Questions developing logical thinking. Visual-effective thinking and exercises for its development

Many have probably heard that life becomes much easier if.

But how to think logically, and not everyone knows what needs to be done for this.

Let's start with the most important thing: with the concept of logic. The ancient Greeks were so smart and advanced that modern people it will take a long time to master what they invented there in their ancient Greek city-states (city-states).

It was they who introduced into our everyday life the term "logic" and the corresponding science of operations and certain laws of correct (reasonable) thinking. Therefore, in order to find out how to think logically, it is necessary to understand the essence of these laws, the rules of logic.

Logic is a formal science, that is, what is important for it is not the content of statements, phenomena, or anything else, but their form, structure, interconnection.

Therefore, all the rules of logical thinking are based on the construction of the correct form of reasoning.

The basic rule of logical thinking: “the correctness of the conclusion lies in the fact that true, true premises (on the basis of which conclusions are drawn, inferences - facts, judgments about facts, principles, phenomena, events, statements, etc.) always follow a true conclusion .

From which it can be concluded that logical thinking can only be based on real facts, and not on hypothetical (supposed) events. Otherwise, the conclusion will also be assumed, ambiguous, inaccurate, conditional.

The second rule of logic is the duality of nature. That is, each judgment can be either false (not corresponding to the truth) or true.

Such rules allow us to receive new information from already existing facts using only logical reasoning.

A feature of logical thinking is also the unacceptability of everything irrational (that which goes beyond the concept of reason: intuition, premonition, etc.).

Therefore, in logical thinking, only the laws of logic are used and nothing else.

Let's try to master the simplest law of logic: from two true judgments we get a true conclusion.

Premise No. 1: "An apple tree is a tree", Premise No. 2 "Some apple trees bear fruit." Conclusion: "Some trees bear fruit."

We have come to a particular conclusion from two different judgments. Such a conclusion suggests itself from two known and true facts. The apple tree is really a tree. And some apple trees, however, bear fruit.

Why some? Because young apple trees do not bear fruit, but there are still lean periods. Therefore, we cannot say that all apple trees bear fruit.

Of course, logic contains a huge number of intricate and sometimes contradictory laws that numerous scientists have discovered over hundreds of centuries in the hope of surprising the world with at least something.

To how to think logically, you should always start simple. Break down all the available information into the smallest details and make a logical constructor out of them.

So, 1. "Ivanov is an entrepreneur." 2. " All entrepreneurs". Conclusion: "Ivanov has registered his entrepreneurial activity." It is not difficult to work with simple judgments, the main thing is to understand the principle of logical inference.

Instruction

First of all, you need to start with logic games. Any person will want to play them, because every adult is a child deep in his soul. Therefore, if in the game you need to strain your mind, remember something, be as attentive and concentrated as possible, then you should try it. It will be a very useful and fun pastime for both you and the children.

In addition, you can solve crossword puzzles, puzzles and other tasks for the development of logic. It is also desirable to play chess, backgammon, checkers and cards as often as possible. But in this case, be as careful as possible, logic can turn into a simple excitement or argument.

Creativity also contributes to the development of logic, forcing the brain to work and find best options. Puzzles, mosaics, figure sculpting, drawing and much more are great for training.

Today, when you go to a bookstore, you can find special literature aimed at developing logic. Such books contain a large number of interesting tasks, scanwords and tests.

To improve the logic, you can use a computer. There are many different games and programs that are designed specifically for the development of analytical, abstract and logical thinking. But at the same time, it is important to control yourself and spend only a certain amount of time a day on this.

Try to develop your logic as often as possible. It won't hurt for sure. People who are accustomed to thinking will not get lost in any situation. They think much faster than others, find not one way out, but several at once. Therefore, in no case should you avoid puzzles, puzzles and rebuses. With their help, you will not only have fun in your leisure time, but also improve your abilities.

What is logic

In order to understand what it is, it is necessary to explain this phenomenon more broadly, dividing it into its components.

By thinking is meant the processing by the human psyche of the information received, and the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships between objects, events and phenomena of the surrounding world.

Logic is the science of the forms, methods and laws of intellectual mental activity. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that knowledge is obtained not from sensory experience, but in the process of analyzing previously obtained data, inferential knowledge.

Thus, logical thinking is a thought process that makes a person use logical constructions and concepts based on evidence, prudence and flexibility of thinking. The main goal is to get the most reasonable conclusion from the available data.

The laws of logic are based on empirical knowledge world through experience. That is, a person draws a conclusion based on the creation or participation in a certain situation and subsequently awareness of its specific consequences.

Workout

The development of creative thinking and logic is possible only if the mind is used to working in different directions. The development of logical thinking needs to be trained, here are some practical advice:

The study of natural sciences

Take up the study of a science close to you in spirit, which you have been delaying.
Physics, chemistry or history, other exact sciences perfectly stimulate the flexibility of thinking. They teach to build chains of cause and effect.

Use reasoned argument

Instead of the standard desire to answer “because I’m in charge” or “it’s necessary”, try to convey your point of view to your opponent without emotions, constructively. Use logical as well as creative thinking, there can be a huge variety of dialogue options, get rid of the usual phrases and reactions.
Particularly interesting is the method of leading the interlocutor to the necessary conclusion by means of indirect statements with which he initially agrees.

Play chess, backgammon, checkers and card games

This is an amazing opportunity for the development of logical thinking. After all, there is a training in cause-and-effect relationships, a calculation of the opponent's moves in advance. It trains to learn lessons even from defeats. Thus, a person gradually removes negative thinking from his life.

