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered a huge contribution to American literature. No less significant are such works of the author as "A Connecticut Yankee in the Court of King Arthur" and "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer". It is believed that in the person of Tom Sawyer, the author described himself and his childhood. It was his inner protest against the existing moral foundations of that time that Mark Twain put into the personality of the hero of the book.
My literary activity Mark Twain began by writing humorous stories, and ended up with works containing subtle irony in relation to the mores that prevailed in his time, as well as pessimistic moods about the future of his country.
Mark Twain is one of the recognized authors who made an invaluable contribution to the formation of all American literature. The whole life of the famous writer was full of sarcasm and irony. He never lost heart and always tried to treat everything with humor, although many moments of the author's life were completely bleak. The great writer died of angina pectoris in 1910.
The famous "detective" - Arthur Conan Doyle
The great master of the detective genre was born into a family of Irish Catholics in 1859. His homeland is the Scottish city of Edinburgh. The family of the future writer had great financial difficulties due to his father's addiction to alcohol and his mental problems. Wealthy relatives offered the Doyle family to send the boy to study at a closed Jesuit college, to which they agreed. At the end of his studies, the writer, who had taken out hatred of religious prejudice from the walls of the institution, returned home, where he decided to study as a doctor. While in his third year, Doyle decided to try his hand at literature. His first works did not bring him any success. During his studies, Doyle is sent to a whaling ship as a ship's doctor. Subsequently, the impressions he received from his service on the ship became the basis of a story written shortly before the end of his service - "Captain of the North Star".
Glory to Arthur Conan Doyle brought stories about detective Sherlock Holmes and his assistant Dr. Watson. The first of this cycle was the writer's story - "A Study in Scarlet", then several others followed. Subsequently, all these works were combined into one series, called "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes." Quite rightly, Arthur Conan Doyle is called the founder of the detective genre. To this day, the adventures of the famous detective excite the minds of readers. More than once the writer tried to “kill” his hero, who, according to his confession, prevented the author from doing something more important. However, numerous requests from readers forced him to change his mind. The famous writer died of a heart attack in 1930.
"Humorist" - Anton Pavlovich Chekhov
Chekhov Anton Pavlovich - one of the recognized writers working in the satirical genre, was born in Taganrog in 1860. school years Chekhov became interested in theater and literature. Anton Pavlovich spent his childhood in his native city, after which he left for Moscow with his family. There, the future writer enters Moscow University to study medical practice. While still a student, Chekhov began to write various parodies and humoresques for small comic magazines. Largely thanks to the funds received for this work, the Chekhov family was able to live in Moscow for the first time.
After graduation, Chekhov works as a doctor, but does not stop writing. By that time, he had already developed his own unique style of short humorous stories, which, however, had a double meaning. In his work, Chekhov tried to adhere to truthfulness and preserve the reality of the time in which he lived. In addition to the satire that was present in his works, the writer quite clearly described the psychology of his characters, endowing many of them with elements of drama. Almost all of Chekhov's heroes are taken from everyday life, not endowed with supernatural powers. Among them are the famous "Man in a Case", "Overcoat", "Ward No. 6". All these stories contain the truth of life as it is, without embellishment. In the last six years of his life, Chekhov reincarnated as a playwright. His plays, at that time innovative both in style and in spirit, are still in the repertoires. modern theaters. In our time, there are few people who have not heard of such works as "Uncle Vanya", " The Cherry Orchard”,“ The Seagull ”,“ Three Sisters ”.
Anton Pavlovich had a huge impact on Russian literature, having established the genre of a laconic story in prose. In 1904 the famous writer passed away.
Rudyard Kipling - Nobel Prize for Literature
Rudyard Kipling - truly the most famous English poet, was born in Bombay in 1865. At first, Kipling lived with his parents in his homeland in India, but then moved to England. The writer's father wanted him to become a military man, but Kipling's myopia did not allow these plans to come true. Subsequently, the writer becomes a journalist and goes back to India. There, working in his specialty, Kipling began to write various poems and short stories. Further, the author travels a lot around the world, and gradually becomes a successful writer. His stories are becoming more and more popular.
