Russian literature, grade 11

Topic. "Humanin totalitarian state» / creativity

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" /.

Target: show the meaning of the figure of A. Solzhenitsyn, who has become a symbol

openness;

to deepen knowledge about the totalitarian regime, disfiguring

inner world person;

try to understand that each person is responsible for history.

Equipment: portraits of Solzhenitsyn, Stalin, photographs of Solovetsky

monastery, Sekirnaya tower, song to words by V. Lebedev-Kumach

"Song of the Motherland", cluster, exhibition of books by A. I. Solzhenitsyn.

During the classes

I . introduction teachers.

The "Gulag Archipelago" is an experience of artistic research, the experience of many people who have gone through the camps. A. Solzhenitsyn used 227 testimonies of former Gulag prisoners /the main administration of the camps/, as well as documents that are of artistic value. main topic"Archipelago" - the theme of resistance to the anti-people regime.

II . Brief chronicle of the life and work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn / report

student/. The result is given by the teacher.

So, AI Solzhenitsyn was sentenced to 8 years in the camps, and at the end of the term in March 1953 he was exiled forever to Kazakhstan / Kokterek, Zhambyl region /. He teaches physics, mathematics, astronomy. Before recent years life spoke very warmly about the Kazakh people. In 1956, the link was removed, he returned to Central Russia. Due to the publication of the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, A. Solzhenitsyn is expelled from the Writers' Union / to acquaint students with the article “How Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the Writers' Union, Trud newspaper, 1967 /. In 1974, after the appearance of the first volume of The Gulag Archipelago, he was accused of treason and exiled abroad. Lived without a break for 18 years in the state of Vermont, USA. Married, three sons.

III . The era of totalitarianism / on the board a poster with a dictionary entry from a philosophical dictionary, 1986 - an explanation of the teacher.

The students sum up.

Power is concentrated in one hand. The state intervenes in all spheres public life. Keyword this era - arrests. /Students show a sketch of "Arrest" about how the arrests were carried out/. They were arrested for every little thing, for every word. After all, the camps needed free power.

Teacher: On September 5, 1918, the Decree on the Red Terror was issued. It said that it was necessary to cleanse the country of "enemies of the people", send them to camps / concentration, forced /.

So who are these "enemies of the people"?

Students read the episodes from the text:

The semi-literate stove-maker signed on the newspaper, where the stroke fell on Stalin's face. For this, he received 10 years in prison, that is, he is already an "enemy of the people."

Question:

What word from this song is not associated with the era of totalitarianism? (At ease). Students talk about the physical methods by which the investigation tried to bend and break free people in order to drive them into the camp. For example: hunger, beating, punishment cell, extinguishing cigarettes, etc. I must say that the camp was created solely for the sake of killing. He killed the main thing in a person - thoughts, conscience, honor.

Teacher: - But before moving on to talking about camp life, let's talk about how the Archipelago was formed? Where?

Students:

The archipelago was born and matured in Solovki and began its malignant movement across the country. That is, the Solovetsky prison was formed from the Solovetsky Monastery. Before that there was a flourishing monastery /show photo/. And so it was decided to make an exemplary strict camp on Solovki. The monks on their knees begged to be left to die on holy ground. They were taken to a special corner of the Kremlin from the camp with its own exit - the Herring Gate.

More and more new camps were opened from this Solovetsky tumor. And the capital of the entire Archipelago became Karaganda - the camp world.

Teacher:

Stalin gave orders: to build quickly, and most importantly, without much cost. Therefore, the labor of prisoners was economically profitable. Stalin had six chief overseers of the Belomor, six hired killers, each of whom had forty thousand lives: Semyon Firin, Matvey Berman, Naftaly Frenkel, Lazar Kogan, Yakov Rapoport, Sergey Zhuk /show photo/ - these were cruel, ruthless people.

These are the mockers who forced to lay out the walls of the canal with stones for

beauty, and the length of the channel is 128 km. And this is just Belomor. And how many works did the prisoners! Even Moscow State University was built.

On the Solovetsky Islands, the northern camps of Special Purpose - SLON were formed.

I would like to draw your attention to the following abbreviation:

From GUITL, the son of GUMZak, the GULAG turned out.

GUITL - General Directorate of Correctional Labor Camps.

GUMZak - Main Directorate of Places of Detention.

GULAG - Main Directorate of Camps.

Why are camps needed?

In general, it must be said that the camp was created solely for the sake of killing. He killed the main thing in a person - thoughts, conscience, honor.

So, we know how and where the camp was formed. And now I propose to move on to camp life.

The inhabitants of the Gulag Archipelago were called natives.

How were the natives fed?(work with text)

Water was poured into the cauldron, unpeeled small potatoes were poured into it, and even black cabbage, beet tops. The meat of fallen animals is a feast.

