GREEK CLASSIC SCULPTURE Late 7th century. BC e. the period of the turbulent spiritual life of Greece, the formation of the idealistic ideas of Socrates and Plato in philosophy, which developed in the struggle against the materialistic philosophy of the Democrat, the time of addition and new forms of Greek visual arts. In sculpture, the masculinity and severity of images of strict classics are replaced by an interest in peace of mind of a person, and his more complex and less straightforward characteristic is reflected in plastic.

Polykleitos Polikleitos. Doryphorus (spear-bearer) BC Roman copy. National Museum. Naples The works of Polykleitos have become a real hymn to the greatness and spiritual power of Man. Favorite image - a slender young man with an athletic physique. There is nothing superfluous in it, “nothing beyond measure”, the Spiritual and physical appearance is harmonious.

Doryphorus has a complex posture, different from static posture ancient kouros. Polikleitos was the first to think of giving the figures such a setting that they rested on the lower part of only one leg. In addition, the figure seems to be mobile and animated, due to the fact that the horizontal axes are not parallel (the so-called chiasmus). The chiasm "Dorifor" (Greek δορυφόρος "Spearman") is one of the most famous statues of antiquity, embodies the so-called. Canon of Poliklet.Greek.

The canon of Polykleitos Doryphoros is not an image of a specific winning athlete, but an illustration of the canons of a male figure. Poliklet set out to accurately determine the proportions of the human figure, according to his ideas about ideal beauty. These proportions are numerically related to each other. "They even assured that Poliklet performed it on purpose, so that other artists would use her as a model," a contemporary wrote. The composition of the Canon itself had a great influence on European culture, despite the fact that only two fragments of the theoretical work have survived. Canon

The Canon of Polycletus If we recalculate the proportions of this Ideal Man for a height of 178 cm, the parameters of the statue will be as follows: 1. neck - 44 cm, 2. chest - 119, 3. biceps - 38, 4. waist - 93, 5. forearms - 33 , 6. wrists - 19, 7. buttocks - 108, 8. thighs - 60, 9. knees - 40, 10. lower legs - 42, 11. ankles - 25, 12. feet - 30 cm.

Myron Myron Greek sculptor of the middle of the 5th century. BC e. The sculptor of the era that immediately preceded the highest flowering of Greek art (to the VI beginning of the V century) embodied the ideals of the strength and beauty of Man. He was the first master of complex bronze castings. Miron. Discus thrower.450 BC Roman copy. National Museum, Rome

Miron. "Discobolus" The ancients characterize Miron as the greatest realist and expert in anatomy, who, however, did not know how to give life and expression to faces. He portrayed gods, heroes and animals, and with special love he reproduced difficult, fleeting poses. His most famous work is "Discobolus", an athlete intending to start a discus, a statue that has come down to our time in several copies, of which the best is made of marble and is located in the Massami Palace in Rome.

Sculptural creations of Skopas Skopas (420 - c. 355 BC), a native of the island of Paros, rich in marble. Unlike Praxiteles, Skopas continued the traditions of the high classics, creating monumental-heroic images. But from the images of the 5th century. they are distinguished by the dramatic tension of all spiritual forces. Passion, pathos, strong movement are the main features of the art of Scopas. Also known as an architect, he participated in the creation of a relief frieze for the Halicarnassus Mausoleum.

In a state of ecstasy, in a violent outburst of passion, Menada is depicted by Skopas. The companion of the god Dionysus is shown in a swift dance, her head is thrown back, her hair falls to her shoulders, her body is curved, presented in a complex foreshortening, the folds of a short tunic emphasize the violent movement. Unlike the sculpture of the 5th century. Maenad Scopas is already designed for viewing from all sides. Scopas. Maenad Sculptures of Scopas

