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Today, interest in Russian, especially in ancient Russian literature reader's has dropped sharply with the advent of new video technologies. But modern man you need to know the history and culture of your people. We can draw this knowledge from primary sources: chronicles, chronographs, lives, historical stories.
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If I draw the attention and interest of children and adult readers to the works of ancient Russian literature, then every citizen will be filled with pride for their people: their glorious military and labor feats, the huge creative search of chronicler monks, historians, cartographers and the spiritual culture of past generations.
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To get acquainted with the main genres of ancient Russian literature. Give brief analysis"The Tale of Bygone Years" and "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". Determine the role of the author in the works of ancient Russian literature. To get acquainted with the origin of Christianity in Russia. Arouse reader interest in the works of ancient Russian literature.
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More than a thousand years ago, Russia was inhabited by a people calling themselves Slavs. It was divided into tribes: glades, drevlyans, krivichi, northerners ... Only one of the tribes was simply called Slavs. Having settled in separate clans, which constantly quarreled among themselves, they could not give a strong rebuff to the enemy and often paid tribute.
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Then the Ilmenian Slavs, the Krivichi, and two Finnish tribes, all and Chud, gathered at a veche and began to discuss how to bring peace and order to themselves. They decided to appoint a prince who would own them and judge by law.
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And so that the prince would not take care of his family more than others, the veche decided: to call a stranger prince, from the Varangians, equipping ambassadors for this.
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There was a small tribe of Rus between the Varangians, and the ambassadors turned to him: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order in it, come to reign and rule over us.” Three brothers Rurik, Sineus and Truvor responded with their relatives and in 867 came. It was from them that the Russian land was called.
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Rule of the Russians on the Slavic land. In 879, Rurik died, leaving his infant son Igor; his relative Oleg began to reign. Having gathered an army, Oleg went down the Dnieper, saw a large and beautiful city, learned that Askold and Dir, people from the Rurik squad, reign in it. This angered him.
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He told them: "You are not princes and not a princely family, but I am a princely one and here is the son of Rurik." Then he pointed to Igor. Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg remained in Kyiv and called it "the mother of Russian cities."
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Oleg ruled for 33 years. After him, the son of Rurik, Igor, reigned. Once he went to the Drevlyane land, took tribute, it seemed to him that the collected was not enough. He returned back, but the Drevlyans left their city and killed him. The young widow Olga remained, she avenged her husband and conceived a big deal: she went to Constantinople, got acquainted with the Christian religion and adopted her religion. In holy baptism she was called Elena.
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Vladimir, Olga's grandson, also began to waver in the pagan faith. He pondered for a long time different religions and settled on Christianity. But he wanted to remain the former free Russian prince. Oleg promised to convert to Christianity on the condition that the emperors marry his sister Anna to him.
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The emperors answered that they would marry his sister to him if he was baptized, and a Christian woman could not marry a pagan. Vladimir was immediately baptized, was named Vasily in holy baptism, and after baptism went with Anna down the aisle.
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Returning to Kyiv, Vladimir ordered to cut and burn all the idols. And in the morning of the next day, the Grand Duke went to the Dnieper with the Tsaritsyn and Korsun priests to baptize the people of Kiev.
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Book art came to our ancestors in the 10th century along with Christianity, and therefore the first literate people in our country were priests and monks.
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Nestor the chronicler. The name of the first chronicler was Nestor. He was a monk of the Kiev Pechora Monastery, was born in 1056, settled in the monastery at the age of seventeen and lived until 1114 ... About the reign of the first Russian princes, only what Nestor wrote down has come down to us. In his legends, fiction is mixed with truth, but we have no more reliable information.
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The greatest monument of Kievan Rus, the basis of the chronicle tradition of the XI century is the "Tale of Bygone Years". It was compiled in the X-XI centuries by Nestor. The author set as his goal not only to tell about the settlement of the Slavic peoples of antiquity, about customs and customs, but to emphasize the unity of peoples, their culture, language and writing system created in the 9th century by the brothers Cyril and Methodius.