How were the natives dressed?(work with text)

The pea coats themselves are of one color, the sleeves to them are of another. Or a pea coat-fire (rags like flames). And on the feet - Russian bast shoes ... Or a piece of tire tied directly to the bare foot with wire.

(Pay attention of the students to the license plate, which was attached to the cap, on the chest or behind the back. They knew each other only by numbers / borrowed from the Nazis /. Shch-262 is the number of A. Solzhenitsyn).

The worst thing in the camp is getting into general work.

What is it?

Students:

This is breaking stone and coal from a quarry with bare hands. Three weeks of logging was called a dry execution. They worked in the forest until midnight, wrote off the frozen ones, creeping ones - the convoy shot /the answer is read from the text/.

Teacher:

Many, many, many were ground to dust by the camp.

In 1926, article 12 was issued, allowing the trial of children from the age of 12. In 1927, prisoners from 16 to 26 years old accounted for 48% of all prisoners.

Where did the young criminals come from?

What did you have to do to get into the camp at the age of 12?

For a dozen cucumbers from the collective farm field - 5 years.

For a pocket of potatoes - 8 years.

For cutting ears - 8 years.

A hungry girl went along the street to collect, together with dust, a narrow stream of grain that had spilled out of a truck - 3 years.

(examples are taken from the text).

Victims, victims, piles of victims. After all that has been heard and seen, the question arises: why did they endure? Why weren't they outraged?

Solzhenitsyn even has a chapter titled “Why did you endure it?”. The fact is that there were protests, and hunger strikes, and riots, and escapes. It was. But the rebels were dealt with very quickly, they were simply killed.

That's why they endured. After all, everyone wanted to survive, serve time and get out of this hell.

V . Summary of the lesson.

2. Why do we need to know about what happened?

Cluster after debriefing.

TOTALITARIANISM : fear, mistrust, denunciations, arrests, betrayal, lies,

cruelty, prisons, camps, etc.

Lazar Kogan Frenkel Naftaly

Matvey Berman Yakov Rapoport

Genrikh Yagoda Sergey Zhuk

Lesson of literature with elements of integration (history) in the 11th grade, in which students should remember the reasons for the first round of repression in the 30s of the XX century, identify the theme of repression in Soviet literature of the post-war period using the example of A.I. Solzhenitsyn, "a reliable chronicler of camp life", "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich". Literature lesson in grade 11: The Gulag archipelago in literature and reality (the repressive system in our country in 1920–1950)

Goals:

Recall the reasons for the first round of repression in the 30s of the 20th century. To reveal the theme of repressions in the Soviet literature of the post-war period on the example of the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn, "... a reliable chronicler of camp life", "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich". To acquaint students with a new round of repression after the Great Patriotic War on the example of local material. (“OZERLAG” on the territory of the Taishet and Chun regions Irkutsk region). Formation of interest in the history of the native land. Formation of the ability to work with additional sources, to choose from the extensive material only the necessary facts and events.

DURING THE CLASSES

Epigraph to the lesson:

The death stars were above us
And innocent Russia writhed
Under the bloody boots
And under the tires of black "marus".

A.A. Akhmatova . Poem "Requiem".