The statue of Aphrodite of Knidos is the first depiction of a nude female figure in Greek art. The statue stood on the shores of the Knidos peninsula, and contemporaries wrote about real pilgrimages here to admire the beauty of the goddess, preparing to enter the water and dropping her clothes on a nearby vase. The original statue has not survived. Sculptures of Praxiteles Praxiteles. Aphrodite of Knidos

Sculptural creations of Praxiteles In the only marble statue of Hermes (the patron of trade and travelers, as well as the messenger, the “courier” of the gods) that has come down to us in the original of the sculptor Praxiteles, the master depicted a beautiful young man, in a state of peace and serenity. Thoughtfully, he looks at the baby Dionysus, whom he holds in his arms. The masculine beauty of an athlete is being replaced by a somewhat feminine, graceful, but also more spiritual beauty. Traces of ancient coloring have been preserved on the statue of Hermes: red-brown hair, a silver-colored bandage. Praxiteles. Hermes. Around 330 BC e.

Lysippus the Great sculptor of the 4th c. BC. (B.C.). He worked in bronze, because. sought to capture images in a fleeting impulse. He left behind 1,500 bronze statues, including colossal figures of gods, heroes, and athletes. They are characterized by pathos, inspiration, emotionality. The original has not reached us. Court sculptor A.Macedonsky Marble copy of the head of A.Macedonsky

Lysippus sought to bring his images as close to reality as possible. So, he showed athletes not at the moment of the highest tension, but, as a rule, at the moment of their decline, after the competition. This is how his Apoxyomenos is represented, cleaning off the sand after a sports fight. He has a tired face, hair matted with sweat. Lysippos. Apoxyomenos. Roman copy, 330 BC

The captivating Hermes, always fast and lively, is also represented by Lysippus, as if in a state of extreme fatigue, briefly crouched on a stone and ready to run further in his winged sandals the next second. Sculptures of Lysippus Lysippus. "Resting Hermes"

Leohar Leohar. Apollo Belvedere. 4th century BC Roman copy. Vatican Museums His work is a fine attempt to capture the classical ideal of human beauty. In his works, not only the perfection of images, but the skill and technique of execution. Apollo is considered one of the best works Antiquity.

Greek sculpture So, in Greek sculpture the expressiveness of the image was in the whole body of a person, his movements, and not in just one face. Despite the fact that many Greek statues did not retain their upper part (as, for example, Nike of Samothrace or Nike Untying Sandals came to us without a head, we forget about this when looking at the integral plastic solution of the image. Since the soul and the body was thought by the Greeks in inseparable unity, then the bodies of Greek statues are unusually spiritualized.

Nike of Samothrace 2nd century BC Louvre, Paris Marble The statue was erected on the occasion of the victory of the Macedonian fleet over the Egyptian in 306 BC. e. The goddess was depicted, as it were, on the prow of a ship, announcing victory with the sound of a trumpet. The pathos of victory is expressed in the rapid movement of the goddess, in the wide flapping of her wings.

Venus de Milo On April 8, 1820, a Greek peasant from the island of Melos named Iorgos, digging the ground, felt that his shovel, with a dull clinking, came across something hard. Iorgos dug next to the same result. He took a step back, but even here the spade did not want to enter the ground. First Iorgos saw a stone niche. It was about four or five meters wide. In a stone crypt, to his surprise, he found a marble statue. This was Venus. Agesander. Venus de Milo. Louvre. 120 BC Laocoön and his sons Laocoön, you did not save anyone! Neither the city nor the world is a savior. Powerless mind. Proud Three mouth is a foregone conclusion; the circle of fatal events closed in the suffocating crown of serpentine rings. Horror on the face, the plea and groans of your child; the other son was silenced by the poison. Your fainting. Your wheezing: "Let me be..." (...Like the bleating of sacrificial lambs Through the haze and piercingly and subtly!..) And again - reality. And poison. They are stronger! Anger flares powerfully in the snake's mouth... Laocoön, and who heard you?! Here are your boys... They... are not breathing. But in each Troy they are waiting for their horses.

