Gogol, according to V. G. Belinsky, “was the first to look boldly and directly at Russian reality.” The writer's satire was directed against the "general order of things", and not against individuals, bad executors of the law. Predatory money-grubber Chichikov, landowners Manilov and Sobakevich, Nozdrev and Plyushkin, officials of the provincial city from Gogol's poem " Dead Souls"terrible in their vulgarity. “It was possible to go crazy,” A. I. Herzen wrote, “at the sight of this menagerie of nobles and officials who loiter in the deepest darkness, buying and selling the “dead souls” of peasants.” The image of Chichikov reflects a new phenomenon in Russian life - the birth of the bourgeois. This is - typical hero initial capitalist hoarding, a representative of those businessmen who appeared in large numbers in Russia in the 1930s, when the crisis of the feudal system was sharply outlined.
Chichikov is the son of a poor nobleman, who inherited a “dilapidated house with an insignificant piece of land”, becoming a real tradesman in his way of life. All his life he remembered and followed his father's instructions - most of all, save and save a penny: “You will do everything and break everything with a penny”; to please teachers and bosses, while at the same time blatantly deceiving them in order to get a profitable position. Already in youth the hero learned to evaluate people in terms of real benefit for himself, showed resourcefulness, iron restraint and meanness of soul. By petty speculations, he "made increments" to the half, donated by his father. “When he had accumulated money up to five rubles, he sewed up the bag and began to save it in another.” A bag of money replaced Chichikov's friendship, honor and conscience.
Deciding on a scam with dead souls, he thinks: “And now the time is convenient. Lost in cards, swaggered and squandered, as it should. Chichikov's whole life became a chain of fraudulent machinations and crimes, his slogan was this: "hooked - dragged, broke - do not ask." Chichikov shows tremendous efforts and inexhaustible ingenuity, embarks on any scam if they promise success and promise a cherished penny. The hero understands that capital becomes the master of life, that all the power is in the box with which he travels around Russia, buying dead souls from the landowners. Life and the environment taught him that “you can’t take the straight road and that the oblique road is more straight”.
Ready to deceive and rob the nobles, Chichikov himself is under the spell of the life of the noble class. Imagining himself a Kherson landowner, he sincerely seeks to adapt himself to the nobility psychologically and in everyday life, which finds expression in the appearance and habits of the hero.
Chichikov can be called a gentleman in manners and a bourgeois entrepreneur in his soul. His bourgeois entrepreneurship still appears in the form that characterizes the period of primitive accumulation. Gogol calls Chichikov a scoundrel, a master, an acquirer. The meanness of the hero is that he is ready to cash in on grief, people's illnesses. The author notes that Chichikov seeks to get into those provinces where epidemics and epidemic diseases have passed, since more peasants died there. For the same reason, he is interested in more frequent crop failures and famines. About the acquisition of the hero, the author writes: “Acquisition is the fault of everything; because of it, deeds were made, to which the world gives the name of not very clean.”
The images of the landowners are created by describing the village, the manor house and the interior, portrait characteristics, attitude to Chichikov's proposal, describing the very process of buying and selling; Gogol at the same time highlights the leading, main character trait of the character. Chichikov is revealed somewhat differently. There is no display here through the attitude to serfdom, through the description of life. If all the landowners, except Plyushkin, are given statically, then Chichikov is given in development, in the process of becoming. Depicting the landlords, the writer highlights their defining features, while Chichikov is revealed in many ways.
In order to more clearly illuminate the origin and life development of a new type - Chichikov, to comprehend his historical place, the writer dwells in detail on his biography, character and psychology. Gogol shows how his ability to adapt to the situation, to navigate in any situation has developed; depending on the conditions, the manner and tone of Chichikov's conversation changes. Everywhere he enchants, sometimes arouses admiration and always achieves his goal: “You need to know that Chichikov was the most decent person who ever existed in the world ... He never allowed himself an obscene word in his speech and was always offended if he saw in the words of others lack of due respect for rank or title…”
The new hero of the era has many advantages that the local nobles do not have: some education, energy, enterprise, extraordinary dexterity. Chichikov knows how to find an approach to each person, quickly guessing the characteristics of the character of people, accurately determining their strengths and weaknesses; to win over new acquaintances, the guise of good manners helps the hero gain confidence. In a conversation with Manilov, he looks like Manilov, with Korobochka Chichikov “spoke ... with more freedom than with Manilov, and did not stand on ceremony at all.”
In a conversation “with the rulers, he very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone. Somehow he hinted to the governor in passing that you enter his province like paradise, the roads are velvet everywhere ... He said something very flattering about the city guards to the police chief ... ” Constantly changing his appearance, Chichikov carefully hides his fraudulent goals from those around him.
Symbolizing the advent of the era of the bourgeois, the era of dexterous, tenacious, energetic people who profess the morality of acquisition, Chichikov demonstrates perseverance, energy, practicality of mind, willpower. Gogol writes: "We must do justice to the irresistible strength of his character." With regard to practical ingenuity and resourcefulness, the hero - the "acquirer" stands out strongly among the representatives of the patriarchal local way of life, in which immobility, inertness and death have firmly built a nest for themselves.
At the same time, Chichikovo also has features in common with the landowners - this is the lack of civic interests, socio-political conservatism. Chichikov worships neither humility nor virtue, but he needs them to achieve his goal. He is prudent, knows how to patiently wait for the right moment. Thirst for profit, the desire to take a commanding position in society do not give him rest. Civil and patriotic feelings are alien to Chichikov, with complete indifference he treats everything that does not concern his personal, selfish interests.
The noble society took the swindler and rogue Chichikov for an outstanding person. Gogol writes that “the word “millionaire” is to blame for everything, not the millionaire himself, but precisely one word; for in one sound of this word, beyond any bag of money, there is something that affects people scoundrels, and people for nothing, and good people, in a word, it affects everyone. In Chichikovo, bourgeois features are manifested with such force and truthfulness that contemporaries already saw a wide public importance of this type.

