The rotation of energy along ellipses is an exclusive property of space itself. When the ellipses are rotated at a certain angle, as shown in the figure, the points of contact of the ellipses will have the highest energy density. Therefore, the amount of energy released in these places will be summed up. In this case, an energy structure reappears in space. Just as in the chronoshells of the zero module we got the energy model of the dodecahedron, so in the chronoshells of the first module we get a spiral picture. In accordance with the fact that the release of energy along the spiral arms occurs with a greater amplitude, it is in these places that the process of star formation will most intensively occur.

I would like to emphasize once again that the formation of a rotating disk and the formation of spiral arms are structures of a completely different nature. A rotating disk is a system of material bodies formed during the transformation of time. And spiral arms are the energy structure of space, showing in which area of ​​it the release of energy occurs most intensively. Therefore, the main property of the wave spiral pattern is its uniform rotation as a single system of spaces formed by tori. Consequently, the picture of the spiral pattern also rotates as a whole with a constant angular velocity. Although the disk of the galaxy rotates differentially, because it was formed under different conditions and each of its parts is at its own stage of evolution. But the disk itself is secondary in relation to the spiral arms, it is the energy structure of the spirals that is primary, which sets the pace for the entire star-forming process of the disk. It is for this reason that the spiral pattern is indicated so clearly and clearly and retains full regularity throughout the entire disk of the galaxy, not distorted in any way by the differential rotation of the disk.

Density of stars in spiral arms.

Star formation occurs throughout the disk in approximately the same way, so the density of stars will depend on how densely the chronoshells are located between each other. Despite the fact that star formation occurs more intensively in the arms, the density of stars here should not differ much from other regions of the disk, although the increased energy amplitude causes chronoshells that are in less favorable conditions to be initiated. Astronomical observations show that the density of stars in the spiral arms is not so great, they are located there only a little denser than the average for the disk - only 10 percent, no more.

Such a weak contrast would never be seen in photographs of distant galaxies if the stars in the spiral arm were the same as in the entire disk. The thing is that together with the stars in the spiral arms there is an intensive formation of interstellar gas, which then condenses into stars. These stars at the initial stage of their evolution are very bright and stand out strongly from other disk stars. Observations of neutral hydrogen in the disk of our Galaxy (by its radiation in the radio band at a wavelength of 21 cm) show that the gas does indeed form spiral arms.

In order for the arms to be clearly delineated by young stars, a sufficiently high rate of transformation of gas into stars is required and, in addition, a not too long duration of the evolution of a star at its initial bright stage. Both are fulfilled for real physical conditions in galaxies, due to the increased intensity of the time flow released in the arms. The duration of the initial phase of the evolution of bright massive stars is less than the time during which the arm will noticeably shift during its general rotation. These stars shine for about ten million years, which is only five percent of the rotation period of the Galaxy. But as the stars that line the spiral arm burn out, new luminaries and their associated nebulae form in their wake, keeping the spiral pattern intact. The stars that line the arms do not survive even one revolution of the Galaxy; only the spiral pattern is stable.

The increased intensity of energy release along the arms of the Galaxy affects the fact that the youngest stars are mainly concentrated here, many open star clusters and associations, as well as chains of dense clouds of interstellar gas in which stars continue to form. The spiral arms contain a large number of variable and flare stars, and explosions of some types of supernovae are most often observed in them. In contrast to the halo, where any manifestations of stellar activity are extremely rare, a stormy life continues in the spiral branches associated with the continuous transition of matter from interstellar space to stars and back. Because the zero module, which is a halo, is at the final stage of its evolution. Whereas the first module, which is a disk, is at the very peak of its evolutionary development.

conclusions

Let us formulate the main conclusions obtained in the analysis of the space of the Galaxy.

1. From the point of view of the systemic self-organization of matter, the two subsystems that make up the Galaxy belong to different modules of the integral structure of the universe (IMS). The first - the spherical part - is the zero spatial modulus. The second disk part of the Galaxy belongs to the first ISM module. In accordance with cause-and-effect relationships, the first module or disk part of the Galaxy is the effect, while the zero module or halo is considered the cause.