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The main genres of ancient Russian literature Literature in Russia was born after the adoption of Christianity, therefore oral folk art ancient Russians almost did not receive a response in ancient Russian literature. Chronicles are an exception. The main genres of ancient Russian literature: lives, chronographs, annals and cartography. Slavic writing was created in the middle of the 9th century specifically for the needs of Christian worship. Therefore, in Russia in the first centuries after baptism, “unprofitable” worldly writings did not appear.
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Style in ancient Russian literature. In ancient Russian literature, the style did not depend on the genre of the work, but on the subject of the story. The descriptions used "stencils" and biblical quotations. In ancient Russian literature, the canon dominated - rules and images: the saint was called "earthly angel" and "heavenly man", the enemy surrounded the Russian army like a forest, the princes were fair.
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The Role of the Author in Old Russian Literature Old Russian authors did not try to be original, and scribes were not careful with other people's texts. As a rule, the authors mentioned their names only when it was necessary to give the story authenticity and documentary quality. The concept of authorship appeared in the 17th century.
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Even in ancient times, they discovered the truth that books, like people, have their own destiny. The Bible was indeed prepared great destiny. She became a kind of code that opened access to values European culture and also had a great influence on the development medieval literature. The Bible is the sacred history of man, the history of man's relationship with God, a history unfolded into the future.
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Life is piece of art in the modern sense of the word. It always tells about events that its compilers and readers consider true, and not fictional. Lives belonged to the works of church literature. A chronicle or a historical story about the military campaigns of Russian princes, a battle with foreigners or a story about internecine strife are secular texts.
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Historical works telling about the events of world history by years and reigns were called in Russia a chronograph. In its meaning, this word is very close to the word "chronicle" (from the Greek "chrono" - time and "graph" - I write). Any chronograph is, first of all, a version of a story permeated with the Christian worldview. Medieval Russia became part of the Christian world and thus turned into a "historical country".
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The golden word of Russian literature is called "The Tale of Igor's Campaign, created in 1187 Folk images in the work are closely connected with its folk ideals. The artistic and ideological aspects of the Lay are inseparable from each other. For example, a comparison of the battle with the harvest, in the battle of Igor with the Polovtsy, “the black earth under the hooves was sown with bones, and with blood it was cleared”. The word calls for a fight against the Polovtsy, primarily in the name of peaceful labor.
Culture of Russia in the 16th century. Lesson plan
- Painting of the 16th century
- 16th century architecture
- Literature of the 16th century
- Basics scientific knowledge in the 16th century
- Enlightenment in the 16th century
- Late 15th - early 16th century in Russian icon painting, this is the time of Dionysius. ingenious artist, he not only continued the traditions of Andrei Rublev, but also created his own artistic method, which remains a mystery even to researchers. The icons of Dionysius are distinguished by their special festivity.
- Fresco of the Cathedral of the Ferapontov Monastery (Dionysius, 1502).
- Works by Dionysius of different years
- From the middle of the 16th century, control over the observance of the canons of icon painting intensified, at the same time, motives for glorifying the state were introduced into church painting. The decorativeness of painting is intensifying, its composition is becoming more complicated. The most famous masters - Procopius Chirin, Istoma Savin.
- Works by Procopius Chirin
- Secular painting also becomes noticeable: the murals of the Golden Chamber in the Kremlin (1552); not preserved frescoes of the Faceted Chamber (allegorical scenes based on the biblical story of Joseph the Beautiful, elevating Boris Godunov).
- Golden Queen's Chamber
- The unification of Russian lands led to the mass construction of cities and fortresses throughout the state. Church architecture in the 16th century the construction of tented temples was approved. Russian masterpieces national architecture- Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye (1532), built in honor of the birth of Ivan IV, Intercession Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral), built in honor of the capture of Kazan (authors Barma and Postnik).
- In the XVI century. many Russian cities and monasteries were decorated with five-domed churches, built on the model of the Kremlin Assumption Cathedral. These are the Assumption Cathedral in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, the Smolensky Cathedral in the Novodevichy Convent, cathedrals in large cities: Suzdal, Tula, etc.
