Renaissance or Renaissance - an era in history
culture of Europe, which replaced the culture
Middle Ages and preceding the culture of the New
time. Approximate chronological framework of the era:
the beginning of the XIV - the last quarter of the XVI century and in
in some cases - the first decades of the 17th century
(for example, in England and, especially, in Spain).
Distinctive feature renaissance - secular
character of culture and its anthropocentrism (i.e.
interest, first of all, to the person and his
activities). There is an interest in ancient
culture, there is, as it were, its “revival” - so
and the term was born.

Proto-Renaissance (2nd
half of the XIII century - XIV
century)
Early Renaissance
(beginning of XV - end of XV
century)
High Renaissance
(late XV - first 20 years
XVI century)
Late Renaissance
(mid XVI - 90s
XVI century)

Early Renaissance - (XIV-end of the XV century)
High Renaissance - (XV-beginning of the XVI century)
When the culture
reached the highest
heyday.

Renaissance Features:
The secularization of consciousness, i.e. gradual release from
religious view of the world i.e. gradual release from
religious outlook
The spread of the ideas of humanism, i.e. appeal to human
personality, faith in the strength of the person himself. appeal to human
personality, faith in the strength of the person himself.
Dissemination of scientific knowledge.
Reliance on the achievements of the culture of Antiquity.
.

Miguel Cervantes

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
LEONARDO
DA VINCI

Doer
The country
Produced
and I
The content of the works
creativity
Michelle
Montaigne
(1533 – 1592),
philosopher,
publicist
France
"Experiences" collection
reasoning
about morality
philosophy and
labor. Work
popular and
to this day.
A person who is reasonable and kind,
need to know and
evaluate yourself. A life -
the greatest gift, you need wisely
behave in everyday life
live in peace and appreciate everyone
moment. Montaigne warns against
idleness, first of all,
mental. called for
religious tolerance.
William
Shakespeare
(1564-1616),
poet, playwright
England
"Romeo and
Juliet",
"Hamlet",
"King
Lear."
The world is a theater, and the people in it are
actors. Theater is a school that
teaches you not to bend under blows
fate. His characters love
suffer, make mistakes,
fighting for their happiness.
Man is a miracle of nature.
Miguel
Cervantes
(1547 – 1616),
Writer
Spain
"Don Quixote"
In the form of Don Quixote Knight
Sad image he
praises wisdom,
nobility, humanity
knight who roams the world
injustice, helping
people to get better.

Rome - the eternal city

Music by Lorenzo the Magnificent

Music has always been the main
part of a religious service;
the church looked after
performance of musical
works in the temple
allowing slightest deviations
from the rules. Late 16th century
spiritual works have become
turn to human
feelings - wide development
receive secular
works. musical
creativity is part of life
courtiers and educated
townspeople. good tone
it was considered for young people to be able
play music
tools. Madrigals -
lyrical vocal
works, precursor
operas.

Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi (Donatello)

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Madonna Litta
(Madonna with
baby)
Hermitage, St. Petersburg

Mona Lisa
(La Gioconda)
Louvre, Paris

The Last Supper
Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

Benois Madonna. "Madonna with a flower"

"Madonna Litta"

Michelangelo Buonarroti
(1475-1564)

David
academy,
Florence

Creation of Adam
Fragment of vault painting Sistine Chapel,
Vatican

A poem from the cycle of sonnets
Who created everything, who created the parts -
And then chose the best of them,
To show us the miracle of our deeds here,
Worthy of his high power...

Raphael Santi (1483-1520)

Madonna
Conestabile
Hermitage, St. Petersburg

Sistine
madonna
Art Gallery,
Dresden

Sandro Botticelli. Birth of Venus. 1482-1486

Sandro Botticelli. Birth
Venus. 1482-1486

Northern Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance had practically no
influence on other countries before 1450
After 1500
style spread across the continent, but
many late Gothic influences
persisted even before
the baroque era.
Renaissance period in the territory
Netherlands, Germany and France accepted
highlight in a separate style direction,
with some differences from
Renaissance in Italy

Northern Renaissance
Prominent Representatives
- Albrecht Dürer,
Hans Holbein the Younger
Lucas Cranach the Elder,
Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Prev
the Renaissance spirit is imbued with some
works of late Gothic masters such as
like Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling.