Childhood spent in exotic India prompted the writer to create magnificent works "Mowgli" and "The Jungle Book", so loved by kids all over the world. In general, in the writer's work there are a lot of works on an oriental theme. He does not belittle the dignity of Eastern culture, but on the contrary, reveals it in all its glory. It is in this spirit that Kipling's legendary novel Kim is written.
In his life, Kipling was famous not only as a prose writer, but also as a talented poet. The whole world knows his poem "The Commandment". All Kipling's works are described in an incredibly rich language containing a huge number of metaphors. This gives the right to say that the author has made a huge contribution to the development in English. Few people know that Rudyard Kipling was the first Englishman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. The author received this award in 1907. A few years later, the writer beloved by many died. He died in 1936.
Now the current generation sees everything clearly, marvels at the delusions, laughs at the foolishness of its ancestors, it is not in vain that this chronicle is scribbled with heavenly fire, that every letter screams in it, that a piercing finger is directed from everywhere at him, at him, at the current generation; but the current generation laughs and arrogantly, proudly begins a series of new delusions, which will also be laughed at by descendants later. "Dead Souls"
To what? Like an inspiration
Love the given subject!
Like a true poet
Sell your imagination!
I am a slave, a day laborer, I am a merchant!
I owe you, sinner, for gold,
For your worthless piece of silver
Pay the divine price!
"Improvisation I"
Literature is a language that expresses everything that a country thinks, wants, knows, wants and needs to know.
In the hearts of the simple, the feeling of the beauty and grandeur of nature is stronger, more alive a hundred times than in us, enthusiastic storytellers in words and on paper.
"Hero of our time"
Everywhere there is sound, and everywhere there is light,
And all the worlds have one beginning,
And there is nothing in nature
No matter how love breathes.
In days of doubt, in days of painful reflections on the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, O great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language! Without you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that happens at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!
Poems in prose "Russian language"
So, complete your dissolute escape,
Prickly snow flies from the bare fields,
Driven by an early, violent blizzard,
And, stopping in the forest wilderness,
Gathering in silver silence
Deep and cold bed.
Listen: shame on you!
It's time to get up! You know yourself
What time has come;
In whom the sense of duty has not cooled down,
Who has an incorruptible heart,
In whom is talent, strength, accuracy,
Tom shouldn't sleep now...
"Poet and Citizen"
Is it possible that even here they will not allow and allow the Russian organism to develop nationally, by its organic strength, but certainly impersonally, servilely imitating Europe? But what to do with the Russian organism then? Do these gentlemen understand what an organism is? Separation, "split" from their country leads to hatred, these people hate Russia, so to speak, naturally, physically: for the climate, for the fields, for the forests, for the order, for the liberation of the peasant, for Russian history, in a word, for everything, hate for everything.
Spring! the first frame is exposed -
And noise broke into the room,
And the blessing of the nearby temple,
And the talk of the people, and the sound of the wheel ...
Well, what are you afraid of, pray tell! Now every grass, every flower rejoices, but we hide, we are afraid, just what kind of misfortune! The storm will kill! This is not a storm, but grace! Yes, grace! You are all thunder! The northern lights will light up, one should admire and marvel at the wisdom: “the dawn rises from the midnight countries”! And you are horrified and come up with: this is for war or for the plague. Whether a comet is coming, I would not take my eyes off! The beauty! The stars have already looked closely, they are all the same, and this is a new thing; Well, I would look and admire! And you are afraid to even look at the sky, you are trembling! From everything you have made yourself a scarecrow. Eh, people! "Thunderstorm"
There is no more enlightening, soul-purifying feeling than the one that a person feels when he gets acquainted with a great work of art.
We know that loaded guns must be handled with care. But we do not want to know that we must treat the word in the same way. The word can both kill and make evil worse than death.
There is a well-known trick of an American journalist who, in order to increase the subscription to his magazine, began to publish in other publications the most brazen attacks on himself from fictitious persons: some printed him out as a swindler and perjurer, others as a thief and murderer, and still others as a debauchee on a colossal scale. He did not skimp on paying for such friendly advertisements, until everyone thought - yes, it’s obvious that this is a curious and remarkable person when everyone shouts about him like that! - and began to buy up his own newspaper.
