MATERIAL FOR PREPARATION FOR ESSAY 15.3 (OGE)

Self-doubt

1. the wording of the task;

2. definition of the meaning of the concept;

3. abstracts on the topic;

4. examples of arguments;

5. essays;

6. bank of arguments;

1. Statement of task 15.3

How do you understand the meaning of the combination self-doubt"? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic "What is self-doubt", taking as a thesis the definition given by you. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments confirming your reasoning: one example- give an argument from the read text, and second - from your life experience.

2. Working with the concept

From psychology.Lack of self-esteem

According to psychologists, self-doubt is not only a disadvantage. Here the opinion of psychologists does not coincide with the traditional attitudes in society, according to which complete person must be confident. Psychologists think otherwise. In the eyes of psychologists, uncertainty is dual: there are disadvantages, but there are also advantages of uncertainty.

In addition to the obvious disadvantages, for a person, his insecurity is a psychological defense, a specific deformed adaptation, i.e. Simply put, uncertainty is one of the manifestations of the instinct of self-preservation.

There are pluses and minuses to uncertainty.

The disadvantages of self-doubt are obvious: it is psychologically uncomfortable for an insecure person to live in a society of “other” people, it is difficult to communicate freely. Consequently, adaptation in general (in school or work, in business or career) is more difficult. From this, self-esteem becomes inadequate, for example, excessively low or, on the contrary, overestimated (as a psychological compensation for internal uncertainty). You may experience depression or self-loathing. An insecure person may experience stress from the need to adequately respond to the offender or the fear of public speaking. Not always all these disadvantages are present, but the presence of even some of them greatly spoils the psychological comfort of an insecure person in life.

However, psychologists believe that there are advantages to uncertainty, and they are very significant. After all, uncertainty protects a person from unpleasant collisions with the world. Over the years, such uncertainty is transformed into an increased level of anxiety, which warns of possible dangers and builds a psychological distance from the world. A person has his own territory of psychological safety. In fact, a person builds his own world in which he feels good.

Dictionary work

Lack of self-esteem - it is a lack of faith in oneself, one's strengths, capabilities and abilities. Insecure people have low self-esteem, they suffer from an inferiority complex. This feature is very disturbing in life. It needs to be fought and overcome.

3. Theses

1. What is self-doubt? I think this is, first of all, a person's dependence on the opinions of others and doubts about their physical and mental strengths. In addition, this inability to make independent decisions and low self-esteem, and, as a result, uncertainty is the cause of many troubles.

2. Uncertainty is the fear of making an independent decision because of doubts about one's strengths, capabilities, abilities, fear of failure.

3. Uncertainty is fear, internal fears associated with low self-esteem. Fears that bind a person, preventing him from growing and developing further, forcing him to hesitate when solving any issues, taking actions - all this is the definition of what self-doubt is.

4. Examples of works on the topic

S.A. Lubenets. About the jacket

5.Compositions

1.

Self-doubt is a lack of faith in one's strengths, capabilities and abilities. This feature is very hindering in life, it does not allow a person to achieve what he wants. Self-doubt is formed in childhood. One of the causes of this psychological problem is the lack of support and approval from parents.

In my opinion, the heroes of N. Dubov's text may suffer from self-doubt in the future. The boys are trying to find a use for themselves: Pashka wants to become an inventor, and the storyteller wants to be a writer. But the parents of the children could not appreciate the noble impulses of their children. Instead of giving good advice, directing the boys' energy in the right direction, they only scolded them for senseless undertakings or simply brushed them aside. It is easy to assume that the guys can grow up insecure people.

The hero of the story faced the same problem. L. Andreeva "Petka in the country". Petka is a child from poor family, given by the student to the hairdresser. There he performed the most difficult and dirty work. The boy never heard from the master good word, only screams, swearing, threats. In such an environment, Petka became humiliated, downtrodden and unsure of himself.

The self-confidence of the child is primarily the merit of the parents. Therefore, adults should always notice the efforts of their children, encourage them and thus instill self-confidence. (201 words)

2.

What is self-doubt? Everyone will answer this question in their own way. In my opinion, self-doubt is a lack of confidence in actions, life goals that is present in humans. This problem of uncertainty can be solved by changing your life principles and motives. I will prove the truth of my words with the following examples.

Let's turn to text by S.A. Lubenets . main character, Nina, who "existed in a state of perpetual mental tension", decided to change her life. She overcame self-doubt, which consisted in not having boyfriends and not being like other girls, but began life anew, throwing out old little things.

