The portal I am a parent tells what kind of children may find themselves in a difficult life situation, what are the reasons for getting into such situations and what ways to solve the problems of such children exist in Russia.

The modern world is extremely unstable and full of change. Adults sometimes get stressed out by the precarious economic situation, the rise in crime, the need to worry about what will happen tomorrow. This, of course, cannot but affect the children.

Children's perception is very different from that of an adult. Sometimes a mere trifle can turn into a real tragedy, greatly upset and injure little man. As a result, the baby finds himself in a difficult situation, and it is important for adults to understand how to help him survive the pain that the child has to face due to various life circumstances.

Causes of difficult life situations in children

One of the main reasons for the emergence of the category "children in difficult life situations" is family trouble, namely:

• drug addiction or alcoholism in the family;
• low material security, poverty;
• conflicts between parents and relatives;
• child abuse, domestic violence.

Causes of family trouble

1. Reproduction of patterns of interaction and behavior adopted in the parental family.
2. A fatal confluence of life circumstances, as a result of which the entire structure and conditions of the existence of the family change. For example, sudden death, disability of one of the family members.
3. Changes in the surrounding world, entailing changes in every family system. For example, the economic crisis, wars, etc.

1. Children without parental care

The number of orphans is increasing in direct proportion to the decline in socio-economic well-being in the country. Babies are left without parental care for a number of reasons. Most often, this is the deprivation of parental rights.

Reasons for termination of parental rights:

• failure to fulfill parental responsibilities or abuse them,
• presence of domestic violence,
• the presence of chronic drug addiction or alcoholism in the family,
• commission by a parent of a crime against the life and health of his child or spouse.

Thus, children can be left without parental care and end up in Orphanage if staying in the family becomes dangerous for their lives.

The primary task of the society is the early identification of families that fall into the risk group, assistance to such families and their support, the desire to preserve the birth family for the child. Sometimes an ordinary conversation with a neighbor who began to appear frequently at the entrance to drunk, can prevent the development of a real disaster.

Of course, the dream of any child who has lost his parents and ended up in an orphanage and the best outcome for him is to find a new family, to find mom, dad and his own home again.

Babies are most often adopted now, and older children and teenagers have a chance of getting into custody or guardianship. Recently, there has been such a form of guardianship as a “foster family”. By law, adoptive parents in such a family are entitled to the material reward due for raising a child. In addition, every month such a family is paid a child care allowance, which is an additional factor in attracting people who are ready to take care of a child from an orphanage to solve this problem.

2. Children with disabilities (those who have developmental features: mental and / or physical)

The causes of childhood disability can be violations prenatal development due to genetic factors, lifestyle of parents (drug addiction, alcoholism and other types of deviations); birth trauma, as well as subsequent trauma of various origins.

Often children with special needs live and study at home. At present, inclusive education has been developed, in which children with disabilities get the opportunity to live and study in the same environment with their peers.

Very often, the appearance of a child with a disability in a family leads to its disintegration. Men leave the family, unable to withstand the additional difficulties and problems associated with raising a special child. At the same time, it is obvious that the upbringing of such a child requires exorbitant efforts from a woman left alone.

Characteristic features of families with children with disabilities:

• low income: caring for a sick child requires, in addition to large material costs, a lot of personal time, so many have to give up high-paying work in favor of work with a more flexible schedule and convenient location;
• isolation from society: difficulty attending entertainment places and events due to the lack of willingness of society to accept children with disabilities and poor technical support for the needs of people with disabilities;
• difficulties in obtaining education and profession. For the implementation of educational and professional activities, special children need special conditions. In addition, they often encounter rejection and bullying among their peers.

Currently, social projects and programs are being developed for the socialization and adaptation of disabled children, teaching them labor skills, and programs are being introduced to integrate them into the environment of healthy peers. An important factor is the identification of various defects at an early stage in the development of children. Now throughout the country there is an early intervention service for children under three years old, where parents who have children with developmental disabilities or who are at risk can apply. Consequences of identifying defects at an early stage of a child's development:

• prevention of the development of secondary disorders in the development of children,
• revealing the rehabilitation potential of the family in supporting the child, providing advice to the family itself,
• social adaptation and inclusion of the child in the peer environment already at an early stage,
• passing earlier preparation for studying according to the school curriculum, reducing difficulties in subsequent education.

The implementation of such social programs and projects requires the active participation of all of us and a sincere desire to change the attitude of our society towards disability. Everyone can help, for example, to take care of a child in the absence of parents, or to help mothers of children with developmental disabilities with employment, to the best of their ability.

And we must start with the fact that we all must try to understand and accept a simple truth: not like me does not mean bad.

There is nothing shameful or shameful in disability, and we should teach this to our children. And most importantly - this can happen in every family, regardless of age, place of residence and income level! It is important not to look away embarrassedly from the boy in a wheelchair, but to be able to explain to your child that all people are different and someone is less fortunate, but this does not mean that he is less worthy of respect, attention and communication. Families raising children with disabilities can be supported in word and deed. Without a doubt, any help (both psychological support and material participation) is very necessary and invaluable for them!

3. Children who have become victims of interethnic (including armed) conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, natural disasters; children from families of refugees and internally displaced persons; children in extreme conditions

In fact, these children are victims of extreme conditions, i.e. situations that go beyond normal human experience. The source of childhood trauma is often another person - this includes terrorist acts, attacks, local wars.