Pieter Brueghel the Elder
(1525/1530-1569)

peasant dance

Harvest
Metropolitan Museum, New York

Hunters in the snow
Museum of Art History, Vienna

Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)

Four
apocalyptic
rider
Engraving from the series
"Apocalypse"

Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543)

Portrait
William
Wareham
Louvre, Paris

Member Portrait
the Vedig family
Museum
Metropolitan,
New York

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn
(1606-1669)

Portrait
old man in
red
Hermitage, St.
Petersburg

Return
prodigal son
Hermitage, St. Petersburg

Diego Velazquez (1599-1660)

Breakfast
Hermitage, St. Petersburg

Spinners
Prado Museum, Madrid

Doer
The country
Artworks
Content
works,
creativity
Leonardo yes
Vinci
(1452-1519),
artist, poet,
architect,
sculptor,
musician
France
About 7 thousand
post pages,
drafts,
manuscripts.
"Madonna with
Baby", "Mona
Lisa", "Secret
supper."
The human artist,
endowed
divine
power. Heroes of it
works - ordinary
people.
Michelangelo
Buonarotti
(1475-1564),
sculptor, poet
Italy
Sculpture of David
love poems and
art.
Sculpture is the best
arts, glorifying
the beauty of man.
Glorified earthly
beauty and beauty
art.
Rafael Santi
(1483 – 1520),
painter
Italy
"Madonna
Conestabile,
"Sistine
Madonna"
portrayed the world
harmonious and
wonderful,
perfect and
calm.

Doer
The country
Artworks
The content of the works
creativity
Pieter Brueghel
Older
(1530 -1569),
painter
Netherlands
"Peasant
dance", "Times
of the year",
"Harvest".
male painter,
portrayed real
characters, simple
people and folk scenes,
peaceful life of the inhabitants.
Albrecht Dürer
(1471-1528),
painter, engraver,
scientist
Germany
Engravings, landscapes.
Engraving "Four
rider."
An artist is a thinker.
Man is the crown of nature.
"Portrait of a King
Henry VIII".
feigned calmness and
at the same time complexity
inconsistency
human nature.
Hans Holbein
Younger
(1497-1543),
painter
Germany
Rembrandt Harmens
van Rijn
(1606 – 1669),
painter
Holland
"Portrait of an old man in
red",
"Return
prodigal son"
Tried to convey
canvas inner world
man, his thoughts,
state of mind.
Diego Velazquez
(1599-1660),
painter,
courtier
king painter
Spain
portraits of the king and
courtiers,
"Breakfast", "Spinning".
Spain is a country
medieval survivals.
portrayed the king
cruel, arrogant,
ordinary people- kind,
cheerful.

The birth of a new European science

In modern times, man's interest in the world around him increased. Great
geographical discoveries pushed the boundaries of the world, gave new knowledge,
including the sphericity of the earth. The growth of cities, the development of manufacturing
production and the world market gave rise to the need for accurate scientific
knowledge.
Man is more and more interested in earthly, worldly life.
If in the Middle Ages European science observed the principle
authority - the thoughts of the great scientists of antiquity were taken as truth
(geography was studied according to Ptolemy, medicine - according to Hippocrates, etc.), then in
In the early modern period, people tend to observe natural phenomena themselves, etc.
Humanists say that the human mind is able to understand and
explain the world.
Educated people trying to find a reasonable explanation for the phenomena
nature, in their studies no longer relying on religion.
The Renaissance gave Europeans independence of thought and
belief that humanity can improve the world in which it lives, and for
This requires sound, reliable knowledge.
In the XVI-XVII centuries. there is a rapid development of science, especially in the field of
mathematics and natural sciences. The laws discovered by the scientists of the New Age,
are universal, new methods of studying nature are being born
-combination of experience (practice) and theory (reason).

Scientists and
thinkers
The country
Basic ideas.
Discoveries
Nicholas Copernicus
(1473-1543),
astronomer
Poland
He made a revolution in science, abandoning
accepted for millennia of the doctrine of
the immobility of the earth. 30 years watching
heavenly luminaries.
The book "On the rotation of the celestial spheres" (1543).
Giordano Bruno
(1548-1600),
astronomer
Italy
The universe has no end, it is immeasurable and
endless. It has no center - neither the Earth,
nor the Sun are the centers of the world.
The universe is that infinite set
stars. The universe exists forever and
cannot disappear.
Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642),
scientist, astronomer,
physicist, poet,
playwright
Italy
Observation of celestial bodies through a telescope
(discovery of mountains on the Moon, a spot on the Sun,
satellites of Jupiter, etc.). formulated
the laws of falling bodies, the motion of a pendulum, etc.
laws of physics. Proceedings of the "Star Herald",
"Dialogues on the Two Systems of the World".