I will also give an example from life. Previously, I was not sure that I knew mathematics well and had no abilities for this science. However, having won the Mathematics Olympiad, I lost confidence in my knowledge.

3.

I will also give an example from life. Previously, I was not sure that I knew mathematics well and had no abilities for this science. However, having won the Mathematics Olympiad, I lost confidence in my knowledge.

Thus, self-doubt is a negative personality trait that affects the formation of a worldview and the fate of a person.

4.

Self-doubt is a lack of faith in yourself, your strengths, capabilities and abilities. Insecure people have low self-esteem, they suffer from an inferiority complex. This feature is very disturbing in life. It needs to be fought and overcome. I will prove my words with convincing examples.

Let's turn to t Text by V.I. Odnoralova. The boy Vovka is not sure of himself. Arriving in the village, he was frightened of the goat Sivka. It happened in front of the village boys. Vovka understands that his insecurity will interfere with gaining authority among the local boys. Therefore, at the first opportunity, he tries to overcome his insecurity: he alone enters an abandoned dark building, where, according to rumors, the devil himself lives. The boy managed not only to overcome his fear, but also to gain respect from new friends.

The heroine of the story, Masha Mironova, also overcomes her uncertainty. At the beginning of the work we have a very timid, shy girl. She blushes while talking and faints when a cannon fires. But the endured tests temper Masha's character. At the end of the story, the heroine is unrecognizable: she boldly and decisively fights for the salvation of her lover.

Thus, people who are insecure should make every effort to get rid of this quality. (184 words)

5.

Self-doubt is the fear of taking any required action due to self-doubt, fear of doing something “wrong”, being a “black sheep” and failing. Often, the causative agent of one's own insecurity is the social norms that have been formed in society, the standards of which a person, as a rule, tries to comply with. Insecure individuals in most cases are distinguished by their originality and originality, which greatly frightens them and makes them complex. Teenagers most often suffer from this problem - social recognition among their peers is very important for them. I will prove the validity of my words with concrete examples.

Venka, the hero of the book by the modern Russian children's writer S.A. Lubenets, can serve as a typical example of an insecure person. When the mother of a seventh-grader bought him a jacket, he was quite pleased with his new thing, he liked everything, because he thought that all his classmates would buy jackets and he would be “like everyone else”. But, to Venka's disappointment, he was the only one in the jacket. The protagonist felt terribly uncomfortable in the new image and desperately tried to get rid of the problem, namely, from the jacket he already hated. Venka promised himself that in the future, when he has his own son, he will carefully study what his friends will wear and buy the same for his son. Venka instead of resisting public opinion, and not even an opinion, but a template, begins to drive itself into the framework of the generally accepted. He chooses the easy path of an ordinary insecure person - to follow in the footsteps of society, and not to pave the way himself and become a role model - the one and only.

Cases like this come up at every turn. For example, we had primary school a girl of Asian appearance, she was very worried about this, moreover, she had no reason to do so, everyone communicated with her, like with the others. However, it seemed to her that everyone did not like her and considered some kind of “other”, in a bad sense; she did not want to go to school because she was afraid that she would be bullied in every possible way, as she is different from others. As a result, her parents transferred her to home schooling. And in the class they began to discuss animatedly where that beautiful girl: with snow-white skin, long dark thick hair, cute freckles on her cheeks and pitch black eyes. So, from scratch, a person creates many problems for himself, which could be avoided only by believing in himself, at least a little.

Thus, using these examples, we are convinced that self-doubt does not lead to anything good, you need to deal with uncertainty and overcome all obstacles. Trusting yourself, loving yourself - that's what will really help to overcome fears, then insecurity will certainly not get the better of you. Katya G.

6.

Self-doubt is a state of a person, as a rule, highly dependent on the opinions of others. Such people do not have faith in themselves, they almost always have low self-esteem, and they are disappointed in advance in their results. People who are unsure of themselves are afraid to reveal their individuality and are constantly guided by others, striving to be like them. I will prove the validity of my words with concrete examples.

The hero of the work S.A. Lubenets Venka is not confident in himself and therefore tries to equal his classmates in everything. He liked himself in a jacket, considered him "awesome" and did not hear any ridicule about this from others, but felt that he did not fit into the team, and therefore tried to get rid of the jacket. He even decided that his children would imitate their friends in everything. So, unsure of himself and dependent on others, Venka did not defend his individuality and defend his own opinion.