2. Any space is created from a chronoshell, which at the moment of energy input is a fan dipole. At one end of such a dipole is a substance, and at the other - a sphere of expanding space. One pole of the dipole has the properties of gravitating masses and is a material point, and the other pole has antigravitating properties of expanding space and is a sphere surrounding the material point. Thus, any fan-shaped dipole has a physical body and three-dimensional physical space. Therefore, each causal link will consist of four elements: the body of the cause and the space of the cause, the body of the effect and the space of the effect.

3. The main features of the halo are determined by the properties of the chronoshell of the zero module. Let's list them.

one). The boundary of the halo is a membrane with anti-gravity properties, which limits the expanding sphere of vacuum of the fan-shaped dipole. It is represented by a layer of hydrogen plasma surrounding the outside of the halo, in the form of a crown. A corona is formed due to the inhibitory effect of the membrane on hydrogen ions. The topology of the halo space is spherical.

2). In its evolutionary transformation, the halo went through a stage of inflation, during which the chronoshell of the halo broke up into 256 small chronoshells, each of which is now one of the globular clusters of the Galaxy. During inflation, the space of the Galaxy exponentially increased its size. The resulting system was called the honeycomb halo structure.

3). Chronoshells of globular clusters of stars continued to break up further. Stars and star systems become the limiting level of quantization of galaxies. The limiting level of quantization is the new structural organization of matter.

four). The relative location of the chronoshells of stars in the cellular-honeycomb structure of the halo is extremely unequal. Some of them are located closer to the center of the Galaxy, others - closer to the periphery. As a result of this inequality, star formation in each chronoshell has its own characteristics, which affect the density of matter or the nature of their movement.

5). The dwarf systems discovered within our Galaxy belong to the chronoshells of quadrupoles of the second or third level, which are also closed self-organizing subsystems belonging to the Galaxy.

6). The current state of the halo refers to the final stage of evolution. The expansion of its space ended due to the finiteness of the released energy. Nothing resists the forces of gravity. Therefore, the last stage of halo evolution is due to decay processes. Gravity becomes the main force in the system, forcing material bodies to move towards the center of the Galaxy in an increasing gravitational field. An attractive attractor is formed in the center of the Galaxy.

4. The main features of the disk are determined by the properties of the chronoshell of the first module, which is a consequence of the zero module. Let's list them.

one). Since the disk part of the Galaxy is a consequence, therefore, the gravitational fan dipole will be an axial vector M=1 rotating around the axial vector M=0.

2). The space formed by one of the poles of the fan-shaped dipole is created in the form of an expanding sphere rotating around the M=0 axis. Therefore, the topology of the space of the first module is described by a torus embedded in the spherical space of the zero module. The torus is formed by two axial vectors M=0 and M=1, where M=0 is the large radius of the torus and M=1 is the small radius of the torus.

3). The stage of inflation of the chronoshell of the first module gave rise to many new subsystems - smaller internal chronoshells. All of them are arranged according to the nesting doll type inside the chronoshell of the first module. All of them also have a toroidal topology. Structuredness appears in the space of the disk part of the Galaxy.

four). The substance formed by the other pole of the fan dipole is concentrated in the center of the sphere, which describes the small radius of the torus M=1. Since this center, in turn, describes a circle along the radius of a large torus, then the entire substance is formed along this circle in a plane perpendicular to the M=0 axis.

5). The matter formed in new subsystems is also created in the centers of spheres of small radius of the torus. Therefore, all matter is formed along circles located in a plane perpendicular to the M=0 axis. This is how the disk part of the Galaxy is formed.

5. There are two cause bodies in the central region of the Galaxy. One of them is the body of the cause of the halo (bulge), the other is the body of the cause of the disk (circumnuclear gaseous disk). The cause body of the disc, in turn, is the body of the effect in relation to the halo. Therefore, one body revolves around the other.

6. The bulge, like the halo, is at the final stage of evolution, therefore it becomes an attractor, to which all the matter scattered earlier throughout the halo volume gravitates. Accumulating in its center, it forms powerful gravitational fields that gradually compress matter into a black hole.

