Obsolete words are words that are no longer used in standard speech. Lexicographic analysis is used to determine whether a certain word is obsolete. He should show that now this word is rarely used in speech.

One of the types obsolete words are historicisms, that is, designations of concepts that no longer exist. There are quite a lot of similar words among the designations of professions or social positions of a person that have ceased to be relevant, for example, one-palace, profos, scavenger, proviantmeister, postilion, potter. A huge number of historicisms designate objects material culture, out of use - konka, torch, chaise, bast shoes. The meaning of some words belonging to this category is known to at least some native speakers who recognize them without effort, but there are no historicisms in the active dictionary.

Archaisms are words that point to concepts that continue to exist in the language, for which another word is now used. Instead of "so that" they say "so that", instead of "from the beginning" - "from ancient times, always", and instead of "eye" - "eye". Some of these words are completely unrecognizable by those who encounter them, and thus they are already dropped out of the passive vocabulary. For example, the word "in vain" is not recognized by many as a synonym for "in vain." At the same time, its root has been preserved in the words “vanity”, “vainly”, which are still included, at least, in the passive dictionary of the Russian language.
Some archaisms have remained in modern Russian speech as components of phraseological units. In particular, the expression "cherish as the apple of an eye" contains two archaisms at once, including "the pupil", which means "pupil". This word, as opposed to the word "eye", is unknown to the vast majority of native speakers, even educated ones.

Words go out of active use and into passive vocabulary gradually. Among other things, the change in their status is due to changes in society. But the role of directly linguistic factors is also essential. An important point is the number of connections given word with the rest. A word with a rich set of systemic connections of a different nature will go noticeably more slowly into a passive dictionary.
Obsolete words do not have to be ancient. Relatively recent words can quickly fall into disuse. This applies to many terms that appeared in the early Soviet era. At the same time, both initially Russian words and borrowings, such as “battle” (battle), “victory” (meaning “victory”, but not woman's name), "fortecia" (victory).

Archaisms are divided into a number of categories depending on the nature of their obsolescence. The main option is archaisms proper-lexical, such words are completely outdated. For example, it is “like”, meaning “which” or “eye”, that is, the eye. Lexico-semantic archaism is a polysemantic word that is obsolete in one or more meanings. For example, the word "shame" still exists, but no longer means "spectacle." In lexico-phonetic archaisms, the spelling and pronunciation of the word has changed, but the meaning has been preserved. "Guishpan" (now Spanish) belongs to this category of archaisms. The lexical-derivational type of archaisms contains prefixes or suffixes that make this form obsolete. For example, previously there was a variant of the verb "fall", but now only "fall" is possible.

Obsolete words in modern writing and oral speech can be used for different purposes. In particular, when writing historical novels their presence is necessary for styling. In modern oral speech, their function may be to enhance the expressiveness of what is spoken. Archaisms are able to give statements both solemn, sublime, and ironic.

You can see obsolete, rare and forgotten words in ours.

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Every person who wants to learn and develop, always strives to learn something new and useful for himself. Vocabulary is considered especially important, which has not only become an indicator of erudition for a long time, but can also help in the most unexpected life situation. In this article, you will be able to learn about and historicism. and context can also be useful for especially inquisitive people to familiarize themselves with.

historicisms

Historicisms include the names of objects that were used by our ancestors, and today they are found only in museums. For example, the word "squeaker", which refers to an ancient type of weapon used in Russia several centuries ago. The word "axe", which denoted one of the types of combat accessories, also belongs to historicism. It was something similar to a modern ax, but with two blades.

How did historicisms appear?

The main reason that over time historicisms appeared in the language was the change in the habitual life of our ancestors, customs, the development of science and culture. So, for example, the disappeared types of clothing - armyak, caftan, camisole - were no longer used, and this led to the disappearance of their names from the language. Now such concepts can only be found in historical descriptions. There are many words that have ceased to be used, and now they are classified as "historicisms". An example of this is the concepts that in one way or another concerned serfdom in Russia. Among them - quitrent, corvée, tax.

Archaisms

This category includes words that denote things and concepts that still exist, but with changed names. For example, our ancestors instead of the modern "this" said "this", and "very" sounded like "green". Historicisms and which are found in many literary works are by no means always completely replaced by other words, they can only partially change. For example, phonetically or morphologically.

How did archaisms appear?

This kind of obsolete words appeared due to the fact that over time any vocabulary undergoes changes, evolves and assimilates with other languages. Thus, some words are replaced by others, but with the same meaning. This is the part of the vocabulary that has outlived its own, but does not completely disappear from the language. These words are preserved in literature, documents, and so on. For creation, they are completely necessary so that you can recreate the flavor of the described era.

Phonetic archaisms

This type includes modern words and concepts that differ from obsolete ones by only a few sounds, sometimes only by one. For example, such a word as “piit” can be attributed to phonetic archaisms, which eventually evolved into “poet”, and “fire” turned into “fire”.

Morphological archaisms

This category includes words that are outdated in their structure. These include the noun "ferocity" which became "fierce", the adjective "nervous" which evolved into "nervous", the verb "to collapse" which now sounds like "collapse" and many others.

Semantic archaisms

Archaisms and historicisms, examples of words found everywhere, often lose their true meaning over time. For example, the modern "shame" used to mean nothing more than "spectacle", and the old "ordinary" meant something that was done in one day (for example, "ordinary way"), and not at all "ordinary".