A similar case is described in another work by Svetlana Lubenets. His heroine Nina differs from her peers, who have already found boyfriends, in that she has no changes in her life. And she even somehow put up with it, until her best friend Irishka found a boyfriend for herself. And now Nina, previously a self-sufficient girl, trying to be like everyone else, imitating her classmates, suddenly decides that she needs a boyfriend and creates a virtual one for herself. So a girl, instead of revealing her individuality, copies her friends, and this imitation comes to a childishly frivolous act - inventing a friend for herself.

It follows from these examples that self-doubt is the result of low self-esteem and dependence on the opinions of others, prevents people from defending their own point of view, maintaining their individuality, making them the same, similar to each other. Lisa R.

7.

Uncertainty is the exact opposite of confidence: self-sufficiency is opposed to a focus on disappointment and distrust; faith in one's abilities - doubts in physical and spiritual forces. In general, uncertainty is a very bad thing. trait that can cause a lot of trouble.

I think that in our turbulent time a person must be self-confident, otherwise he will not survive, therefore, one must fight with uncertainty in all ways: train one's will, carefully prepare for speeches in front of an audience, not lose one's sense of dignity in unexpected situations.

As the first argument confirming my point of view, one can cite sentences 8-11 from the text of V.I. Odnoralov a, in which the consequences of the uncertainty of Vovka, one of the heroes of the story, are visible. The city boy, not knowing what to expect from a goat, "just in case" backed away from Sivka and fell into the mud, putting himself in an awkward position. Vovka's uncertainty played a cruel joke on him: the village guys began to laugh at the boy, and he "was ready to sink through the ground with shame."

The second argument in favor of my opinion will be a small story from personal experience. One day, without learning my lessons, I went to school. There was no certainty that I would not be asked. Soon a slight excitement appeared, then it was replaced by feelings, and then fear came. The uncertainty that arose from fear was eating away at me from the inside, squeezing from the outside, and although everything went well, I was morally exhausted during the day. Once again I was convinced that uncertainty is the heaviest moral burden that must be disposed of.

I think by giving two arguments, I proved my understanding of the words "self-doubt." Each of us should strive to “get rid of” this feeling in ourselves so that it does not harm. Belov Nikita, student of I.A. Suyazova

	Lack of self-esteem - it is a lack of faith in oneself, one's strengths, capabilities and abilities. Insecure people have low self-esteem, they suffer from an inferiority complex. This feature is very disturbing in life. It needs to be fought and overcome.	Uncertainty, fear, failure,	Uncertainty is the exact opposite of confidence: self-sufficiency is opposed to a focus on disappointment and distrust; faith in one's abilities - doubts in physical and spiritual forces. In general, insecurity is a very bad character trait that can cause a lot of trouble.	The hero of the story faced the same problem. L. Andreeva "Petka in the country". Petka is a child from a poor family, given by an apprentice to a hairdresser. There he performed the most difficult and dirty work. The boy never heard a kind word from the owner, only screams, abuse, threats. In such an environment, Petka became humiliated, downtrodden and unsure of himself.
	Uncertainty is the fear of making an independent decision because of doubts about one's strengths, capabilities, abilities, fear of failure.	Fear of making your own decision internal fears	Self-doubt is a lack of faith in yourself, your strengths, capabilities and abilities. Insecure people have low self-esteem, they suffer from an inferiority complex. This feature is very disturbing in life. It needs to be fought and overcome.	Overcoming his uncertainty and the heroine of the story A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter" Masha Mironova. At the beginning of the work we have a very timid, shy girl. She blushes while talking and faints when a cannon fires. But the endured tests temper Masha's character. At the end of the story, the heroine is unrecognizable: she boldly and decisively fights for the salvation of her lover.
	Uncertainty is fear, internal fears associated with low self-esteem. Fears that bind a person, preventing him from growing and developing further, forcing him to hesitate when solving any issues, taking actions - all this is the definition of what self-doubt is.	Fears, hesitations	What is self-doubt? I think this is, first of all, a person's dependence on the opinions of others and doubts about their physical and mental strengths. In addition, this inability to make independent decisions and low self-esteem, and, as a result, uncertainty is the cause of many troubles.	In the work Exupery "The Little Prince" the hero flies away from love, because he doubts that she needs it. He thinks that he is not worthy of her, and that Rosa is too proud to keep him. But after all, their feelings were mutual, and separation was only a consequence of the prince's self-doubt.