Scientists and
thinkers
The country
Basic ideas.
Discoveries
Isaac Newton
England
(1643-1727),
scientist, became
academician
at about 30 years of age.
Discovered the law of universal gravitation
optical laboratory. Designed
mirror telescope. The book "Mathematical principles
natural philosophy": outlined the main
concepts - mass, quantity, force, acceleration, three
the law of motion, etc. The discovery of the law of the world
gravitation marked the transition to explanation
laws of motion solar system and approved
victory of the teachings of Copernicus. Nature obeys
exact laws of mechanics. Scientist completed
creation new painting peace.
Francis Bacon
(1561-1626),
lawyer, diplomat,
politician, historian
England
Creator of a new philosophy. New method of study
nature - reasoning from the particular to the general,
based on experimental data. True
knowledge can only be obtained by connecting
theory with practice.
Rene Descartes
(1596-1650),
scientist, philosopher,
mathematician
France
The purpose of science is to achieve
dominion over the forces of nature, which
should be made to serve the people. The science
should bring practical benefit. "I
I think, therefore I am."

Rene Descartes

Francis Bacon
GALILEO
GALILEO
Nicholas
Copernicus
GIORDANO
BRUNO
Isaac
newton

Cultural area	Cultural figure, country	Works and their main ideas
Literature	Daniel Dafoe, England	"The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe"
Literature	Jonathan Swift, Ireland	"Gulliver's Journey"
Painting	William Hogarth, England	Self-portrait; a series of engravings "Fashionable marriage", "Girl with shrimps", "Conclusion of a marriage contract"
Painting	Antoine Watteau, France	"An Embarrassing Proposal"
Music	Ludwig van Beethoven	"Sonata in the Kind of Fantasy", "Moonlight", "Appassionata", "Kreutzer Sonata"
Music	Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart	Opera "The Marriage of Figaro", "Requiem"

2. Read an excerpt from Daniel Defoe's novel "The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" and complete the tasks: 1) Underline with one line the father's arguments in favor of the inheritance of the average person, with two lines (italics) - thoughts with which Robinson could not agree. 2) Think up and write Robinson's answer to his father. 3) After the publication of the novel, Defoe enjoyed great popularity, especially readers liked the adventures and travels. This greatly upset the author, he said that he was misunderstood: it was not at all about adventures. Write Defoe's possible objections to your readers. Try writing an imaginary preface to a novel in Defoe's name.

• Answer:
• 1) My father, a sedate and intelligent man, guessing my intentions, warned me seriously and thoroughly ... my destiny is the middle, that is, what can be called the highest stage of a modest existence, and, as he was convinced by many years of experience, better than anything else in the world and more than anything adapted for happiness, because a person is not oppressed by need and deprivation, hard work and suffering that fall to the lot of the lower classes, and is not confused by luxury, ambition, arrogance and envy of the upper classes ... One had only to observe, my father assured me, and I would understand that all the hardships of life are distributed between the upper and lower classes and that people of moderate means, who are not subject to as many vicissitudes of fate as the higher and lower circles, endure them least of all. human society; even from ailments, bodily and mental, they are more protected than those whose illnesses are generated either by vices, luxury and all kinds of excesses, or by exhausting work, want, meager and bad food, and all their ailments are nothing but natural consequences. lifestyle. The middle position in society is most conducive to the flowering of all the virtues and all the joys of life ... moderation, temperance, health, peace of mind, sociability, all kinds of pleasant amusements, all kinds of pleasures are his blessed companions. middle class person passes its life path quietly and serenely, without burdening yourself with either physical or mental labor... He glides freely and easily through life, sensibly tasting the sweetness of life that does not leave a bitter aftertaste, feeling that he is happy, and every day comprehending this more and more clearly and deeply.
• 2) If all the people around wanted to live their life quietly, calmly and serenely, then society would remain in ignorance to this day, not knowing the great geographical discoveries, etc.
• 3) Dear reader. In this novel, behind the description of colorful adventures, long-distance travels and exotic countries, an attempt was made to show the image of a contemporary of the era.

3. Here are four illustrations by artists S. Kharlamov and J. Granville for Jonathan Swift's novel Gulliver's Travels. Determine what kind of travel they are. Find relevant passages of text in the novel and write captions under the pictures.

4. Take a close look at the first page of the Fashionable Marriage series (Marriage in the Fashion of Our Times) by artist William Hogarth. Complete the tasks: 1) What details of the work, seen in the illustration, allow you to assert that the author depicted the conclusion of a marriage contract? 2) What could be the subject of conversation between the heroes of the work? 3) Make up and write down their dialogue. 4) You have considered only the first of the four sheets of the Fashionable Marriage series. How could events develop further? Give a title to each engraving. 5) Draw your version last leaf series "Fashion marriage". 6) Try to find reproductions of the series in books or albums. Compare William Hogarth's engraving and your drawing. What did you guess right? What has changed?

• Answer: 1) The presence of a solicitor presenting to an aristocrat, probably IOUs, and a rich man carefully studying the document. 2) The conditions of marriage and the amount of the dowry. 3) "-You have a lot of debts. My name and position are worth a lot. -And how much do you want? -Well ... 10,000 pounds. -Excuse me, how can you demand so much?" 4) Marriage contract; The Adventures of the Count; Countess's boudoir; Sad end.