Modern usage

Sometimes these obsolete words change so much that they are used in a new sense. This can be said about both archaisms and historicisms. An example of this is the word "dynasty". Some time ago it stopped being used, but now it is back in use. If earlier it could only be combined with such words as "royal" and "monarchical", now the scope of its use has expanded significantly. Now you can hear about the dynasty of lumberjacks or miners, who imply that this profession is inherited from father to son. Sometimes obsolete words can be found in an ironic context.

Set expressions

Obsolete words continue to fully function in the language as a part. Thus, some historicisms have been preserved. Example: the word "buckles" is still used in the language as part of the phrase "beat the bucks", which means "to mess around". The same can be said about the stable expression "to sharpen the folly", that is, "to chat incessantly."

Degeneration VS Rebirth

It also happens that words that linguists have already boldly attributed to historicisms have come back into use due to the fact that the concepts they denoted have begun to be used again. This can also happen if something new has been created that is in some way similar to or related to an obsolete concept. Now such words hardly resemble historicisms. Example: charity evening, midshipman.

Conclusion

It should be noted that although all the above-mentioned obsolete words are, rather, a passive layer of vocabulary, they do not stop playing in it. important role. When reading the works of such eminent writers as Tolstoy, Dostoevsky or Mayakovsky, one can very often come across historicisms and archaisms, and in order to accurately understand the idea that the author wanted to convey, one must be aware of their meaning. Therefore, in case you come across an unfamiliar word, it is best to consult an authoritative dictionary.

Contemporaries of A. S. Pushkin, reading his works, perceived all the details of the text. And we, the readers of the 21st century, are already missing a lot, not understanding, we guess approximately. Indeed, what is a frock coat, a tavern, a tavern, a dressing gown? Who are the coachman, yard boy, excellency? In each story of the Pushkin cycle there are incomprehensible, obscure words in their meaning. But they all denote some objects, phenomena, concepts, positions, titles of a past life. These words have fallen out of modern usage. Therefore, their specific meaning to the modern reader remains unclear, incomprehensible. This explains the choice of the topic of my research, devoted to obsolete words that have left the modern language in Belkin's Tales.

The life of a language is clearly manifested in the constant changes in the composition of words and their meanings. And in the fate of individual words, the very history of the people and the state is imprinted. The vocabulary of the Russian language retains many words that are little used in live speech, but known to us from classical literary works, history books and stories about the past.

Obsolete words can be divided into two groups: 1) historicisms; 2) archaisms.

Historicisms (from the Greek historia - a story about past events) are words denoting the names of such objects and phenomena that ceased to exist as a result of the development of society. Many words naming objects of bygone life have become historicisms, old culture, things and phenomena connected with the economy of the past, old social and political relations. So, there are many historicisms among the words associated with military theme: chain mail, pischal, visor, redoubt. Historicisms are many words denoting titles, estates, positions, professions. old Russia: tsar, boyar, equestrian, lackey, stolnik, zemstvo, serf, landowner, constable, ofenya, horseman, tinker, sawyer, lamplighter, barge hauler; phenomena of patriarchal life: corvée, dues, cuts, purchases; types of production activities: manufactory, horse racing; types of technologies that have disappeared: tinning, mead making.

Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) are words that have become obsolete due to their replacement with new ones, for example: cheeks - cheeks, loins - lower back, right hand - right hand, tuga - sadness, verses - poems, ramen - shoulders. All of them have synonyms in modern Russian.

Archaisms may differ from the modern word-synonym different features: otherwise lexical meaning(guest - merchant, stomach - life), a different grammatical design (perform - perform, at a ball - at a ball), a different morphemic composition (friendship - friendship, fisherman - fisherman), other phonetic features (Gishpan - Spanish, mirror - mirror) . Some words become obsolete entirely, but have modern synonyms: in order - in order, destruction - death, harm, hope - hope and firmly believe. Archaisms and historicisms are used in fiction to recreate the historical situation in the country, to convey the national and cultural traditions of the Russian people.

DICTIONARY OF OBSOLETE WORDS

From the publisher

Corvee is free forced labor of a dependent peasant, “Ivan Petrovich was forced to abolish corvée and establish a gentleman who works very hard with his own equipment on the farm. moderate quitrent"

Quit - the annual collection of money and products from serfs by landowners.

The housekeeper is a servant in the landowner's house, who was entrusted with the keys to “he entrusted the management of the village to his old housekeeper, who acquired his storage of food supplies. confidence in the art of storytelling. »

Second major - military rank of the 8th class in 1741-1797. “His late father, second Major Pyotr Ivanovich Belkin, was married to a girl, Pelageya Gavrilovna, from the Trafilin family. »

"Shot"

A banker is a player who holds the bank in card games. “The officer went out, saying that he was ready to answer for the insult, as Mr. banker would like”

“The game went on for a few more minutes; but feeling that the owner was

Vacancy - an unoccupied position; job title. not up to the game, we fell behind one by one and dispersed to our apartments, talking about an imminent vacancy. »

Galun - a golden braid or silver (ribbon), which was sewn on “Silvio got up and took out a red hat with a gold tassel from cardboard, with uniforms. galloon"

"Throw the Bank" (spec.). - reception of a card game. “For a long time he refused, because he almost never played; Finally, he ordered the cards to be brought in, poured out fifty chervonets on the table, and sat down to throw them. »

Hussar - a soldier from light cavalry units, wearing the uniform of the Hungarian "Once he served in the hussars, and even happily"

A footman is a servant under the masters, as well as in a restaurant, a hotel, etc. “The footman brought me into the count's office, and he went to report on me. »

Arena - a platform or a special building for training horses and The life of an army officer is known. In the morning, teaching, arena; lunch at horseback riding lessons. regimental commander or in a Jewish tavern; in the evening punch and cards.