"Sculpture Ancient Greece» - a presentation that will acquaint you with the greatest monuments of ancient Greek art, with the creations of outstanding sculptors of antiquity, whose heritage has not lost its significance for world artistic culture and continues to delight art lovers and serve as a model for the creativity of painters and sculptors.

Sculpture of Ancient Greece

“Kneel before Phidias and Michelangelo, admiring the divine clarity of the first and the severe anxiety of the second. Rapture is a noble wine for lofty minds. … A powerful inner impulse is always guessed in a beautiful sculpture. This is the secret ancient art". Auguste Rodin

The presentation consists of 35 slides. It presents illustrations that introduce the art of archaism, classics and Hellenism, with the most outstanding creations of the great sculptors: Myron, Polykleitos, Praxiteles, Phidias and others. Why is it so important to introduce students to ancient Greek sculpture?

The super-task of the lessons of world artistic culture, in my opinion, is not so much to acquaint children with the history of art, with outstanding monuments of world artistic culture, but to awaken in them a sense of beauty, which, in fact, distinguishes a person from an animal.

It is the art of ancient Greece and, above all, sculpture, that serves as a model of beauty for the European look. Great german educator In the 18th century, Gotthold Evraim Lessing wrote that the Greek artist depicted nothing but beauty. The masterpieces of Greek art always amazed and delighted, in all eras, including our atomic age.

In my presentation, I tried to show how the idea of ​​beauty, the perfection of a human being was embodied by artists from archaic to Hellenistic.

Presentations will also introduce you to the art of Ancient Greece:

Prominent sculptors Ancient Greece

Smirnova Olga Georgievna MHK Grade 11,

Kouros and Kors of the archaic

• According to Plutarch, who may have been exaggerating slightly, there are more statues in Athens than living people.
• The earliest of the sculptural works of Kurosa and Kora that have come down to us, created in the archaic era.

• Figures of kuros (young men) were installed in public places, especially near temples.
• These young and slender, strong and tall (up to 3 m.) naked athletes were called "archaic Apollos", because. embodied the male ideal of beauty, youth and health.
• Kuros are surprisingly similar to each other. Their solemn poses are always the same, their facial features are devoid of individuality. They are reminiscent of examples of Egyptian plastic, but they feel the desire to convey the structure human body, emphasize physical strength and vitality

• The figures of kor (girls) are the embodiment of sophistication and sophistication.
• Their poses are more monotonous and static, but how elegant are their chitons and cloaks with beautiful patterns of parallel wavy lines, how original is the colored border on the edges!
• Tightly curled curls are intercepted by diadems and descend to the shoulders in long symmetrical strands.
• A characteristic detail for all cores is a mysterious smile.

Polykleitos

Praxiteles

Prominent sculptors of ancient Greece

• The works of Polykleitos (second half of the 5th century BC) became a real hymn to greatness and spiritual power.
• The favorite image of the master is a slender young man of athletic build, who has "all the virtues". His spiritual and physical appearance is harmonious, there is nothing superfluous in him, "nothing beyond measure."
• The embodiment of this ideal was a wonderful work Polykleitos

• This sculpture uses chiasm - the main technique of the ancient Greek masters for depicting a hidden movement in a state of rest.
• It is known that Poliklet set out to accurately determine the proportions of the human figure, according to his ideas about ideal beauty. The results of his mathematical calculations will be used by artists of future generations.

The proportions of the human body according to Polycletus

• Head - 1/7 of the total height;
• Face and hand - 1/10;
• Foot - 1/6;
• Poliklet set out his thoughts and calculations in theoretical treatise "Canon" which, unfortunately, has not survived to this day.

• The sculptor who embodied the ideal of the strength and beauty of Man was Myron(mid-5th century BC). Time has not preserved any of his original works, all of them have come down to us in Roman copies, but even from them one can judge the high skill of this artist.
• Let's turn to one of the masterpieces ancient Greek sculpture, the famous "Discobolus".

Discus thrower. Miron.