Find other ways to use items

This exercise contributes to the excellent development of creative thinking in adults. Choose one item, be it a box of matches or a stool. And find all possible ways to use the item for other purposes. You can count on matches, lay out drawings, and use the stool as a Christmas tree stand. Be creative.

association game

Use opposite meanings to emerging associations to specific words. For example, hard cotton wool, soft glass, hot ice. This helps our brain tune in a different way, remove negative thinking.

Read books from the end

In addition to the understandable difficulties in completing this task, there are still nuances. Our brain is accustomed to the fact that the outcome can only come when specific actions are performed. But as in life and in books, this is not always true. Sometimes the most unexpected events lead to results that were not supposed to. The gradual transition from the denouement to the preface will help debunk your guesses and learn an abstract vision of the situation, and also develops mobility, flexibility of thinking.

Expand your vocabulary

When you hear an unfamiliar word, look it up in a dictionary. And also: what is the history of occurrence, the original meaning and use now. This will help you look at the world more differently.

Words backwards

When in a vehicle or on the street, read the signs backwards. It will be very difficult. At first, only short words, and then you will master the ability to read whole phrases! This is a great brain workout showing that there are alternatives. And, once in a problematic situation, it will be easier to see other options.

Imagine something that doesn't exist

The exercise is to come up with an animal or object, a name that does not exist in nature. Leopantsyr or bird fox, for example. And in detail all this to present or depict. The bottom line is that it's very hard to come up with something that doesn't exist. The brain still tries to reduce everything to familiar forms, especially in adults.

Sometimes negative thinking takes over, it becomes difficult to complete a task that seems absurd. The ability to abstract from familiar forms and concepts, to concentrate on still little-studied facts, to create fundamentally new things, will be useful in any profession.

Solve anagrams

From the mixed letters you need to make a word. Develops the ability to quickly find hidden meaning, to see incomprehensible, at first glance, values.

Use your other hand

If you are right-handed - left, if vice versa - right. Change your hand during daily activities. This stimulates the work of both hemispheres, improving concentration, activating new neural connections, thus stimulating logical and creative thinking.

Who needs to develop logic

Logical thinking is necessary for any person, regardless of his goals. After all, having the flexibility of thinking, each of us can:

find the optimal solution to the problem situation;
always be a few steps ahead of enemies or competitors, calculating their possible actions;
choose the right way to achieve the goal;
express their thoughts in a form understandable to all;
it is easy enough to find arguments for inclining opponents to your side;
prevent professional and life mistakes;
deal with sophistry and demagoguery;
be able to quickly formulate an answer to the question posed, avoiding blurting out the first thought that came to mind, which can greatly harm later;
clearly see the manipulations by other people, do not become a victim of their deception;
be aware of mistakes made by other people or yourself, quickly and easily eliminate them.

Why develop logic?

How to develop thinking? Every person has developed it in one way or another. But for a better understanding of reality and the ability to operate with it, logical thinking, developed at a sufficiently high level, is necessary. This can only be learned through practice.

Creative thinking can be developed and negative thinking eliminated. The brain is trained just as much as the muscles, perhaps more. By constantly training thinking and memory, a person can develop throughout his life, methodically improving his performance. Development intellectual abilities- the guarantor of effective self-improvement.

Thanks to the ability to think logically, a person acquires the ability to think creatively, because a completely different understanding of reality opens up, which gives many advantages.

It is generally accepted that creative thinking is opposed to logic and reason, but this is an incorrect statement. Creative perception of reality is the basis for creativity. This does not mean the need for negative thinking, which is characterized by a concentration exclusively on the bad. On the contrary, it allows you to train the brain, clear it of stereotypes and interfering attitudes, look at everything from the outside. This opens up perfect horizons. As a result, the ability to solve problems in a non-standard way find previously impossible paths.

Hello dear readers!

So, I did not wait for the questions on the previous one. Although it is the questions that indicate that the topic has affected a person, and he wants to clarify something for himself.

I think that there will be a lot of questions on today's topic. I will answer with pleasure.

How often we lack the ability to logically express our thoughts, especially if the result of this presentation is important to us. It is at this moment that we are overwhelmed with emotions, and our inability to argue only leads to the heat of passion, turning to raised tones. But since this does not lead to a result, insults often come into play, further turning into threats or even a fight.

Mutual understanding did not take place. And the reason is the inability to competently build their thoughts and conduct a discussion.

I think many of you are familiar with this situation. Almost every day we can observe something similar in life, and even more often from TV screens.

Disputes in which there is little logic, but a lot of emotions and aggressiveness.

It is believed that 70% of conflicts arise during communication. And how can we communicate correctly if our emotional competence is not developed (which I wrote about), and no one taught us the logic of statements and the ability of logical thinking.

Development of logic and thinking

What is usually emphasized when it comes to the development of thinking?

The focus is on development creative thinking. Solving creative problems, finding new solutions, generating ideas, of course, requires out-of-the-box thinking.

And this development is devoted to the bulk of the literature.

It's fashionable to think outside the box. True, sometimes this non-standard becomes too shocking and for the sake of attracting attention, elementary logic is neglected.

To splash a bucket of paint on the canvas and call it a work of art, it is possible that this is so, but then it is worth defining in terms - what art is.

It is pointless to argue about this until definitions and concepts are introduced, which is what logic actually does.