5. Here are the works created artists of the XVIII in. See also the textbook illustrations. Complete the tasks: 1) Write the numbers of those works whose heroes, from your point of view, can be called people personifying the Age of Enlightenment. 2) Write down some evidence for your point of view, beginning the phrase with the words: "The people of the Age of Enlightenment are depicted here, because ..."

• Answer: People of the Age of Enlightenment are depicted here, because the artists were able to convey the mood of the characters, immersed in their thoughts and experiences.

6. Before you are two still lifes. 1) Review them and briefly describe what is shown. 2) What do you think, what task did the artists set for themselves when creating these works?

• Answer: 1) In the picture of Claes we see a set table laden with expensive dishes and delicacies, while in the picture of Chardin we see simple food and unpretentious household items. 2) Two features of the era are reflected: a sharp property stratification of society and attention to the life of the lower classes.

7. In Beaumarchais' comedy "The Barber of Seville" there is this dialogue:

Rosina. Forever you scold our poor age.

Bartolo. I beg your pardon for my insolence, but what did he give us that we could praise him for?

Think about the question of the comedy character and write your answer in writing.

• Answer: The comedy ridiculed the ugly aspects of French aristocratic society and government, which slowed down modern development countries and served as the cause of social contradictions.

8. Contemporaries compared the "Encyclopedia of Sciences, Arts and Crafts" with a huge arsenal in which weapons were obtained for the storming of old France. How do you understand this comparison?

• Answer: The authors of the "Encyclopedia" were outstanding educators of that time, who expressed the ideas of enlightenment in their articles. It became clear to the reader that the prosperity of the country was impossible while maintaining the old order.

9. From the course of the history of the Middle Ages, you know that the emblem - conditional image any concept or idea. Having summarized your knowledge about the Age of Enlightenment, its culture, come up with and draw an emblem in which the age of Reason and Light would be embodied with the greatest completeness. Write comments on your logo.

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Great humanists of Europe. Peace artistic culture Renaissance. Man began to think not only about the afterlife, but also about earthly, worldly life. Proponents of this view the world began to call themselves humanists (from lat. humanus - human). The creators of the art of the High Renaissance created the image of a beautiful harmonious person who combined physical beauty and spiritual perfection.

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Figure Country Works Content of works, works Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469-1536), theologian and philologist Holland "Conversations easily", "Praise of stupidity". He commented on the Bible, he does not refuse religious subjects, but in the center of his attention is a person endowed with free will, having the right to choose. He praised the mind, the ability to beautifully express their thoughts. Thomas More (1478 - 1535), politician, writer England "The Golden Book ..., or Utopia". The source of all the misfortunes of England is private property. Unjust laws against the poor. An ideal society is collective property, there are no poor or rich, art and science are universally respected. Francois Rabelais (1494-1553), famous physician, one of the most educated people of his time. France Gargantua and Pantagruel. He praised the common sense of the common people, ridiculed the stupidity and hypocrisy of those in power.

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Figure Country Works Content of works, works Michel Montaigne (1533 - 1592), philosopher, publicist France "Experiments" - a collection of reasoning about morality, philosophy and work. The work is popular to this day. A reasonable and kind person needs to know and evaluate himself. Life is the greatest gift, you need to behave wisely in everyday life, live in the world and appreciate every moment. Montaigne warns against idleness, primarily mental. He called for tolerance. William Shakespeare (1564-1616), poet, playwright England "Romeo and Juliet", "Hamlet", "King Lear". The world is a theater, and the people inside it are actors. Theater is a school that will teach you not to bend under the blows of fate. His characters love and suffer, make mistakes, fight for their happiness. Man is a miracle of nature. Miguel Cervantes (1547 - 1616), writer Spain "Don Quixote" In the image of Don Quixote the Knight of the Sad Image, he praises the wisdom, nobility, humanity of a knight who wanders in a world of injustice, helping people become better.

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Figure Country Works Content of works, works of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), artist, poet, architect, sculptor, musician France About 7 thousand pages of records, drafts, manuscripts. "Madonna and Child", "Mona Lisa", "Last Supper". An artist is a person endowed with divine power. The heroes of his works are ordinary people. Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564), sculptor, poet Italy Sculpture of David, poems about love and art. Sculpture is the best of the arts, glorifying the beauty of man. He glorified earthly beauty and the beauty of art. Rafael Santi (1483 - 1520), painter Italy Conestabile Madonna, Sistine Madonna Depicted the world as harmonious and beautiful, perfect and calm.