Essay on literature on the topic: Chichikov - A new hero of the era

Other writings:

1. Plan: Chichikov is the central image in the poem, given in development.1. Character traits.2. Acquisition and entrepreneurship.3. Adaptability to life.4. Resourcefulness and swindle.5. Caution and prudence.6. Ability to handle and communicate with people.7. Perseverance in achieving the goal. Gogol's skill in portraying Chichikov.1. Chichikov at Read More ......
2. In the poem "Dead Souls" Gogol typifies the images of Russian landowners, officials and peasants. The only person who clearly stands out from the overall picture Russian life, - This the protagonist poems, Chichikov. Like the “superfluous people”, Onegin and Pechorin, he does not look like a crowd, but not Read More ......
3. At the moment of the overdue breaking of foundations in the life of society and the state in the face of future reforms, N.V. Gogol creates the poem “Dead Souls”. This turning point, the changes following it, will affect not only political system Russian Empire, but they will also transform the Russian himself. Anticipating Read More ......
4. Chichikov told "a lot of pleasant things that he had already happened to say in similar cases in different places, exactly” ... - then follows a long list of “places” and the names of listeners, testifying to the frequency and repetition of Chichikov’s “pleasant” stories. “Whatever the conversation is, Read More ......
5. Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov was born into a poor noble family. Leaving to study, he received an “instruction” from his father, which said that Pavlusha should curry favor with teachers and, in general, with elders, but most of all, that he save a “penny”. Working in Read More ......
6. In the poem "Dead Souls" N.V. Gogol, in his words, sought to depict "all of Russia", but from "one side". And he succeeded: he very accurately and correctly managed to show both the negative and positive aspects of life in Russia at that time. Read More ......
7. Chichikov is the main character of the poem Dead Souls. In general, the author named it in such a way as to show that the hearts of the landowners are no longer alive, they have died. Is the soul of the main character dead? Let's try to figure it out. Let's start with history. He was born “neither in his mother, nor Read More ......
8. But for all that, his path was difficult. N. V. Gogol, “Dead Souls” N. V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” was written in early XIX century. This is the time of the beginning of the emergence of a new social class in Russia - the class of entrepreneurs. The title of the poem has Read More ......