6.Bank of arguments

Examples from the literature

1. In Gogol's story "The Overcoat", the protagonist was also not sure about himself, so his colleagues easily drove him crazy. But if Akaky Akakievich conquered shyness and fear in himself, he could make a career and start a family. Thus, low self-esteem ruins people.

2. In Andersen's fairy tale "The Snow Queen" it was also difficult for the heroine to overcome self-doubt. She doubted she could save Kai. But if she gave vent to fear and did not follow him, his heart would turn to ice. So we must force ourselves to go forward and believe in success, otherwise life will not turn out the way we want.

3. Every time I doubt myself, I remember the exploits of Hercules. No wonder the ancient Greeks described them: they motivate me to take action. After all, he believed that he would cope with all the tasks, this was the secret of success, but what about me, worse or what? The right books will always help you believe in yourself.

4. In Pushkin's fairy tale "Ruslan and Lyudmila" the hero really could doubt whether he was worthy of Lyudmila's hand: the bride was stolen from under his nose. But Ruslan did not succumb to fears and went to the rescue of the girl. Insecure people, unlike him, would accept the verdict of fate and lose their love.

5. In Turgenev's story "Mumu", the hero lost faith in his abilities and drowned his beloved dog, believing that he himself is not very different from a dog, since the mistress rules him as she wants. This is what self-doubt led to: Gerasim killed his only friend. And if he assessed himself soberly, he would take Mumu and go on the run, because any person has the right to happiness.

6. The hero from Dostoevsky's novel "Poor People" is really not sure of himself. Makar loved Varvara, but thought himself too low to propose. He doubted whether he could provide for her, did not believe that she would be fine with him, and did not consider himself worthy of her hand.

7. In Exupery's The Little Prince, the hero flies away from love, because he doubts that she needs it. He thinks that he is not worthy of her, and that Rosa is too proud to keep him. But after all, their feelings were mutual, and separation was only a consequence of the prince's self-doubt.

8. Self-doubt can only be cured by love. The very young Pyotr Grinev did not doubt himself when he disobeyed the commander and went to Pugachev to help Masha in Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter. He conquered his fear for the sake of his beloved and proved to himself that he was capable of anything.

9. In Walter Scott's novel "Ivanhoe", the hero also experienced uncertainty in his abilities, because he went to the duel after a serious wound. However, he overcame himself in order to help other, really weak people. Therefore, a truly noble person will never always find a source of faith in himself in good thoughts.

10. In Pushkin's story Queen of Spades The hero was not confident in himself, so he believed more in magic than in his abilities. As a result, low self-esteem led to his moral decline, because such people have nothing to lose, they do not value themselves and are not afraid to mess up.

Real life examples

1. I also doubted myself when it came to creativity. I did not think that my daub could be liked by someone. But once my drawings caught the eye of our teacher, who understood such things. He insisted that I participate in the competition, and in the end my work won first place. Since then, I have gained confidence in my abilities.

2. My mother has always been insecure. It seemed to her that she would not be able to work in her specialty (designer). Once a new acquaintance of my father came to visit us and was amazed at the beauty of our apartment. He hired his mother to decorate his home, it was then that her successful career began.

3. I was never sure of myself, so I often left the space for an answer empty if in doubt, and didn’t get out of the triples. I did not believe in my abilities, but in vain: the tutor, having unraveled my secret, forbade me to leave the question unanswered. As a result, I became a solid good guy. This is how a person can be humiliated by self-doubt.

4. There was also a very shy boy in our company. He was always silent and repeated everything after the others. But I felt that he was not stupid, he just behaved like that. I became friends with him and understood the reason: he had speech defects. Then I feigned burr and went with him to a speech therapist. As a result, he was able to overcome his insecurities and learned to speak beautifully.

5. Helpless people need help. For example, my grandmother helped me a lot when she took me to additional classes. I was not sociable and constrained, but she did not give up and developed a personality in me. It was then that I learned to control myself and make responsible decisions. Self-doubt vanished.

6. Self-doubt is not always manifested in people who are quiet and inconspicuous. Often, even the brightest and most courageous of us suffer from indecision and self-doubt. An example of this is my friend, the ringleader and the joker, who, nevertheless, was afraid to give a valentine to a classmate and invite her to the cinema.

7. Confident, at first glance, people also sometimes suffer from doubts. For example, our teacher was invited to the competition "Teacher of the Year", but was too shy to take part. Then she secretly admitted to us that she felt uncomfortable claiming an award for her daily work.

8. My brother also suffered from self-doubt, especially when building Lego. When he was given a new one, he was afraid to start every time, because he underestimated his capabilities. In the end, he got angry and fought with himself, but still achieved the goal.