- Smolensky Cathedral in the Novodevichy Convent
- Moscow grew: handicraft and trade settlements, merchant and boyar estates appeared around the Kremlin, a characteristic radial Moscow building gradually took shape, the Kitaigorod wall was built to protect the settlements adjacent to Red Square; white stone walls white city(modern boulevard ring); Earthen City (modern Garden Ring).
- Fragment of the Kitaygorod wall. Photo of the beginning of the 20th century
- From 1505 to 1508 Ivanovskaya bell tower was built in the Kremlin. It was erected on the site of the old church of John of the Ladder by the Italian architect Bon Fryazin.
- Ivan the Great belltower
- Chronicle writing continued to be one of the most widespread literary genres. However, the chroniclers of the 16th century saw their task not only in fixing the facts - they compiled chronicle codes in a historical retrospective, trying to substantiate certain ideas important for the state.
- The Book of Powers, which contained portraits of descriptions of the great princes and metropolitans from Vladimir to Ivan IV, affirmed the inviolability of the union of church and state. “The chronicler of the beginning of the kingdom”, which tells about the first years of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, substantiated the need to establish royal power.
- The Nikon Chronicle became a kind of historical encyclopedia of that time (one of its lists, containing about 16 thousand magnificent miniatures, was called the Facial Code).
- Illustrations from the Facial Vault
- Publicistic and historical writings(“Chronograph”, “The Tale of the Babylonian Kingdom”, “The Tale of the Conception of Moscow”), in which the grand ducal power was exalted and affirmed global role Russia. Among the works dealing with moral issues, the most famous were “The Life of Metropolitan Filaret”, “Cheti-Minei” (a 12-volume collection of the lives of saints and other religious texts) and “Domostroy” - a set of rules and norms of behavior that covers literally all aspects of human life : from moral standards, recommendations for raising children, family relationships, to culinary recipes.
- Page from "Domostroy"
- A feature of scientific knowledge that existed in the 16th century was its applied nature, its connection with the urgent needs of society: the development of crafts required new knowledge and contributed to its accumulation. So, for foundry business (creation of powerful artillery, casting of large bells) and construction, knowledge of the principles of mathematics and physics was required in order to ensure the necessary accuracy of calculations. Chemistry developed due to the needs of medicine, icon painting, and salt production. The beginnings of astronomy, set forth in translated astrological treatises, helped to compile the first calendar tables of church holidays.
- The first dictionaries appeared foreign languages: "Speech of interpretation," Sense of language ". The accumulation of geographical knowledge took place in scribe and boundary drawings, embassy and discharge books, and notes on various travels. So, in Russia of the XVI century. knew about the sea route to India and China across the Arctic Ocean.
- The basis of education in the XVI century. was Russian Orthodox Church. At the monasteries, book-writing centers, libraries, schools continued to be created, the teachers in which were most often monks and clerks. The disciplines studied usually included: alphabet, reading, writing, arithmetic, "Book of Hours" (a collection of prayers compiled in accordance with the hour of service), "Psalter" (a collection of psalms of the biblical King David).
- Trinity-Sergius Monastery
- For literacy in the XVI century. special textbooks have already been created:
- for reading - "ABC book";
- on literacy - “The Beginning of Greek and Russian Literacy” (author Maxim Trek), “A Conversation about Teaching Literacy ...”;
- on arithmetic - "The book is recommended in Greek arithmetic, in German - Algorism, in Russian - numerical wisdom."
- 16th century book
- The emergence of printing was important for the dissemination of knowledge. The first books without indication of the year and place of publication appeared in the 50s. 16th century After the printing house was founded in 1564 by decree of Ivan the Terrible, the first printer Ivan Fedorov published "Apostle", "Book of Hours" and other books.
- The book "Apostle" of the 16th century.
- Monument to Ivan Fedorov
- Reports:
- 16th century architecture
- The development of science in the 16th century.