Chichikov - New hero of the era

Gogol, according to V. G. Belinsky, "was the first to look boldly and directly at Russian reality." The writer's satire was directed against the "general order of things", and not against individuals, bad executors of the law. The predatory money-grubber Chichikov, the landlords Manilov and Sobakevich, Nozdrev and Plyushkin, the officials of the provincial town from Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" are terrible in their vulgarity. “One could go crazy,” A. I. Herzen wrote, “at the sight of this menagerie of nobles and officials who loiter in the deepest darkness, buying and selling the “dead souls” of peasants.” The image of Chichikov reflects a new phenomenon in Russian life - the birth of the bourgeois. This is a typical hero of the initial capitalist hoarding, a representative of those businessmen who appeared in large numbers in Russia in the 1930s, when the crisis of the feudal system was sharply outlined. Chichikov is the son of a poor nobleman, who inherited a “dilapidated house with an insignificant land”, which has become a real tradesman in his way of life. All his life he remembered and followed his father’s instructions - most of all, save and save a penny: “You will do everything and break everything with a penny”; to please teachers and bosses, while at the same time blatantly deceiving them in order to get a profitable position. Already in his youth, the hero learned to evaluate people in terms of real benefit for himself, showed resourcefulness, iron restraint and meanness of soul. By petty speculations, he "made increments" to the half, donated by his father. “When he had accumulated money up to five rubles, he sewed up the bag and began to save in another.” A bag of money replaced Chichikov's friendship, honor and conscience. Deciding on a scam with dead souls, he thinks: “And now the time is convenient. Lost in cards, swirled and squandered, as it should. Chichikov's whole life became a chain of fraudulent machinations and crimes, his slogan was this: "hooked - dragged, broke - do not ask." Chichikov shows tremendous efforts and inexhaustible ingenuity, embarks on any scam if they promise success and promise a cherished penny. The hero understands that capital is becoming the master of life, that all the power is in the box with which he travels around Russia, buying up dead souls from the landowners. Life and the environment taught him that "you can't take the straight road and that the oblique road is more straight ahead." Ready to deceive and rob the nobles, Chichikov himself is under the spell of the life of the noble class. Imagining himself a Kherson landowner, he sincerely seeks to adapt himself to the nobility psychologically and in everyday life, which finds expression in the appearance and habits of the hero. Chichikov can be called a gentleman in manners and a bourgeois entrepreneur in his soul. His bourgeois entrepreneurship still appears in the form that characterizes the period of primitive accumulation. Gogol calls Chichikov a scoundrel, a master, an acquirer. The meanness of the hero is that he is ready to cash in on grief, people's illnesses. The author notes that Chichikov seeks to get into those provinces where epidemics and epidemic diseases have passed, since more peasants died there. For the same reason, he is interested in more frequent crop failures and famines. About the acquisition of the hero, the author writes: "Acquisition is the fault of everything, because of it, deeds were made, to which the world gives the name of not very clean." The images of the landowners are created by describing the village, the manor house and the interior, portrait characteristics, attitude to Chichikov's proposal, describing the very process of buying and selling; Gogol at the same time highlights the leading, main character trait of the character. Chichikov is revealed somewhat differently. There is no display here through the attitude to serfdom, through the description of life. If all the landowners, except Plyushkin, are given statically, then Chichikov is given in development, in the process of becoming. Depicting the landlords, the writer highlights their defining features, while Chichikov is revealed in many ways. In order to more clearly illuminate the origin and life development of a new type - Chichikov, to comprehend his historical place, the writer dwells in detail on his biography, character and psychology. Gogol shows how his ability to adapt to the situation, to navigate in any situation has developed; depending on the conditions, the manner and tone of Chichikov's conversation changes. Everywhere he fascinates, sometimes admires and always achieves his goal: “You need to know that Chichikov was the most decent person who ever existed in the world ... He never allowed himself an obscene word in his speech and was always offended if he saw in the words of others lack of due respect for rank or rank ... ”The new hero of the era has many advantages that local nobles do not have: some education, energy, enterprise, extraordinary dexterity. Chichikov knows how to find an approach to each person, quickly guessing the characteristics of the character of people, accurately determining their strengths and weaknesses; to win over new acquaintances, the guise of good manners helps the hero gain confidence. In a conversation with Manilov, he looks like Manilov, with Korobochka Chichikov "spoke ... with more freedom than with Manilov, and did not stand on ceremony at all." In a conversation “with the rulers, he very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone. Somehow he hinted to the governor in passing that you enter his province like in paradise, the roads are velvet everywhere ... He said something very flattering about the city guards to the police chief ... ” Constantly changing his appearance, Chichikov carefully hides his fraudulent goals from those around him. Symbolizing the advent of the era of the bourgeois, the era of dexterous, tenacious, energetic people who profess the morality of acquisition, Chichikov demonstrates perseverance, energy, practicality of mind, willpower. Gogol writes: "We must do justice to the irresistible strength of his character." With regard to practical ingenuity and resourcefulness, the hero - the "acquirer" stands out strongly among the representatives of the patriarchal local way of life, in which immobility, inertness and death have firmly built a nest for themselves. At the same time, Chichikovo also has features in common with the landowners - this is the absence of civic interests, socio-political conservatism. Chichikov worships neither humility nor virtue, but he needs them to achieve his goal. He is prudent, knows how to patiently wait for the right moment. Thirst for profit, the desire to take a commanding position in society do not give him rest. Civil and patriotic feelings are alien to Chichikov, with complete indifference he treats everything that does not concern his personal, selfish interests. The noble society took the swindler and rogue Chichikov for an outstanding person. Gogol writes that “the word “millionaire” is to blame for everything, not the millionaire himself, but precisely one word; for in one sound of this word, beyond any bag of money, there is something that affects people scoundrels, and people neither this nor that, and good people, in a word, it affects everyone. In Chichikovo, bourgeois features are manifested with such force and truthfulness that contemporaries already saw the broad social significance of this type.

Topic: "Chichikov - the new" hero "of the era."

Target: to learn to build a reasoning based on the text from the analysis of the proposed fragment; develop the skills of structuring a detailed answer to the proposed question, taking into account the educational task, the ability to use it as an argumentation base literary text and literary-critical material, to do analysis and introspection of the work done, the ability to find errors and improve the work done; to cultivate a sense of decency and attentive attitude towards people around, purposefulness.

Texts for work at the Russian language lesson ( control test under the 9th grade program).

1 option

1) It is most fair to call him: the owner, the acquirer. 2) Acquisition is the fault of everything. 3) Because of him, things were done to which the light gives the name of not very clean. 4) True, in such a character there is already something repulsive. 5) But wise is he who does not shy away from any character, but, fixing him with a searching look, explores him to the original causes. 6) Everything quickly turns into a person. 7) And more than once, not only a broad passion, but an insignificant passion for something petty grew in one born for the best deeds, made him forget great and holy duties and see the great and holy in insignificant trinkets. 8) Countless, like the sands of the sea, human passions, and all are not alike one another, and all of them, low and beautiful, are at first obedient to a person and then already become his terrible rulers. 9) And, perhaps, in this same Chichikov, the passion that attracts him is no longer from him, and in his cold existence lies something that will later plunge a person to dust and knees before the wisdom of heaven. (N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls" Chapter 11).

1 option

1. From sentence 7-8 write out a word with an alternating vowel in the root.

2. From sentences 8-9, write out a word whose spelling of the consonant in the prefix of which depends on the voiceless consonant following the prefix.

4. Explain the setting of the dash in sentence 2.

5. Write the number of a complex sentence with a subordinate clause (sentences 1-4)

6. Write out an introductory word from sentences 3-6.

7. Write out the number of the sentence (from sentences 5-7) containing a separate circumstance.

Key (1 option)

1. grew

2. countless

3. concluded

6. true (sentence 4)

8. commas with homogeneous members of the sentence.

9. 1.2 - comparative turnover, 3 - SSP, 4 - SSP, 5.6 - isolated agreed definitions expressed by single adjectives

Option 2

1) The method of revealing gradation is Gogol's conscious attitude. 2) In "Selected Places ..." he writes: "My heroes follow one another, one more vulgar than the other."