• Features of a beautiful harmoniously developed person
• Moral and spiritual purity
• The energy of movement is transmitted, the colossal physical activity, but outwardly - calm and restrained
• Masterfully captured the moment

• Characteristic features of the sculpture of the first half of the 4th century. BC. reflected in the creations of these wonderful masters.
• Despite the differences between them, they are united by the desire to convey energetic actions, and most importantly, the feelings and experiences of a person.
• Passion and sadness, daydreaming and falling in love, fury and despair, suffering and grief became the object of these artists' creativity.

Scopas (420-c.355 BC)

• He was a native of the island of Paros, rich in marble. It was with marble that he worked, but almost all of his works were destroyed by time. The little that has survived testifies to the greatest artistic skill and virtuoso marble processing technique.
• The passionate, impetuous movements of his sculptures seem to be losing their balance, the scenes of the battle with the Amazons convey the ardor of battle and the rapture of battle.
• One of the perfect creations of Scopas is the statue of Maenad, a nymph who raised the young Dionysus.
• Skopas also owns countless statues on the pediments, relief friezes, and round sculpture.
• He is known as an architect who took part in the decoration of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus.

Praxiteles (c.390-330 BC)

• A native of Athens, entered the history of art as an inspired singer female beauty. The images of athletes, in all likelihood, did not interest the artist very much.
• If he turned to the ideal of a beautiful young man, then first of all he emphasized in his figure not physical qualities, but harmony and grace, joy and serene happiness. These are Hermes and Dionysus, the Breathing Satyr, and Apollo Saurocton (or Apollo Killing the Lizard).
• But he was especially famous female images in sculpture

Praxiteles. Aphrodite of Knidos.

• The model for the statue was the beautiful Phryne, with whom many beautiful legends are associated. According to one of them, she asked Praxiteles to give her his most beautiful sculpture. He agreed, but did not name the sculpture, then ...

Lysippus (370-300 BC)

• He created about 1,500 bronze statues, among which were colossal figures of gods, mythological characters, powerful athletes.
• He was the court sculptor of Alexander the Great and captured the image of the great commander in one of the battles.
• In the face of the commander one can guess the character of a strong and strong-willed person, a restless spirit, great willpower. Undoubtedly, we have before us a realistic portrait in which his individual features are clearly traced ...

Innovation of Lysippus

• The maximum approximation of images to reality.
• Show images in specific dynamic situations.
• The image of people in a fleeting, momentary impulse.
• He denied heaviness and immobility in the depiction of the human figure, strove for the lightness and dynamism of its proportions.

Leohar (mid-4th century BC)

• His work is a fine attempt to capture the classical ideal of Human beauty.
• Researchers and poets have repeatedly turned to the statue of Apollo Belvedere.

“It is not blood and nerves that heat and move his body, but heavenly spirituality. Spilling in a quiet stream, it fills all the outlines of this figure ... The statue of Apollo is the highest ideal of art among all the works that have survived from antiquity.

I.I. Winckelmann (1717-1768) German art historian

An arrow from the bow of Apollo rings in the ears,

And radiant himself, with a trembling bowstring,

Breathing with delight, shines before me.

A.N. Maikov,

Russian poet of the 19th century

• In the sculpture of the Hellenistic era, new themes and plots appeared, the interpretation of well-known classical motifs changed. Approaches to the depiction of human characters and events have become completely different.
• The excitement and tension of faces, the expression of movements, the whirlwind of feelings and experiences, and at the same time the elegiac and dreamy images, their harmonious perfection and solemnity are the main things in the sculpture of this period.

At the hour of my nightly delirium

You appear before my eyes

Samothrace Victory

With outstretched hands.

Frightening the silence of the night,

Gives rise to dizziness

Your winged, blind,

Unstoppable desire

In your insanely bright look

Something is laughing, flaming,

And our shadows rush from behind

Not being able to catch up with us.