In today's world, the number of such children, unfortunately, is growing. The first priority in an emergency is to place children in a safe place and provide them with everything they need, from personal hygiene to the opportunity to receive an education. Indeed, often, being on the street and having lost a roof over their heads, children are forced to independently provide themselves with everything necessary, which can lead them to the path of crime.

The main problem of such children is that very little attention is paid to their experiences associated with a change of residence. But they are faced with a number of issues that are not easy to solve even for adults. Together with the place of residence, children need to change their school, social circle, habitual places of recreation and entertainment, and adapt to a new environment. Often children who find themselves in an extreme situation lose close relatives and even parents. Undoubtedly, they all experience loss.

In the future, such children experience difficulties in communication, it is difficult for them to general development, decreased academic performance and interest in life. Children who find themselves in extreme conditions need qualified help from psychologists in overcoming post-traumatic stress disorder.

4. Children subjected to violence, including in the family

A child who is being abused early years living with deep trauma. The child, as a rule, carefully hides the cause of the injury from others, the pain from the injury can torment him for the rest of his life.

Types of violence:

• physical violence when a child is beaten, while there may be traces of beatings on the body, or they are not fed,
• sexual abuse,

psychological abuse when a child is humiliated, isolated, lied to and threatened in every possible way.

Consequences of violence:

• children develop anxiety and various fears,
• children may experience guilt, shame,
• children do not know how to navigate their feelings and emotions,
• in adult life children often face a number of difficulties in creating their own family.

Early detection of this difficult situation plays a key role in helping child victims of violence. It is necessary to be more attentive to the children around us in order to notice that the child may be depressed, upset.

First of all, this applies to the parents of the child. It is extremely important for parents to be in close contact with their children. It is very useful to discuss with the child what he does outside the home, with whom he communicates, while it is important to maintain a trusting relationship so that he does not hesitate to tell at home if someone does not behave with him in the way that is customary in his family. It is necessary to pay attention to even minor changes in the behavior of the child. Sudden tears, loss of appetite and other changes are a good reason for a confidential conversation. In order to prevent violence against children, you can develop self-protection skills in children by playing small riddle games. For example, you can ask: "What would you do if a stranger offered you a ride in a car?". A good activity for spending time together is to draw leaflets with your child with basic safety rules: do not leave with strangers, do not open the door for strangers, keep parents aware of their whereabouts, etc. In particular, it costs special attention treat any manifestations of childish aggression directed both at oneself and others, try to identify its causes and prevent it from aggravating.

The most terrible thing for a small person can be violence against him in the family, when it seems to him that no one will ever protect him, there is no one to complain to. After all, the tormentors are his closest people, parents who, for personal reasons, have become alcoholics, drug addicts, religious fanatics, or are mentally ill people.

An important role in such situations is played by where children can call without fear of exposure. Everyone can and should report situations of domestic violence that we witness: relatives, neighbors, school psychologists and teachers.

5. Children serving sentences of imprisonment in educational colonies; children in special educational institutions

As a rule, such children are characterized by a desire for deviation in behavior, or deviant behavior, i.e. behavior that does not correspond to the norms that are accepted in society.

Levels of deviation in behavior:

• precriminal level- these are minor offenses, the use of alcohol and psychoactive substances, leaving home;
• criminal level- this is an extreme case of deviant behavior - delinquent behavior that can lead a child to criminal offenses.

Reasons for deviation in behavior:

• socio-pedagogical neglect, the specifics of education;
• family troubles, as a result of which the child experiences deep psychological discomfort;
• personal characteristics of the child: deviations in development, transitional stages of growing up;
• insufficient opportunity for self-realization and self-expression;
• neglect.

In helping this category of children, it is extremely important prevention and warning manifestations of deviant behavior in the early stages of its manifestation. Here the main role assigned to parents and teachers, as their duty is to treat children with due attention. In the modern world, the most common types of deviant behavior are represented by various forms of addiction - alcohol, tobacco, drugs, computer. In order to know how to behave in a situation if your child is addicted, we recommend watching the following videos:

When a crisis situation arises in the life of a child or in his family, it is necessary to turn to qualified specialists for help and support as soon as possible. For children, adolescents, as well as their parents, there is a phone number that they can call if necessary.

In practice, social assistance to children who find themselves in difficult situation, lies in the constant work with their families, when it is dysfunctional. The main type of such assistance is social support for the baby and his family. Accompaniment - social assistance, including pedagogical and psychological assistance. Accompanying is otherwise called patronage. This is a whole complex system of psychological, pedagogical and social assistance provided by social service specialists. But each of us can help a child in a difficult life situation. You just have to stop, do not pass by and do not turn away from the little man in trouble.

We give advice right and left that there is a way out of any unpleasant situation, and not even one. We tune in to the positive and try to console others that not everything is as bad as it seems at first glance. But when we ourselves are overcome by troubles that are coming from all sides, the advice that we ourselves offered looks simply ridiculous and helpless.

What to do in a difficult life situation, where you see one dead end? There are practical tips on how to proceed in this case.

1. First of all, try to calm down and stop. No need to quickly rush into the pool with your head and take incomprehensible actions that can lead to even bigger problems. You need to pause and decide where you are and how you ended up in this position. Take some time to think about why it turned out the way it did, and not completely different. When you can find the entrance, then you will find the exit in one moment.