3) In the process of portraying the landowners, the image of the main character, Chichikov, also unfolds before the readers. 4) The landlords and officials, described by Gogol, compete in mental emasculation. 5) But both of them are clearly superior to Chichikov - an active knight of the "penny". 6) He is more greedy in his striving for acquisition than Korobochka, tearing seven skins from his serfs, more callous than Sobakevich and more arrogant than Nozdryov in the means of enrichment.

7) In the final chapter, supplementing Chichikov's biography, he is finally exposed as a clever predator, acquirer and entrepreneur of the bourgeois warehouse, a civilized scoundrel, the master of life.

8) Gogol, a sharp-sighted observer, correctly saw the growth in the depths of the feudal-serf regime of bourgeois tendencies, rapidly developing. 9) And these tendencies found in him a merciless exposer who noticed in them the terrible, enslaving power of money, associated with monstrous speculations, with deliberately fraudulent adventures. (A.I. Revyakin "History of Russian literature of the 19th century." M. "Enlightenment" 1985)

Option 2

1. From sentence 5-6 write out a word with an alternating vowel in the root.

2. From sentences 3-4, write out a word whose spelling of the consonant in the prefix of which depends on the voiced consonant following the prefix.

3. Write out the passive participle from sentence 9.

5. Write the number of a complex sentence with a subordinate clause (sentences 7-9)

6. Write out an agreed definition from sentences 4-5.

7. Write out the number of the sentence (from sentences 5-6) containing a separate definition.

8. Explain the punctuation marks in sentence 7.

9. Number the punctuation marks in sentence 8 and explain their setting.

10. Choose the correct answer, in which the characteristic of the 9th sentence is given:

1) simple complicated sentence

2) compound sentence

3) complex sentence

4) difficult sentence with coordinating and subordinating connection

Key (Option 2)

1. tearing

2. deployed

3. related

4. common application at the end of a sentence

6. outlined by Gogol (4 sentence)

8. 1,2 - participle turnover, 3,4,5 - homogeneous members

9. 1.2 - common application, 3 - participial turnover

3 option

1) Remember Chichikov's travel box - this is a poem! 2) This is a poem about acquisition, squeezing sweat in the name of a million. 3) There is a city poster, torn from a cabinet, and a funeral ticket, telling his sober mind about the transience of life. 4) The same pile of Plushkin, only not disheveled, but brought into symmetry, where each item is to the point. 5) Plyushkin's pile is a cemetery of dead things, Chichikov's box is a business man's traveling suitcase.

6) The comic journey ends tragically, and tragedy permeates the final lines of Dead Souls about a trio flying into the unknown.

7) Before this ending, Chichikov falls asleep, reassured by his successful escape from the city, and as if in a dream he sees his own childhood, about which the author himself tells.

8) This story about Chichikov's childhood will then give acceleration to his troika, pick it up as if on wings and carry it to the unknown second volume.

9) In this passage, the contrast is especially felt - immense Russia and the “state-owned carriage” - a symbol of a soulless, terrible state power. (Zolotussky I. Article “Chichikov is mixed with completely different yeast” “Literature at School”, No. 2, 1999).

3 option

1. From sentence 4-5 write out a word with an alternating vowel in the root.

2. From sentences 4-5, write out a word whose spelling of the consonant in the prefix of which depends on the voiceless consonant following the prefix.

3. Write out the passive participle from 3 sentences.

4. Explain the setting of the dash in sentence 5.

5. Write the number of the compound sentence (sentences 5-6)

6. From sentences 2-3 write out homogeneous terms.

7. Write out the number of the sentence (from sentences 1-3) containing a separate definition.

8. Explain the punctuation marks in sentence 7.

9. Number the punctuation marks in sentence 9 and explain their setting.

10. Choose the correct answer, in which the characteristics of 7 sentences are given:

1) simple complicated sentence

2) compound sentence

3) complex sentence

4) a complex sentence with a coordinating and subordinating connection

Key (Option 3)

1. deceased

2. disheveled

3. plucked

4. dash between subject and predicate, expressed by nouns (compound nominal predicate with a missing link)

6. acquisitiveness, squeezing sweat; poster, ticket

8. 1,2 - participial turnover, 2 - homogeneous predicates, 3 - subordinate attributive

9. 1 and 2 dashes - a common application, 3 commas - homogeneous members

How to check your work.

1. See if there is an introduction in the work and answer the question: “Does the introduction correspond to the content of the main work, does it prepare for the perception of the main part of the work?” If not, rebuild the introduction or remove it.

2. See if the proposed fragment is correctly interpreted, whether all the thoughts and concepts contained in it are worked out and explained.

3. See if there is a working thesis in the work and whether it corresponds to the interpretation of the fragment.

4. Reread the argument and answer the question: “Does the argument support the working thesis and the interpreted fragment?” If it does not confirm, “frame” with reflections or replace (we carry out similar work with each of the arguments).

5. See if there is a final part in the work, whether it has something in common with the introduction, working thesis and interpretation of the fragment, whether it is a logical conclusion from all that has been said above. If not, rebuild the output.

6. Check whether all sentences and parts of the work are related in meaning and grammatically.

7. Check for errors. If in doubt about the spelling of a word, check it in a dictionary or replace it with a synonym. If it is not possible to analyze the structure of the sentence, rebuild it. Eliminate speech and grammatical errors (“mint out” phrases).

Criteria for evaluation:

K1. There is an introduction and it correlates with the interpretation of the fragment and the working thesis, corresponds to the content of the main part of the work, prepares for its perception (1 point).