- Education in the 16th century
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Journalism - discussion in the press of pressing issues of socio-political life. Journalism of the 16th century
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The unification processes and the strengthening of the position of the Russian state in Europe raised topical questions for society about the origin of princely power in Russia and about the place and role of Russia among other states before and now. They found their most vivid expression in journalistic works.
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In the first quarter of the XVI century. The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir arose, which, unlike the Tale of Bygone Years, deduced the origin of the Russian princely dynasty from the Roman emperor Augustus.
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"The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir" In the first quarter of the XVI century. The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir arose, which, unlike the Tale of Bygone Years, deduced the origin of the Russian princely dynasty from the Roman emperor Augustus. In one of the regions subordinate to him, on the banks of the Vistula, he allegedly sent his brother Prus, who founded the clan of the legendary Rurik. One of the heirs of Augustus, Prus and Rurik, the ancient Russian prince Vladimir Monomakh, received from the Byzantine emperor the symbols of royal power: a crown cap, precious mantle barms and other gifts. Since then, all subsequent Russian princes have been crowned with this crown. Thus, both legends - both about the origin of princely power from the Roman emperor, and about receiving royal regalia from Constantinople - aimed to strengthen the authority of power in Russia, justified the desire to return the ancient Russian lands under the rule of Poland and Lithuania.
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"Moscow is the third Rome". In the messages of the abbot of the Pskov Eleazarov Monastery Philotheus (circa 1510), the idea "Moscow is the third Rome" was put forward. In his presentation, history appears as a process of changing the three world kingdoms. The first two Romes - Rome proper and Constantinople - perished for betraying their Orthodoxy. Now Moscow has taken their place. Not the achievement of world power, but the unification of all Russian lands under the leadership of Moscow is the main idea of Philotheus' messages.
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Issues of power and state structure Other topics of journalistic messages reflecting social development were questions about the power of the tsar and, in general, about the structure of the Russian state.
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Issues of power Andrey Kurbsky The ideal of the state is a representative monarchy Ivan Peresvetov The state and society must be built on the basis of observance of laws. The ideal is oriental despotism The idea of a noble state headed by an autocratic tsar Diplomat, the ruler must bring law and truth to the world Fyodor Karpov
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Ivan Peresvetov In the late 40s - early 50s of the 16th century. writes his petitions to Ivan IV Ivan Semenovich Peresvetov (possibly a fictional person). To express his views, Peresvetov uses a peculiar literary device. He draws a non-existent ideal monarch - Mahmet-Saltan of Turkey, who, having concentrated all power in his hands, nevertheless managed to establish fair relations and a firm legal order in his state. In his policy, Mahmet-Saltan relied on the "warriors". For diligent service, he paid well for his soldiers from the treasury, into which all the income of his kingdom flowed.
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Peresvetov contrasts the Turkish sultan with the Byzantine "king" Constantine, who "gave his will to the nobles." They also removed him from power and abused the country to death.
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Peresvetov's state structure Therefore, a strong ruler, but not an autocrat, acted as a model for Peresvetov, because in addition to rights, he also had duties to the "warriors", for whom he was "strong and glorious." Peresvetov, therefore, drew attention to the nobility as a state support, and accused the boyars of cowardice and lack of official zeal. In an effort to strengthen military power, Peresvetov opposed the institution of servility, since slaves, of course, are bad warriors. “Which land is enslaved,” he wrote, “in that land all evil is created.” That's in in general terms the program of the state structure of one of the publicists of that time.
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Correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky We observe a fierce dispute over the same problems in the famous correspondence (1564-1577) between Ivan the Terrible and Prince Andrei Kurbsky, one of his supporters in the 1950s. Having fled abroad with the beginning of the oprichnina, Kurbsky sent a message to the tsar, accusing him of tyranny and cruelty. Grozny replied. The entire correspondence consists of two messages from the tsar and three princes, who also wrote the pamphlet "The Story of the Grand Duke of Moscow." Both authors are distinguished by a wide education: they knew antiquity, the history of Rome, Byzantium and Russia, the Bible and theological literature. Both had extraordinary literary talent.