7. The circumnuclear gaseous disk is the body of the cause of the disk part of the Galaxy and is at an early stage of evolution. In relation to its system - the disk, it is a white hole, from where the energy comes to the development of space and matter of the disk part of the Galaxy.

8. Spiral arms - this is the energy structure of space, showing in which of its areas the release of energy occurs most intensively. This structure is formed due to the circulation of energy inside the torus. In most of the tori, energy circulates not in a circle, but in an ellipse, in one of the foci of which is the body of the cause (black hole), in the other - the body of the effect (white hole). Accordingly, the topology of space changes, the torus will take on a more complex shape, and instead of a circle, which is described by a large radius of the torus, we have an ellipse.

9. Since the disk subsystem of the Galaxy is immersed in the spherical subsystem, additional interaction takes place between them through time. The influence of one subsystem on another leads to the fact that the moment of rotation present in the spherical part is superimposed on the energy circulation in the disk subsystem, as a result of which the tori turn at a small angle relative to each other. When the ellipses are rotated through a certain angle, the energy will have the highest density at the points of contact of the ellipses. In these places, the process of star formation will most intensively occur. Therefore, the main property of the wave spiral pattern is its uniform rotation as a single system of spaces formed by tori.

Literature

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3. Kapitsa S. P., Kurdyumov S. P., Malinetsky G. G. Synergetics and forecasts of the future. M.: URSS, 2003

4. Mandelbrot B. Fractals, chance and finance. M., 2004.

5. Novikov I.D. Evolution of the Universe. M.: Nauka, 1983. 190 s

6. Prigogine I., Stengers I. Time, chaos, quantum. M.: Progress, 1999. 6th ed. M.: KomKniga, 2005.

7. Prigogine K., Stengers I. Order out of chaos. A new dialogue between man and nature. M.: URSS, 2001. 5th ed. M.: KomKniga, 2005.

8. Sagan K. Space. St. Petersburg: Amphora, 2004.

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11. Hawking S. Black holes and young universes. St. Petersburg: Amphora, 2001.

The dwarf elliptical galaxy in the constellation Sagittarius may be responsible for the formation of the spiral arms of our galaxy. This conclusion was made by scientists from the University of Pittsburgh. Their work is published in the latest issue of the journal Nature.

The group was led by Christopher Purcell. Their numerical simulations were the first to suggest such a scenario for the formation of spiral arms. "It gives us a new and rather unexpected look at why our galaxy looks the way it does," says Purcell.

"Cosmologically speaking, our calculations show that relatively small collisions like this can have major consequences in the formation of galaxies throughout the universe," he adds. “This idea was previously expressed theoretically, but has not yet been implemented.”

Most of the group of scientists are employees of the University of California at Irvine, where the Astrocomputer Center is located. Unfortunately, in the field of cosmology, numerical simulation using supercomputers is the only research method. The studied phenomena and objects are so large and complex that it makes no sense to talk not only about analytical, but even about numerical methods on conventional machines. With the help of supercomputers, astronomers have the opportunity to recreate, at least on a small scale, cosmological phenomena occurring over billions of years and to study these phenomena in an accelerated mode of their reproduction. On the basis of such modeling, assumptions are made, which are then tested using real observations.

In addition to the conclusion about the collision, Purcell's numerical simulations revealed an interesting feature of the stars of the dwarf galaxy. All of them were surrounded by dark matter, the mass of which is approximately equal to the mass of all the stars in our galaxy.

It has long been known that real matter makes up less than 5% of the universe, while dark matter makes up about a quarter. Its existence is revealed only by gravitational interaction. Now it can be argued that all galaxies, including the Milky Way and the dwarf galaxy (before the collision) are surrounded by dark matter, and the region of space with it is several times larger than the galaxy in size and mass.

“When all this dark matter hit the Milky Way, 80 to 90 percent of it was bounced off,” says Purcell. This first collision, which took place about two billion years ago, led to instabilities in the structure of our galaxy, which were then increased, which eventually led to spiral arms and ring formations.

Purcell's dissertation focused on another question: what did the repeated collisions of a dwarf galaxy lead to?

Over the past few decades, it has been assumed that the Milky Way has not been disturbed for the past several billion years. Spiral arms in this light appeared as a logical result of the isolated evolution of the galaxy.