9. I teach my younger brother to always fight back, because he is not confident in himself and cannot respond to rudeness. From resentment, he immediately withdraws into himself, as he doubts his ability to punish the bully. I teach him to oppose the offender with courage. Then even a loss in a fight will force the enemy, if not to love, but to respect him.

10. My friend has always been insecure. Although she was brilliant in chemistry, she did not go to the Olympiad, because she was afraid to lose. Now she has learned that all these competitions are needed for preferential admission to the university, and she is very sorry that she missed so many opportunities.

Neshcheret E. I. (Nizhyn, Ukraine), employee of the Nizhyn State Pedagogical University / 2002

The theme of fear runs through many of the works of N.V. Gogol (the comedies "The Inspector General", "Marriage, a poem" Dead Souls", the story " Terrible revenge"Viy" and others). In all works, fear is woven into the compositional plot line and has a specific manifestation. It is also stylistically significant in the story "The Overcoat".

Traffic storyline allows you to trace the nature and dynamics of this affective state, its expression. Fear is a special link in the anxiety series, which includes several affective phenomena that naturally replace each other as anxiety arises and grows.

The least intensity of anxiety is a feeling of inner tension. The reader traces the description of such a state of the hero of the story already on the first pages through the attitude of the colleagues of the department towards the hero. Akaky Akakiyevich, a petty "official for writing", in this institution "was not shown ... any respect", "the bosses treated him somehow coldly / arbitrarily", "young officials laughed and joked at him", "poured him paper head. It would seem that our hero got used to such treatment and even, as the author notes, "did not make a single mistake in the letter" at the same time. But it is no coincidence that the enumeration of all not so pleasant appeals, they escalate the internal tension of the hero’s state, for whom such an attitude is still not indifferent: the jokes of colleagues sometimes became “too unbearable”. Silent Akaki Akakievich was forced to say: “Leave me, why are you offending me?”, “And something strange was in the words and in the voice with which they were uttered.”

His words testify to the painful spiritual discomfort that he is experiencing. This feeling does not yet have a tinge of threat, but serves as a signal of the probable approach of more severe anxiety reactions: if up to the aforementioned moment the chicanery of officials does not have a definite effect, then over time they acquire significance, turning into stimuli of irritation.

The further course of events reveals an increase in alarming symptoms. Yes, and how could they not be, if on the "road of life" of "titular advisers" there are many "various disasters". One of them, “a strong enemy of everyone who receives four hundred rubles a year or so,” is the northern frost and wind, which forced Akaky Akakievich to take a closer look at his sprawling hood, which also served as the subject of ridicule for officials.

The whole procedure of the failed repair, and then the sewing of a new overcoat, is accompanied by scenes of disturbing sensations that the hero of the work experiences and that the reader begins to experience, foreseeing a tragic denouement. Let us recall the scenes at the tailor Petrovich, which, under the masterful pen of N.V. Gogol, turn into a laconic psychological duel of characters. Akaky Akakievich’s first feeling from the inevitable meeting with Petrovich was “unpleasant” that he came just then “when Petrovich was angry.” This did not bode well, and “Akaky Akakievich wanted to back out, as they say,” it was necessary to start a conversation, and the customer "involuntarily" said: "Hello Petrovich!".

The duel has begun. The psychological tension of the described situation is subtly conveyed by means of the language description of the actions of the characters, their speech.

Anxiety, hitherto unconscious, begins to find its object. In the soul of Akaky Akakievich, fear arises. At first, it was the fear that Petrovich would refuse to mend his overcoat, while Akaky Akakiyevich hoped that everything would be fine by repairing his wardrobe. Specific indicators of fear are introduced into the text of the narrative. Attention is drawn to the confused speech of the hero, who is trying to keep the old overcoat (“But I’m the one, Petrovich ... the overcoat, the cloth ... you see ...”); palpitations (at the tailor's categorical refusal, Akaky Akakievich's heart skipped a beat); distraction of attention (at the word “new” in Akaky Akakievich ““ clouded in the eyes, and everything that was in the room just went confused in front of him). The psychological duel heated up: if Akaky Akakievich was "as if in a dream", then Petrovich answered him "decisively", "with barbaric calm". Fear finds another object, now the cost of sewing a new overcoat. The amount that Petrovich names (and “he liked to suddenly somehow completely puzzle and then look sideways at what a puzzled face would make after such words”) makes poor Bashmachkin even cry out “perhaps for the first time from his birth, for he was always different the quietness of the voice." Other indicators of mental reactivity are added: from Petrovich, Akaki Akakievich “came out completely destroyed”, “went out into the street .. was like in a dream”; “He went in the opposite direction, without knowing it himself. On the way, the chimney sweep touched him with all his unclean current and blackened his entire shoulder; a whole cap of lime fell on him from the top of a house under construction. He didn't notice anything... There is a simultaneity and sequence of several manifestations of fear: confused speech, short-term slow behavior, palpitations, shrinking, removal from the stimulus.