Punter - in gambling card games: playing against the bank, i.e. “If the punter happened to miscalculate, then he immediately paid them extra by making big bets; one who pontes in a gambling card game. dostalnoe, or wrote down too much. »

Lieutenant - an officer rank above the rank of second lieutenant and below Unter - officer - the rank of junior command staff in the tsarist army of the captain. Russia, in some modern foreign armies; the person who bears this title.

This (this, this) places. - this, this, this. "With this word, he hurried out"

Excellency - the title of princes and counts (from the locality. Yours, him, her, them) “-Oh,” I remarked, “in this case, I bet that your Excellency will not get into the map and twenty steps away: the pistol requires daily exercise .

Frock coat and frock coat - long men's double-breasted waist-length clothing with a turn-down "walking forever on foot, in a worn black frock coat"

or stand-up collar.

Chervonets is the common name for foreign gold coins in the pre-Petrine “For a long time he refused, because he almost never played; finally ordered

Russia. hand the cards, poured fifty chervonets on the table and sat down to throw. »

Shandal - candlestick “The officer, inflamed with wine, play and laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended and, furiously grabbing a copper shandal from the table, let it into Silvio, who barely managed to deviate from the blow. »

Eterist - in the second half of the 18th-early 19th century: a member of the secret Greek “It is said that Silvius, during the indignation of Alexander Ypsilant, a revolutionary organization that fought for the liberation of the country from led a detachment of etherists and was killed in a battle under Turkish oppression. Skulyans. »

"Blizzard"

Boston is a card game. “Neighbors used to come to him every minute to eat, drink, play five kopecks in Boston with his wife”

Verst - an old Russian measure “The coachman decided to go by the river, which should have shortened our path of length equal to 1.06 km. ". three versts. »

Red tape - delaying a case or a decision, some question. “What was holding him back? Timidity, inseparable from true love, pride or coquetry of cunning red tape?

The maid is a maid under the mistress. “Three men and a maid supported the bride and were busy only

The police captain is the chief of police in the county. “After dinner, the land surveyor Schmitt, in mustaches and spurs, and the son of the police captain, appeared. »

Kibitka is a covered road wagon. “I turned around, left the church without any obstacle, threw myself into the wagon and shouted: “Let's go!”

Cornet is the lowest officer rank. "The first to whom he appeared, a retired forty-year-old cornet Dravin, readily agreed"

The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “The church was open, there were several sleighs behind the fence; people were walking along the porch. »

Signet - a home seal on a ring or keychain. “Having sealed both letters with a Tula seal, which depicted

Signet - a small seal on a ring, keychain with initials or two flaming hearts with a decent inscription, she (Maria Gavrilovna)

some other sign. Used to seal letters threw herself on the bed just before dawn and dozed off. »

sealing wax or wax and served as an indication of the sender.

Ensign - the most junior officer rank. "The subject chosen by her was a poor army ensign who was on leave in his village."

Lancer - in the armies of some countries, a soldier, an officer of light cavalry, “a boy of about sixteen, who recently entered the lancers. »

armed with a spear, a saber.

Shlafor - a dressing gown. “The old people woke up and went into the living room. , Praskovya Petrovna in a cotton dressing gown. »

Grand solitaire - laying out a deck of cards according to certain rules. "The old lady was once sitting alone in the living room, laying out grand solitaire"

Cap - a headdress of a pointed shape, which in the old days of a man "Gavrila Gavrilovich in a cap and a flannelette jacket"

worn at home and often worn at night. ; sleeping cap.

"Undertaker"

Cupid is the god of love and ancient mythology, depicted as a winged sign “Above the gate towered a sign depicting a burly boy with a bow and arrows. Cupid with an overturned torch in his hand. »

To evangelize - to notify with a bell ringing about a church service. “No one noticed it, the guests continued the thread, and they were already announcing the vespers when they got up from the table.

Treads - boots with a wide top. ". the bones of the legs thrashed about in large boots like pestles in mortars. »

Brigadier - in the Russian army of the 18th century. : military rank 5th class (according to the Table of “Tryukhina, the brigadier and sergeant Kurilkin vaguely introduced themselves in ranks); the person holding this rank. his imagination."

Budochnik - a policeman who carried guard duty in the booth. “Of the Russian officials there was one watchman”

Vespers is a church service for Christians, performed in the afternoon. ". the guests continued to drink, and they already announced the gospel for Vespers.

Gaer - in folk games, a public jester, clowning and making faces in “Is the undertaker a gaer a Christmas one?”.

Christmas time;

A hryvnia is a coin worth ten kopecks. “The undertaker gave him a dime for vodka for that, dressed hastily, took a cab and drove to Razgulay. »

Drogi - a wagon for transporting the dead. "The last belongings of the undertaker Adrian Prokhorov were heaped on the funeral dross"

Kaftan - an old men's long-brimmed top "I will not describe any of the Russian caftan of Adrian Prokhorov"

Kiot, kivot, kiot (from Greek - box, ark) - a special decorated locker “Soon, order was established; kivot with images, cupboard with

(often folding) or glazed shelf for icons. dishes, a table, a sofa and a bed occupied certain corners in the back room for them.