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Figure Country Works Content of works, works Pieter Brueghel the Elder (1530-1569), painter Netherlands "Peasant Dance", "Seasons", "Harvest". A peasant painter, depicted real characters, ordinary people and folk scenes, the peaceful life of the inhabitants. Albrecht Durer (1471-1528), painter, engraver, scientist Germany Engravings, landscapes. Engraving "Four Horsemen". An artist is a thinker. Man is the crown of nature. Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543), artist Germany "Portrait of King Henry VIII". He portrayed calmness, and at the same time the complexity, inconsistency of human nature. Rembrandt Harmensvan Rein (1606 - 1669), artist Holland "Portrait of an Old Man in Red", "Return of the Prodigal Son" Aspired to convey on canvas the inner world of a person, his thoughts, state of mind. Diego Velasquez (1599-1660), painter, court painter of the king of Spain Portraits of the king and courtiers, "Breakfast", "Spinning". Spain is a country of medieval remnants. He depicted the king as cruel, arrogant, simple people are kind, cheerful.

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Music by Lorenzo the Magnificent Music has always been a major part of the religious service; the church supervised musical works in the temple, not allowing the slightest deviation from the rules. At the end of the 16th century, spiritual works began to appeal to human feelings - secular works are widely developed. Musical creativity-part of the life of the courtiers and educated citizens. It was considered good form for young people to be able to play musical instruments. Madrigals - lyrical vocal works, the forerunner of opera.

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Birth of a new European science In modern times, man's interest in the world around him increased. Great geographical discoveries pushed the boundaries of the world, gave new knowledge, including about the sphericity of the Earth. The growth of cities, the development of manufactory production and the world market gave rise to the need for accurate scientific knowledge. Man is more and more interested in earthly, worldly life. If in the Middle Ages European science observed the principle of authority - the thoughts of the great scientists of antiquity were taken as truth (geography was studied according to Ptolemy, medicine - according to Hippocrates, etc.), then in the early New Age people tend to observe natural phenomena themselves, etc. Humanists say that the human mind is capable of understanding and explaining the world itself. Educated people strive to find a reasonable explanation for the phenomena of nature, in their research no longer relying on religion. The Renaissance gave Europeans independence of thought and the conviction that humanity can improve the world in which it lives, and this requires sound, reliable knowledge. In the XVI-XVII centuries. there is a rapid development of science, primarily in the field of mathematics and natural sciences. The laws discovered by scientists of the New Age are universal in nature, new methods of studying nature are born - a combination of experience (practice) and theory (reason).

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Scientists and thinkers Country Main ideas. Discoveries Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), astronomer Poland He made a revolution in science, abandoning the doctrine of the immobility of the Earth accepted for thousands of years. For 30 years I watched the heavenly bodies. The book "On the rotation of the celestial spheres" (1543). Giordano Bruno (1548-1600), astronomer Italy The universe has no end, it is measureless and endless. It has no center - neither the Earth nor the Sun are the centers of the world. The universe is an infinite number of stars. The universe exists forever and cannot disappear. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), scientist, astronomer, physicist, poet, playwright Italy Observation of celestial bodies through a telescope (discovery of mountains on the Moon, a spot on the Sun, satellites of Jupiter, etc.). He formulated the laws of falling bodies, the motion of a pendulum, and other laws of physics. Proceedings of the "Star Herald", "Dialogues about the two systems of the world."

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Scientists and thinkers Country Main ideas. Discoveries Isaac Newton (1643-1727), scientist, became an academic at about 30 years of age. England Discovered the law of universal gravitation, created an optical laboratory. Designed a mirror telescope. The book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy": outlined the basic concepts - mass, quantity, force, acceleration, three laws of motion, etc. The discovery of the law of universal gravitation marked the transition to the explanation of the laws of motion of the solar system and confirmed the victory of the teachings of Copernicus. Nature obeys the exact laws of mechanics. The scientist completed the creation of a new picture of the world. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), lawyer, diplomat, politician, historian England Creator of a new philosophy. A new method of studying nature is reasoning from the particular to the general, based on experimental data. True knowledge can only be obtained by combining theory with practice. Rene Descartes (1596-1650), scientist, philosopher, mathematician France The goal of science is to achieve man's dominance over the forces of nature, which should be made to serve people. Science must be practical. "I think, therefore I am."

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Rene Descartes Giordano Bruno Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Francis Bacon Nicolaus Copernicus

Renaissance or Renaissance - an era in the history of European culture, which replaced the culture of the Middle Ages and preceded the culture of the New Age. Approximate chronological framework of the era: the beginning of the XIV - the last quarter of the XVI century and in some cases - the first decades of the XVII century (for example, in England and, especially, in Spain). A distinctive feature of the Renaissance is the secular nature of culture and its anthropocentrism (that is, interest, first of all, in a person and his activities). There is an interest in ancient culture, there is, as it were, its “revival” - and this is how the term appeared.