I. Introductory speech of the teacher The Great Patriotic War ended. The people were returning home - the winner, who believed that after such a war, life in the USSR would change radically. What really happened, we will learn today in the lesson.II. Actualization of students' knowledge Remember the reasons for the first round of repression, which began to spin in the 30s of the 20th century.(Students answer)
There are many versions as to why Stalin needed to resort to mass repression during the years of the Great Terror. One of them is connected with the murder in Leningrad, in Smolny, of one of the leaders of the party, S.M. Kirov. The mystery of the death of the first secretary of the Leningrad regional committee and the city party committee, a member of the Politburo of the CPSU (b) has not been solved to this day. But it was also beneficial to Stalin. Thus, he eliminated the most dangerous competitor and freed his hands for internal party purge. Denunciations were often fabricated, millions of people were arrested on them, hundreds of thousands were shot, and the rest ended up in the Gulag (Main Directorate of Corrective Labor Camps).III. Study of new topic – What's happenedarchipelago in terms of geography?(This is a group of islands.) – What's happened"The Gulag Archipelago" from the point of view of Russian history?(This is a chain of camps in which "enemies of the people" were kept. This concept was introduced by the Russian writer A.I. Solzhenitsyn, who himself went through all the circles of the camp "hell." The phrase "The Gulag Archipelago" entered a certain sign system of the 20th century, becoming, along with Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Hiroshima, Chernobyl, a tragic symbol of the century.) 1. Small curriculum vitae prepared by a student about the writer A.I. Solzhenitsyn The father of Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, a graduate of Moscow University, an officer in the tsarist army, died tragically in 1918 shortly before the birth of his son. The difficult fate of A.I. Solzhenitsyn is similar to the fate of hundreds of thousands Soviet people who happened to look into the eyes of death not only on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, but also in Stalin's dungeons and camps.Shortly before the war, AI Solzhenitsyn graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Rostov University. Then front roads, heavy battles, rewards for courage, the liberation of East Prussia, the breath of a close victory, and suddenly ... arrest, interrogations, a special hard labor camp and torment in the camps of the sinister "Gulag archipelago" cordoned off with barbed wire. Eight years were erased from the life of a man who, even before the war, thought about literary creativity. After rehabilitation, Solzhenitsyn worked as a teacher in Vladimir and then in Ryazan. Literary activity brought him fame - in 1970 A.I. Solzhenitsyn became a laureate Nobel Prize- and at the same time all life's troubles. The novel The Gulag Archipelago was published abroad. After that, the real persecution of the writer began. Soon he was arrested, accused of treason, deprived of Soviet citizenship and expelled. In 1990, the Soviet government returned citizenship to A.I. Solzhenitsyn, and he
was able to come to Russia, where he lived until the end of his days (he died in August 2008, having lived for almost 90 years).2. The history of the creation of the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” Student presentation: Solzhenitsyn's literary debut took place when he was well over forty: in 1962, the Novy Mir published the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, which he had suffered in the camps. The difficult ascent began. This work provoked the fire of "loyal" criticism. Some openly accused its author of slandering Soviet reality and glorifying the anti-hero. And only thanks to the authoritative opinion of A.T. Tvardovsky, the editor-in-chief of the magazine " New world”, the story was published, took its proper place in the literary context of that time.3. The story of Ivan Shukhov, who escaped from Nazi captivity in order to end up in a special hard labor camp Student presentation: 1) What events are depicted in the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn?(A.I. Solzhenitsyn really showed one day from the camp life of the "prisoner" Ivan Denisovich Shukhov, and the day was relatively successful. The writer shows the life of the "prisoner" not from the outside, but from the inside, dwelling in detail on the little things of life of people behind barbed wire. In the story the exact time of action is indicated - January 1951.) 2) Who is Ivan Denisovich?(before the war main character lived in the small village of Temgenevo, worked on a collective farm, fed his family - his wife and two children. During the Great Patriotic War, he honestly fought, was wounded, returned from the medical battalion to the unit, then fought again, was captured, but escaped from it, wandered through the forests, swamps, reached his own and ... It was then that they accused him of treason, they said that he was on a mission for German intelligence. “What kind of task - neither Shukhov himself could come up with, nor the investigator. So they just left it - the task.") 3) Why did Shukhov agree to sign these conclusions of the investigator?(“In fact, Shukhov knew that if you did not sign, they would be shot, and although one can imagine what he experienced in those moments, how he grieved inside, was surprised, protested, but after for long years camp, he could only remember this with a faint smile: every time he was indignant and surprised, no human strength would be enough ... To die for nothing is stupid, senseless, unnatural. Shukhov chose life - albeit a camp, meager, painful, but life, and then his task was not just to survive somehow, to survive at any cost, but to endure this test so that he would not be ashamed of himself, in order to maintain respect for himself. . In Ivan Denisovich, common sense won, and not a betrayal of moral principles. Eight years of penal servitude in Ust-Izhim and Osoblag did not pass for Shukhov in vain: he realized that it was pointless to “swing rights” in the camp. As for the traits of industriousness, human dignity, and conscience that were genetically embedded in his character and characteristic of the Russian peasantry, he did not compromise them under any circumstances.) 4). Who from the environment of Ivan Denisovich filled you?