From the moment when a dwarf elliptical galaxy, a satellite of the Milky Way, was discovered in the constellation Sagittarius, astronomers began to study its fragments. In 2003, supercomputer calculations of the galaxy's trajectory showed that it had previously collided with the Milky Way. The first time it happened 1.9 billion years ago, the second time - 0.9 billion years ago.

“But what happened to the Milky Way was not reproduced in the simulation,” says Purcell. “Our calculation was the first in which such an attempt was made.”

Scientists have found that the collision leads to instability - fluctuations in stellar density - in the disk of the rotating Milky Way. The inner regions of our galaxy rotate faster than the outer regions, this instability has been amplified, resulting in the formation of spiral arms.

In addition, the simulations revealed that due to the collision, ring structures formed at the edges of our galaxy.

The second collision had lesser consequences. It also created waves leading to the formation of spiral arms, but they were much less intense, since the dwarf galaxy lost most of its dark matter in the first collision. Without dark matter to act as a container for the galaxy, its stars began to crumble apart under the influence of the Milky Way's gravitational field.

“Galaxies like the Milky Way are under constant bombardment of dwarf galaxies. But until our study, it was not assumed how important the consequences of such collisions could be, says Purcell. - We plan to find other results of the collision, for example, the glow in the outer regions of the disk of our galaxy. We expected to see changes in the Milky Way as a result of the collision, but did not expect that it led to the formation of spiral arms. We didn't foresee this."

It was so unexpected that scientists delayed the publication of their discovery for several months in order to check everything once again. "We had to convince ourselves that we were sane," adds Purcell.

Currently, streams of stars that once belonged to the dwarf galaxy are circling around the Milky Way. However, it did not completely collapse, and in a few million years a new collision will begin. “We can understand this by observing the center of the Milky Way. On the opposite side of us, the stars fall on the disk of the galaxy from below. We can measure the speed of these stars and we can say that soon the dwarf galaxy will hit the disk again, in just 10 million years.”

Exactly the same situation with our Galaxy. We know for sure that we live in the same spiral galaxy as, say, M31 - the Andromeda nebula. But here's a map of the spiral arms of the same M31, we imagine much better than our own Milky Way. We don't even know how many spiral arms we have.

Half a century ago, in 1958, Jan Hendrik Oort first attempted to figure out the shape of the Milky Way's spiral arms. To do this, he built a map of the distribution of molecular gas in our Galaxy, based on measurements made on a wave of neutral atomic hydrogen. His map did not include the disk sector of the outer Milky Way "above" the Earth, nor the larger sector including both the outer and inner regions "below" the Earth. In addition, the Oort map contained many errors related to the incorrect determination of the distances to some objects and the inaccuracy of the model used to build the gas distribution. As a result, the Oort map turned out to be asymmetric, so it could not be described by a reasonable model of the spiral pattern. Although the fact that atomic hydrogen is concentrated in spirally twisted arms was already clear then.

After that, many scientists created more detailed maps based on observational data both in the atomic hydrogen wave and in the CO molecule wave. The maps were both two-dimensional and three-dimensional. Most of them were based on the simplest laws of circular rotation. Some of these maps contained two spiral arms of molecular gas, some four. Scientists have not come to a consensus which of the models is more correct.

A new research in this direction was announced by the project of the astronomer from SAI Sergei Popov - "Astronomical Scientific Picture of the Day" or ANC. The study, led by the Swiss Peter Englmaier of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Zurich, seems to be the first time that we can more or less accurately at least count the arms in the spiral pattern of our star system. A study based on the distribution of molecular CO and molecular hydrogen shows that the picture is quite complex. At the same time, the Swiss answer the global question "two or four" - "both this and that."

Apparently, in the inner part of our Galaxy there is a jumper (bar), from the ends of which two spiral arms extend. However, they do not go to outer areas. Most likely, there are four such arms in the outer region of the Milky Way. It is quite possible that two more arms extend from the bar, which just divide into four in the outer part of the Galaxy. Various versions of the spiral structure of the inner regions of the Galaxy have already been proposed, and with regard to the current work, one can only argue about its accuracy. Englemyer, a 3D data scientist, for the first time in the history of astronomy, was able to "see" spiral arms in the outer region of the Milky Way, at a distance of more than 20 kiloparsecs from its center. And this can already be considered a breakthrough.