2. Effective advice on how to get out of the impasse is to get rid of the emotions that overwhelm you at that moment. Fear, anger, disappointment interfere with normal concentration in front of the resulting problem. Often, our negative emotions, which take on a huge scale, we make an elephant out of a fly, and it’s done, we don’t see any way out, one dead end. If you want to smash something to smithereens - do it, if you want to scream and swear - go ahead, give vent to your anger, do not keep destructive energy in yourself.

3. When you are overcome by complete devastation, only then will bright thoughts begin to come into your head and everything will become clear from a different angle. Prepare yourself tea with lemon and ginger, or make yourself hot coffee, energy drinks will help your brain work faster. Take a piece of paper and start writing down absolutely all ideas for getting out of an impasse, even the most absurd ones, in such cases all means are good.

4. Do not think alone, seek help from your comrades and loved ones who have not turned away in difficult times. There is a proverb "One head is good, but two is better." Perhaps they will offer their own options that will be useful to you, because sometimes it is more visible from the outside.

5. The next step will be a full analysis of the proposed ideas. Consider all the pros and cons. Make three thorough plans to get out of the crisis. Plan A and B are the most effective, and Plan C is the back-up. Clearly thought-out scenarios, several options, give much more percentage of success than one.

6. In a difficult life situation, gather your strength and spirit and begin to put into action your anti-crisis plan. Going step by step, not stepping back, you will achieve what you want and get out of the troubles surrounding your life, and understanding what to do will come by itself.

7. In difficult times, people who care about you and to whom you are very dear will help you survive misfortunes. Don't push them away or isolate them from your society, let them help you. You can even ask them for help yourself, in such situations you understand who the most devoted and faithful people are.

8. In our life, we rely a lot on circumstances, while realizing that they do not bode well. You can't do that. We create our own destiny, so pull yourself together and do not let circumstances take over you.

9. Another effective way to get out of a deadlock is to exclude people with. In the environment of each person, there is sure to be such a person who will exaggerate and lower faith in yourself. Such people do not see happiness and positive moments, they have only one negative around them. If possible, avoid them, do not let them lower your self-esteem, otherwise, you will panic and give up.

10. When you are in trouble, look for something that will motivate you during the time that you get out of the current situation. Strive to associate with those who believe in you and know that you can withstand any blow.

11. In difficult moments, you should not be afraid to take risks and think about mistakes, everyone has them. It will be stupidity that you will sit idly by. Each of your mistakes will be a lesson from which you will draw useful and necessary information for yourself.

12. Do not listen to those who say that they know how you better live and be. They will constantly remind you and poke you for past mistakes. Send them away from you, let them hang noodles on the ears of others, the same losers as they are. This is your life and only you can decide if you can get out of trouble or not. Believe in yourself and you will succeed. You are not a loser, but a winner!

Social support - in the most general sense - is information that leads a person to believe that he is loved, appreciated, cared for, that he is a member social network and has mutual obligations with it. Social support is defined as the exchange of resources between people.

Social support of the population - a system of measures that provide social guarantees to certain categories of citizens established by laws and other regulations legal acts, with the exception of pensions. The presented definition is based on the provisions of the Federal Law No. 122-FZ “On Amendments to the Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation and the Recognition of Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation as Invalid in Connection with the Adoption of Federal Laws “On Amendments and Additions to the federal law"On the General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Authorities of the Subjects of the Russian Federation" and "On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation", adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation on August 5, 2004. . Prior to the adoption of this law, in scientific, legal and business literature, as well as in legal documents, social support was interpreted as one-time and (or) episodic short-term events.

Family social support is also considered as assistance in cash and in kind, which is provided subject to statutory guarantees for social security.

There are the following types of family support:

1. emotional, intimate - care for another, trust and empathy for him;

2. instrumental (material) - financial assistance, provision of resources;

3. informational - assistance in solving the problem by offering important information, advice;

4. feedback or support in the form of evaluation - evaluation of performance after the problem has been resolved.

Social support networks play a special role. Social support networks are structures that can help a person or a family. A whole network of institutions providing social assistance to families and children has been created in our country. In the Chelyabinsk region, there is a wide network of institutions whose activities are aimed at providing social support and assistance to families and children. These are 55 educational institutions for orphans and children left without parental care (orphanages and boarding schools), 23 specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation (social shelters and social rehabilitation centers), 3 rehabilitation centers for children with disabilities, 2 social assistance centers for families and children and 1 crisis center for women.

Family social support is a complex process that includes three links:

1. search for social support (the ability of the family to find people who are ready to help);

2. availability of a social support network (structures capable of providing support);

3. perception of social support (the ability of the family to accept help from others).

The Russian family needs the support of the state and society, but such support from the state and society cannot be reduced to material, economic (monetary or in-kind) assistance, it must include assistance in organizing and other possible needs of the family, in resolving any problems and crisis situations any nature, not just economic. As P.D. Pavlenok, the most promising is a balanced combination of monetary and non-monetary types of assistance.

The family is a full-fledged institution of social education. In order to preserve and develop the social functions of the family, the state develops and implements a family policy that includes two main tasks: on the one hand, it is aimed at stabilizing the situation of the family, creating real prerequisites for the positive dynamics of its life support processes, and on the other hand, at creating an effective social protection systems for socially vulnerable families.