Sketches-descriptions of the place of action act as special signs of the hero's internal state in the story. In this regard, Bashmachkin's road from the party in a new overcoat is psychologically expressive. The description of the evening, the road is in harmony with the inner state of the character: at first it was light on the street, and Akaky Akakievich “walked in a cheerful mood, even ran up ... for some lady”, but then “stretched ... deserted streets that even during the day they are not so cheerful, and even more so in the evening, "the streets became more and more deaf and secluded, lamps appeared less often, shacks blackened, in front of Bashmachkin there was an" endless "square, which" looked like a terrible desert. The tension of the hero’s internal state is growing: “Akaky Akakievich’s gaiety has somehow significantly decreased here.

He entered the square not without some kind of involuntary fear, as if his heart had a premonition of something unkind. Anxiety, stimulated by darkness, emptiness, is replaced by fear. Feeling the inevitability of an impending catastrophe, “his eyes blurred and his chest began to beat ... Akaky Akakievich wanted to shout “guard” - at that time “some people with mustaches” took off his overcoat; when he came to his senses, no one was there.

Fear, depending on the intensity, is experienced by Bashmachkin as a premonition, uncertainty, or complete insecurity. In this state, for example, we see him when meeting with the general, to whom he turns with the hope that a “significant person” will help find the greatcoat: “Akaky Akakievich already felt the proper timidity in advance, was somewhat embarrassed.” The intensity of fear varies from anticipation of something unpleasant to horror.

Fear at the sight significant person“ strongly affects the course of all the mental processes of the hero: again constrained speech (“... and, as best he could, as much as the freedom of language could allow him, he explained with the addition of even more often, at other times, particles of “that” ... “) ; "sweated in a terrible way"; he tried "to collect all the small handful of the presence of the spirit, which was only in him"; after the general “stomped his foot, raising his voice to such a strong note that not even Akaky Akakievich would have been scared”, he completely “died, staggered, trembled all over and could not stand at all”, “he was taken out almost without movements”, “how I went out into the street, I didn’t remember anything”, “I walked through the blizzard that whistled in the streets, mouth gaping, knocking off the sidewalks”. Every artistic detail in all the scenes of the story turns out to be psychologically significant, allowing us to observe the change in the mental state of the hero. As you can see, fear in its various manifestations permeates the entire story. Scenes of expression of fear are also related to other characters in the story. Fear makes, for example, officials who wear “all sorts of overcoats: on cats, on beavers, on cotton wool, raccoon, fox, bear coats ...”, and after the death of the protagonist, experience anxious and fearful excitement.

An indication of the special intensity of emotion experienced by officials at the sight of a dead man is conveyed by N.V. Gogol with intensives all, everyone, such, even: “... this inspired him, however, with such fear that he rushed to run as fast as he could” , "the watchmen got such a fear of the dead", "felt such fear that, not without reason, he even began to fear about some kind of painful attack" and so on.

The sources of fear in the story are objects, people (living and dead), situations that cause expressive reactions either in direct collisions, or through the formation of assumptions, through anticipation.

Each particular technique in depicting the emotional state of fear is another facet of Gogol's writing talent, his vision of the human soul, internal changes in emotions. N.V. Gogol himself repeatedly pointed out his gift as a psychologist: “From all that I have written, despite all the imperfection of what is written, you can, however, see that the author knows what people are and can hear what the soul is person."

All the noted features of the expressive manifestation of the emotion of fear in the story testify to the realism of the representation of this anxious state in art test and about the writer's mastery of the techniques of creating a psychological image.

Literature

1. Gogol N. V. Overcoat. - M., 1978.

2. Gogol NV Complete works. - T. 13. - M., 195.

The story of Nikolai Gogol "" most clearly showed us the problem " little man" in society. BUT main character works - Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin became the personification of that very “little man”.