"Life in a Hundred Years"
I ... think that I know the Russian person in his very depths, and I do not put myself in any merit for this. I didn’t study the people from conversations with St. Petersburg cabbies, but I grew up among the people, on the Gostomel pasture, with a cauldron in my hand, I slept with him on the dewy grass of the night, under a warm sheepskin coat, and on Panin’s zamashnaya crowd behind circles of dusty manners ...
Between these two colliding titans - science and theology - there is a stunned public, quickly losing faith in the immortality of man and in any deity, quickly descending to the level of a purely animal existence. Such is the picture of the hour illuminated by the radiant midday sun of the Christian and scientific era!
"Isis Unveiled"
Sit down, I'm glad to see you. Cast away all fear
And you can keep yourself free
I give you permission. You know one of these days
I was elected king by the people,
But it's all the same. They confuse my thought
All these honors, greetings, bows...
"Crazy"
- What do you need abroad? - I asked him at a time when in his room, with the help of servants, his things were being packed and packed for shipment to the Varshavsky railway station.
- Yes, just ... to come to your senses! - He said confusedly and with a kind of dull expression on his face.
"Letters from the Road"
Is it really a matter of going through life in such a way as not to offend anyone? This is not happiness. Hurt, break, break, so that life boils. I am not afraid of any accusations, but a hundred times more than death I am afraid of colorlessness.
Verse is the same music, only combined with the word, and it also needs a natural ear, a sense of harmony and rhythm.
You experience a strange feeling when, with a light touch of your hand, you make such a mass rise and fall at will. When such a mass obeys you, you feel the power of a person ...
"Meeting"
The feeling of the Motherland should be strict, restrained in words, not eloquent, not chatty, not “waving your arms” and not running forward (to show yourself). The feeling of the Motherland should be a great ardent silence.
"Solitary"
And what is the secret of beauty, what is the secret and charm of art: in a conscious, inspired victory over torment or in the unconscious anguish of the human spirit, which sees no way out of the circle of vulgarity, squalor or thoughtlessness and is tragically condemned to seem self-satisfied or hopelessly false.
"Sentimental Remembrance"
Since my birth I have been living in Moscow, but by God I don’t know where Moscow came from, why it is, why, why, what it needs. In the Duma, at meetings, I, along with others, talk about urban economy, but I don’t know how many miles there are in Moscow, how many people there are, how many are born and die, how much we receive and spend, for how much and with whom we trade ... Which city is richer: Moscow or London? If London is richer, then why? And the jester knows him! And when some question is raised in the thought, I shudder and the first one starts shouting: “Submit to the commission! To the commission!
Everything new in the old way:
The modern poet
In a metaphorical outfit
Speech is poetic.
But others are not an example for me,
And my charter is simple and strict.
My verse is a pioneer boy
Lightly dressed, barefoot.
1926
Under the influence of Dostoevsky, as well as foreign literature, Baudelaire and Poe, my passion began not for decadence, but for symbolism (even then I already understood their difference). A collection of poems, published at the very beginning of the 90s, I entitled "Symbols". It seems that I was the first to use this word in Russian literature.
The run of changeable phenomena,
Past those flying, speed up:
Merge into one sunset of accomplishments
With the first gleam of gentle dawns.
From the lower life to the origins
In a moment, a single review:
In the face of a single smart eye
Take your twins.
Immutable and wonderful
Blessed Muse gift:
In the spirit of the form of slender songs,
There is life and heat in the heart of the songs.
"Thoughts on Poetry"
I have a lot of news. And all are good. I'm lucky". I am writing. I want to live, live, live forever. If you only knew how many new poems I have written! More than a hundred. It was crazy, a fairy tale, new. I publish new book, quite different from the previous ones. She will surprise many. I changed my understanding of the world. No matter how funny my phrase sounds, I will say: I understood the world. For many years, perhaps forever.
K. Balmont - L. Vilkina
Man is the truth! Everything is in man, everything is for man! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain! Man! It's great! It sounds... proud!