Family social support is a set of measures to help certain groups of families who are temporarily in a difficult economic situation by providing them with information, financial resources, loans, training and retraining, and other benefits. The hallmarks of social support are temporary or partial; active participation of the person in need in solving the problem; use of the principle of repayment of allocated financial resources. An integral element of the social support of the family is social assistance. According to Russian legislation, “state social assistance is the provision of low-income families, low-income citizens living alone ... social benefits, social supplements to pensions, subsidies, social services and essential goods. Recipients of state social assistance may be low-income families and low-income citizens living alone, who have an average per capita income below the subsistence level established in the relevant subject of the Russian Federation.

To date, the following main forms of state assistance to families with children have developed and are operating:

Cash payments to the family for children in connection with their birth, maintenance and upbringing (pensions, benefits, subsidies);

Labor, tax, housing, medical, credit and other benefits for parents and children;

Family social services (provision of social services and advisory assistance), etc.

Also, Russian legislation defines measures of social support to which a family in a difficult life situation is entitled:

1. One-time targeted financial assistance to citizens in difficult life situations

2. Monthly cash payment to families consisting exclusively of non-working disabled people since childhood.

3. Providing children of the first and second years of life with special dairy products for children.

4. Providing food for children studying in municipal educational institutions without charging a fee.

5. One-time targeted financial assistance for the repair of residential premises.

At present, it is impossible to follow the path of elimination of low income with the help of additional payments from the budget to all families with incomes below the official subsistence level. Social assistance in modern conditions can only be specific and appear in an individual form as an address. Only then can the very limited funds for social protection be used optimally.

Social protection bodies cover all categories of families: low-income, incomplete, large families, disadvantaged families and families at risk.

The main areas of social protection of families and children are:

1) prevention of family troubles and social orphanhood with the introduction of modern technologies;

2) comprehensive material support for families and children, including low-income and large families;

3) organization of work on recreation and health improvement of children.

A special category of clients are families at risk or in a socially dangerous situation. In 2011, 7,000 families are registered in Chelyabinsk, in 2010 the number of such families was 6,984. Departments of assistance to families and children of municipal institutions The complex center of social services for the population of the city perform the primary function of identifying such families, their social patronage, and the selection of a rehabilitation program.

It is necessary to identify a problematic, dysfunctional family at an early stage, when intervention can be especially effective, to intensify work with such families, to develop family-education groups in shelters and social rehabilitation centers for minors.

In total, 2 billion 724.1 million rubles are provided for assisting the growth of real incomes for families with children in 2011 in the Chelyabinsk region. Of which for payment monthly allowance more than 1 billion rubles are allocated annually for a child, 121 million rubles for a one-time allowance for the birth of a child. More than 330,000 families with children will receive benefits.

The system of providing subsidies for housing and utility bills (including targeted subsidies in connection with the increase in utility bills in 2011), which are one of the types of state social assistance, helps to protect low-income families from rising housing arrears. utilities, and, ultimately, from the loss of their homes. More than 1 billion rubles are allocated annually for these purposes. More than 100 thousand families receive subsidies in the region.

The provision of social protection for low-income citizens and families, citizens in difficult life situations, is facilitated by the payment of a one-time social benefit. This year, the amount of funding for its payment will amount to 19.5 million rubles.

The main goal of family social support is to mobilize the family's internal forces to overcome the crisis. The specific content of the social support of the family in each individual case is determined by its individual characteristics: structure, financial situation, the nature of internal relations, the specifics of the problems, the degree of their severity, the aspect of trouble.

The family is a society in miniature, on whose integrity depends the security of the entire large human society. It is possible to achieve the revival of the authority of the Russian family, strengthening basic family values ​​and traditions by improving family policy, developing the content of social support for the family, spiritual and moral education of the population, improving social relations, introducing children and youth to family values, through saving cultural traditions and study of genealogy. Without strong and strong families, there will never be a strong and strong state. The main goal of state social support for families and children is the well-being of the family. State family policy should be constantly developed and improved, based on scientific research, introduce new state standards, to form new mechanisms of interaction with the family, thereby providing the necessary conditions for the family to implement its basic functions.

In modern conditions, the problems of families in a difficult life situation are becoming increasingly acute and relevant, since their number is not decreasing every year, but is continuously growing. This is due to problems of an economic, demographic, socio-political nature. At the same time, perhaps the most vulnerable category are children.

According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, children are entitled to special care and assistance. The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees state support for the family, motherhood and childhood. By signing the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international acts in the field of ensuring the rights of children, the Russian Federation expressed its commitment to participating in the efforts of the world community to create an environment that is comfortable and friendly for children.

Federal Laws "On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation" and "On additional guarantees on social support for orphans and children left without parental care" establishes that the protection of the rights of children in difficult life is carried out by bodies state power constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The regional targeted programs implemented by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are a kind of core for solving the problems of children, families with children in difficult life situations. The effectiveness of the implementation of such programs largely determines the possibility of achieving the goals and objectives of the state's social policy.

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Social support for children in difficult life situations

The child protection system begins with the protection of the family, mother and child. The provision of this social sphere in Russia is one of the most developed. Education in children's institutions is based on proven programs. Its necessary element is teaching children to communicate, activities as part of a group, preparation for entering school.