(Ivan Denisovich is not alone with his misfortune. He has comrades in the brigade, just like him, unjustly convicted, thrown behind barbed wire. This is the captain of the second rank Buinovsky, and Sanka Klyovshin, who escaped from Buchenwald, who was preparing an uprising there against the Germans, and many others.) Teacher's conclusion: The attempts of these people to achieve the restoration of justice, their letters and petitions to higher authorities, personally to Stalin remained unanswered. People began to guess that these were not tragic mistakes, but a well-thought-out system of repression. The question inevitably arose: who is to blame for this? Some had a daring guess about the "dad with a mustache", others drove these seditious thoughts away from themselves and did not find an answer. Was it not the main trouble for Ivan Denisovich and his comrades that there was no answer to the question about the causes of their misfortune. Thus, in the tragedy of one person, as in a mirror, the tragedy of an entire nation, nailed to the cross by the Stalinist totalitarian system, was reflected. Solzhenitsyn's story appealed to the consciousness of the living not to consign to oblivion those who were tortured in the camps and to stigmatize those who were accomplices of the perpetrators of repression.4. Creation of a special closed camp (OZERLAG) on the territory of the Taishetsky and Chunsky districts of the Irkutsk region after the Great Patriotic War.After the Great Patriotic War began new round Stalinist repressions. Our area was the place where a special closed camp was organized(OZERLAG). (Initially, they were called special camps, regime, closed. They were created according to the secret instructions of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs and began to operate in the spring of 1948. As a result of the camp strikes of 1953-54, the authorities had to significantly soften their regime, which in fact amounted to their liquidation. ..)
It contained Japanese prisoners of war, Soviet "enemies of the people."Ozerlag was established at the end of 1949. The prisoners were building a railway from Taishet to Ust-Kut. The builders in prison uniforms were given a difficult task: to lay a railway track more than 700 kilometers long and by 1951 to complete the laying of the railway track to Ust-Kut. The total length of the western section of the BAM from Taishet to Ust-Kut is 708 km. This section of the BAM was built in a single-track, technically lightweight version. However, an additional amount of equipment and labor was sent to the construction. According to archival data, up to 40 thousand prisoners were kept in the Ozerlag. Unlike other correctional institutions, only convicts under the 58th, “political” article served time here. As a result, the camp was called: special.Daily routine at the camp: * at 6.00 - rise;
* at 7.00 - breakfast;
* at 8.00 - the beginning of work;
* the end of the working day at 18.00;
* evening verification - at 22.30;
* lights out - at 23.00.The prisoners lived in barracks with bars on the windows. At night the doors were locked. In winter, such a barrack was heated with an iron stove. All prisoners were... numbered. According to eyewitnesses, “on the jacket - on the chest and back, as well as on the hem of the dress or on the trousers, just above the knee, there are numbers” that were drawn “ black paint on a piece of white material. The food of the prisoners depended on the results of the work. If he did not fulfill the norm, he received 800 grams of bread per day, fulfilled the plan - a kilogram was issued, and exceeded it - he received “two hundred kilos”. In addition, the so-called bonus reward was supposed to be for shock work. One part of this money went into a common piggy bank - the camp fund. The money from the fund went to the improvement of the camp territory and the maintenance of convicts. Another part of the money earned went to the personal accounts of the prisoners. At each camp there were stalls where they sold bread, sweets, cigarettes. Prisoners could buy all this by withdrawing money from personal accounts. Those serving time had the right to make claims against the administration of the correctional institution. The procedure for filing such complaints was quite democratic. Each campsite had three mailboxes. In the first box they threw letters addressed to relatives and friends, in the second - complaints intended for reading in the camp administration, and in the third box - letters to various higher authorities.The fates of many people are connected with Ozerlag famous people, who were tried under the notorious 58th article and exiled to Siberia. The administration of the camps encouraged the development amateur performances in which they participated former artists, musicians, singers, dancers.In the early 1950s, the so-called central cultural brigade was created in the Ozerny camp, which went to camps with concerts. By the will of fate, the singer Lidia Ruslanova spent about a year in Ozerlag. She was also a member of the cultural brigade. In the memoirs of eyewitnesses, the details of this tragic period in the life of the singer have been preserved. “... She went on stage, the audience froze. The huge dining room was packed so that the apple had nowhere to fall. In the front rows sat the camp authorities ... She was wearing black dress, on the shoulders of a black and white cape. When the first song ended, the shocked hall was silent, not a single clap was heard. Then she sang the second song, she sang with such force, with such passion and desperation that the audience could not stand it. The head of the Ozerlag was the first to raise his hands and clapped. And immediately thundered, the hall groaned with delight. Apparently, the camp-prison epic did not allow the famous Russian singer L.A. become Ruslanova People's Artist USSR, and remain just deserved.Among the other prisoners of the Lake camp were people with no less famous surnames: generals Kryukov and Todorsky, daughters of Ataman Semyonov, Pasternak's wife and daughter, Bukharin's wife. Real specialists in their field worked in the camp hospital - in the past, honored scientists, including professors convicted under a "political" article.The lake camp went down in the history of the penitentiary institutions of the Angara region as the largest camp with a fairly developed infrastructure. The special contingent was involved not only in construction railway but also in agriculture. The camp divisions included 6 agricultural departments. Their products went to the table of the prisoners.The camp existed until the early 1960s, when forced labor camps throughout the country were renamed ITK - corrective labor colonies.I draw your attention to the fact that school library there is a work by the writer Anatoly Zhigulin "Black Stones", in which he tells about his stay in OERLAG. The young man was serving a term under a political article (58) in a colony, which was located at the Chuna station, and worked in the Chun DOK. The book is interesting, I advise you to read it.IV. Summarizing what was learned in the lesson – So, under a new round of repressions, all former Soviet prisoners of war fell, who from Nazi concentration camps went to the Soviet, as well as major state and economic leaders, doctors, and other specialists.
– What new things did you learn about our Chun region?
– Can our land be called a place of suffering Soviet people, a kind of "road to Calvary"?