Mantle - wide long clothes in the form of a raincoat "" in the kitchen and living room the owner's products fit: coffins of all colors and sizes, also cabinets with mourning ribbons, robes and torches. »

To evangelize - stop, stop evangelizing. “You feasted with a German all day, came back drunk, collapsed in bed, and slept until this hour, as they announced the Annunciation for mass.”

A contractor is a person who undertakes under a contract to perform a specific job. “But Tryukhina was dying on Razgulay, and Prokhorov was afraid that her heir, despite his promise, would not be too lazy to send for him so far away and would not bargain with the nearest contractor. »

Rest - 1. Sleep, fall asleep; "You deigned to rest, and we did not want to wake you."

2. Translated. Rest.

Svetlitsa - bright living room; front room in the house; small “The girls went to their room. ".

bright room at the top of the house.

An ax - an old edged weapon - a large ax with a semicircular blade, on “Yurko again began to pace around her with an ax and in armor with a long western handle. »

Sermyaga - coarse homespun undyed cloth: a caftan from this cloth. “Yurko again began to pace around her with an ax and in homespun armor. »

Chukhonets - this is how Finns and Estonians were called until 1917. “Of the Russian officials there was one watchman, Yurko the Chukhonian, who knew how

Acquire the special favor of the owner.

"Station Master"

The altar is the main elevated eastern part of the church, fenced off “He hastily entered the church: the priest was leaving the altar. »

iconostasis.

Altar - in ancient times among many peoples: a place where sacrifices were burned and in front of which rituals related to sacrifice were performed. Used figuratively and in comparison.

Banknote - a paper banknote issued in Russia from 1769 to ". he took them out and unrolled several five and ten ruble

1849 , in the official language, before the introduction of credit notes; one ruble of crumpled banknotes"

silver was equal to 3 1/3 rubles in banknotes.

The Prodigal Son is a gospel parable about the recalcitrant prodigal son, who “They portrayed the story of the prodigal son. »

left home, squandered his share of the inheritance, after wandering he returned with repentance to his father's house and was forgiven.

High nobility - according to the Table of Ranks, the title of civil ranks with "Early in the morning he came to his front room and asked to report to him eighth to sixth grade, as well as officers from captain to colonel and high nobility"

“Taking off his wet, shaggy hat, letting go of his shawl and pulling off his overcoat,

The visiting hussar of the higher cavalry appeared to be a young, slender hussar with a black mustache.

Drozhki - a light two-seater four-wheeled open carriage on short "Suddenly a smart droshky rushed in front of him"

drags instead of springs.

Deacon - a clergyman in Orthodox Church; church reader, “the deacon put out the candles. »

acolyte; also taught literacy.

Assessor - an elected representative in court to work in any “Yes, there are few travelers: unless the assessor wraps up, but that is not up to another institution. the dead. »

A tavern is a drinking establishment of one of the lowest ranks for sale, and “It used to be that he came from a tavern, and we followed him. »

drinking alcoholic beverages.

Cap - a headdress of a pointed or oval shape. "The old man in the cap and dressing gown lets the young man go"

Footman - servant in the house, restaurant, hotel.

Obluchok - the front of the cart, sleigh, wagon; seat for the coachman in the antechamber. The servant jumped up on the box. »

The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “Approaching the church, he saw that the people were already dispersing, but Dunya was not there.

Not in the fence, not on the porch. »

Cross-country - a carriage with horses that are replaced at post stations. "I rode on relays"

Podorozhnaya - a document that gave the right to use post horses; “In five minutes - the bell!. and the courier throws him a travel certificate. his travel table. »

Rest - 1. Sleep, fall asleep; “A military lackey, cleaning a boot on a block, announced that the master

2. Translated. Rest. rests and that before eleven o'clock does not receive anyone. »

The postmaster is the manager of the post office. “The caretaker asked the Postmaster S*** for a vacation for two months”

Runs - per-versal fare on post horses. ". paid runs for two horses. »

The captain is a senior officer rank in the cavalry “Soon he learned that captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lives in

Demuth tavern. »

Skufya, skufeika - 1. A single-colored (black, lilac, Minsky came to you in a dressing gown, in a red skufya. “What do you need purple, etc.) hat of Orthodox priests, monks. 2. Is the round necessary?” he asked.

cap, skullcap, yarmulke, headdress.

The overseer is the head of an institution. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the stubborn coachman does not carry horses - and the caretaker is to blame. »

Frock coat (sertuk) - long men's double-breasted clothing with a standing "and his long green frock coat with three medals"

collar

Taurus - a young bull "the cook kills a well-fed calf"

A tavern is a hotel with a restaurant. “Soon he learned that Captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lives in

Demuth tavern. »

Non-commissioned officer - the rank of junior command staff in the tsarist army of Russia. “I stopped in the Izmailovsky regiment, in the house of a retired non-commissioned officer. »

Courier - in the old army: military or government courier for "In five minutes - a bell!. and the courier throws him to deliver important mostly secret documents. his travel table. »

The kingdom of heaven is a rhetorical wish to the deceased of a happy fate in “It happened (the kingdom of heaven to him!), Comes from a tavern, and we are beyond the grave. him: “Grandpa, grandpa! nuts! - and he gives us nuts. »

Chin - assigned to civil servants and military rank according to the Table “I was in a small rank, rode on relays and paid runs on ranks, associated with the provision of certain class rights and for two horses. »

benefits.