Social protection of preschoolers is carried out in cooperation with medicine, pedagogy, and production. The social protection bodies of the population contribute to the rehabilitation and treatment of preschool children, for which, for example, they provide preferential conditions for the stay of preschool children in sanatoriums. The upbringing of preschool children solves the problems of their socialization. The youngest learn the rules of behavior, are included in group activities, and master the basics of culture.

The system of social protection of schoolchildren organically includes a variety of activities held at school, in extracurricular institutions, work with families and the public. The main result of this activity is the formation of social security for schoolchildren as a stable mental state, including confidence in their successful social and professional self-determination, as well as effective socialization. Social and pedagogical work contributes to the inclusion in productive work, the system of continuous education.

Social protection of childhood also includes the prevention of pedagogical injuries, education without losers, without repeaters, since they are characterized by mental states that depress vital activity. Social work of such a plan is of a preventive and therapeutic nature. Practical socio-psychological work is widely used .

An important direction in the socialization of children and adolescents is their rehabilitation in connection with deprivation (educational, psychological, moral, social, etc.), that is, the loss of important personal qualities. At the same time, personal development is diagnosed, individual plans for the restoration of abilities (perceptual, intellectual, communicative, practical activities) are built, correctional groups are organized, relevant classes are selected that allow one to acquire socially valuable knowledge and the ability to use them in work, communication, and personal life in collective activity. .

The foregoing is closely related to the problem of the so-called "difficult", maladjusted children and adolescents. It should be noted that working with such children requires combining the qualities of a social worker when dealing with those who are involved in helping children (parents, neighbors, friends or officials) and the qualities of a social educator when dealing directly with minors.

Working with "difficult" children, it is necessary to focus on the pragmatism of everyday life. This helps to perceive the child in a specific living space - in the place where he lives, in the family, where his behavior, connections, personal characteristics can be observed, and living conditions, the relationship of psychological, material, social factors become much clearer, since the understanding of the problem does not close only on the personality of this child .

Needy children today can count, first of all, on material assistance. Its main task is to maintain an acceptable (necessary and sufficient) standard of living for the child and the family as a whole, who are in a socially difficult situation. Financial assistance is a lump-sum payment in cash or in kind, expressed as an amount of money, food, sanitation and hygiene products, child care products, clothes, shoes and other essentials.

The main criterion in establishing the right to material assistance is poverty, as an indicator of need. The bodies of social protection of the population decide on the recognition of the needy as poor and on the provision of material assistance to them, and the municipal centers of social services are directly involved in providing such assistance. The commissions for the distribution and provision of material assistance, created under the social protection authorities, consider the issues of providing such assistance, taking into account the financial situation of the applicant, the composition and income of the family, the reasons and circumstances that prompted the application for help. Unfortunately, in order to receive material assistance, a whole list of certificates and documents is often required, which creates significant difficulties for low-income citizens.

The increase in government spending to support families with children has played a certain role in improving their financial situation, increasing the birth rate of children. However, the share of spending in GDP on supporting families with children in Russia is still much lower than in developed European countries. It can hardly be expected that monetary regulation can radically eliminate the causes that lead to children's unhappiness.

In search of new ways to manage the process and stimulate the necessary changes in the regions, in 2008, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Fund for Supporting Children in Difficult Life Situations was established. The fund is new modern instrument implementation of social policy in the interests of children and families with children in difficult life situations, in the conditions of division of powers between the center and regions.

The mission of the Fund is to create a new management mechanism that allows, under the conditions of division of powers between federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to significantly reduce the prevalence of social disadvantage of children and families with children, stimulate the development of effective forms and methods of working with families and children in need of assistance.

Directions of the Fund's activity for 2012-2015:

1. prevention of family troubles and social orphanhood of children, including prevention of child abuse, restoration of a family environment favorable for raising a child, family placement of orphans and children left without parental care;
2. social support for families with disabled children to ensure the maximum possible development of such children in the conditions of family education, their socialization, preparation for independent life and integration into society;
3. social rehabilitation of children in conflict with the law (who have committed offenses and crimes), prevention of neglect and homelessness of children, juvenile delinquency, including repeated.

The Fund for Supporting Children in Difficult Life Situations focuses the attention of the regions on the need to organize systematic, comprehensive and interdepartmental work with families and children and believes that the program-targeted approach is the most appropriate tool for organizing such work .

The next type of assistance provided by the state is social services for children with disabilities at home. Help at home is aimed at improving the level and quality of life of people with disabilities, finding children in their usual habitat - at home, protecting their rights and legitimate interests. Social services at home can be provided on a permanent or temporary basis.

At the social service centers, specialized departments are being created that deal with home care. Social workers visit their charges several times a week. The list of services provided in this case is quite wide. It can be, firstly, the organization of food, life and leisure.

Secondly, social - medical, sanitary - hygienic services (assistance in medical care, rehabilitation measures, provision of medicines, psychological assistance, hospitalization, etc.).

Thirdly, assistance in obtaining education for disabled people in accordance with their physical capabilities and mental abilities.

Fourthly, legal services (assistance in paperwork, assistance in obtaining benefits and benefits established by the current legislation, etc.). As well as assistance in organizing funeral services .