K2. The proposed fragment was interpreted, all the thoughts and concepts contained in it were worked out and explained (2 points).

The fragment is interpreted, but not all concepts are considered and explained (1 point).

Fragment not interpreted (0 points).

K3. The working thesis corresponds to the interpretation of the fragment (2 points).

There is a working thesis, but it does not correspond to the interpretation of the fragment (1 point).

There is no working thesis (0 points).

K4. The arguments confirm the working thesis and the interpreted fragment (the first three theses are taken into account) (for each correctly chosen argument - 3 points; maximum amount points - 9).

K5. The final part echoes the introduction, working thesis and interpretation of the fragment, is a logical conclusion from all that has been said above (3 points).

The conclusion logically completes the main part of the work, but it does not correlate with the introduction and working thesis (1 point)

There is no conclusion or it does not correlate with the content of the work (0 points).

K6. All sentences and parts of the work are interconnected in meaning and grammatically (3 points).

There is one logical error (2 points).

There are two logical errors (1 point).

More than 2 logical errors were made (0 points).

The maximum number of points is 20.

Grades: 15-20 points - "5"

11-14 points - "4"

9-13 points - "3"

0-8 points - "2"

Board layout.

Reverse side (board closed)

Homework:

1 option

Mark in the text of the poem the most striking digressions(chapter 5 (digression about the aptly said Russian word), chapter 7 (about two types of writers; about barge haulers), chapter 11 (about the trio bird, about the road, about Russia and its heroes, about the choice of a hero). What artistic function do they perform?

Option 2

Prepare a message on the topic: "What does Gogol's image of the road mean?"

Board in turn

1 leaf

Fragments from the 11th chapter of N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls"

1) It is very doubtful that the hero chosen by us will be liked by readers ... a good-natured person is still not taken as a hero ... it's time to finally hide the scoundrel

2) Who is he in relation to moral qualities? That he is not a hero, full of perfection and virtuous, is evident. Who is he? So, a scoundrel? Why is a scoundrel, why be so strict with others?

3) But wise is he who does not disdain any character, but, fixing him with an inquisitive look, examines him to the original causes.

central sash

Chichikov - new hero era?

Essay-reasoning

Structure:

1. Introduction

A) + - Introduction

B) Working with a fragment (interpretation of a fragment)

C) Working thesis formulated on the basis of the interpretation of the fragment

2. The main part of the work is a reasoning with a proof or an illustration of the working thesis, containing at least 2-3 arguments (link to the text, citation, partial quotation, partial retelling; link to the literary-critical evaluation of the work), confirming the provisions put forward in the thesis.

3. The final part (conclusion from all that has been said above).

2 sash

Thesis is a statement that summarizes an idea.

Argument - argument, proof.

During the classes

1. Recording homework

2. Definition of a learning task

Today we are practicing the skills of writing an essay-reasoning in accordance with the educational task that you are invited to solve when completing the task in part C2 on the GIA. The difference is that as an argumentative base we will use the text of the work and its literary-critical assessment (texts proposed for execution control work at the Russian language lesson, study guides, literary-critical materials). Thus, we will continue preparing for the Russian language exam and work out several topics of the essay that you will be asked to write after completing the study of the poem "Dead Souls" and the work of N.V. Gogol.

At the end of the lesson, we have to clarify the wording of the topic of the lesson, written on the board.

For today's lesson, you wrote an essay on the topic: “Who is he, this Chichikov?” Using the “How to check the work” consultant sheet, checked the written work, eliminated errors and evaluated your work in accordance with the evaluation criteria.

3. Work with essays written by students. Who gave themselves a rating of "5"? (one work is taken by the teacher for verification, students are divided into pairs, exchange notebooks and check each other's work using a consultant sheet. All notes and corrections are made in pencil. After checking, a second grade is given. When grading, only the literary component is taken into account in accordance with the proposed criteria). To complete the work - 15 minutes.

4. Analysis of the work assessed by the teacher(works of students evaluated by classmates are submitted for control).

5. Work with the proposed sample(work is analyzed without output).

Who is this Chichikov?

So why is he still, by definition of the author, a scoundrel? Yes, because he could not cope with one “passion”. This is a passion for acquisition, hoarding, the desire to become the master of life. “Human passions are countless, like the sea sands, and all are not alike, and all of them, low and beautiful, are first submissive to a person and then already become his terrible rulers,” says N.V. Gogol. Chichikov fell under the power of "low" passion and became its slave. And the reason for this is the living conditions, the time imposing harsh and cruel laws, and God knows what else! N.V. Gogol hinted at the future rebirth of Chichikov and at the instructive lesson that his "passion" - acquisitiveness - receives in connection with this. “And, perhaps, in this same Chichikov, the passion that attracts him is no longer from him, and in his cold existence there is something that will later plunge a person to dust and knees before the wisdom of heaven.” But the intention of the author was not destined to come true. Chichikov remained the same Chichikov with whom we part, turning over the last page of the poem - a “strange scoundrel”, who, however, has something to learn.

Literature in general literary work and each literary hero in particular, it is a "textbook of life". So what lessons do we learn by solving the riddle of Chichikov? A hero can teach us moderation, accuracy, the ability, if necessary, to curb our desires, diplomacy in relations with people, organization, perseverance and determination. But the most main lesson, received when communicating with Chichikov, is a lesson in decency. On the example of the unseemly deeds of our hero, we are convinced that the biggest sin is to play with the fate of people, to step over people on the way to achieving any, even a very “high” goal. There is nothing more immoral than the phrase: "The end justifies the means." Only the goal that is achieved by "moral means" can be justified and will bring good luck and peace of mind to those who achieve it.