Although many people think that Logic is the ability to solve logical puzzles. Primarily, logic is the science of correct thinking . Consistent, consistent, reasonable.

We agree that we are missing logical thinking . Yet in life more often it is required. It is not so often to make discoveries and generate ideas, but you have to communicate, convince, prove, think every day.

There are people who are difficult to understand - there is no logic in their reasoning. And, unfortunately, there are more and more of them. Just listen to any talk show.

So today let's talk about development of logical thinking and about Logic as a science and its application in Everyday life.

Is it possible to reason logically without knowing the basics of logic?

Yes, you can, because you can decently speak and write without knowing grammar. But by studying logic, we raise the level of our thinking. We learn to express our thoughts more clearly and consistently.

Why do we need it?

We are so accustomed to the bottom line of our efforts, and it takes effort to learn logic. Therefore, I will dwell on this issue in more detail.

Although, as usual, - yeah, the reader thinks - the headline is “Development of logical thinking”, now I’ll jump in for 20 seconds (by the way, there are more than 60% of such visitors), I will see a list of actions from 10 points, and I will begin to think logically.

And the entire Internet is filled with such motivating algorithms, consisting of 7-10 steps. But having run superficially one technique, another, a person is disappointed - how is it, but where are those great changes that are promised. Kindergarten, in a word ….

Unfortunately, this does not work, motivation passes in an hour, at best, and another motivational kick is required. The motive to do something must be stable, conscious, as a necessity, and not as a simple satisfaction of curiosity. Need emotional vector to say "easier".

Therefore, to begin with, I will give a few advantages of studying logic:

1. Logic teaches you to think clearly and express your thoughts clearly. Incoherent speech, when a person cannot connect two words, is common.

2. The ability to convince and defend one's point of view is being formed. A persuasive logically constructed speech is required.

3. The study of logic develops the habit of analyzing one's own and others' judgments. And also to find errors in them and fight against demagoguery. Indeed, often there is nothing to object to except as “the fool himself”.

4. Logic teaches to argue. And do not bring the dispute to a squabble and fight. Helps to find compromises, to refute false reasoning.

5. Logic generally develops the ability to think. Have your own thoughts, not thoughts imposed by an external source.

I think even this is enough to read the article to the end. And suddenly something comes in handy.

Although, as Bertrand Russell said, Many people would rather die than begin to think. And they die without even starting ».

I don't think this applies to my readers.

A bit from the history of the study of logic

Before the 1917 revolution, logic was studied in gymnasiums. But after the revolution, logic was declared a bourgeois subject and excluded from the school curriculum.

The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in its resolution “On the Teaching of Logic and Psychology in Secondary Schools” of December 3, 1946, considered it necessary to introduce, starting from 1947/48 school year teaching these subjects in all schools of the Soviet Union.

There was such a famous textbook of Vinogradov's logic of 1954.

But in 1956, the teaching of logic in high school was canceled. Like this….

Now Logic is studied only in individual universities.

And a little more about the sad.

The study of formal logic does not always contribute to the development of thinking. You can study logical operations, work with judgments, etc., but not everyone succeeds in applying this in life. Students of logic just don't know how to do it.

The problem of most textbooks on logic in abstract examples: all mosquitoes are insects, if autumn comes, leaves fall, and so on. It is logical, yes logical, but some non-life examples, so it is difficult to switch to real situations.

It is even more difficult to use the laws of logic or how to apply the semantics of the language of predicate logic. This is what it takes to have a desire to deal with all this?

How to develop the ability to think logically?

Certainly not by decision logic puzzles and crosswords. The most that can be gained from these activities is to increase the ability to solve puzzles, nothing more. And although this is certainly useful for the brain, the goal is still to learn how to competently build your thoughts, and the exercises should be of a different kind.

First of all, close to those situations when such a need arises: to prove, convince, discuss, etc.

It is in real conditions that one can gain experience, and not by studying the theoretical laws of logic. What you need to learn is how to put theory into practice.

And for this, you should first find out for yourself when the need for logical thoughts arises. I mentioned five such situations above, but there are many more.

To understand in in general terms, what does Logic study, consider its main sections:
1. Concepts.
2. Definitions.
3. Judgments.
4. Basic laws of logic. The law of identity. The law of contradiction. Law of the excluded middle. Law of sufficient reason.
5. Inductive reasoning
6. Deductive reasoning.
7. Analogies, hypotheses, proofs.

Let's add the basic techniques of logical thinking - comparison, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and generalization. Here are all the sections.

Learning Approach

The problem is how to translate the knowledge of formal logic into practical logic.
I will offer one approach that you may be interested in. In my book "" I mentioned him.

Petr Spiridonovich Agafoshin (1874-1950) is a famous Russian guitarist. In the book "School six-string guitar He described one of the basic principles of learning as follows:

The student must learn play playing . Those. acquire the necessary playing skills not on dry training material such as exercises and etudes, but on skillfully selected highly artistic material that educates taste and brings aesthetic satisfaction along with practical and technical skills.

Why not use this principle here as well, i.e. solve practical mental problems that arise in reality, where the application of logic is required. These are not case studies that are solved under ideal conditions, but life situations where there is a place for surprises and manifestations of emotions.

For example, discussion/argument.

In order for various discussions, disputes and just discussions to be logically cultural in nature, it is important that participants equally understand the exact meaning of the terms involved in this discussion.