The starry sky has attracted the eyes of people since ancient times. The best minds of all peoples tried to comprehend our place in the Universe, to imagine and justify its structure. Scientific progress made it possible to move in the study of the vast expanses of space from romantic and religious constructions to logically verified theories based on numerous factual material. Now any schoolchild has an idea of ​​what our Galaxy looks like according to the latest research, who, why and when gave it such a poetic name and what its supposed future is.

origin of name

The expression "the Milky Way galaxy" is, in fact, a tautology. Galactikos roughly translated from ancient Greek means "milk". So the inhabitants of the Peloponnese called the cluster of stars in the night sky, attributing its origin to the quick-tempered Hera: the goddess did not want to feed Hercules, the illegitimate son of Zeus, and splashed her breast milk in anger. Drops and formed a star track, visible on clear nights. Centuries later, scientists discovered that the observed luminaries are only an insignificant part of the existing celestial bodies. They gave the name of the Galaxy or the Milky Way system to the space of the Universe, in which our planet is also located. After confirming the assumption of the existence of other similar formations in space, the first term became universal for them.

Inside view

Scientific knowledge about the structure of the part of the universe, including the solar system, took little from the ancient Greeks. The understanding of what our Galaxy looks like has evolved from the spherical universe of Aristotle to modern theories, in which there is a place for black holes and dark matter.

The fact that the Earth is an element of the Milky Way system imposes certain restrictions on those who are trying to figure out what shape our galaxy has. An unequivocal answer to this question requires a view from the side, and at a great distance from the object of observation. Now science is deprived of such an opportunity. A kind of substitute for an outside observer is the collection of data on the structure of the Galaxy and their correlation with the parameters of other space systems available for study.

The collected information allows us to say with confidence that our Galaxy has the shape of a disk with a thickening (bulge) in the middle and spiral arms diverging from the center. The latter contain the brightest stars in the system. The disk is over 100,000 light-years across.

Structure

The center of the Galaxy is hidden by interstellar dust, which makes it difficult to study the system. The methods of radio astronomy help to cope with the problem. Waves of a certain length easily overcome any obstacles and allow you to get such a desired image. Our Galaxy, according to the data obtained, has an inhomogeneous structure.

It is conditionally possible to distinguish two elements connected with each other: the halo and the disk itself. The first subsystem has the following characteristics:

• in shape it is a sphere;

• its center is considered to be the bulge;
• the highest concentration of stars in the halo is characteristic of its middle part, with approaching the edges, the density strongly decreases;
• the rotation of this zone of the galaxy is rather slow;
• the halo mostly contains old stars with a relatively small mass;
• a significant space of the subsystem is filled with dark matter.

The galactic disk in terms of the density of stars greatly exceeds the halo. In the sleeves there are young and even just emerging

Center and core

The "heart" of the Milky Way is located in Without studying it, it is difficult to fully understand what our Galaxy is like. The name "core" in scientific writings either refers only to the central region with a diameter of only a few parsecs, or includes the bulge and gas ring, which is considered the birthplace of stars. In what follows, the first version of the term will be used.

Visible light struggles to penetrate the center of the Milky Way as it collides with a lot of cosmic dust that obscures what our Galaxy looks like. Photos and images taken in the infrared range greatly expand the knowledge of astronomers about the nucleus.

Data on the features of radiation in the central part of the Galaxy led scientists to the idea that there is a black hole in the core of the nucleus. Its mass is more than 2.5 million times the mass of the Sun. Around this object, according to researchers, another, but less impressive in its parameters, black hole rotates. Modern knowledge about the features of the structure of the cosmos suggests that such objects are located in the central part of most galaxies.

Light and darkness

The joint influence of black holes on the movement of stars makes its own adjustments to how our Galaxy looks: it leads to specific changes in orbits that are not typical for cosmic bodies, for example, near the solar system. The study of these trajectories and the relationship between the velocities of motion and the distance from the center of the Galaxy formed the basis of the currently actively developing theory of dark matter. Its nature is still shrouded in mystery. The presence of dark matter, presumably constituting the vast majority of all matter in the Universe, is registered only by the effect of gravity on orbits.