Sections: Literature

Lesson Objectives:

1. To acquaint students with the pages of the novel by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago".
2. 2. To develop the skills of text analysis, preparation of a detailed answer to the question.

Lesson objectives:

1. Formation of students' ideas about the scale of mass repressions in the USSR.
2. Development of the information culture of students and an objective attitude to the historical past of the country.
3. Attracting students' attention to the problem of memory.
4. Raising a sense of citizenship and responsibility for the fate of the country.
5. Formation of self-awareness of students on the basis of historical values.

Type of lesson: lesson-seminar (2 lessons of 40 minutes each).

Form of work: group.

Equipment:

1. A.I. Solzhenitsyn's novel "The Gulag Archipelago".
2. Portrait of a writer.
3. multimedia presentation .
4. physical map.
5. Candle.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

On the board is a portrait of A.I. Solzhenitsyn, an epigraph to the lesson.

(Slide #1)

II. Introduction to the topic

Against the background of music (Oginsky's polonaise "Farewell to the Motherland") performed by the student, A. Andreevsky's poem "From Moscow to the Outskirts" sounds. (Slides No. 2,3,4 flash by).

What is the issue raised in this poem?

What poets and writers of the 20th century touched upon this problem in their works?

What do you think the topic of our lesson is?

III. teacher's word

Yes, today in the lesson we will talk about totalitarianism, about the crimes of the ruling regime against its people, about mass repressions, about punitive institutions, and, most importantly, about the survival of a person who has not killed the human element in himself in the "wild" conditions of exile. And the novel by AI Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" will help us to understand this.

goal setting;

What do you think are the objectives of the lesson?

(Slide number 5)

IV. Analysis of the chapters of A.I. Solzhenitsyn's novel "The Gulag Archipelago"

1. The words of A.I. Solzhenitsyn sound (Epigraph to the lesson).

I dedicate
to all those who did not have enough life
tell about it.
And may they forgive me
that I didn't see everything
don't remember everything
didn't think of everything.

Who do you think A.I. Solzhenitsyn is addressing?

What did the writer want to convey to us?

(Slide number 6), (Slide number 7. Lesson plan).

2. Work in groups.

(Each group was given task cards).

(Slide number 8)

Part 1 ch.2 "History of our sewage".

• What is a totalitarian regime?
• When did the repressions start?
• How was the "History of Our Sewerage" created?
• For what purpose were repressions carried out in our country?

According to AI Solzhenitsyn, the repressions in our country did not unfold in 1937, but much earlier. In the novel The Gulag Archipelago, he proposed his own periodization of the terror that unfolded in our country after the revolution.

Over the course of 3 volumes, one after another, there are endless stories about unjust arrests, dungeon atrocities, crippled destinies.

(Slide number 9)

ch.

GULAG - WIKIPEDIA "GULAG statistics",

• What are the statistics of the Gulag?
• What is the national composition of the prisoners?
• What impression did the chapter "Male Plague" have on you?

Until the late 1980s, official statistics on the Gulag were classified, so estimates were based either on the words of former prisoners or their family members.

Analyzing the chapters, Solzhenitsyn also does not give the total number of convicts, but the figures given are horrifying.

(Slide number 10)

part 2. Chapter 1 "Ships of the Archipelago".

Part 2 Chapter 2 "Ports of the Archipelago"

Part 2, Chapter 3 "Slave Caravans".

• How would you place the Archipelago on a map?
• How and under what conditions were people transported?
• Where were the ports of the Archipelago located? (Show on the physical map).

(Slide No. 11 "Map of the Archipelago")

"Close your eyes, reader. Do you hear the rumble of wheels? These are the Stolypins. At every minute of the day ... Every day of the year. But the water squishes - these are the prisoner barges. But the funnel motors growl. "They squeeze in. And this roar? - overcrowded transfer cells. And this howl? - the complaints of the robbed, raped, abused."

It will be worse in the camp.

Unfold a spacious map of our Motherland on a large table. Put bold dots on all regional cities, on all railway points where the rails end and the river begins, or the river turns and the footpath begins. What's this?

The whole map is infested with infectious flies. This is what you got a majestic map of the ports of the Archipelago. Its ports are transit prisons, its ships are wagons - zaki"

(Part 2, Chapter 2 A.I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago").

Teacher's word.

Man - that sounds proud!
The man is the truth!
You have to respect the person!
(M. Gorky)

Was it so in the years of Stalin's repressions?