For example, it is difficult to understand a person - what he is talking about if he has not given a definition on the subject of his conversation. Without specifying the concepts and definitions, each participant in the conversation/dispute can understand something of their own under this concept (to the best of their knowledge). It's not clear what the argument is about.

And if a scientific dispute concerns concepts - infinity, matter, space, etc., then more prosaic things appear in working discussions: for example, margin, strategy, marketing, and in everyday situations - the number of things discussed is much larger.

So the first rule of logic is: the main terms of the statement, theses should be clearly defined, regardless of whether others know them or not. Consistency in understanding is important.

From here first practical logic skill – ability to operate with concepts.

Knowing the importance of this, one can study in more detail the theoretical part of the section of logic - “ Definitions". Here are its subsections (for example, according to Vinogradov's textbook):

1. Content and scope of concepts.
2. The relationship between the content and scope of the concept.
3. Restriction and generalization of the concept.
4. Generic and specific concepts.
5. Basic classes of concepts.
6. Relations between concepts.
7. The essence of the definition of the concept.
8. Rules of definition.
9. Genetic definition.
10. Nominal definition.
11. Meaning of definitions.
12. Techniques that replace the definition.
13. The essence of the concept division.
14. Division rules.
15. Dichotomous division.
16. Techniques similar to division.
17. Classification.

By studying this issue theoretically, you already imagine how this knowledge can be used in practice.

Another important skill is the ability to ask questions.. As I said earlier, our thinking consists of questions and the search for answers to them.

But in order to correctly pose questions and answer them, you need to know what a correctly posed question is. This is already in the field of Logic.

Every question has premise question, i.e. information about the object about which the question arose.

For example: a question - do you like articles on my benefit?
The question assumes the presence of a blog and articles posted on it, as well as the author. Those. premise.

What is the right question?

First, it requires the availability of the necessary amount of information and the ability to use this information.

It is also necessary to check all the premises of the question - they must be true, if at least one premise is false, then the question is wrong.

For example, if there is only one article on the blog and the question is about "articles". The premise is not true, so the question is wrong.

In general terms, the question is correct if, in principle, there can be an answer to it.

After all, there is this: One fool can ask a question that even a hundred wise men cannot answer.».

Knowing that the question must satisfy the formal rules of logic, we study this part of Logic more closely.

Consider another logical form - reasoning .

Reasoning is a mental activity (i.e. our thinking) when interaction of separate judgments and on their basis new judgments appear. This whole process is reasoning.

We can talk about the structure of reasoning: i.e. some judgments are known to us, others are not. They are connected by a logical operation.

There are several types of reasoning. If from a known judgment (called premise ) comes out a previously unknown proposition ( conclusion ), then this is called inference e.

known deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning.

What logical laws the reasoning is based on can also be found in the textbook of logic.

But it is better to do this after visually, in a real situation, highlight the reasoning and try to understand how it is being built now, without knowledge of formal logic. Then turn to the textbook.

So the sequence is:

1. Getting to know the main sections of Logic.
To do this, you will need the complex business reading skills that I described in the book "", in particular synoptic reading and techniques for reading business literature.
Result: a general idea of formal logic.

2. Areas of use. You already know the areas where logic will be useful. We have defined this above, in general terms.
The next thing to do is to gradually introduce logical forms into these situations, i.e. practical use of individual elements of the theory of Logic.

To begin with, you should choose situations that are not too critical for you - after all, there is no experience yet. We learn from simple everyday situations where failure will not affect you personally. Gradually increase the complexity of the situation.
There are a lot of such opportunities in life - starting from the store, ending with visiting government institutions.

It can be useful to notice the logical tricks that come our way. For example, advertising "Today - on credit, tomorrow - for cash." It is required to eliminate the logical uncertainty: today is when, and tomorrow - when? Ask the advertiser why the laws of logic are violated. And there are many such examples.

3. We introduce logical forms gradually, step by step, element by element.

Task: to analyze individual logical forms and try to use them in practice.
First, we introduce definitions and concepts. Those. starting any discussion, we define the concepts involved in it. To do this, we carefully study the theoretical part of logic - Definitions and Concepts.

In any communication, try to find the subject of discussion, formulate definitions and try to apply the knowledge gained.

Then there is the wording of the questions. We try to ask the right questions.

Then we try to reason. We study the theory of reasoning. And so on, including the rest of the logic elements.

To some extent, we can say that this approach uses logical methods of thinking, such as analysis and synthesis, abstraction and generalization.

Via analysis we have singled out separate parts of the Logic. Learned and applied.

abstraction helped us eliminate minor, unimportant features of logical forms. Via synthesis and generalization - united separate parts into a single one. And now we can use all logical elements in our communication.

This is how, gradually moving from simple to complex, Logic will take an important place in your thinking.

At the same time, we study not only theoretical, but also popular literature on Logic.
The main thing is to start.

It is not necessary to become a great mathematician whose mathematical logic comes first. Enough level of logical thinking required in everyday life.

You can talk about logic for an infinitely long time, but you won’t cover everything in one article.

Therefore, I will offer you a list of literature for study, but this is not an easy subject.