6. There is no final part in the work. Let's finish the job together. So what lessons do we learn by solving the riddle of Chichikov? (conversation with the class, the conclusion is read out)

7. Clarify the wording of the topic(It is advisable to quote the word "hero" and remove the question mark).

Who is this Chichikov?

F. M. Dostoevsky argued that every person is a riddle, and it should be solved in order to remain a person. And N.V. Gogol continued and developed his idea: “... he is wise who does not shun any character, but, fixing him with a searching look, explores him to the original causes.” Following the precepts of the classics, we will try to unravel the riddle of Chichikov. Indeed, by “solving” the other, we become wiser, because everyone, even if not a very “virtuous hero”, has something to learn.

Namely, the author sees his main character, Chichikov, as such. In the 11th chapter of the poem "Dead Souls", starting a detailed description of his character, "looking for" the "original causes" of his "moral qualities", N.V. Gogol suggests that the "hero" chosen by him can hardly please the reader, unequivocally calling him a scoundrel. And already completing the story about him, he urges us not to be “strict” to him. It seems that the author himself is ambivalent about his hero, and for him he is a mystery.

So who is Chichikov? Is he a scoundrel or a “virtuous” person? And if a scoundrel, then what is the reason for his meanness? Where is the riddle of Chichikov hidden and how to solve it?

I. Zolotussky spoke about Chichikov like this: "... he is still some kind of strange scoundrel." Carefully reading the lines of the work, we are convinced of this. Chichikov is a dual nature. He, one might say, "a scoundrel involuntarily", not devoid of positive qualities.

There is no doubt that Chichikov is a scoundrel. Father's instructions that you need to please teachers and bosses, "hang out" with those who are richer and can be useful, save a penny, which is "more reliable than anything in the world" and can "break everything" not only "burrowed deep ... into the soul" Pavlushi, but also received creative development. He has succeeded in this! Pavlusha not only “saved a penny”, denying himself everything and preparing for a future comfortable life (this is not the biggest sin), but also “stepped over people”, moving towards the intended goal (and this is already a sin, and the one who acts like that you can’t call it otherwise than a scoundrel). Let us recall how subtly he "pumped out" money from his classmates, how he "cheated, greatly cheated" his teacher. It should be noted that he had something to cheat on when he was "with strength and power." But the circumstances changed, and the former beloved student somehow meanly acted, refusing to help the one who was in a humiliated position and "from whose hand he fed." And the case of the “insensitive” and “unshakable” povytchik, under whose leadership the official Chichikov worked in the sweat of his brow. And our hero “knocked up” to him, “attracted his disposition” and “cheated” him, “cheated” him in the most dishonorable way, playing on his paternal feelings. Yes, not just "cheated", but also "sat out"! And having stepped over this “most difficult threshold”, our hero already “easier and more successfully” coped with multi-level difficulties that arise on the way to the cherished goal, honing the skills of a swindler-swindler. He "tried on" various roles, skillfully reincarnated, did not disdain any means, played people like a cat with a mouse. Well, who is he after that, if not a scoundrel! It is no coincidence that A.I. Revyakin calls him a “dexterous predator”, “a civilized scoundrel”, accuses him of greed (“more greedy in striving for acquisition than Korobochka”), callousness (“calmer than Sobakevich”), impudence (“impudent Nozdryova in the means of enrichment"), issuing him an unconditional guilty verdict: Chichikov surpasses all landowners "in spiritual emasculation."