Children can receive social services in specialized institutions on a stationary and semi-stationary basis. Based on a complete state support services are provided to disabled people, orphans, children whose parents are deprived of parental rights, convicted, recognized as incapacitated, are on long-term treatment, as well as in the case when the location of the parents is not established. For a period of not more than one year, children of single mothers, the unemployed, refugees, forced migrants can be admitted to hospitals.

Inpatient care for children is provided in orphanages, boarding schools, sanatorium-type orphanages, correctional orphanages (including correctional-psychological), special orphanages (for children with disabilities). These institutions perform the functions of creating favorable conditions close to home, conducive to mental, emotional and physical development personality. Medical-psychological-pedagogical rehabilitation and social adaptation of children is carried out there; development educational programs, training and education; ensuring the protection and strengthening of the health of pupils; protection of their interests.

In institutions of social service there are departments of day or night stay. Here, minors can receive semi-stationary social services.

Day care units for children and adolescents are being set up in comprehensive social service centres. In their free time from school, children visit the day care department, where rehabilitation groups of 5 to 10 people are assembled. The activities of rehabilitation groups are carried out on the basis of group programs that take into account individual programs for the rehabilitation of minors.

During the period of stay in the day care department, children and adolescents are provided with hot meals and medicines. In the day care departments there are premises for a medical office and a psychological assistance office, for conducting training sessions, leisure and circle work as well as a canteen .

The issue of street children also remains problematic. To solve this problem, the state created specialized institutions that provide children with a temporary shelter.

It is important to note that the provision of temporary shelter to children who find themselves in a difficult life situation contributes to prevention and, in many respects, prevents the neglect of minors. For these purposes, specialized institutions for temporary stay are being created - these are social rehabilitation centers for minors, social shelters for children, centers for helping children left without parental care. Minors stay in such institutions for the time necessary to provide social assistance and (or) social rehabilitation and resolve issues of their further placement. Reception of children (from 3 to 18 years old) is carried out around the clock, they can apply on their own, at the initiative of their parents (their legal representatives) .

What are the functions of temporary residence institutions? First of all, this is assistance in restoring the social status of a minor in a group of peers at the place of study, residence. Facilitating the return of children to families, providing social, psychological and other assistance to children and their parents. Organization of medical care and training, assistance in vocational guidance and obtaining a specialty, etc. Institutions such as social shelters, together with the authorities and institutions of education, health care, internal affairs and other organizations, carry out activities to identify children in need of emergency social assistance. Assist guardianship and guardianship authorities in the placement of minors left without parental care .

The next type of social assistance is rehabilitation services. Different categories of children need them: disabled people, juvenile delinquents, street children, homeless children, etc.

The rehabilitation process is a complex process that includes a whole range of measures: medical, psychological, professional rehabilitation. Such measures are aimed at preserving and restoring the health of the child and his life support environment.

One of the main areas of rehabilitation is the preferential provision of disabled children with prostheses, orthopedic products, and means of transportation - wheelchairs. To date, there are about 200 manufacturers of technical equipment necessary for the rehabilitation of disabled people. It is no secret that rehabilitation services in our country are at a rather low level - there are not enough funds to provide free provision to all citizens in need; there are few enterprises specializing in the development and production of prosthetic and orthopedic products; The quality of such products also often leaves much to be desired.

Legislation guarantees children with disabilities the right to receive professions free of charge, which is realized in 42 special educational institutions primary and secondary vocational education, over 7 thousand people study there. Training is also carried out in general educational institutions. Within the framework of secondary vocational education, training is provided in modern specialties related to management, finance, banking, social security organization, etc.

Disabled children preschool age receive rehabilitation services in children's preschool institutions of a general type, and if this is excluded due to the state of their health, then in special preschool institutions. The maintenance of disabled children in preschool and educational institutions is carried out at the expense of the budget of the subject of the Russian Federation.

It is important to note that if it is impossible to educate and educate disabled children in general or special preschool and general educational institutions, the education of disabled children with the consent of their parents is carried out at home according to a complete general educational or individual program. Training is conducted, as a rule, by the educational institution closest to the place of residence of a disabled child. For the period of study, the educational institution provides free textbooks, educational and reference literature available in the library educational institution. Based on the results of the training, a state-recognized document on the corresponding education is issued .

In this way, the principle of giving priority to the provision of social services to minors has been proclaimed at the state level. Obviously, taking care of the younger generation is one of the main tasks of the state. After all, timely assistance helps to return a child who has fallen into a difficult life situation to the mainstream of a normal full life. At the same time, material well-being, spiritual development and moral health of the younger generation are decisive. Ignoring the tasks set is immoral.

Pronin A.A. Socio-legal protection of childhood in Russia // Issues of juvenile justice. - 2009. - N 6. - S. 4.

Omigov V.I. Features of combating juvenile delinquency // Russian justice. - 2012. - N 1. - S. 24.

In the life of each of us there are difficult life situations, and we all react to troubles in our own way and look for a way out of a difficult situation in different ways. Some put up and adapting "go with the flow." Others are looking for a way out of a difficult life situation with the help of actions aimed at overcoming problems and troubles. Someone withdraws into himself and instead of trying to somehow overcome the difficulty, he prefers not to notice it. And many, cursing fate, only complain about difficult life and without actually solving any problems, they become depressed.