(Slide number 12)

• What kind of torture was used on prisoners?
• part 1, chapter 3 "Consequence".
• Part 1. Chapter 11 "To the highest measure."
• Describe the life of the prisoners.
• part 3, chapter 7 "Indigenous way of life"
• How did people try to survive?

part 4, chapter 1 "Ascent"

part 11, chapter 4 "Change fate"

part 4, ch.6-7 "Convinced fugitive"

part 4, chapter 10 "When the earth is on fire in the zone"

Of course, writes emphasizes, in the camp it was important to survive "at any cost", but still, not at the cost of losing the soul or spiritual deadness.

This was the "Russian character": it is better to die in an open field than in a rotten nook.

Teacher's word.

"There are a lot of grins near the Archipelago, a lot of mugs. You won't get lost from any side, approaching him. But, perhaps, he is the most disgusting of all from the mouth from which he swallows youngsters" (Part 2, Ch. 14 "Gulag Archipelago" ).

(Slide number 13)

Ch.2 Ch.17 "Youngsters".

• Who are the minors?
• Why were the children judged?
• camp education.
• Children's native labor.

"Stalin's immortal laws on youngsters lasted 20 years

(until the Decree of 24.4.54):.

They reaped twenty harvests. For twenty ages they have gone mad in crime and debauchery,” writes AI Solzhenitsyn.

In the 1930s alone, there were about seven million street children.

Then the cause of homelessness was solved simply - the Gulag helped. These five letters have become an ominous symbol of life on the verge of death, a symbol of lawlessness, hard labor and human lawlessness. The inhabitants of the strange Archipelago turned out to be children. . .

Of course, it is necessary to know what happened to children who ended up on the street or lost their parents (most often through the fault of the state). It is necessary to talk about children's destinies, distorted by the Stalinist regime.

In our time, the attitude of the state towards children has changed, but the problems remain, although attempts are being made to somehow solve them.

The President of Russia admitted that almost five million homeless or street children are a threat national security country.

Teacher's word.

One of the most tragic and cynical pages in the annals of the Gulag is undoubtedly the one that tells about the fate of the woman behind the barbed wire. A woman in the camps is a special tragedy, a special topic. Not only because the thorn camp, logging or wheelbarrow is not compatible with the idea of ​​the purpose of the fair sex.

But also because a woman is a mother. Either the mother of children left in the wild, or - giving birth in the camp.

6 group. Part 2. ch.8 "Women of the Gulag".

(Slide number 14)

• How did the women get into the camp?
• Camp life of women.
• Hard labor.
• "Mums".

(Slide number 15)

I saw a woman in a harsh square:
Before the Solovetsky stone she wept:
"Do not let, Lord, that it was again,
Blessed be, unfortunate country!"
(Anatoly Alexandrov)

V. Generalization of the material

teacher's word

The lessons of the Gulag, as one of the most tragic pages in the history of mankind, still require their impartial reflection and study.

Much of what our compatriots experienced half a century ago, of course, is terrible. But it is even more terrible to forget the past, to ignore the events of those years. History repeats itself, and who knows, things could happen again in an even harsher form.

"If the Gulag" was printed in the Soviet Union, in a completely open circulation and in unlimited quantities - I always believed that the Soviet Union would have changed. Because after this book: "life" cannot continue in the same way, "- so A.I. Solzhenitsyn argued.

Against the background of music (Oginsky's polonaise "Farewell to the Motherland"), the student performs V. Dokunin's poem "Let's remember all the innocently killed."

(The candle lights up.)

VI. Reflection

(Slide number 16)

• What got you excited about the lesson?
• I want to leave the lesson (with what?):
• I remember in class:
• Do posterity need to know this?

VII. Homework

• Essay-reasoning "What did the chapters of A.I. Solzhenitsyn's novel "The Gulag Archipelago" make you think about?
• Essay-review "My reflections on the novel".

Literature.

1. New Newspaper "female face Gulag". http://www.novagazeta.ru/gulag/44070.htme
2. "New Newspaper". Grishchenko V., Kalinin V., "Women of the Gulag".
3. Ovchinnikova L. "Children in Stalin's camps".
4. Richter T.V. "Characteristics of the work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago". http://www.allbest.ru

The book takes the whole warehouse from the society in which it appears, generalizes it, makes it more obvious and sharp ... (A. Herzen) The book takes the whole warehouse from the society in which it arises, generalizes it, makes it more clear and sharp ... (A. Herzen) Human action is instantaneous and one; the action of the book is multiple and ubiquitous. (A. Pushkin) Human action is instantaneous and one; the action of the book is multiple and ubiquitous. (A. Pushkin) The road is that book, according to K. Zelinsky, “behind which stands big man". Such a person for us is A. I. Solzhenitsyn, and the book is his novel The Gulag Archipelago. The road is that book, according to K. Zelinsky, "behind which there is a big man." Such a person for us is A. I. Solzhenitsyn, and the book is his novel The Gulag Archipelago.

Writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn died on August 4 last year in Moscow at the age of 90. For several decades, Solzhenitsyn's name could only be spoken in a whisper, and his general ledger, "The Gulag Archipelago", published abroad and distributed in Russia in thousands of reprinted and handwritten copies, could only be read at night, firmly aware of the degree of risk. Writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn died on August 4 last year in Moscow at the age of 90. For several decades, Solzhenitsyn's name could only be spoken in whispers, and his main book, The Gulag Archipelago, published abroad and distributed in Russia in thousands of reprinted and handwritten copies, could only be read at night, firmly aware of the degree of risk.

The book, which became a revelation for many, and for many a reminder of the nightmares of the Soviet camps, forever determined the special place of Alexander Solzhenitsyn in Russian literature - the place of a man who dared to speak out loud about what many were even afraid to think about. The book, which became a revelation for many, and for many a reminder of the nightmares of the Soviet camps, forever determined the special place of Alexander Solzhenitsyn in Russian literature - the place of a man who dared to speak out loud about what many were even afraid to think about.

In 1974 Solzhenitsyn was deprived of his Soviet citizenship and deported to the FRG for his novel The Gulag Archipelago.

The writer's dream came true, in 1989 the Novy Mir magazine again took the liberty and published Archipelago in 9,10,11 issues. The writer's dream came true, in 1989 the Novy Mir magazine again took the liberty and published in 9 ,10,11 Archipelago rooms

"The Gulag Archipelago" is the pinnacle of A.I. Solzhenitsyn's work, on which he worked from 1958 to 1979. It contains testimonies of 227 people who sent their letters to the writer and with whom he spoke personally. The novel consists of 64 chapters, collected in 3 volumes. The word "GULAG" has a double spelling in the book. "GULAG" - abbreviated as the Main Directorate of Camps of the Ministry of Internal Affairs; "GULAG" - as the designation of the camp country, the Archipelago. "The Gulag Archipelago" is the pinnacle of A.I. Solzhenitsyn's work, on which he worked from 1958 to 1979. It contains testimonies of 227 people who sent their letters to the writer and with whom he spoke personally. The novel consists of 64 chapters, collected in 3 volumes. The word "GULAG" has a double spelling in the book. "GULAG" - abbreviated as the Main Directorate of Camps of the Ministry of Internal Affairs; "GULAG" - as the designation of the camp country, the Archipelago.

I dedicate to everyone who did not have enough life to tell about it. And may they forgive me that I did not see everything, did not remember everything, did not guess everything. I dedicate to everyone who did not have enough life to tell about it. And may they forgive me that I did not see everything, did not remember everything, did not guess everything. September 1973

The novel describes a tragedy that Russia has not yet known in its history, neither in depth nor in size. After all, the account was no longer in the millions, but in the tens of millions of ruined lives, and then exceeded a hundred. The novel describes a tragedy that Russia has not yet known in its history, neither in depth nor in size. After all, the account was no longer in the millions, but in the tens of millions of ruined lives, and then exceeded a hundred.

It was this work that the writer wanted to see first among those newly published in his homeland, reasonably asserting: “If The Gulag Archipelago had been printed in the Soviet Union, in a completely open circulation and in unlimited quantities, I always believed that the Soviet Union would have changed. Because after this book…life can’t go on like this.” It was this work that the writer wanted to see first among those newly published in his homeland, reasonably asserting: “If The Gulag Archipelago had been printed in the Soviet Union, in a completely open circulation and in unlimited quantities, I always believed that the Soviet Union would have changed. Because after this book…life can’t go on like this.” Early 1974. The Soviet press stigmatizes the writer with all his might. All this time, letters from Soviet citizens with responses, first to newspaper articles, and then to the decree, were sent to the reception room of the Supreme Council. Many of them are consonant with our opinion about the writer himself and his main work. Early 1974. The Soviet press stigmatizes the writer with all his might. All this time, letters from Soviet citizens with responses, first to newspaper articles, and then to the decree, were sent to the reception room of the Supreme Council. Many of them are consonant with our opinion about the writer himself and his main work.

Solzhenitsyn - a man of legend, a man of legend - was the first to break through the blockade of dumbness; returned the reality to the accomplished, to the many victims and destinies - the name, and most importantly - to the events their true weight and instructive meaning. We learned again - we hear, we see what it was like: a search, an arrest, a prison, a transfer, a stage, a camp. Hunger, beatings, labor, corpse.