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Correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky What the authors had in common was that they advocated a strong state and strong royal power. At the same time, Kurbsky's political ideal was the activity of the Chosen Rada. Kurbsky advocated a monarchy, but a limited one. Tsar Ivan, on the other hand, considered only a monarchy with unlimited power to be a true monarchy. This is what he proved this case with a pen in hand. However, in the early childhood of Ivan IV, "boyars and nobles" "from God, the power given to me from our forefathers was torn away under their power." This, according to the king, threatened the death of the state. Now the time has come to return autocratic power, under which the tsar does not act for the benefit of his subjects, but their duty is faithful service to the sovereign. All the inhabitants of the country - from the serf to the prince - are the sovereign's serfs.
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Fedor Karpov Karpov is one of the most original and educated Russian publicists of his time. Communicating with foreigners, Karpov received European education. By the nature of his occupation, he knew oriental languages, was familiar with Greek and Latin. He was aware of the originals or extracts of the works of Aristotle, Homer, Ovid's Metamorphoses, was in correspondence with smartest people of that time - Maxim the Greek, Philotheus, advocated that society and the state should be built on the observance of laws, and the ruler should carry the law and truth
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"The Conversation of the Valaam Elders" The struggle against the Church found its expression in such a journalistic work as "The Conversation of the Valaam Elders" (middle of the 16th century). The author, a supporter of strong church authority, opposes the attempts of the clergy to interfere in public administration and against the monasteries seizing the black peasant lands. His main demand was the complete destruction of monastic land ownership.
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"Great Menaions" Most of the grandiose handwritten historical and literary works are associated with the activities of Metropolitan Macarius. By 1554, he and his collaborators had created the “Great Menaion of Honor” - a 12-volume collection of all the books “what” in Russia: lives and teachings, Byzantine laws and monuments of church law, stories and legends. The works were distributed according to the days on which they were recommended to be read.
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"The book of power royal genealogy". Another major work was "The Power Book of the Royal Genealogy". Unlike chronicles, where the presentation is carried out by year, the Book of Power arranges the narrative according to “degrees”. Each degree (and there are only 17 of them) corresponds to the reign of the prince (from Vladimir to Ivan IV) and the metropolitan. This emphasized the idea of the unity of royal and church power.
In the middle of the 16th century, Russian society, which had just experienced a long period of boyar unrest and chaos, sought to restore order in all areas of life, collect and systematize its spiritual values. A number of generalizing works have responded to this need.
Metropolitan Macarius prepared Great Menaion Cheti- A 12-volume collection of all the lives of the saints known in Russia. His disciple and successor at the metropolitan see, Athanasius, created a kind of encyclopedia of Russian history - power book. The royal clerks prepared a new set of laws ( Sudebnik of 1550), and Ivan IV himself, in his questions to the higher clergy at the council of 1551 ( Stoglav) brought together all the main problems of the then church. Among this series of generalizing works is the famous Domostroy- a collection of instructions on family relations and household.
ABC-kovniki
were popular " ABC-kovniki". In them, as in modern encyclopedic dictionaries, information about nature, flora and fauna was given in alphabetical order, different countries. The knowledge contained in the "Az-bukovnik" was sometimes fantastic. However, interest in the secrets of nature and man increased the demand for these books.
Domostroy
Domostroy is a unique composition of the 16th century, which allows you to look into everyday life medieval Russia. It is believed that one of the members of the Chosen Rada, the priest of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, Sylvester, was its compiler. Some advice of Domostroy will seem to us hopelessly outdated today, others - funny and naive, and still others - quite reasonable.
Nikon chronicle
Under Metropolitan Macarius, Russian chronicles were reduced to a huge code - Nikon chronicle.
facial vault
Later, a large multi-volume book was made for the king. facial vault. Its pages were decorated with thousands of "faces" - miniatures. The facial vault included the entire world and Russian history.
power book
Degree Book of the 16th century. for the first time she set out the history of Russia not by years, but by the reigns of the great princes. They were considered as "steps" ("degrees") of the country's development, leading it to greatness.