It is better to study theory from textbooks, and from old textbooks. Yet the previous generation had a better command of Logic. So the list might look like this:

1. V.G. Chelpanov. Logic textbook. 1915
2. V.F. Asmus. Logics. 1947
3. S.N. Vinogradov, A.F. Kuzmin. Logics. Tutorial for high school. 1954
4. A. D. Getmanova. Logic textbook. 1995
5. D.A. Gusev. Short course logic. The art of right thinking. 2003
6. V.I. Kirillov, A.A. Starchenko. Logics. 2008
7. A.L. Nikiforov. Logic book. 1998
8. D. Halpern. Psychology of critical thinking. 2000

And more useful books:

9. A.I. Uemov. Logic errors. How do they get in the way of thinking? 1958
10. Yu.A. Petrov. ABC of logical thinking. 1991
11. A.A. Ivin. The art of thinking right. 1986

You can get acquainted with the book M. Cohen, E. Nagel. Introduction to logic and scientific method. 2010 (656 pages). For a long time it was the main textbook for universities in the United States.

can be studied and Aristotle the father of formal logic. His Organon.

Organon (instrument, method) is the traditional name of Aristotle's philosophical writings devoted to logic.

Organon includes:
1. Categories.
2. About interpretation.
3. First analytics.
4. Second analytics.
5. Topeka.
6. Sophistical rebuttals.

Aristotle calls logic " Analytics”, and in the treatise “Analyst” (First and Second), he outlined its main teachings: on inference and on proof.

On this I think it will be enough. Next time we will continue to consider other approaches to the development of thinking.

I look forward to your comments and questions.

If you liked the article, please click on the social buttons. Thank you!

Sincerely, Nikolay Medvedev.

6 comments on the entry “Formation of logical thinking”

Amazing Features Russian education: to ask what was not taught. On the exam in the Russian language, even the logical coherence of the text was included in the essay criteria, who else would have taught this graduate. Only a talented teacher will combine a very superficial teaching of his subject and logic. Therefore, children, except for screaming, have nothing to learn from adults, and sometimes it is a shame to watch programs of a discussion plan.

And now the question is: "Why did they exclude the study of logic and psychology in schools and do not study in some universities? How many insults from misunderstanding by interlocutors do you need to get in order to acquire the skills of logical thinking, or are they given by nature and are inherited?" Thank you for your content, it's very important.

Thanks Lana for your comment!
Why was logic excluded from the school curriculum?
The official version is the fight against overload of schoolchildren. At this time, there were many changes in the education system, textbooks were rewritten, the management system changed, and so on.
Although logic was introduced in 1948, the level of teaching is ? Who taught, as a rule, these were not specially trained teachers, but more often teachers of literature.
Similarly, now - the teaching of the foundations of religion is in question - and who will teach this discipline.
Skills of logical thinking, unfortunately, are not inherited. At the level of everyday logic, we learn from real life examples.
But this is not enough. In addition, the logical thinking is not only the knowledge of logical forms, but also a general outlook. Without it, there will simply be nothing to connect logically.

Where is the logic in the fact that they do not teach Logic?

After the change of the tsarist regime, the abolition of the Logic was dictated, most likely, as its replacement with the code of the builder of communism, and this was an underestimation of its significance in everyday life. Now its absence is the result of a thoughtless reform of education under the influence of the West.

Not only Aristotle is a pleasure to read, but any ancient book in which there is no double meaning, unnecessary complications of speech, and everything is stated simply and clearly. There is no more magical and meaningful language on earth than Russian, from which other languages actually originated, which is easy to see in the example of English, if you are attentive to words. The ease of reading ancient literature also speaks of the author's complete understanding of what he writes, in contrast to modern books and especially textbooks (everything that the author of this blog Medvedev writes does not apply here), filled with completely unnecessary complexity of presentation, coming from a lack of understanding of the subject. And here take Russian word"difficult" what does it mean? Difficult = false. And vice versa - "simple, like everything ingenious." While studying at school in the 60s and 70s, I didn’t really like to write essays, although everything was fine with the Russian language. And, once I took old textbooks from my mother, a Russian language teacher, both pre-war and post-war, I was amazed how much better they were than ours - everything was explained in them so simply and clearly. These textbooks were a godsend for me, it was a nice thing to write essays on them. And already in those on which I studied, the widespread prevalence of formalization over simplicity and clarity of presentation began. Why do we need formalization, especially for children? At home, we speak with them not in a formalized language, but in a simple one. And remember what Lenin took in his speeches. He spoke to people in an understandable, understandable way. ordinary people language, although at that time the theory of Marxism-Leninism was considered very complex and few people could understand it. By the way, in the library, where I was a regular weekly visitor, I somehow came across Lenin's article on the correct organization of labor. Otherwise, no matter how brilliant you can call it, I still regret that I did not rewrite it then.

by the most important logic, I see the ability to create your own opinion on any issue, and not use the mental "gum" of other people. And I understand the main property of logic as a sequence of thoughts to achieve a certain result, in which each subsequent thought follows from the previous one. Those. logic is the structure according to which we organize our thoughts to achieve a specific goal.

For example, I need to create my own opinion about an object, phenomenon or situation. I start gathering information, then I separate facts, objective information from subjective information. I consider the subject of study in its development, evolution, determining the patterns and trends of development. And based on these objective factors, I build my opinion. If my opinion is different from the other, then I will try to determine what the other opinion is based on, on what premises, facts or subjective things.

This main feature logic - a sequence of thoughts and was used by the famous Socrates in his disputes and convictions, when, starting from some indisputable fact recognized by both sides, he began a consistent movement from one indisputable statement to another, eventually coming to his opponent's conviction in his rightness.

Today, I too, using logic, namely, showing the bank employee the lack of consistency between their declarations of good service and the real state of affairs, convinced him of the need to take appropriate measures.