"At the bottom"
I'm sorry to create something useless and no one needs now. A collection, a book of poems at the present time is the most useless, unnecessary thing ... I do not mean by this that poetry is not needed. On the contrary, I affirm that poetry is necessary, even necessary, natural and eternal. There was a time when whole books of poetry seemed necessary to everyone, when they were read in full, understood and accepted by everyone. This time is past, not ours. The modern reader does not need a collection of poems!
Language is the history of a people. Language is the path of civilization and culture. Therefore, the study and preservation of the Russian language is not an idle occupation with nothing to do, but an urgent need.
What nationalists, patriots these internationalists become when they need it! And with what arrogance they sneer at the "frightened intellectuals" - as if there is absolutely no reason to be frightened - or at the "frightened townsfolk", as if they have some great advantages over the "philistines". And who, in fact, are these townsfolk, "prosperous philistines"? And who and what do the revolutionaries care about, if they so despise the average person and his well-being?
"Cursed Days"
In the struggle for their ideal, which is “freedom, equality and fraternity”, citizens must use such means that do not contradict this ideal.
"Governor"
“Let your soul be whole or split, let your understanding of the world be mystical, realistic, skeptical, or even idealistic (if you are unhappy before that), let the creative techniques be impressionistic, realistic, naturalistic, the content be lyrical or fabulous, let there be a mood, an impression - whatever you want, but, I beg you, be logical - may this cry of the heart be forgiven me! – are logical in design, in the construction of the work, in syntax.
Art is born in homelessness. I wrote letters and stories addressed to a distant unknown friend, but when a friend came, art gave way to life. Of course, I'm not talking about home comfort, but about life, which means more than art.
"We are with you. Diary of love"
An artist can do nothing more than open his soul to others. It is impossible to present him with predetermined rules. He is still an unknown world, where everything is new. We must forget what captivated others, here it is different. Otherwise, you will listen and not hear, you will look without understanding.
From Valery Bryusov's treatise "On Art"
Well, let her rest, she was exhausted - they exhausted her, alarmed her. And as soon as it's light, the shopkeeper will rise, she will begin to fold her goods, she will grab a blanket, she will go, pull out this soft bedding from under the old woman: she will wake the old woman, raise her to her feet: it's not light or dawn, if you please get up. Nothing to do about. In the meantime - grandmother, our Kostroma, our mother, Russia!
"Whirlwind Russia"
Art never speaks to the crowd, to the masses, it speaks to the individual, in the deep and hidden recesses of his soul.
Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (Ilyin) (1878 - 1942)
How strange /.../ How many cheerful and cheerful books there are, how many brilliant and witty philosophical truths - but there is nothing more comforting than Ecclesiastes.
Babkin dared, - read Seneca
And, whistling carcasses,
Take it to the library
In the margins, noting: "Nonsense!"
Babkin, friend, is a harsh critic,
Have you ever thought
What a legless paraplegic
Light chamois is not a decree? ..
"Reader"
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A critic's word about a poet must be objectively concrete and creative; the critic, while remaining a scientist, is a poet.
"Poetry of the word"
Only great things are worth thinking about, only great tasks should be set by the writer; set boldly, without being embarrassed by your personal small forces.
“It’s true, there are both goblin and water ones here,” I thought, looking in front of me, “or maybe some other spirit lives here ... A mighty, northern spirit that enjoys this wildness; maybe real northern fauns and healthy, blond women roam in these forests, eating cloudberries and lingonberries, laughing and chasing each other.
"North"
You need to be able to close a boring book...leave a bad movie...and part with people who don't value you!
Out of modesty, I will be careful not to point out the fact that on the day of my birth the bells were rung and there was a general rejoicing of the people. Evil tongues connected this jubilation with some great holiday, coinciding with the day of my birth, but I still don’t understand why there is some other holiday here?
That was the time when love, good and healthy feelings were considered vulgar and a relic; no one loved, but all were thirsty and, like poisoned ones, fell to everything sharp, tearing apart the insides.