Dressing gown "rka and walked" for - a dressing gown. "The old man in the cap and dressing gown lets the young man go"

SHLAFROK or dressing gown m. German. bathrobe, sleeping clothes. Most often, it serves as home clothes for nobles.

SHLAFROK - originally a "sleeping garment" (from German), and then the same as a dressing gown. Although they didn’t go out into the street and visit in dressing gowns, they could look very smart, sewn for show.

The coachman is a coachman, a driver on postal, pit horses. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, + stubborn horses are not driven -

it's the caretaker's fault. »

"Young lady-peasant"

Blancmange - milk jelly with almonds and sugar. “Well, we left the table. and we sat for about three hours, and the dinner was glorious: a blancmange cake, blue and striped. »

Burners - Russian folk game, in which the one in front was catching others “So we left the table and went into the garden to play burners, and the participants who ran away from him alternately in pairs. the young gentleman here also appeared. »

Dvornya - a servant at the manor's house, courtyard; courtyard people (unlike "Ivan Petrovich Berestov went for a walk on horseback, for every peasant who lived in the village and was engaged in agriculture). case, taking with him a pair of three greyhounds, a groom and several

Yard - belonging to the household, belonging to the household. yard boys with rattles. »

Drozhki - a light two-seater four-wheeled open carriage on short "Muromsky asked Berestov for a droshky, for he admitted that he was using drogues instead of springs. from a bruise, not a bull, he is able to drive home in the evening. »

Jockey - rider at the races; servant on horseback. "His grooms were dressed as jockeys."

Zoil is a captious, unkind, unfair critic; vicious “He was furious and called his Zoil a bear and a provincial. »

detractor.

Valet - the master's house servant, lackey. "That's right," answered Alex.

I am the young gentleman's valet. »

Kitayka is a dense fabric, originally silk, made in China, “(Lisa) sent to buy at the market a thick linen, then blue cotton, made in Russia for sundresses and men's Chinese and copper buttons”

shirts. , usually blue, rarely red. Used in peasant life

Knixen and Knix - adopted in the bourgeois-gentry environment for girls and “Unfortunately, instead of Lisa, old Miss Jackson came out, whitewashed, the girls bowed with a squat as a sign of gratitude, greeting; tightened, with downcast eyes and with a small knix. »

curtsy.

Livery - uniforms for footmen, porters, coachmen, decorated with "Old Berestov climbed the porch with the help of two livery galloons and sewing. footmen of Murom. »

Livery - 1. App. to the livery, which was the livery. 2. Dressed in livery.

Madame - the name of a married woman, attached to the surname; “Her playfulness and minute-by-minute pranks delighted her father and brought her to mistress. It was usually used in relation to a Frenchwoman, and the desperation of her Madame Miss Jackson was used. »

- and to a Russian woman from privileged strata.

Miss is an unmarried woman in England. Her playfulness and minute-by-minute orders delighted her father and drove her Madame Miss Jackson to despair.

The confidante is about a woman who enjoyed special trust and “There she changed clothes, absently answering questions with the impatient favor of someone; favorite, lover. confidante, and came into the drawing-room."

Antimony - make up, draw with antimony, that is, popular from the ancients “Lisa, his swarthy Lisa, was whitened up to her ears, antimonied more than time with a cosmetic product based on antimony, Miss Jackson herself. »

giving it a special sheen.

Okolotok - 1. Surrounding area, surrounding villages. 2. A resident of the district, “He built a house according to his own plan, got himself a lawful neighborhood, the surrounding area. factory, arranged income and began to consider himself the smartest person

3. District of the city, subordinated to the district warden. all around"

4. Medical station (usually at a military unit).

Board of Trustees - an institution in Russia that was in charge of guardianship affairs, ". the first of the landlords of his province guessed to mortgage educational homes, some credit transactions related to the estate to the Board of Trustees "

pledges of estates, etc.

Plis - cotton velvet. In a noble environment, it was used for “On weekdays he walks in a plush jacket, on holidays he put on a home suit, merchants and rich peasants sewed an elegant coat from homemade cloth from him”

Poltina - a silver coin equal to 50 kopecks, half a ruble. Minted with "Trofim, passing in front of Nastya, gave her small colorful bast shoes

1707 and received from her a half as a reward. »

Polushka - from the 15th century a half-money silver coin (i.e. ¼ “I will sell and squander, and I won’t leave you a penny.”

pennies); the last silver coins were put into circulation in

Frock coat - long men's double-breasted clothing with a standing collar "On weekdays he walks in a plush jacket, on holidays he puts on a frock coat made of homemade cloth"

A clerk is an official who manages a table. “The neighbors said in agreement that he would never make the right head clerk. »

Stremyanny is a groom, a servant caring for his riding horse, “Ivan Petrovich Berestov went for a walk on horseback, for every master, as well as a servant accompanying the master during the hunt. case, taking with him a pair of three greyhounds, a stirrup, and several yard boys with rattles. »

Tartinki - a thin slice of bread, buttered; small sandwich. “The table has been set, breakfast is ready, and Miss Jackson. cut into thin slices. »

Figma - a wide frame made of whalebone, wicker or wire, "sleeves sticking out like Madame de Pompadour's tanja"

worn under a skirt to add splendor; skirt on such a frame.