Thank you, Nikolai, for a good, relevant topic and, as always, interesting article!

Thanks Konstantin for the excellent continuation of the article!
In one of my articles, I mentioned 10 questions of a systematic approach to studying a subject, so I completely agree with you on the technology of creating your own opinion on the subject that you described.
I also prefer earlier editions, and I usually read the creators of ideas, teachings, and not their subsequent interpretations and “chewing”.
In the next article, I will provide practical tips for using logical forms. Let's talk about critical thinking, especially important for the present time.
I already see that this article is too voluminous, so I will take the format of 3,000 characters as a basis (this one has 17,000 characters).
I will also add a few old publications on the organization of labor, but before they knew how to organize:
1. G.F. Popov. Technique of personal work.
2. A.K. Gastev. How to work. 1972
3. P.M. Kerzhentsev. Organization principles. 1968
4. M.A. Shtremel. Engineer in the laboratory. Organization of labor. 1983

"Cross out the excess"

For the lesson, you will need cards with rows of 4-5 words or numbers.

The child, after reading the series, must determine what common feature unites most of the words or numbers of the series, and find one extra. Then he must explain his choice.

Option 1

Words are combined in meaning.

Pan Pan,ball , plate.

Pen,doll , notebook, ruler.

Shirt,shoes , sweater dress.

Chair, sofa, stool,closet.

Cheerful,brave , joyful, happy.

Red Green,dark , blue, orange.

Bus, wheel, trolleybus, tram, bike.

Option 2

Words are not united by meaning, but by formal features (for example, they begin with one letter, with a vowel, there is the same prefix, the same number of syllables, one part of speech, etc.). When compiling such a series, you need to make sure that only one sign matches. Performing the exercise requires a high level of development of attention.

phone, fog,port , tourist. (Three words begin with the letter "T".)

April, performance, teacher,snow , rain. (Four words end in "b".)

Wall, paste,notebook , legs, arrows. (In four words, the stress falls on the first syllable.)

drawing, strength, wind, life, minute. (In four words, the second letter is "I".)

Option 3

16, 25, 73, 34 (73 is extra, for the rest the sum of the digits is 7)

5, 8, 10, 15 (8 is extra, the rest are divisible by 5)

64, 75, 86, 72 (72 is extra, the rest of the numbers have a difference of 2)

87, 65, 53, 32 (53 is extra, the rest have the first digit more than a second by 1)

3, 7, 11, 14 (14 is extra, the rest are odd)

"Invisible Words"

For the lesson, you will need to type words in which the letters are mixed.

For example, there was the word "book", it became - "nkagi". This evil sorceress got angry and made all the words invisible. It is necessary to return each word to its former, correct form. Completing a task requires a high concentration of attention. During the exercise, the ability to analyze the material is trained.

Option 1

Restore the correct order of letters in words.

Dubrzha, kluka, balnok, leon, gona, sug.

Selnots, imza, chenite, tarm, myase.

Pmisyo, kroilk, bubaksha, stovefor, bomeget.

Kovora, kirutsa, shakok, sakob.

Option 2

To make it more interesting for the child to complete the task, you can group the words into columns so that after deciphering the first letters of correctly spelled words will also form a word.

Write the invisible words correctly and read the new tree, consisting of the first letters of the deciphered words.

PTLAOK -

CHREKA -

GIRA-

VDUZOH -

ADE-

BRUAT -

Answer: hello.

VAUD -

URVAK -

CHICO -

CSSLA -

Answer: lesson.

KSOTMU -

LEWY -

OFF -

OKNEA -

Answer: cinema.

POSEK -

SHOW -

KODCHA -

AVSUTG-

CHER -

OBADI -

KHUKYAN -

Answer: a gift.

Option 3

Restore the correct order of the letters in the words and find among them one superfluous in meaning.

1. Here are invisible animals, but one word is superfluous (perch).

Yazats, devmed, black, nokyu, dexterous.

2. Here are invisible flowers, but one word is superfluous (birch).

Pyualtn, Zora, Bzerea, Snarsits, Lydnash.

3. Here the trees are invisible, but one word is superfluous (acorn).

Oinsa, bdu, zhuldier, nelk.

Option 4

Find another in one word by rearranging the letters.

1. Find the invisible animals by swapping the letters in the words.

Strength, salt, jar, peony.

2. Find the invisible game in the word.

Cone.

3. Find an invisible tree in the word.

Pump.

4. Find an item of invisible clothing in the word.

Bast shoes.

5. Find the invisible flower in the word.

Midge.

Option 5

There are many invisible words hidden in one word. For example, in the very word "word" several words are hidden: hair, solo, ox and fishing. Try to find as many invisible words as possible in the words:

pillow

keyboard

rocket

score

present

parents

"Another Letter"

In this exercise, riddles and tasks are given, according to the conditions of which, by replacing one letter in a word, you can get a new word. The number of letters in words cannot be changed. For example: oak - tooth, dream - catfish, steam - feast.

Option 1

Guess riddles.

They can put us at school

If we don't know anything.

Well, if with the letter "T",

He meows at you.(count - cat)

Anyone will pass through it.

With the letter "P" - it pours from the forehead.(half sweat)

If "K" - the hostess is crying.