N. Gumilyov

• wonderful work relating to the Hellenistic era - a sculptural group "Laookon with sons" by Agesander, Athenodorus and Polydorus (located: Vatican Museums)

... snakes attacked

Suddenly on him and entangled in strong rings twice,

The womb and chest surrounded him twice

A scaly body and menacingly raised their heads above it.

In vain to break the knots, he strains his weak hands -

Black poison and foam flow over sacred bandages;

In vain, we torment, he raises a piercing moan to the stars ...

Virgil "Aeneid" translation by V.A. Zhukovsky

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Outstanding sculptors of Ancient Hellas
The presentation of the MHC lesson was prepared by the teacher Petrova M.G. MBOU "Gymnasium", Arzamas

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The purpose of the lesson
to form an idea of ​​the development of the sculpture of Ancient Greece by comparing the masterpieces of different stages of its development; introduce students to the greatest sculptors of Ancient Greece; develop the skills of analyzing works of sculpture, logical thinking based comparative analysis works of art; to cultivate a culture of perception of works of art.

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Actualization of students' knowledge
What is the main thesis of ancient Greek art? What does the word "Acropolis" mean? -Where is the most famous Greek Acropolis? In what century was it rebuilt? -Name the ruler of Athens at that time. -Who supervised the construction work? -List the names of the temples that are on the Acropolis. -What is the name of the main entrance, who is its architect? Who is the Parthenon dedicated to? Name the architects. - What is the famous portico with a sculptural image of women carrying a ceiling that adorns the Erechtheion? -What statues that once adorned the Acropolis do you know?

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ancient greek sculpture
There are many glorious forces in nature, But there is nothing more glorious than man. Sophocles
Problem statement. - How was the fate of ancient Greek sculpture? - How was the problem of beauty and the problem of man solved in Greek sculpture? - From what and to what did the Greeks come?

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Check out the table
Names of sculptors Names of monuments Features of creative manner
Archaic (VII-VI centuries BC) Archaic (VII-VI centuries BC) Archaic (VII-VI centuries BC)
Kuros Kora
Classical period (V-IV centuries BC) Classical period (V-IV centuries BC) Classical period (V-IV centuries BC)
Myron
Polykleitos
Late Classic (400-323 BC - turn of the 4th century BC) Late Classic (400-323 BC - turn of the 4th century BC) Late Classic (400 -323 BC - turn of the 4th century BC)
Scopas
Praxiteles
Lysippus
Hellenism (III-I centuries BC) Hellenism (III-I centuries BC) Hellenism (III-I centuries BC)
Agesander

slide 6

Archaic
Kouros. 6th century BC
Bark. 6th century BC
Immobility of postures, stiffness of movements, "archaic smile" on faces, connection with Egyptian sculpture.

Slide 7

classical period
Miron. Discus thrower. 5th century BC
Miron was an innovator in solving the problem of movement in sculpture. He depicted not the Disco Thrower movement itself, but a brief break, an instantaneous stop between two powerful movements: a backswing and throwing the whole body and disk forward. The face of the discus thrower is calm and static. There is no individualization of the image. statue embodied perfect image human citizen.

Slide 8

Compare
Chiasmus is a sculptural technique for conveying hidden movement at rest. Polikleitos in the "Canon" determined the ideal proportions of a person: head - 17 height, face and hand - 110, foot - 16.
Miron. Discus thrower
Polykleitos. Doryphorus

Slide 9

late classic
Scopas. Maenad. 335 BC e. Roman copy.
Interest in the inner state of a person. Expression of strong, passionate feelings. Drama. Expression. Image of vigorous movement.