A courtier is a nobleman at the royal court, a courtier. “The dawn shone in the east, and the golden rows of clouds seemed to be waiting for the sun, as courtiers are waiting for the sovereign. »

Chekmen - men's clothing of the Caucasian type - a cloth semi-caftan at the waist with shirring at the back. ". he saw his neighbor, proudly sitting on horseback, in a chekmen lined with fox fur, ”

IV. Conclusion

The "Dictionary of obsolete words" contains 108 dictionary entries, both historicisms and archaisms. It contains those words that are not currently used or are used extremely rarely in the living literary language, as well as words that are used today, but have a different meaning, unlike the one we put into it.

The dictionary entry reveals the meaning of obsolete words; examples from the stories of the Pushkin cycle show how they functioned in speech. The created dictionary, which includes both historicisms and archaisms, will help to overcome the barrier between the reader and the text, erected by obsolete words sometimes incomprehensible or misunderstood by the reader, to perceive the text of Belkin's Tale thoughtfully and meaningfully. Some dictionary entries are accompanied by drawings that make it possible to realistically imagine objects called by one word or another.

The remarkable poet, outstanding translator V. A. Zhukovsky wrote: “The word is not our arbitrary invention: every word that gets a place in the lexicon of the language is an event in the field of thought.”

This work will become an assistant in reading, studying, comprehending the Pushkin cycle of Belkin's Tales, broadening the reader's horizons, helping to arouse interest in the history of words, it can be used in literature lessons.

Vocabulary is the totality of all the words that we use. A separate group in the vocabulary can be considered old words. There are many of them in the Russian language, and they belong to different historical eras.

What are old words

Since the language is an integral part of the history of the people, the words that are used in this language are of historical value. Ancient words and their meaning can tell a lot about what events took place in the life of the people in a particular era and which of them had great importance. Old, or obsolete, words are not actively used in our time, but are present in the vocabulary of the people, recorded in dictionaries and reference books. Often they can be found in works of art.

For example, in the poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin we read the following passage:

"In the crowd of mighty sons,

With friends, in a high grid

Vladimir the sun feasted,

He gave away his younger daughter

For the brave prince Ruslan."

There is a word "gridnitsa" here. Now it is not used, but in the era of Prince Vladimir it meant a large room in which the prince, along with his warriors, arranged festivities and feasts.

historicisms

Ancient words and their designation are of various kinds. According to scientists, they are divided into two large groups.

Historicisms are words that are not actively used now for the reason that the concepts they designate have fallen out of use. For example, "caftan", "chain mail", armor, etc. Archaisms are words that denote concepts familiar to us in other words. For example, mouth - lips, cheeks - cheeks, neck - neck.

In modern speech, as a rule, they are not used. which are incomprehensible to many, are not typical for our everyday speech. But they are not completely out of use. Historicisms and archaisms are used by writers in order to truthfully tell about the past of the people, with the help of these words they convey the flavor of the era. Historicisms can truthfully tell us about what happened at one time in other epochs in our homeland.

Archaisms

Unlike historicisms, archaisms designate those phenomena that we encounter in modern life. These are clever words, and their meanings do not differ from the meanings of words familiar to us, only they sound different. Archaisms are different. There are those that differ from ordinary words only in some features in spelling and pronunciation. For example, hail and city, gold and gold, young - young. These are phonetic archaisms. There were many such words in the 19th century. This is a club (club), a store (curtain).

There is a group of archaisms with obsolete suffixes, for example, museum (museum), assistance (assistance), fisherman (fisherman). Most often we meet lexical archaisms, for example, eye - eye, right hand - right hand, shuytsa - left hand.

Like historicisms, archaisms are used to create special world in fiction. So, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin often used archaic vocabulary to give pathos to his works. This is clearly seen in the example of the poem "Prophet".

Words from Ancient Russia

Ancient Russia gave a lot contemporary culture. But then there was a special lexical environment, some words from which were preserved and in A some are no longer used at all. Old obsolete Russian words from that era give us an idea of ​​the origin

For example, old curses. Some of them very accurately reflect the negative qualities of a person. Hollow-breech is a talker, Ryuma is a crybaby, Tolokon forehead is a fool, Zakhukhrya is a disheveled person.

The meaning of old Russian words sometimes differed from the meanings of the same root in modern language. We all know the words "jump" and "jump", they mean rapid movement in space. The old Russian word "sig" meant the smallest unit of time. One moment contained 160 whitefish. The largest measurement value was considered "far distance", which was equal to 1.4

Ancient words and their meanings are discussed by scholars. The names of the coins that were used in Ancient Russia. For coins that appeared in the eighth and ninth centuries in Russia and were brought from there, the names “kuna”, “nogata” and “reza” were used. Then the first Russian coins appeared - these are golden coins and silver coins.

Obsolete words from the 12th and 13th centuries

The pre-Mongol period in Russia, 12-13 centuries, is characterized by the development of architecture, which was then called architecture. Accordingly, then a layer of vocabulary appeared, associated with the construction and erection of buildings. Some of the words that appeared then have remained in the modern language, but the meaning of the old Russian words has changed over all this time.

The basis of the life of Russia in the 12th century was a fortress, which then had the name "detinets". A little later, in the 14th century, the term “Kremlin” appeared, which at that time also meant the city. The word "kremlin" can be an example of how old obsolete Russian words are changing. If now there is only one Kremlin, it is the residence of the head of state, then there were many Kremlins.