But is our hero so monstrously heartless? We dare to assume that it is not. It is no coincidence that I. Zolotussky calls him a “strange scoundrel”, N.G. Chernyshevsky claims that Chichikov is “the most difficult character”, and N.V. Gogol, being brilliant artist and a great psychologist, he simply could not create such an unambiguous image, and even make him the main character of his "top" work. Chichikov has a lot of advantages. He, unlike the landowners and officials, is unusually active. His ingenuity knows no bounds. What is his adventure with the purchase of dead souls and enrichment at the expense of the inertia and short-sightedness of the landowners, the “inhibition” of the “state-bureaucratic machine” worth! He is careful. Even while doing rough work, he favorably differed from his colleagues, petty officials. He is sensitive. Let's remember the moment of his meeting with the blonde, the embodiment of purity and innocence. He thought, forgot about everything around him. And when meeting with an already familiar blonde at the governor's ball, "Chichikov was so confused that he could not utter a single explanatory word". And in this muteness "hidden" a share of true experience. Chichikov is a subtle psychologist. The “grain” of this hero is the ability to adapt to people, to guess them. With Manilov he is amiable, with Korobochka he is persistent, with Nozdryov he is assertive, he bargains with Sobakevich as relentlessly as Sobakevich with him, Plyushkin conquers with his "generosity". Chichikov is capable of deep reflection. It is interesting to comprehend the character of Chichikov the following place in the work. After one of his failures - dismissal from customs for smuggling -, Chichikov reflects: “Why me? Why did I get in trouble? Who is yawning now in office? - everyone buys. I didn’t make anyone unhappy: I didn’t rob a widow, I didn’t let anyone into the world ... Why do others prosper and why should I disappear like a worm? And this is true: Chichikov wanted to get rich by "inflating" the state, but he, at this stage of his life, did not commit dishonorable deeds in relation to people. Continuing his reflections, Chichikov asks himself the question: “And what will my children say then? “Here,” they will say, “father, the beast, did not leave us any fortune!” This also characterizes our hero with positive side: the father's lesson went for the future (the father, by and large, left him only a testament, which largely determined his future fate: following the testament of a mismanaged and irresponsible father, Chichikov turned into a swindler and a swindler). And our hero wants to provide his children with a comfortable life. Yes, and all the reflections that accompany Chichikov's actions are a kind of attempt to understand them, to give oneself an account of them. This does not happen with other characters in the poem. They tend to act like beings of a low spiritual organization, almost like animals. Chichikov does not give up when he suffers from numerous failures and is returned to his original position. “You can’t help grief by crying, you have to do the job,” he gives himself an attitude, again from scratch he gets down to business and again achieves what he wants. One can envy such purposefulness, organization and perseverance! It should be taken into account that Chichikov had to achieve everything in his life on his own, without counting on outside help, and this is very difficult! Let us return to the author's assessment of the moral qualities of his hero. Admiring his ability to endure and limit himself in everything if necessary, the author says that he is "the most decent person that ever existed in the world." And here is another fragment from the work, in which the author positively assesses the moral qualities of his hero: “It is impossible, however, to say that the nature of our hero was so severe and callous and his feelings were so blunted that he knew neither pity nor compassion; he felt both, he would even want to help, but only so that it did not consist in a significant amount ... But in him there was no attachment to money proper for the sake of money; they were not possessed by stinginess and stinginess. No, they didn’t move him: he imagined life ahead in all contentments, with all sorts of prosperity ... So that finally later, over time, he would certainly taste all this, that’s what the penny was spared, sparingly denied to himself and to another. And who among us, hand on heart, does not dream of a comfortable and "sweet" life? But not everyone knows how to curb their passions and limit themselves in everything, but Chichikov knew how.

So why is he still, by definition of the author, a scoundrel? Yes, because he could not cope with one “passion”. This is a passion for acquisition, hoarding, the desire to become the master of life. “Human passions are countless, like the sea sands, and all are not alike, and all of them, low and beautiful, are first submissive to a person and then already become his terrible rulers,” says N.V. Gogol. Chichikov fell under the power of "low" passion and became its slave. And the reason for this is the living conditions, the time imposing harsh and cruel laws, and God knows what else! N.V. Gogol hinted at the future rebirth of Chichikov and at the instructive lesson that his "passion" - acquisitiveness - receives in connection with this. “And, perhaps, in this same Chichikov, the passion that attracts him is no longer from him, and in his cold existence there is something that will later plunge a person into dust and kneel before wisdom.

Gogol, according to V. G. Belinsky, "was the first to look boldly and directly at Russian reality." The writer's satire was directed against the "general order of things", and not against individuals, bad executors of the law. The predatory money-grubber Chichikov, the landlords Manilov and Sobakevich, Nozdrev and Plyushkin, the officials of the provincial town from Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" are terrible in their vulgarity. “One could go crazy,” A. I. Herzen wrote, “at the sight of this menagerie of nobles and officials who loiter in the deepest darkness, buying and selling the “dead souls” of peasants.” The image of Chichikov reflects a new phenomenon in Russian life - the birth of the bourgeois. This is a typical hero of the initial capitalist hoarding, a representative of those businessmen who appeared in large numbers in Russia in the 1930s, when the crisis of the feudal system was sharply outlined.

Chichikov is the son of a poor nobleman, who inherited a “dilapidated house with an insignificant land”, which has become a real tradesman in his way of life. All his life he remembered and followed his father’s instructions - most of all, save and save a penny: “You will do everything and break everything with a penny”; to please teachers and bosses, while at the same time blatantly deceiving them in order to get a profitable position. Already in his youth, the hero learned to evaluate people in terms of real benefit for himself, showed resourcefulness, iron restraint and meanness of soul. By petty speculations, he "made increments" to the half, donated by his father. “When he had accumulated money up to five rubles, he sewed up the bag and began to save in another.” A bag of money replaced Chichikov's friendship, honor and conscience.

Deciding on a scam with dead souls, he thinks: “And now the time is convenient. Lost in cards, swirled and squandered, as it should. Chichikov's whole life became a chain of fraudulent machinations and crimes, his slogan was this: "hooked - dragged, broke - do not ask." Chichikov shows tremendous efforts and inexhaustible ingenuity, embarks on any scam if they promise success and promise a cherished penny. The hero understands that capital is becoming the master of life, that all the power is in the box with which he travels around Russia, buying up dead souls from the landowners. Life and the environment taught him that "you can't take the straight road and that the oblique road is more straight ahead."

Ready to deceive and rob the nobles, Chichikov himself is under the spell of the life of the noble class. Imagining himself a Kherson landowner, he sincerely seeks to adapt himself to the nobility psychologically and in everyday life, which finds expression in the appearance and habits of the hero.

Chichikov can be called a gentleman in manners and a bourgeois entrepreneur in his soul. His bourgeois entrepreneurship still appears in the form that characterizes the period of primitive accumulation. Gogol calls Chichikov a scoundrel, a master, an acquirer. The meanness of the hero is that he is ready to cash in on grief, people's illnesses. The author notes that Chichikov seeks to get into those provinces where epidemics and epidemic diseases have passed, since more peasants died there. For the same reason, he is interested in more frequent crop failures and famines. About the acquisition of the hero, the author writes: "Acquisition is the fault of everything, because of it, deeds were made, to which the world gives the name of not very clean."