Proto-Renaissance (2nd half of the 13th century - 14th century) Early Renaissance (beginning of the 15th - end of the 15th century) High Renaissance (end of the 15th - first 20 years of the 16th century) Late Renaissance (mid-16th - 90s of the 16th century)

Early Renaissance - (XIV-end of the XV century) High Renaissance - (XV-beginning of the XVI century) When culture reached its peak.

Features of the Renaissance: ü Secularization of consciousness, i.e., gradual liberation from the religious view of the world, i.e., gradual liberation from the religious view n ü Spread of the ideas of humanism, i.e., appeal to the human humanism of the individual, faith in the strength of man himself. i.e., an appeal to the human person, faith in the strength of the person himself. ü Dissemination of scientific knowledge ü Reliance on the achievements of the culture of Antiquity. .

Figure Country Works Content of works, creativity Michel Montaigne (1533 - 1592), philosopher, publicist France "Experiments" - a collection of discourses on morality, philosophy and labor. The work is popular to this day. A man, reasonable and kind, needs to know and evaluate himself. Life is the greatest gift, you need to behave wisely in everyday life, live in the world and appreciate every moment. Montaigne warns against idleness, primarily mental. He called for tolerance. William Shakespeare (1564-1616), poet, playwright England Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, King Lear. The world is a theater, and the people in it are actors. Theater is a school that will teach you not to bend under the blows of fate. His characters love and suffer, make mistakes, fight for their happiness. Man is a miracle of nature. Miguel Cervantes (1547 - 1616), writer Spain "Don Quixote" In the image of Don Quixote the Knight of the Sad Image, he praises the wisdom, nobility, humanity of a knight who wanders in a world of injustice, helping people become better.

Music by Lorenzo the Magnificent ¢ Music has always been a major part of the religious service; the church monitored the performance of musical works in the temple, not allowing the slightest deviation from the rules. At the end of the 16th century, spiritual works began to appeal to human feelings - secular works are widely developed. Musical creativity is part of the life of courtiers and educated citizens. It was considered good form for young people to be able to play musical instruments. Madrigals are lyrical vocal works, the forerunner of opera.

Northern Renaissance The Italian Renaissance had little effect on other countries until 1450. After 1500, the style spread across the continent, but many late Gothic influences persisted even into the Baroque era. The Renaissance period in the Netherlands, Germany and France is usually distinguished as a separate style direction, which has some differences with the Renaissance in Italy.

Northern Renaissance Prominent representatives - Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Some works of late Gothic masters, such as Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling, are also imbued with a Renaissance spirit.

Figure Country Works Content of works, creativity Leonardo da Vinci (1452 -1519), artist, poet, architect, sculptor, musician France About 7 thousand pages of notes, drafts, manuscripts. Madonna and Child, Mona Lisa, Last Supper. An artist is a person endowed with divine power. The heroes of his works are ordinary people. Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475 -1564), sculptor, poet Italy Sculpture of David, poems about love and art. Sculpture is the best of the arts, glorifying the beauty of man. He glorified the earthly beauty of art. Raphael Santi (1483 - 1520), painter Italy Conestabile Madonna, Sistine Madonna Depicted the world as harmonious and beautiful, perfect and calm.

Figure Country Works Content of works, creativity Pieter Brueghel the Elder (1530 -1569), painter Netherlands "Peasant Dance", Peasant painter, "The Seasons", depicted real "Harvest". characters, ordinary people and folk scenes, the peaceful life of the inhabitants. Albrecht Dürer (1471 -1528), painter, engraver, scientist Germany Engravings, landscapes. Engraving "The Four Horsemen". An artist is a thinker. Man is the crown of nature. "Portrait of King Henry VIII". He portrayed calmness, and at the same time the complexity, inconsistency of human nature. Hans Holbein the Younger (1497 -1543), artist Germany Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606 - 1669), artist Holland "Portrait of an Old Man in Red", "The Return of the Prodigal Son" Aspired to convey on canvas the inner world of a person, his thoughts, state of mind. Diego Velazquez (1599 -1660), painter, court painter of the king of Spain Portraits of the king and courtiers, "Breakfast", "Spinning" . Spain is a country of medieval remnants. He depicted the king as cruel, arrogant, ordinary people - kind, cheerful.