In the 11th and 12th centuries, cities and fortresses were built in Russia from wood. But they could not resist the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars. The Mongols, having come to conquer the lands, simply swept away the wooden fortresses. Novgorod and Pskov resisted. For the first time the word "Kremlin" appears in the chronicle of Tver in 1317. Its synonym is the old word "silicon". Then the Kremlin was built in Moscow, Tula and Kolomna.

Socio-aesthetic role of archaisms in classical fiction

Old words, the discussion of which is often found in scientific articles, were often used by Russian writers in order to make their speech artwork more expressive. Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin in his article described the process of creating "Boris Godunov" as follows: "I tried to guess the language of that time."

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov also used ancient words in his works, and their meaning exactly corresponded to the realities of the time, where they were taken from. Most of the old words appear in his work “The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich”. This, for example, is “you know”, “oh you are a goy”, Ali”. Also, Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky writes works in which there are many ancient words. These are "Dmitry the Pretender", "Voevoda", "Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk".

The role of words from past eras in modern literature

Archaisms remained popular in the literature of the 20th century. Let us recall the famous work of Ilf and Petrov "The Twelve Chairs". Here, the old words and their meaning have a special, humorous connotation.

For example, in the description of Ostap Bender's visit to the village of Vasyuki, the phrase "The one-eyed man did not take his only eye off the grandmaster's shoes" is found. Archaisms with Church Slavonic overtones are also used in another episode: “Father Fyodor was hungry. He wanted to be rich."

when using historicisms and archaisms

Historicisms and archaisms can greatly decorate fiction, but their inept use causes laughter. Old words, the discussion of which often becomes very lively, as a rule, should not be used in everyday speech. If you start asking a passer-by: “Why is your neck open in winter?”, then he will not understand you (meaning the neck).

In newspaper speech, too, there is an inappropriate use of historicisms and archaisms. For example: "The principal of the school welcomed young teachers who came to practice." The word "greeted" is synonymous with the word "greeted". Sometimes schoolchildren insert archaisms into their writings and thereby make sentences not very clear and even ridiculous. For example: "Olya ran in tears and told Tatyana Ivanovna about her offense." Therefore, if you want to use old words, their meaning, interpretation, meaning should be absolutely clear to you.

Obsolete words in fantasy and science fiction

Everyone knows that such genres as fantasy and science fiction have gained immense popularity in our time. It turns out that ancient words are widely used in fantasy works, and their meaning is not always clear to the modern reader.

Such concepts as "banner" and "finger", the reader can understand. But sometimes there are more complex words, such as "komon" and "nasad". I must say that publishing houses do not always approve of the excessive use of archaisms. But there are works in which the authors successfully find application for historicism and archaism. These are works from the "Slavic fantasy" series. For example, the novels of Maria Stepanova "Valkyrie", Tatyana Korostyshevskaya "Mother of the Four Winds", Maria Semenova "Wolfhound", Denis Novozhilov "Far Far Away. Throne War.

Russian language

Archaisms and historicisms - what is the difference between them?

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Cultural, economic, social changes are taking place in the life of society: science is developing, technology is appearing, life is improving, political transformations are taking place.

This leads to the fact that words cease to be used, become obsolete, and are replaced by new words. Let's look at illustrative examples of what historicisms and archaisms are. Two layers of vocabulary coexist. The first is the words that native speakers know and use (active vocabulary).

Another layer is words that do not sound in speech, they are not known by the main part of language users, require additional explanations or understandable names that have ceased to function in speech - passive vocabulary.

Obsolete words belong to the passive vocabulary. They differ in the level of obsolescence, the reasons for which they became such.

The difference between historicisms and archaisms

Historicisms are not used in speech, there are no those objects, concepts that they called. Archaisms denote objects and phenomena that exist even now, but have been replaced by other phrases. The difference between the two groups is that archaisms have synonyms, this is important.

Examples: ramena (shoulders), tuga (sadness), blight (doom)

Historicisms have been in use for a very long time. Once popular under the Soviet regime, the words have already become forgotten - pioneer, communist, soviet power, politburo. Sometimes words go into the category of common vocabulary: lyceum, gymnasium, police, governor, department

It also happens that obsolete words are returned to speech in a new sense. For example, the word retinue in Ancient Russia meant "princely army". In vocabulary, its meaning is "a voluntary community of people formed for a specific purpose" - folk squad.

Historicism - how did it appear?

Society is developing at a rapid pace, and therefore changing cultural values, some things become obsolete, new ones appear. Fashion is moving forward and the previously popular caftan is now just an outdated word. Such clothes are not worn, and many obsolete names can be found in ancient books or historical films.

For modern man historicisms are part of history, they can be studied for development, but you do not need to use them in speech, others will not be able to understand their meaning. There will be misunderstandings.
To understand historicisms, consider examples and interpretations of words.

Historicisms, examples	Word interpretation
barnkeeper	private owner of barns who buys grain or rents out barns
brushy	food, meals
business card	men's clothing, a kind of jacket with rounded floors diverging in front; originally intended for visits
hryvnia	neck silver or gold jewelry in the form of a hoop
hound bear	a bear specially trained for palace "amusing games"
clerk	officer in command
stoker	court official in Muscovy
bad money	money for unserved term, which the soldier was obliged to return to the community in case of early termination of service
order	governing body of individual industries
cold shoemaker	in Russia until 1917 - a shoemaker who did not have a job, but repaired shoes right on the street near a client who took off his shoes from his foot

Among the reasons for the formation of historicisms: the improvement of tools, the complication of production processes, the development of culture, and political transformations.