If "G" - the horse is galloping.(bow - meadow)

With "R" - she is an actor,

With "C" - everyone needs it in the kitchen.(role - salt)

With the letter "D" - the entrance to the apartment,

With the letter "3" - lives in the forest.(door is a beast)

With "D" - mom dresses up in a dress,

With "N" - at this time they fall asleep.(daughter - night)

With "L" - the goalkeeper did not help out,

With "D" - we change the calendar. (goal - year)

With the letter "K" - she is in a swamp,

With "P" - you will find it on a tree.(bump - kidney)

With "T" - he is on fire with food,

With "3" - with horns, with a beard.(boiler - goat)

With "R" - and hide and seek, and football.

With "L" - she is given an injection. (game - needle)

Option 2

Words with one missing letter are given. Form as many words as possible, substituting one letter for the gap, as in the sample.

Sample: ...ol - role, salt, mole, pain, zero.

Ro... -

Glasses -

Ba... -

Ar -

Ara -

Aika -

Yen -

Ohm -

Option 3

Get from one word to another through a chain of words by replacing one letter at each stage. For example, how to get the word "goal" from the word "smoke"? It is necessary to make several transformations: smoke - house - com - count - goal. Only nouns can be used in the chain, only one letter changes each time. Performing this exercise, the child learns to analyze and predict the result. It is desirable to reach the goal in the least number of moves, that is, the one with the shortest chain wins.

Get from the word "moment" the word "steam", from the word "cheese" the word "mouth", from the word "house" the word "ball", from the word "moment" the word "hour".

"Houses"

Performing mathematical tasks forms logical thinking. We offer the game "Houses", the content of which can become more complicated depending on the level of knowledge of the child.

Option 1

Put one of the signs of mathematical operations in the free window of the house so as to get a number on the roof.

Option 2

Put one of the signs of mathematical operations in the free windows of the house to get the number on the roof as a result. There are several possible solutions for these tasks.

"Puzzles"

We suggest you teach children to solve puzzles. This lesson perfectly develops logical thinking, methods of analysis and synthesis. To learn how to solve puzzles, you need to familiarize yourself with the special rules for compiling them.

Basic rules for solving puzzles

1. A noun is guessed in the nominative case.

2. Parts of a word are sometimes depicted with drawings or symbols. They may be read in different ways. For example: 1 - unit, count, one. All options need to be checked.

3. Commas before a picture or symbol indicate the number of letters to be discarded from the beginning of the word indicated by the picture or symbol. For example: ,☆ - reads like "riding".

4. Commas after a picture or symbol indicate the number of letters to be discarded from the end of the word indicated by the picture or symbol.

5. If equality is indicated above the figure, for example, A \u003d And, then the letter A must be replaced with And.

6. If the equality 2 = And is indicated, then the second letter in the word must be replaced with And.

7. Letters or drawings may be depicted inside other letters, above them, below them, behind them and on them. This is how the parts of the words “in”, “above”, “under”, “for”, “on” are denoted.

8. The numbers above the figures mean a change in the order of the letters in the word.

Use the rules to solve puzzles.

"Addition and Subtraction"

To develop the ability to think logically, we offer exciting examples of addition and subtraction. These are special examples that do not use numbers familiar to the child, but words. With them, you need to perform mathematical operations, after guessing the original word and writing the answers in brackets. Here is a sample solution for such examples.

Addition

Given: boo + shade = unopened flower

Solution: bu + tone = bud

Subtraction

Given: mode of transport - o = unit of measurement Solution: metro - o = meter

Option 1

Replace the words in brackets with the ones you need to use addition to get the correct equality.

b + food = bad luck

k + insect = girl's hairstyle

y + bad weather with rain = danger

y + Vacation home= success

o + opponent = long hole

y + child-girl = angler's tackle

o + tool = edge of the forest

c + animal hair = distributed during fun

y + one = done to the patient

m + fish soup = insect

y + ball in goal = in triangle

for + country house = needs a decision

ka + reward = whim

o + settlement = piece of land

av + tomato = weapon

ba + shade = White bread

ob + for scooping up food = on a notebook and on a book

ku + for nails \u003d hand with fingers pressed to the palms

ko + played by actor = monarch

by + misfortune = success in battle

at + pine forest = apparatus

at + battle = waves near the shore

Answers : misfortune, scythe, threat, luck, ravine, fishing rod, edge, laughter, prick, fly, corner, task, whim, vegetable garden, automatic machine, loaf, cover, fist, king, victory, device, surf.

Option 2

Replace the words in brackets with the ones you need to use subtraction to get the correct equality.

vessel - a \u003d money is stored there

moralizing poem - nya = low voice

underwear - s = afraid of everything

tomato - at = separate book

shallow place in the river - b \u003d they are written on the blackboard

strong fear - great master = snake

bird - pronoun = criminal

military unit - k \u003d we walk on it at home

facial hair of a man - solemn verse = pine forest

bird - eye = garbage

flower - with = game

fantasy - ta = knight's weapon

you can cook in it - ate = pet

on the neck in winter - f = geometric figure

young plant - oc = human height

the goalkeeper is standing in them - a = on clothes around the neck

sport - c = body has right and left

Answers: bank, bass, coward, volume, chalk, already, thief, floor, boron, rubbish, lotto, sword, cat, ball, growth, gate, side.

"Next Number"

The ability to compare and analyze is well developed when performing tasks in which it is required to identify patterns. We suggest using series of numbers for this. The child needs to find a pattern within a series of numbers and continue it following the same logic.

3, 5, 7, 9 ... . (Row of odd numbers, next number 11.)

16, 22, 28, 34 ... . (Each next number is 6 more than the previous one, the next number is 40.)