It is possible to generalize the behavior of people in difficult situations and describe ways of overcoming difficulties according to the transformation strategies that are used in these situations: co-ownership (adaptation and overcoming), protection and experience. But before we talk about them in detail, a few words about the concept of "difficult life situation".

So the concept of "difficult life situation" is interpreted by one of the Federal Laws of the Russian Federation - " Difficult life situation - this is a situation that directly disrupts the life of a person, which he is not able to overcome on his own". This law also gives several examples of difficult life situations - illness, disability, orphanhood, unemployment, insecurity and poverty, lack of a fixed place of residence, abuse, conflicts, loneliness, etc.

The Russian psychotherapist, Fedor Efimovich Vasilyuk, who studies aspects of difficult life situations, suggests understanding them as situations of impossibility in which a person faces the difficulty of realizing the internal needs of his life (aspirations, motives, values, etc.).

A difficult life situation is always characterized by a discrepancy between what we want (to achieve, do, etc.) and what we can. Such a discrepancy between desires and abilities and capabilities prevents the achievement of goals, and this entails the emergence of negative emotions, which signal the emergence of a difficult situation. A developing person, mastering and learning the world around him, but not possessing enough life experience, inevitably meet with something unexpected, unknown and new. The use of one's own abilities and capabilities in this situation may not be enough, therefore it can cause disappointment. And any difficult life situation leads to disruption of activity, deterioration of existing relations with the people around us, gives rise to experiences and bad emotions, causes various inconveniences, which can have negative consequences for the development of the individual. Therefore, a person should know as much as possible about the possible options and ways.

Behavior Techniques People Most Often Use in Difficult Situations

Defense techniques - a group of non-adaptive (behavior that contributes to the emergence of severe mental distress) reactions to difficulties: depression, silent humility, depression, as well as avoiding difficult life situations and suppressing thoughts about the cause and source of the difficulty.

Overcoming - actions aimed at achieving success, changing and overcoming difficulties. They are associated with the expenditure of energy and with certain efforts; involves intense reflection aimed at solving a difficult situation, high level mental self-regulation, searching for the necessary information and involving other people in solving the problem.

Persistently transforming any difficult situation, a person changes a lot, but often these changes are unconscious and unintentional. However, sometimes the situation requires a conscious change in its characteristics, only in this case it is possible to achieve well-being and overcome difficulty. In this case, change personal properties and attitudes towards a difficult situation becomes the main strategy or an important constituent element of another strategy.

DEVICE RECEPTIONS

• Adapting to the Basic Moments of the Situation(social attitudes, social norms, rules of business relations, etc.). Having mastered this technique, a person freely enters the world of morality and law, labor, culture, family relations. In normal social conditions, this technique determines success. For example, it helps to get used to new working conditions (in this case, a person successfully passes a probationary period) or in case of moving to a new place of residence. However, if a person got into a difficult situation, in a situation of upheaval, when something has changed dramatically, where new rules have not yet been formed, and the old ones no longer apply - this technique will not help.
• Adaptation to the characteristics and needs of others will have great value in situations of social upheaval. The study of this technique showed that it is most often used in the crisis stages of the development of society. Next to it is another method of adaptation - concern for maintaining the existing establishment of new social contacts.
• Choose a role for yourself and act in accordance with it. People use this technique in situations where the source of experiences and difficulties is their personal qualities and properties of their own character (for example, self-doubt or shyness), not allowing them to freely adapt to new living conditions, ask for help, etc. This technique consists in the conscious application of the identification mechanism. A person chooses to imitate a certain behavior model, it can be a movie character or a book character, personifying confidence, well, or a friend who has this missing quality. In a difficult life situation, he tries on the role of this character: he begins to behave differently, his gait, manner of speaking, his speech becomes persuasive He even begins to feel differently. Since he does not fully identify himself with the chosen role, but only “plays it,” he attributes all his failures and awkwardness to the chosen character, and not to himself. It helps to avoid embarrassment, to be more free from the opinions of others and do not reduce self-esteem when misses. With the right choice of role, it helps to cope with a difficult situation that arises in communication, and also causes tangible shifts not only in behavior, but also in one's own life values ​​and attitudes.
• A commonly used form of adaptation is identification with more successful people or identification with serious and influential associations and organizations. People who have suffered disappointments and failures, who think they are a loser, sometimes resort to this technique. By identifying with a successful subject, they, as it were, add special abilities to themselves, and becoming an employee of an influential and authoritative organization, they not only get the opportunity to feel that they belong to it and talk about “our successes”, but also really begin to feel strong and act more successfully and effectively. confidently.
• Technique for identifying the boundaries of one's own capabilities, as a rule, is used with a sudden change in life circumstances. The most striking example is a person who has become disabled. Once in such a difficult life situation, people are forced to drastically change their established way of life. At first, they learn about their capabilities. As a man walking through a swamp probes the ground, they analyze the measure of their remaining abilities and try to make up for what they have lost. It is worth noting that those who find themselves in unknown or complicated conditions also resort to house tactics.
• Foresight and anticipation of events. This technique is used by people who have already had a sad experience of failure or are waiting for the imminent onset of an approaching difficult life situation (for example, a layoff, an upcoming operation, or the death of a sick relative). Anticipatory sadness or preconceived notions are adaptive and allow the person to mentally prepare for possible difficult trials and make a plan to prevent unfortunate circumstances. Like any other method of coping with a difficult situation, anticipatory coping, depending on a particular situation, can be both beneficial and harmful.