If we dispel all the cosmic dust that the core hides from us, a striking picture opens up. Despite the concentration of dark matter, this part of the universe is full of light emitted by a huge number of stars. There are hundreds of times more of them per unit of space than near the Sun. Approximately ten billion of them form a galactic bar, also called a bar, of an unusual shape.

space nut

The study of the center of the system in the long-wavelength range made it possible to obtain a detailed infrared image. Our Galaxy, as it turned out, in the core has a structure resembling a peanut in a shell. This "nut" is the jumper, which includes more than 20 million red giants (bright, but less hot stars).

Spiral arms of the Milky Way diverge from the ends of the bar.

The work associated with the discovery of a “peanut” at the center of a star system not only shed light on what our Galaxy is like in structure, but also helped to understand how it developed. Initially, in the space of space there was an ordinary disk, in which a jumper formed over time. Under the influence of internal processes, the bar changed its shape and began to look like a walnut.

Our house on the space map

Active activity occurs both in the bar and in the spiral arms that our Galaxy has. They were named after the constellations where branches of the branches were discovered: the arms of Perseus, Cygnus, Centaurus, Sagittarius and Orion. Near the latter (at a distance of at least 28 thousand light years from the core) is the solar system. This area has certain characteristics, according to experts, that made possible the emergence of life on Earth.

The galaxy and our solar system rotate with it. The patterns of motion of the individual components do not coincide in this case. stars are sometimes part of the spiral branches, then separated from them. Only the luminaries lying on the boundary of the corotation circle do not make such "journeys". These include the Sun, protected from the powerful processes that are constantly taking place in the arms. Even a slight shift would negate all other advantages for the development of organisms on our planet.

Sky in diamonds

The sun is just one of many similar bodies that fill our galaxy. Stars, single or grouped, total more than 400 billion according to the latest data. The closest Proxima Centauri to us is part of a three-star system, along with the slightly more distant Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B. The brightest point in the night sky, Sirius A, is located in Its luminosity, according to various sources, exceeds the solar one by 17-23 times. Sirius is also not alone, he is accompanied by a satellite bearing a similar name, but labeled B.

Children often begin to get acquainted with what our Galaxy looks like by searching the sky for the North Star or Alpha Ursa Minor. It owes its popularity to its position above the North Pole of the Earth. In terms of luminosity, Polaris significantly exceeds Sirius (almost two thousand times brighter than the Sun), but it cannot dispute the rights of Alpha Canis Major to the title of the brightest due to its distance from Earth (estimated from 300 to 465 light years).

Types of luminaries

Stars differ not only in luminosity and distance from the observer. Each is assigned a certain value (the corresponding parameter of the Sun is taken as a unit), the degree of surface heating, color.

The most impressive sizes are supergiants. Neutron stars have the highest concentration of matter per unit volume. The color characteristic is inextricably linked with temperature:

• reds are the coldest;
• heating the surface to 6,000º, like that of the Sun, gives rise to a yellow tint;
• white and blue luminaries have a temperature of more than 10,000º.

It can change and reach a maximum shortly before its collapse. Supernova explosions make a huge contribution to understanding what our Galaxy looks like. The photographs of this process taken by telescopes are amazing.
The data collected on their basis helped to reconstruct the process that led to the flare and to predict the fate of a number of cosmic bodies.

Future of the Milky Way

Our Galaxy and other galaxies are constantly in motion and interacting. Astronomers have found that the Milky Way has repeatedly swallowed up its neighbors. Similar processes are expected in the future. Over time, it will include the Magellanic Cloud and a number of dwarf systems. The most impressive event is expected in 3-5 billion years. This will be a collision with the only neighbor that is visible from Earth to the naked eye. As a result, the Milky Way will become an elliptical galaxy.

The endless expanses of space are amazing. It is difficult for the layman to realize the magnitude of not only the Milky Way or the entire Universe, but even the Earth. However, thanks to the achievements of science, we can imagine at least approximately what a part of the grandiose world we are.