55, 48, 41, 34 ... . (Each next number is less than the previous one by 7, the next number is 27.)

12, 21, 16, 61, 25 .... (In each pair of numbers, the numbers are reversed, the next number is 52.)

"Definitions"

Each object or phenomenon has many signs, but we do not always notice them. When performing this task, the child must look at objects and phenomena from different angles.

The exercise can be performed individually or collectively, in the form of a competition.

Option 1

Come up with as many definitions as possible that characterize objects or phenomena. (The task trains analysis skills, as it is necessary to distinguish parts from a whole.)

Snow - cold, fluffy, light, white, lacy, iridescent, thick, beautiful, etc.

River -

Firework -

Clouds -

Kitty -

Rainbow -

Option 2

Think over the listed definitions and guess the object or phenomenon that they characterize. (This option is more difficult, when performing synthesis skills are trained: it is necessary to combine all the signs and determine which subject they refer to. The hint is the gender of adjectives and participles.)

Gusty, hurricane, warm, piercing - wind.

Dark, quiet, moonlit, black - ... (night).

Long, asphalt, forest, broken - ... (road).

Kind, caring, beloved, beautiful - ... (mother).

Short, long, cut, shiny - ... (hair).

Magical, interesting, folk, kind - ... (fairy tale).

Strong, fragrant, sweet, hot - ... (tea).

Hot, cheerful, long-awaited, sunny - ... (summer).

Loyal, shaggy, noisy, beloved - ... (dog).

Round, bright, yellow, hot - ... (sun).

"Confusion-2"

This exercise contains sentences in which some words are mixed up or replaced. In order to complete tasks, you need to use logical thinking.

Option 1

Due to unforeseen circumstances, one word disappeared from the sentence, and an inappropriate, random word took its place. Put things in order in each sentence: delete a random word and return the correct word.

I overslept this morning, I was in a hurry, but, unfortunately, I came to schoolbefore. (with delay)

I boughtlong loaf , presented it to the conductor and got on the train, (ticket)

It was hot outside, so Masha put onfur coat (sundress)

On the roof of my grandmother's housestick from which smoke came out when the stove was heated. (pipe)

Whenit dawned , we began to look into the night sky, looking at the stars and the moon. (it got dark)

I like to swim on the beach and wallow on pavement.(sand)

Option 2

And in these sentences, the words were swapped, and it became very difficult to understand what in question. Restore the correct word order in the sentences.

My friends on the children's playground were playing.

Five in the Russian language I received a lesson.

Aquarium fish are interesting to watch life.

I made all for gifts to relatives.

It was quiet on the street after fresh and thunderstorms.

You can see stars in the falling night sky in August.

"Assignments with text"

To complete the exercise, prepare excerpts from the texts.

Completing tasks with texts perfectly develops logical thinking. In this exercise, we present several options for such tasks. They apply to any passages unfamiliar to the child. literary works(fairy tales, stories, etc.).

Option 1

Read the passage and invite the child to come up with 5-7 headings for it. They should reflect the main content and be original. Tell the child that you can use the words from the text. If the exercise is performed by several people, then it can be carried out in the form of a competition.

Option 2

Read a passage consisting of 10-15 sentences and ask them to convey its content in 2-3 sentences, that is, to do brief retelling. This exercise will form the child's ability to generalize the material, to highlight the main thing. Such tasks are useful for the development of logical thinking.

Option 3

Read the passage to the child, skipping the middle part, which the child must complete. The logical connection of the insert invented by the child with the beginning and end of the original text is evaluated.

Option 4

Read the passage and invite the child to come up with a continuation of the text. This task develops both imagination and logical thinking, since the content of the continuation must be justified by the previous events described in the passage.

"Pantomime"

This game perfectly develops logical thinking. What is pantomime? Pantomime is a performance using facial expressions and gestures, without words. The minimum number of participants is 5, one of them is the leader, the rest are divided into two teams. The facilitator guesses the words, monitors compliance with the rules and awards points for correct execution tasks. Teams take turns playing the game.

The leader goes out with a member of the first team from the room in which the rest of the players are, and calls the word. For example "bath". The player must, with the help of pantomime,

say given word your team, where members can ask questions. The demonstrator cannot answer, but can only nod his head or use other gestures. Its goal is to show a given object or phenomenon in such a way that the team can quickly guess. The facilitator may limit the time for pantomime. For each word guessed by the team, 1 point is awarded. Then the task is given to the second team. The game can be played with three participants, one of which is the leader. Then points are not awarded, but words are simply guessed.

All the exercises and games that are offered in this article will help children master the techniques of logical thinking, learn to think logically on practical material. The gradual complication of tasks allows you to develop logical thinking. This will help the child at school, make the process of mastering knowledge easier, more interesting and more successful.

Help the child explain the essence of the tasks and examples of their implementation, which are given in the exercises.

The exercises proposed in the book will allow the child to independently compare, analyze, synthesize, classify.

Having mastered the skills of logical thinking, the child will learn to draw conclusions, think clearly and clearly, solve any problems. This is the surest way to excellent study!

Women's Portal Flero

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Learning Approach

6 comments on the entry “Formation of logical thinking”

"Cross out the excess"

"Invisible Words"

"Another Letter"

"Houses"

"Puzzles"

Basic rules for solving puzzles

"Addition and Subtraction"

"Next Number"

"Definitions"

"Confusion-2"

"Assignments with text"

"Pantomime"

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