Great Menaion Cheti
At the initiative of Metropolitan Macarius, all the literature for “spiritual reading” was collected in 12 volumes. In these, as they were called, "Great Menaion" included a huge number of Russian and translated lives, stories, walks (stories of travelers), interesting stories, moralizing stories and sermons. They were supposed to be read by months and days.
Maxim Grek
Literature II half of the XVI in. enriched by such a genre as historical song(songs about the capture of Kazan, about Yermak, about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, nicknamed the Terrible). The image of the king in these songs looks contradictory. On the one hand, this is a just and kind king, on the other hand, his cruelty towards “the old and the young” was condemned. Oprichnik Malyuta Skuratov in these songs was rightly portrayed as a villain.
In the XVI century. Russian chronicle reaches the pinnacle of its development. Grandiose chronicles of large volume and significant chronological coverage are being created.
In the first half of the XVI century. the most pronounced was the tradition of metropolitan chronicle writing. It is to him that the two largest annals of the Russian Middle Ages belong - Nikonovskaya And Resurrection. The names given to him in the scientific literature are accidental: on the lists of both chronicles from the collection of the BAN one can read the contribution of Patriarch Picon to the Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery. In order to somehow distinguish between these chronicles, one of them was called Nikonovskaya, and the other - Resurrection. In fact, this various monuments chronicles, united only by the nature of the generalizing codes, which can be considered a typical feature of Russian literature of the 16th century.
Of these two chronicles, the first was compiled Nikonovskaya. It brings the presentation of Russian history to 1522. Its compilation was preceded by a great deal of work, which was headed by Metropolitan Daniel. Many of the news of the Nikon chronicle are unique; they have no analogue in any other chronicle.
In terms of its tasks and principles of compilation, it turns out to be close to the Nikon Chronicle Resurrection chronicle. It is a monument of the grand ducal chronicle and brings the account of events to 1541. The last metropolitan in the early lists is Joasaph, and the name of the next metropolitan Macarius, who was elevated to the metropolitan see in the spring of 1542, is added above the line. Consequently, the Resurrection Chronicle was compiled at the end of 1541 or at the beginning of 1542. It is believed that it reflects the political position of Metropolitan Joasaph.
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The main sources for the Resurrection Chronicle for the Old Russian period (before the beginning of the 16th century) were the list of the Tsarskoye Sophia I Chronicle, in which a special editorial correction was made, and the Moscow Grand Duke Code of 1479. Especially valuable are the news of the Resurrection Chronicle for the period from 1522, to which breaks off the presentation in the Nikon Chronicle, until 1541. The corresponding fragment of the Resurrection Chronicle in the middle of the 16th century. was included in oldest lists Nikon Chronicle - Obolensky and Patriarchal, from which he moved to all the later lists of this chronicle. Thus, the Nikon Chronicle recounts the events of 1522-1541. according to the Resurrection Chronicle.
Another feature of the Resurrection Chronicle is that most of its lists date back to a relatively early time - the middle of the 16th century. In general, the Resurrection Chronicle is much more traditional than Nikon's, it follows the genre of the Old Russian chronicle to a greater extent. Related to the Resurrection Chronicle are the official historical works of the middle of the 16th century: "The Sovereign Genealogy" and "The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir". Apparently, it is the Resurrection Chronicle that Daniil Princes, who visited Russia as part of the embassy of the German emperor in the 1570s, has in mind. He writes that in the Russian chronicles the Rurik dynasty is derived from the Roman emperors, but these chronicles are kept secret by the government.
In the middle of the XVI century. created "Chronicler of the beginning of the kingdom", another official chronicle of secular origin. "The chronicler of the beginning of the kingdom" (such is his self-title) describes Russia's foreign policy contacts in sufficient detail, relying on embassy documents and materials of the Discharge Order. The presentation begins from 1533, i.e. immediately after the death of Vasily III and continues in various lists until 1552, 1556, 1558 and 1560.