It seems to us that the publication in 1973 of Solzhenitsyn's new book, The Gulag Archipelago, is a huge event. In terms of the immeasurable consequences, it can only be compared with the event of 1953 - the death of Stalin. It seems to us that the publication in 1973 of Solzhenitsyn's new book, The Gulag Archipelago, is a huge event. In terms of the immeasurable consequences, it can only be compared with the event of 1953 - the death of Stalin. 20 ... And then we will raise in justification the Brass Cross, worn out by the flour of the world. The cross of those who perished in prisons and exiles, The cross for God of abandoned brides. The cross of children without bread and without shelter, Our daily poverty, And the one who is the light of the world - the word Nes in the years of great dumbness. Unknown Hieromartyr of the Gulag

References: -Gulag Archipelago: // Knowledge is power. - - s - "The Gulag Archipelago" is read at home. From letters to the editor. "New World" / // New World. – – p.283 – Hungarian Jerzy. Memory of the Gulag (Correspondence between A. Solzhenitsyn and Jerzy Vengersky) // New Poland, -c – Gegina T.V. “The Gulag Archipelago” by A. Solzhenitsyn.// The Nature of Artistic Truth – Zalygin S. Introductory Article// Novy Mir p.7 – Zorin A. Extramarital Legacy of the Gulag// Novy Mir p. –Leiderman N.L. Alexander Solzhenitsyn//Modern Russian Literature p.179 – On the death of Elizaveta Denisovna Voronyanskaya [On the history of the destruction of the Gulag Archipelago manuscript: Publ. Documents 1973 / Preparation for publication by T. Zazorina and Iofe] / / Star. - p - Palamarchuk Pyotr J. "Literature at school 5" // 1989 Moscow - Letters about Solzhenitsyn / / Word - p - Deadly corvée about labor in the Gulag / / History 2006 - Feb. (43) - p

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Gulag Archipelago A. I. Solzhenitsyn

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The Gulag Archipelago is a fictional historical study by Alexander Solzhenitsyn about the Soviet repressive system from 1918 to 1956. Based on eyewitness accounts, documents and personal experience author. GULAG is an abbreviation for the Main Directorate of Camps. The Gulag Archipelago was secretly written by Solzhenitsyn in the USSR between 1958 and 1968 (finished on February 22, 1967), the first volume was published in Paris in December 1973.

About 300 people provided Solzhenitsyn with information for this work. Some fragments of the text were written by Solzhenitsyn's acquaintances (in particular, V. Ivanov).

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The Gulag Archipelago was written by AI Solzhenitsyn between 1958 and 1967 and became an integral part of the flow of non-fiction in the post-Stalin era. In the “Afterword” to this work, the author admitted:

“This book would not be written by me alone, but would distribute chapters knowledgeable people... I already started this book, and I threw it away ... But when, in addition to the already collected letters, many more prisoners' letters from all over the country were crossed on me, I realized that since all this was given to me, then I must.

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The author of The Archipelago himself defined its genre and the way of depicting history in it as an "experience of artistic research." Solzhenitsyn suggests that we perceive this book more as an "artistic" than as a historical text. At the same time, he considers the truth from the point of view moral choice. Solzhenitsyn talks about the main thing in his book - the search for truth and human soul. The problem of a person's moral choice - the choice between good and evil - for Solzhenitsyn more important than any political truth.

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"The Gulag Archipelago" is the most famous book by A.I. Solzhenitsyn. This is the first time fundamental research about the repressions of the Stalin era was published in the early 70s. in the West, then in "samizdat" and only during the years of "perestroika" - in Russia, but to this day the topic has not lost its relevance, and the author's text - intransigence and passion. The documentary and artistic epic "The Gulag Archipelago" comprehensively examines the system of punishment introduced in our country under Soviet rule, when millions of innocent people were subjected to hard labor.

The writer collected and summarized a huge amount of historical material, dispelling the myth of the "humanity" of Leninism. This devastating and well-reasoned critique of the Soviet system was a bombshell all over the world. (In the USSR, one could get up to eight years in prison for reading, storing, and distributing The Gulag Archipelago.)

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Critics pointed to the contradictions between Solzhenitsyn's many times inflated estimates of the number of repressed people, on the one hand, and archival data that became available during the period of perestroika, as well as the calculations of some demographers, on the other. Solzhenitsyn was also repeatedly criticized, especially in the 1970s after the release of The Archipelago, for his sympathetic attitude towards the Russian Liberation Army during the Great Patriotic War and related opinions regarding the fate of Soviet prisoners of war.

With the advent of perestroika, the official attitude in the USSR towards the work and activities of Solzhenitsyn began to change, and many of his works were published. In 1990 he was restored to Soviet citizenship. For the book "The Gulag Archipelago" in 1990 was awarded the State Prize.