Slide 10

Praxiteles
statue of Aphrodite of Knidos. It was the first depiction of a female figure in Greek art.

slide 11

Lysippus developed a new plastic canon, in which individualization and psychologization of images appear.
Lysippos. Alexander the Great
Apoxyomenos

slide 12

Compare
"Apoxiomen" - dynamic pose, elongated proportions; new canon head=1/8 of total height
Polykleitos. Doryphorus
Lysippos. Apoxyomenos

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plastic study

Slide 14

How the problem of beauty and the problem of man were solved in Greek sculpture. From what and to what did the Greeks come?
Conclusion. Sculpture has gone from primitive forms to ideal proportions. From generalization to individualism. Man is the main creation of nature. Types of sculpture are varied: relief (flat sculpture); small plastic; round sculpture.

slide 15

Homework
1. Complete the table on the topic of the lesson. 2. Compose questions for the test work. 3. Write an essay “What is greatness antique sculpture?»

slide 16

Bibliography.
1. Yu.E. Galushkin "World Artistic Culture". - Volgograd: Teacher, 2007. 2. T.G. Grushevskaya “Dictionary of the MHK” - Moscow: “Academy”, 2001. 3. Danilova G.I. World art culture. From the origins to the 17th century. Textbook grade 10. - M.: Bustard, 2008 4. E.P. Lvova, N.N. Fomina “World Artistic Culture. From its origin to the 17th century” Essays on history. – M.: Peter, 2007. 5. L. Lyubimov “Art Ancient World” - M .: Education, 1980. 6. World art culture in modern school. Recommendations. Reflections. Observations. Scientific and methodical collection. - St. Petersburg: Nevsky Dialect, 2006. 7. A.I. Nemirovsky. “A book to read on the history of the ancient world”

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Sculptures of Ancient Greece

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Discus thrower. 5th century BC e. Marble. The figure of the "Discobolus" conveys a huge internal tension, which is restrained by the external forms of the sculpture, elastic closed lines outlining its silhouette. In the image of an athlete, Miron reveals a person's ability to take action.

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Poseidon, god of the sea (Statue of the 2nd century BC) The naked god of the sea with the body of a mighty athlete is represented at the moment when he throws his trident at the enemy. This is a fine example of high bronze art. In the 5th century BC e. bronze became a favorite material for sculptors, as its chased forms especially well conveyed the beauty and perfection of the proportions of the human body.

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Polykleitos

The spear-bearer Polykleitos embodied his ideal of an athlete-citizen in a bronze sculpture of a young man with a spear, cast around 450-440 BC. e. The mighty naked athlete - Doryphorus - is depicted in a full and majestic pose. He holds a spear in his hand, which lies on his left shoulder, and the fledgling, turning its head, looks into the distance. It seems that the young man just leaned forward and stopped.

slide 5

Apollo Belvedere (330-320 BC) The statue depicts Apollo, the ancient Greek god of the sun and light, as a beautiful young man shooting from a bow.

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Diana of Versailles or Diana the Huntress (1st or 2nd century BC) Artemis is dressed in a Dorian chiton and himation. Right hand she is preparing to take an arrow from her quiver, the left one is resting on the head of the deer accompanying her. The head is turned to the right, towards the likely prey. Now the sculpture is in the Louvre.

Slide 7

Goddess Athena in 450-440. BC e. Cicero wrote about Phidias like this: “When he created Athena and Zeus, there was no earthly original in front of him, which he could use. But in his soul lived that prototype of beauty, which he embodied in matter. No wonder they say about Phidias that he created in a burst of inspiration, which elevates the spirit above everything earthly, in which the divine spirit is directly visible - this heavenly guest, in the words of Plato.

Slide 8

Seated Zeus. In 435 BC. e. took place Grand opening statues. The thunderbolt's eyes sparkled brightly. It seemed that lightning was born in them. The entire head and shoulders of the god sparkled with divine light. In order for the head and shoulders of the Thunderer to sparkle, he ordered a rectangular pool to be cut at the foot of the statue. Olive oil was poured over the water in it: a stream of light from the doors falls on a dark oily surface, and the reflected rays rush upward, illuminating the shoulders and head of Zeus. There was a complete illusion that this light is pouring from God to people. It was said that the Thunderer himself descended from heaven in order to pose for Phidias.