(+) An example of the productive use of anticipatory coping is the experience often used in some foreign hospitals in preparing young patients for the intended operation. Medical staff under the guidance of a qualified psychologist arrange special role-playing games, during which the situation of the operation is played. Similar psychological preparation reduces the fear of children before surgery and significantly accelerate their recovery.

(-) A clear example of a uniquely unproductive anticipatory coping is the so-called "symptom of St. Lazarus", psychologists have identified it when working with some relatives of HIV-infected people. It consists in such an attitude towards the patient, as if he was already dead and mourned (sometimes it comes to the point that family members avoid all communication with the sick person, openly collect money for a wake and prepare for his funeral).

AUXILIARY METHODS OF SELF-PRESERVATION IN DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATIONS

These are methods of dealing with emotional failures, which, according to the subject, occur in connection with insurmountable difficult situations.

• This is escape from a difficult situation. It occurs not only in physical, but also in a purely psychological form - by suppressing thoughts about the situation and internal alienation from it (this may be a refusal to promotions, from other tempting offers). For people who have experienced a large number of different failures and disappointments, this avoidance of dubious relationships and situations often becomes a personality trait. For them, it is the last line of defense.
• Rejection and rejection, traumatic, stunning and tragic event - another common method of self-preservation. Getting into a difficult life situation and facing tragedy, rejection and denial of it, a person builds a psychological barrier on the way of penetration into his inner world of this traumatic and destructive event. He gradually digests it in small doses.

Techniques overcoming difficulties with the help of adaptation and transformation can be both secondary and basic for a person, both situation-specific and characteristic. The situation-specific are: "resistance", "adjustment of one's expectations", "hope", "use of chance", "self-affirmation", "identification with the fates and goals of other people", "relying on other people", "postponing the satisfaction of one's own needs”, “the manifestation of aggression in the form of action or unfounded criticism" and etc.

TECHNIQUES TO USE IN CASES OF FAIL

Here will be given the techniques that people use in the case when for overcoming difficult life situations there is no way to solve them. That is, a person who has fallen into an unpleasant situation has made every effort to somehow solve it, but the problem remains unresolved and he has no other choice but to simply admit that he has failed. He experiences this defeat as a collapse of his personality, because he set himself a difficult task, put so much effort, hoped, and even saw her solution as part of future life. If a person has not experienced major failures and failures up to this time, he is overly vulnerable. In such a situation, a person tries in any way to maintain or restore a good attitude towards himself, a sense of his own well-being and dignity.

Most often in such cases, people try to discount failure by using psychological defense mechanisms that help reduce the burden of emotional experiences and do not require them to painfully reconsider their attitude towards themselves. Among these methods are:

• Object depreciation. Failing to find way out of a difficult situation, in this case, having failed to achieve an important goal (get married, go to college, defend a dissertation, etc.), a person lowers its significance. Thus, he discounts his failure (" Do I need it?», « It's not the most important thing in life”) and writes the difficult situation into his biography as an insignificant episode.
• Adjusting your hopes and aspirations. Since failure for most people is an unpleasant and difficult event that deprives a person of what he needs, he can resort to correcting hopes and expectations. Often this leads to minimization of needs. Of course, this method saves from failures, smoothes discomfort and experiences, but it impoverishes the future and in no way increases the respect of oneself as a person.
• Acceptance is the acceptance of a situation as it really is. In psychology, this technique is sometimes called "patience" or even more often they use the phrase "let go of the situation" (i.e. stop actions that do not bring results to change a difficult situation). This is not a silent response to difficult life circumstances, but a conscious decision made after analyzing the life situation and comparing one's own plight with the even worse situation of other people. This technique can be applied in a situation of disability or serious illness.
• Positive interpretation of your situation. This technique is similar to the previous one. It consists in using comparison options: people compare themselves with someone who is in an even more precarious position (“comparison goes down”), or recalls their merits and successes in other areas: “Yes, I didn’t succeed, but…” (“the comparison goes up”). Remember, one of the heroines of the popular film by E. Ryazanov " Love affair at work", there were such protective phrases:" I live outside the city, but next to the train», « My husband had a stomach ulcer, but Vishnevsky did the operation himself" etc.

In the life of each of us there are difficult life situations. Even in the most serene times, we face difficulties. For one it is a job search or a change of residence, for another it is their own illness or illness. loved one, divorce or death of loved ones and relatives. So it was and always will be. Difficult life situations arise in the lives of children and adults, entire families and nations.

This article presents techniques and techniques largely related to adaptation to circumstances that can no longer be changed. There are opinions that such techniques indicate a passive strategy and an inability to cope with one's life. But in reality, everything is not so simple, because sometimes a temporary adaptation acts as a wise strategy for experiencing a difficult life situation, taking into account life prospects with their real features.

The simplest example is probationary period for employment dictates to a person the rules of the game to which he must adapt in order to get a job in good location and to be accepted in the new labor collective. He knows, When is it better to be silent?, refuses self-affirmation and certain forms of behavior in favor of its future.

However, everyone has the right to independently choose those techniques and strategies from their repertoire that will help get out of a difficult life situation. Not always and not all of us are able to change. The most we can do is to take a sober look at the situation, focus our best efforts on changing what can be improved, and find ways to coexist with what cannot be changed.

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