"The chronicler of the beginning of the kingdom", brought to 1560, was included in the chronicle compilation, which in the scientific literature was called Chronicle of 1560 The main sources of the latter were the texts of the Resurrection and Nikon Chronicles. In addition, the Code of 1560 included original news for the middle of the 16th century. This Code was involved in the compilation of the so-called Lvov Chronicle, which, like its source, brings the exposition to 1560. The Lvov Chronicle is named after its first publisher, the famous Russian educator N. A. Lvov.
The last monument of the all-Russian chronicle of the 16th century. became Front Chronicle, created in the 1570s. in Alexander Sloboda - the oprichnina residence of Ivan the Terrible. The facial vault is the largest ancient Russian illustrated chronicle. It covers the entire history of mankind from the Creation of the world to the middle of the 16th century, i.e. connects chronograph and chronicle. According to the historian of the XVIII century. M. M. Shcherbatov, who introduced the Facial Code into scientific circulation, there were sheets with text and miniatures, which told about the accession of Fyodor Ivanovich, i.e. about the events of 1584. Almost every news of the Illuminated Chronicle is accompanied by an illustration, and the page is often an illustration with a caption rather than a text with an illustration. The pictorial row here clearly prevails over the text. To date, 10 volumes of the Facial Vault have been preserved, which include more than 16 thousand miniatures.
The so-called Synodal Volume, which tells about the reign of Ivan the Terrible, was edited by an unknown, but no doubt, high-ranking person (D. N. Alyiits saw Ivan the Terrible himself in the anonymous editor of the Facial Code). Cursive handwriting made changes to sheets with already colored miniatures. With this revision in mind, the text was rewritten, and this is how the final volume of the Facial Code, known as the Royal Book, appeared. The front vault became the last monument of the all-Russian annals of the 16th century.
in the 16th century along with the all-Russian, there was also a local chronicle: Pskov, Novgorod, in regional monasteries.
Along with the all-Russian, there was also a local chronicle. In most cases, it is possible to establish a specific place where the annalistic news was recorded. So, in the second half of the XVI century. was drawn up Pskov III chronicle. Researchers believe that it is based on the Code of 1567, compiled on the basis of the Code of 1481 (i.e. the Pskov I Chronicle) in the Pskov-Caves Monastery by hegumen Kornily or on his initiative. The original of the Pskov I chronicle, the so-called construction list, dating from the middle of the 16th century, in which the main text was brought up to 1556, and then, until 1567, chronicle news was attributed at different times and in different handwriting.
During the ordination in Novgorod of Archbishop Macarius (since 1542, Metropolitan of Moscow), at the metropolitan see, on the basis of the Novgorod IV Chronicle, an annalistic code was compiled, bringing the presentation up to 1539. It subsequently became one of the sources of the Facial Code, formed the basis of the Novgorod chronicle of the 17th century ., but it also came in its original form: its fragment is read in the so-called archival chronicle, and the full text is in Novgorod chronicle of Dubrovsky. Drafting Code of 1539 researchers quite rightly associate with Archbishop Macarius, and the cathedra of Novgorod bishops is called as the place of its creation.
A striking example of local chronicle is Solovetsky chronicler, created in late XVI in. The narrative in it begins with the calling of Rurik, but the all-Russian events are briefly described, but the history of the Solovetsky Monastery, as well as the events that took place on the server of Russia, are transmitted in detail.
In the second half of the XVI century. chronicle genre is in crisis. On the one hand, voluminous chronicle codes are being compiled that tell the story of Russian history in as much detail as possible. On the other hand, in the most recent of these vaults, the chronicle is combined with the miniature and becomes an auxiliary means of historical narration. In parallel, historical works of a non-chronicle genre appear, for example, the Power Book. In the 1570s For unclear reasons, official chronicle writing was interrupted and resumed only in the 17th century.