The abolition in Russia of the dependence of the peasant on the landowner left in the past the words: master, quitrent, corvée, tribute, serf. The main thing is that historicisms remain in the history of mankind and do not return to speech, therefore they do not matter. No one will now put on a caftan or there will be no corvée and serfdom.

Historicisms forever disappear from speech

Historicisms can be divided into groups to understand the meaning of words:

• antique clothes and shoes salop, armyak, camisole, fizhma, shoe, bast shoes;
• names of social life phenomena - duel, Cominternist, laborer, collective farmer, fist, svokoshtny;
• craft and professions of people: skobar, buffoon, apprentice, water carrier, cooper;
• monetary units - polushka, imperial, five-kopeck piece;
• measures of weight and length - verst, vershok, span, pound, sazhen, pood;
• titles and positions lordship, doezzhachiy, nobility, mayor, hussar, batman;
• military items - mace, chain mail, axe, bludgeon, aventail, pishchal;
• names of administrative units - county, parish, province;
• letters of the ancient alphabet beeches, yat, lead.

Obsolete phrases can be found in a scientific style to refer to phenomena in an epochal period, to give expressiveness to heroes, images in an artistic style.
In modern language, one cannot find a synonym for historicism. What is remarkable is the fact that historicisms can be several centuries old.

Archaisms - what is it?

These are obsolete names of objects and concepts that have been replaced by other words that are familiar modern society. The world is changing, people are changing along with it and the language is expanding with new concepts, and other words are being invented for the old ones.

Archaisms have taken on a new look, therefore they can be considered as synonyms modern words, but still their use in Russian will be strange than commonplace. For understanding ancient objects, for in-depth study of the culture of ancient people, archaisms and their meaning can play a role.

To understand, consider a table where the interpretation of old words is written. It is not necessary to know them, but for a historian it will be a godsend.

Archaisms are divided into groups. Sometimes not the whole word becomes obsolete, but only part of it. Let's take such meanings that are completely outdated: verses (verses). Some words have obsolete morphemes - prejudice.
The process of formation of archaisms is uneven. Thematic groups of archaisms are different:

• person's character - sower(chatterbox, empty talker), verbiager(scientist, expert) phrase-monger(flatterer), sueslovets(idle talk);
• profession - jump rope(gymnast), cattle breeder(cattle breeder), warehouseman(writer), skorosolnik(messenger, messenger);
• social relations - consonant(companion), friend(friend, partner) suvrazhnik(enemy);
• family relationships - sister(sister), relative, kindred(relative);
• objects of the surrounding reality - selina(a. dwelling, building; b. cleft), sennitsa(tent, tent);
• natural phenomena - arrow(lightning), students(cold, cold);
• things - saddle(chair, chair) server(napkin), shellfish(peel, peel, shell), screenshot(chest, casket) stop(stand);
• abstract concepts - literature(eloquence), thinking(inference) laughing(mockery), commonwealth(acquaintance, friendship).

Archaisms are rarely used in literature. If the writer is literate enough and speaks not only the modern, but also the ancient language, then such words will give the speech a special “zest”. The reader will ponder and delve into the reading, trying to understand and unravel what the author meant. It will always be interesting and informative.

In such a function, archaisms appear in rhetorical art, judicial debate, and in fiction.

The word may lose one of its meanings

Types of archaisms

Archaisms in literature and social activities people are divided into types. For a deeper understanding of the language, its historical development. No novel based on historical events, cannot do without mentioning obsolete words.

1. Semantic archaisms

Words that previously had a different meaning, but in the modern language they have a new meaning. We understand the word "housing" as a kind of real estate where a person lives. But earlier the word had a different meaning: he feels so bad, like he was going to the fifth housing; (housing - floor).

2. Phonetic archaisms

They differ from modern ones in one or two letters, even the spelling can be similar, as if one letter was removed or added. It may even seem like a mistake, but it's just an obsolete expression.
For example: a poet - piit, fire - fire, dishonest - dishonored.

3. Word-building

Obsolescence occurs only in part of the word and usually in the suffix. It is easy to guess the meaning for understanding, but it is more common to recognize archaisms if you already know which letters have been replaced, removed or added.

• A rubber ball bounces off the floor (rubber - rubber).
• What a beautiful pencil drawing (pencil - pencil).
• The whole audience, competing with each other, shouted out different phrases (competing - competing).
• This nervous person is just terrible (nervous - nervous).

4. Phraseological

When we talk about this kind of archaisms, we understand whole sayings, volatile expressions, a special ancient combination of words that was previously in use.
Among set expressions the following examples can be given: I will buy a farm; little wife coca with juice gloriously makes money; put it on who should.

5. Grammar

Such words remained in modern speech, but their gender has changed. Examples include tulle, coffee. Our coffee is masculine, but they want to make a middle one. The word tulle is masculine, but sometimes it is confused and they want to make it feminine.
Examples of words: swan - was formerly feminine, now has a masculine gender. Previously, poets wrote that a lonely swan swims.

Importance of obsolete words

Outdated vocabulary is a valuable material for the formation of knowledge about the history of the people, introducing it to the national origins. These are the tangible threads that bind us to history. Its study allows you to restore information about the historical, social, economic activities of the ancestors, to gain knowledge about the way of life of the people.

Obsolete words are a means that allows you to diversify speech, add emotionality to it, express the author's attitude to reality.