Already the first lines of the story tell us that the fate of the protagonist is decided. The first thing that catches your eye is the choice of a name. Gogol ironically describes the moment of choosing a name for a child. Of all the names presented: Mokkiy, Sossy or Khozdazat - Akakiy was the most suitable. Therefore, it was decided to name the baby Akakiy in honor of his father.

Akaky Akakievich was fifty years old. In appearance, he was short in stature, with a bald spot on his forehead. All his life he worked as a petty official in one of the city offices. His main task was to rewrite papers. It is worth noting that Bashmachkin really liked his work. He even had favorite letters, which he wrote with special diligence.

Like all "little people", the main character was afraid to take the initiative, he was frightened by any new business. One day, the new director of the office, seeing the efforts of Akaky Akakievich, decides to reward him and give him a more difficult job. It was necessary to read the article and change the verbs where necessary. After a little thought, Bashmachkin said that it would be better if he just rewrote something.

His meager salary did not allow him to make expensive purchases. For many years he wore a green jacket, which already seemed to be a reddish floury color. One day, Akaki Akakievich decides to order a new overcoat. I must say that this decision was not easy for him. He twice asked the tailor to mend his old overcoat, but the tailor did not want to take the job.

Bashmachkin begins to save on everything in order to raise the required amount of money. And now the overcoat is ready. This event became a real holiday in the life of the protagonist. The new overcoat seemed to open the door to him. new life. He even decides to go to the evening to "splash" new thing. There he becomes the main actor. For the first time in his life, Akaky Akakievich allowed himself to be entertained. Late in the evening, on the way home, robbers attack Bashmachkin and take away his overcoat. From that moment on, the life of the protagonist turned into hell. No one understands his tragedy. He tries to find help, but the bureaucracy "crushes" him.

Having caught a cold, Akaki Akakievich dies. His death is noticed only on the fourth day, but no one regrets what happened. Meanwhile, the ghost of Akaky Akakievich begins to take revenge on his offenders, tearing off their overcoats. He calms down only when he takes the overcoat from the general who drove him away.

This was the result of the life of the "little man" Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin.

The writing

The petty official Akaky Akakiyevich lives in an atmosphere of desperate struggle for existence, in an atmosphere of acute unrest and worries that imperiously break into the isolated sphere of his interests. With his unceasing work, Akaki Akakievich is not able to provide even the needs reduced to a minimum. Bashmachkin is one of those people who are deprived of any protection. Where the worship of the strong and noble prevails, Bashmachkin does not exist as a person. In that circle of people with whom Akaky Akakievich is connected with his labor activity, he encounters an attitude that is either coldly indifferent or mockingly insulting.

Having absorbed the spirit of the social environment surrounding him, Bashmachkin does not see anything abnormal either in his existence or in the attitude towards him from his colleagues and superiors. Akaky Akakievich considers natural the conditions of life in which he is. He not only puts up with them, but does not want anything better for himself. Bashmachkin is also resigned to the constant humiliation that he encounters in the department. Ridicule and insults do not cause him any protest. “But not a single elephant answered this Akaky Akakievich, as if there was no one in front of him; this did not even have an effect on his studies: among all these troubles, he did not make a single mistake in writing. Only if the joke was too unbearable, when they pushed him by the arm, preventing him from doing his own business, he said: “Leave me, why are you offending me?”

And only after meeting with a “significant person”, only in a state of unconsciousness does he show “violence”, uttering “the most terrible words, so that the old mistress even crossed herself, having never heard anything like that from him, especially since these words followed directly after the word "Your Excellency". The tragedy of Bashmachkin lies in the fact that he is deprived of the rights to human life, in the fact that society destroys the human "I" in it, the features of a full-fledged personality. But this fading of human qualities is also revealed in a comic way. In comic coverage, Akaky Akakievich's immersion in the world of clerical emotions, in the sphere of miserable vital interests, appears.

The writer makes you feel the depression, the humiliation of the hero even when it is not at all in question about Bashmachkin's direct relationship with the social environment. and the moment when the hero is completely immersed in the world of clerical emotions, in rewriting papers, when at home, forgetting about everything, he makes copies of documents that are remarkable “not only for the beauty of the style, addressed to some new or important person”, in At this time, we clearly feel not only the wretchedness of the hero's interests, but also the strength of his humiliation. The erasure of the individual qualities of the human personality, the transformation of Akaky Akakievich into a grey, miserable, faceless creature is a sharp expression of this depression.