The images of the landowners are created by describing the village, the manor house and the interior, portrait characteristics, attitude to Chichikov's proposal, describing the very process of buying and selling; Gogol at the same time highlights the leading, main character trait of the character. Chichikov is revealed somewhat differently. There is no display here through the attitude to serfdom, through the description of life. If all the landowners, except Plyushkin, are given statically, then Chichikov is given in development, in the process of becoming. Depicting the landlords, the writer highlights their defining features, while Chichikov is revealed in many ways.

In order to more clearly illuminate the origin and life development of a new type - Chichikov, to comprehend his historical place, the writer dwells in detail on his biography, character and psychology. Gogol shows how his ability to adapt to the situation, to navigate in any situation has developed; depending on the conditions, the manner and tone of Chichikov's conversation changes. Everywhere he fascinates, sometimes admires and always achieves his goal: “You need to know that Chichikov was the most decent person who ever existed in the world ... He never allowed himself an obscene word in his speech and was always offended if he saw in the words of others lack of due respect for rank or rank ... "

The new hero of the era has many advantages that the local nobles do not have: some education, energy, enterprise, extraordinary dexterity. Chichikov knows how to find an approach to each person, quickly guessing the characteristics of the character of people, accurately determining their strengths and weaknesses; to win over new acquaintances, the guise of good manners helps the hero gain confidence. In a conversation with Manilov, he looks like Manilov, with Korobochka Chichikov "spoke ... with more freedom than with Manilov, and did not stand on ceremony at all."

In a conversation “with the rulers, he very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone. Somehow he hinted to the governor in passing that you enter his province like in paradise, the roads are velvet everywhere ... He said something very flattering about the city guards to the police chief ... ” Constantly changing his appearance, Chichikov carefully hides his fraudulent goals from those around him.

Symbolizing the advent of the era of the bourgeois, the era of dexterous, tenacious, energetic people who profess the morality of acquisition, Chichikov demonstrates perseverance, energy, practicality of mind, willpower. Gogol writes: "We must do justice to the irresistible strength of his character." With regard to practical ingenuity and resourcefulness, the hero - the "acquirer" stands out strongly among the representatives of the patriarchal local way of life, in which immobility, inertness and death have firmly built a nest for themselves.

At the same time, Chichikovo also has features in common with the landowners - this is the absence of civic interests, socio-political conservatism. Chichikov worships neither humility nor virtue, but he needs them to achieve his goal. He is prudent, knows how to patiently wait for the right moment. Thirst for profit, the desire to take a commanding position in society do not give him rest. Civil and patriotic feelings are alien to Chichikov, with complete indifference he treats everything that does not concern his personal, selfish interests.

The noble society took the swindler and rogue Chichikov for an outstanding person. Gogol writes that “the word “millionaire” is to blame for everything, not the millionaire himself, but precisely one word; for in one sound of this word, beyond any bag of money, there is something that affects people scoundrels, and people neither this nor that, and good people, in a word, it affects everyone. In Chichikovo, bourgeois features are manifested with such force and truthfulness that contemporaries already saw the broad social significance of this type.

- Gogol's poem, which became very popular. It was not only read and read with pleasure, but also filmed more than once. Many phrases have become winged, and the characters have become symbolic. In the work we get acquainted with the hero Chichikov. Let's in an essay on work Dead let's analyze Chichikov's souls and figure out who he is: is he a new hero of the era or its anti-hero.

At the outset, the author introduces us to portrait characteristics Chichikov. Chichikov was neither old nor young, outwardly not handsome, but not bad-looking either. He is neither fat nor thin. In a word, average person who is not alien to the desire for profit, and who wants a beautiful life. If in other works the characters are superfluous people of the era where they live, then Chichikov fits very well into the era. Fits into a life where people live who are not materially poor, but they are spiritually poor. Among them, the hero does not stand out and appears before us ordinary person of his time.

Chichikov a new hero or an anti-hero?

Is Chichikov a new hero of his time? Without a doubt. But he is not only a hero, but also an anti-hero.

Reading the work, we see the birth of a new generation with worthy qualities, only a generation was brought up according to old views. So people like Chichikov were born. They try to enrich themselves by any means, look ahead and go towards the goal, however, due to their spiritual emptiness, they cannot soberly assess what is happening. Therefore, their mind is dominated by the intoxication of gain. People are starting to burn out. But as soon as they lose everything, the heroes sober up. People new era cannot be guided by mind, soul and heart at the same time. They are captured by their passions, unable to simply live. Greed usually takes over and the souls of people simply become dead, like the souls of Manilov, Plyushkin, Sobakevich and other characters.

Why is Chichikov an antihero? Reading the work, we see the spiritual degradation of people. Yes, Chichikov does not harm spiritually, in society, the necrosis of souls naturally occurs, since the experienced orders are difficult to eradicate. But the hero harms himself, because he goes through life with morality: you will do everything and win everything in the world with money. At the same time, Chichikov finds an excuse for himself, because everyone does this. Having such principles, our hero himself mortifies his soul. No, you cannot call him a criminal of his age, he is only one of those who represent a new generation. He is not a complete miser who only thinks about money. He also dreams of a family, and we cannot condemn him for his desire to live better and in abundance, because we ourselves strive for this. That's just another question. Is it possible to build your well-being with the help of lies, hypocrisy, deceit without harming your spiritual world? I think this is a rhetorical question that does not need an answer.