Birth of a new European science ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ In modern times, man's interest in the world around him increased. Great geographical discoveries pushed the boundaries of the world, gave new knowledge, including about the sphericity of the Earth. The growth of cities, the development of manufactory production and the world market gave rise to the need for accurate scientific knowledge. Man is more and more interested in earthly, worldly life. If in the Middle Ages European science observed the principle of authority - the thoughts of the great scientists of antiquity were taken as truth (geography was studied according to Ptolemy, medicine - according to Hippocrates, etc.), then in the early New Age people tend to observe natural phenomena themselves, etc. Humanists say that the human mind is capable of understanding and explaining the world itself. Educated people strive to find a reasonable explanation for the phenomena of nature, in their research no longer relying on religion. The Renaissance gave Europeans independence of thought and the conviction that humanity can improve the world in which it lives, and this requires sound, reliable knowledge. In the XVI-XVII centuries. in. there is a rapid development of science, primarily in the field of mathematics and natural sciences. The laws discovered by scientists of the New Age are universal in nature, new methods of studying nature are born - a combination of experience (practice) and theory (reason).

Scientists and thinkers Country Main ideas. Discoveries Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 -1543), astronomer Poland He made a revolution in science, abandoning the doctrine of the immobility of the Earth accepted for thousands of years. For 30 years I watched the heavenly bodies. The book "On the rotation of the celestial spheres" (1543). Giordano Bruno (1548 -1600), astronomer Italy The universe has no end, it is measureless and endless. It has no center - neither the Earth nor the Sun are the centers of the world. The universe is an infinite number of stars. The universe exists forever and cannot disappear. Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642), scientist, astronomer, physicist, poet, playwright Italy Observation of celestial bodies through a telescope (discovery of mountains on the Moon, a spot on the Sun, satellites of Jupiter, etc.). He formulated the laws of falling bodies, the motion of a pendulum, and other laws of physics. Proceedings of the Starry Herald, Dialogues on the Two Systems of the World.

Scientists and thinkers Country Main ideas. Discoveries Isaac Newton England (1643 -1727), scientist, became an academic at about 30 years of age. He discovered the law of universal gravitation, created an optical laboratory. Designed a mirror telescope. The book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy": outlined the basic concepts - mass, quantity, force, acceleration, three laws of motion, etc. The discovery of the law of universal gravitation marked the transition to explaining the laws of motion of the solar system and approved the victory of the teachings of Copernicus. Nature obeys the exact laws of mechanics. The scientist completed the creation of a new picture of the world. Francis Bacon (1561 -1626), lawyer, diplomat, politician, historian Creator of a new philosophy. A new method of studying nature is reasoning from the particular to the general, based on experimental data. True knowledge can only be obtained by combining theory with practice. England Rene Descartes France (1596 -1650), scientist, philosopher, mathematician The goal of science is to achieve man's dominance over the forces of nature, which should be made to serve people. Science must be practical. "I think, therefore I am".

For Europeans, the period of the dark Middle Ages ended, followed by the Renaissance. It allowed to revive the almost disappeared heritage of Antiquity and create great works of art. An important role in the development of mankind was played by the scientists of the Renaissance.

Paradigm

The crisis and the destruction of Byzantium led to the appearance in Europe of thousands of Christian emigrants who brought books with them. In these manuscripts were collected knowledge of the ancient period, half-forgotten in the west of the continent. They became the basis of humanism, which put man, his ideas and the desire for freedom at the forefront. Over time, in cities where the role of bankers, artisans, merchants and artisans increased, secular centers of science and education began to appear, which not only were not under the rule of the Catholic Church, but often fought against its dictates.

Painting by Giotto (Renaissance)

Artists in the Middle Ages created works of predominantly religious content. In particular, for a long time the main genre of painting was icon painting. Giotto di Bondone, who is considered the pioneer of the Proto-Renaissance, was the first who decided to draw ordinary people on his canvases, as well as to abandon the canonical manner of writing inherent in the Byzantine school. On the frescoes of the church of San Francesco, located in the city of Assisi, he used the play of chiaroscuro and moved away from the generally accepted compositional structure. However, Giotto's main masterpiece was the painting of the Arena Chapel in Padua. Interestingly, immediately after this order, the artist was called to decorate city ​​hall. In working on one of the paintings, in order to achieve the greatest reliability in the image of the "heavenly sign", Giotto consulted with the astronomer Pietro d'Abano. Thus, thanks to this artist, painting ceased to depict people, objects and natural phenomena according to certain canons and became more realistic.

Leonardo da Vinci

Many figures of the Renaissance had a versatile talent. However, none of them can be compared in its versatility with Leonardo da Vinci. He distinguished himself as an outstanding painter, architect, sculptor, anatomist, naturalist and engineer.

In 1466, Leonardo da Vinci went to study in Florence, where, in addition to painting, he studied chemistry and drawing, and also acquired skills in working with metal, leather and plaster.

Already the first picturesque canvases of the artist singled him out among his comrades in the shop. During his long, at that time, 68-year life, Leonardo da Vinci created such masterpieces as Mona Lisa, John the Baptist, Lady with an Ermine, The Last Supper, etc.