Gogol depicts the spiritual degeneration of Bashmachkin by no means as an exception, it is not a fact only of his individual biography. Precisely because the source of the terrible refinement of the personality lies in the social humiliation of the “little” person, the image of Akaky Akakievich grows into artistic generalization huge range. The fate of Bashmachkin is the lot of many other "little" people like him.

This is very expressively shaded in the next scene of the story. “Thus, they learned in the department about the death of Akaky Akakievich, and the next day a new official was sitting in his place, much taller and putting out letters no longer in such a direct handwriting, but much more obliquely and obliquely.” The whole difference between Akaky AkakievichiGi and the new mechanical performer was only that this new Bashmachkin was taller and put the letters "more obliquely".

Making Bashmachkin the central character of The Overcoat, Gogol includes only two more prominent characters in the story - this is Petrovich and a "significant person". At first glance, such a "narrowing" of the circle of life phenomena covered by the story may seem unjustified. However, it was in this artistic laconicism that the highest skill of the writer was manifested. In the images of Petrovich and the "significant person" Gogol remarkably painted the social "environment". In the very choice of these figures, their internal opposition to each other is clearly revealed.

Portnoy Petrovich is the only person who takes an active part in Bashmachki. He is the only one who understood his anxiety. And this happens because Petrovich himself belongs to the “little” people. “At first he was simply called Gregory and was a serf for some gentleman; He began to be called Petrovich since he received a vacation pay and began to drink quite heavily on all holidays.

And in the image of Petrovich, that sympathetic humor is clearly visible, which is expressed in the characterization of Akaky Akakievich. Life brings as little joy to Petrovich as it does to Bashmachkin. He earns his livelihood by serving people who are in distress. Petrovich huddled "somewhere on the fourth floor up the back stairs" "and was rather successfully repairing bureaucratic and all sorts of trousers and tailcoats, of course, when he was in a sober state and did not have any other enterprise in his head."

Other writings on this work

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In many literary works tells about people who do not have their own opinions, cannot stand up for themselves. They are simply not noticed in society. One of these works is the story of N.V. Gogol's "Overcoat". The protagonist of this story is Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin. He was an official, engaged in rewriting papers. This is a timid, insecure person. Other officials mocked him, considered him insignificant, pathetic, did not notice him, "as if a simple fly had flown through the reception room."

Akaky Akakievich answered all insults with the same answer: “leave me, why do you offend me?”. His overcoat was also the subject of ridicule, officials called it a bonnet. She was actually old, even a little torn on her shoulders. The new overcoat became the main character's dream. “He became somehow more alive, even firmer in character, like a man who has already defined and set himself a goal.” Akaky Akakievich prepared for the purchase all the money that he saved, but this was not enough. Then he decided that he would spend less money on himself, even sometimes he went hungry.

The time came when "Akaky Akakievich walked in the most festive disposition of all feelings ... he felt every moment of the minute that he had a new overcoat on his shoulders, and several times even grinned from inner pleasure."

The next morning he went out in a new overcoat to the department. There he was invited to an evening to celebrate the acquisition of a new thing. Everyone liked her. Colleagues immediately began to respect Akaky Akakievich. After the evening, returning home, he lost his overcoat forever. Some soulless people attacked him and tore it off his shoulders. Desperate, the poor official went home. The next morning he came to the "significant person" to ask to investigate the case of theft. If you give people a high position, then some will hold it with dignity, while others will be overwhelmed with vanity. Such a person was a "significant person." They did not listen to Akaky Akakievich, they ruthlessly shouted at him and drove him out into the street. After some time, the main character dies of a severe fever. He fell ill because he was worried about the unfair treatment of himself, human indifference and cruelty. The loss of the overcoat became a real grief for Akaky Akakievich, and without it he lost the meaning of life. The story ends mysteriously. Near the Kalinkin bridge at night a dead man began to appear, ripping off everyone's coats. Some recognized Akaki Akakievich in him and fled from this place with fear. Once the dead man took off his overcoat from the "significant person". "Pale, frightened and without an overcoat ... he came to his place." I believe that N.V. Gogol turns Bashmachkin into an avenging ghost because he believes that justice must prevail. When the protagonist tore off the overcoat from the "significant person", he calmed down and no longer appeared on the streets of the city.

I was greatly impressed by the episode in the story where Akaky Akakievich's overcoat was stolen. I was amazed at the evil that people have done. This loss was grief for the protagonist. After all, he worked so hard to get an overcoat, and these people stole it in an instant. I believe that the story of N.V. Gogol's "The Overcoat" teaches us to be responsive, attentive to each other, to support and help people in difficult times.