"The Road to Calvary"
- Well, what's wrong, - I say to myself, - at least in a short word for now? After all, exactly the same form of farewell to friends exists in other languages, and there it does not shock anyone. great poet Walt Whitman, shortly before his death, said goodbye to readers with a touching poem "So long!", Which means in English - "Bye!". The French a bientot has the same meaning. There is no rudeness here. On the contrary, this form is filled with the most gracious courtesy, because here the following (approximately) meaning is compressed: be prosperous and happy until we see each other again.
"Live Like Life"
Switzerland? This is a mountain pasture for tourists. I've traveled all over the world myself, but I hate those ruminant bipeds with a Badaker for a tail. They chewed through the eyes of all the beauties of nature.
"Island of Lost Ships"
Everything that I wrote and will write, I consider only mental rubbish and do not respect my literary merits. And I wonder, and I wonder why in appearance smart people find some meaning and value in my poems. Thousands of poems, whether mine or those poets whom I know in Russia, are not worth one chanter of my bright mother.
I am afraid that Russian literature has only one future: its past.
Article "I'm afraid"
For a long time we have been looking for such a task, similar to lentils, so that the combined rays of the work of artists and the work of thinkers directed by it to a common point would meet in a common work and could ignite and turn even the cold substance of ice into a fire. Now such a task - a lentil that guides together your stormy courage and the cold mind of thinkers - has been found. This goal is to create a common written language...
"Artists of the World"
He adored poetry, tried to be impartial in his judgments. He was surprisingly young at heart, and perhaps even in mind. He always looked like a child to me. There was something childish in his clipped head, in his bearing, more like a gymnasium than a military one. He liked to portray an adult, like all children. He loved to play the “master”, the literary bosses of his “humil”, that is, the little poets and poetesses who surrounded him. Poetic children loved him very much.
Khodasevich, "Necropolis"
Me, me, me What a wild word!
Is that one over there really me?
Did mom love this?
Yellow-gray, semi-gray
And omniscient like a snake?
You have lost your Russia.
Did you resist the elements
Good elements of gloomy evil?
Not? So shut up: took away
Your fate is not without a reason
To the edge of an unkind foreign land.
What's the point of groaning and grieve -
Russia must be earned!
"What You Need to Know"
I never stopped writing poetry. For me, they are my connection with the time, with the new life of my people. When I wrote them, I lived by those rhythms that sounded in the heroic history of my country. I am happy that I lived in these years and saw events that had no equal.
All the people sent to us are our reflection. And they were sent so that we, looking at these people, correct our mistakes, and when we correct them, these people either change too or leave our lives.
In the wide field of Russian literature in the USSR, I was the only one literary wolf. I was advised to dye the skin. Ridiculous advice. Whether a painted wolf or a shorn wolf, he still does not look like a poodle. They treated me like a wolf. And for several years they drove me according to the rules of a literary cage in a fenced yard. I have no malice, but I am very tired ...
From a letter from M. A. Bulgakov to I. V. Stalin, May 30, 1931.
When I die, my descendants will ask my contemporaries: "Did you understand Mandelstam's poems?" - "No, we did not understand his poems." "Did you feed Mandelstam, did you give him shelter?" - "Yes, we fed Mandelstam, we gave him shelter." "Then you are forgiven."
Maybe go to the Press House - there is one sandwich each with chum caviar and a dispute - "about the proletarian choral reading", or in Polytechnical Museum- there are no sandwiches, but twenty-six young poets read their poems about the "locomotive mass". No, I will sit on the stairs, shivering from the cold and dream that all this is not in vain, that, sitting here on the step, I am preparing the distant sunrise of the Renaissance. I dreamed both simply and in verse, and the result was boring iambs.
"The extraordinary adventures of Julio Jurenito and his students"
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We are removing support for insecure TLS protocol versions, specifically TLSv1.0 and TLSv1.1, which your browser software relies on to connect to our sites. This is usually caused by outdated browsers, or older Android smartphones. Or it could be interference from corporate or personal "Web Security" software, which actually downgrades connection security.
You must upgrade your web browser or otherwise fix this issue to access our sites. This message will remain until Jan 1, 2020. After that date, your browser will not be able to establish a connection to our servers.