Like other prominent figures of the Renaissance, the artist was interested in science and engineering. In particular, it is known that the wheeled pistol lock invented by him was used until the 19th century. In addition, Leonardo da Vinci created drawings of a parachute, an aircraft, a searchlight, a spotting scope with two lenses, etc.

Michelangelo

When the question of what the Renaissance figures gave to the world is discussed, the list of their achievements necessarily contains the works of this outstanding architect, artist and sculptor.

Among the most famous creations of Michelangelo Buonarroti are the frescoes of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the statue of David, the sculpture of Bacchus, the marble statue of the Madonna of Bruges, the painting "The Torment of St. Anthony" and many other masterpieces of world art.

Rafael Santi

The artist was born in 1483 and lived only 37 years. However, the great legacy of Rafael Santi puts him in the first lines of any symbolic rating of "Outstanding Figures of the Renaissance."

Among the artist's masterpieces are "The Coronation of Mary" for the Oddi altar, "Portrait of Pietro Bembo", "Lady with a Unicorn", numerous frescoes commissioned for Stanza della Senyatura, etc.

The pinnacle of Raphael's work is the "Sistine Madonna", created for the altar of the temple of the monastery of St. Sixtus in Piacenza. This picture makes an unforgettable impression on anyone who sees it, since Mary depicted in it in an incomprehensible way combines the earthly and heavenly essences of the Mother of God.

Albrecht Dürer

Famous figures of the Renaissance were not only Italians. Among them is the German painter and engraver Albrecht Dürer, who was born in Nuremberg in 1471. His most significant works are the "Landauer Altarpiece", a self-portrait (1500), the painting "Feast of the Rose Wreaths", three "Master Engravings". The latter are considered masterpieces of graphic art of all times and peoples.

Titian

The great figures of the Renaissance in the field of painting have left us images of their most famous contemporaries. One of the leading portrait painters of this period European art was Titian, descended from the well-known family of Vecellio. He immortalized on canvas Federico Gonzaga, Charles V, Clarissa Strozzi, Pietro Aretino, architect Giulio Romano and many others. In addition, his brushes belong to canvases on subjects from ancient mythology. How highly the artist was valued by his contemporaries is evidenced by the fact that once the brush that fell from the hands of Titian was hurried to pick up the emperor Charles V. The monarch explained his act by saying that serving such a master is an honor for anyone.

Sandro Botticelli

The artist was born in 1445. Initially, he was going to become a jeweler, but then he got into the workshop of Andrea Verrocchio, from whom Leonardo da Vinci once studied. Along with works of religious themes, the artist created several paintings of secular content. The masterpieces of Botticelli include the paintings "The Birth of Venus", "Spring", "Pallas and the Centaur" and many others.

Dante Alighieri

The great figures of the Renaissance left their indelible mark on world literature. One of the most prominent poets of this period is Dante Alighieri, who was born in 1265 in Florence. At the age of 37, he was expelled from his hometown because of his political views and wandered up recent years own life.

As a child, Dante fell in love with his peer Beatrice Portinari. Growing up, the girl married another and died at the age of 24. Beatrice became the poet's muse, and it was to her that he dedicated his works, including the story " New life". In 1306, Dante begins to create his "Divine Comedy", on which he has been working for almost 15 years. In it, he exposes the vices of Italian society, the crimes of popes and cardinals, and places his Beatrice in "paradise".

William Shakespeare

Although the ideas of the Renaissance reached the British Isles with some delay, outstanding works of art were also created there.

In particular, one of the most famous playwrights in the history of mankind, William Shakespeare, worked in England. For more than 500 years his plays have not left theater stage in all corners of the planet. He wrote the tragedy "Othello", "Romeo and Juliet", "Hamlet", "Macbeth", as well as the comedies "Twelfth Night", "Much Ado About Nothing" and many others. In addition, Shakespeare is known for his sonnets dedicated to the mysterious Swarthy Lady.

Leon Battista Alberti

The Renaissance also contributed to a change in the appearance of European cities. During this period, great architectural masterpieces were created, including the Roman Cathedral of St. Peter, the Laurentian stairs, Florence Cathedral, etc. Along with Michelangelo, the well-known scientist Leon Battista Alberti is among the famous architects of the Renaissance. He made a huge contribution to architecture, the theory of art and literature. The sphere of his interests also included the problems of pedagogy and ethics, mathematics and cartography. He created one of the first scientific works on architecture, entitled "Ten Books on Architecture". This work had a huge impact on subsequent generations of his colleagues.

Now you know the most famous cultural figures of the Renaissance, thanks to whom human civilization reached new round of its development.