] Edited by S.A. Tokareva, N.N. Cheboksarova.
(Moscow: Nauka Publishing House, 1964. - Series "Peoples of the World: Ethnographic Essays")
Scan: AAW, processed, Djv: mor, 2010

• CONTENT:
  Preface (5).
  Introduction (11).
  The population of foreign Europe (12).
  Anthropological types (35).
  Delimiting signs (35).
  Minor races (36).
  Types and local variations (36).
  Characteristics of anthropological types of individual peoples (37).
  Paleonthropological data (43).
  The main stages of ethnic history (44).
  Religions and beliefs of the peoples of foreign Europe (68).
  POLES
  General information about the people and the country (75).
  Outline of ethnic history (76).
  Socio-economic essay (91).
  Industry and the working class (93).
  Agriculture (97).
  Fishing and hunting (104).
  Rural crafts and home production (107).
  Settlements and housing (110).
  Urban settlements and housing (110).
  Rural settlements (1140.
  Peasant dwelling (116).
  Food (125).
  Clothing (127).
  Public and family life (131).
  Religion (139).
  Folk art (144).
  Oral poetry (144).
  Folk music (146).
  Folk dances (148).
  Artistic crafts (149).
  Cultural life (158).
  CZECH AND SLOVAK
  General information about the people and the country (175).
  Outline of ethnic history (176).
  Czechs (188).
  Industry (189).
  Agriculture (192).
  Crafts and home production (196).
  Settlements and housing (199).
  Clothing (208).
  Food (213).
  Family and social life (215).
  Folk art (220).
  Slovaks (224).
  Industry (225).
  Agriculture (227).
  home production and folk crafts (231).
  Settlements and housing (235).
  Clothing (246).
  Food (254).
  Family and public life (256).
  Folk art (260).
  Religion in Czechoslovakia (263).
  Cultural life in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (266).
  LUZHYANS (279).
  BULGARIANS
  General information about the country and people (301).
  Outline of ethnic history (303).
  Agriculture (310).
  Fishing and hunting (316).
  Craft and home production. Art crafts (317).
  Industry (321).
  Transport (324).
  Settlements and buildings (326).
  Utensils and food (334).
  Clothing (337).
  Family and social life (340).
  Religious beliefs and rites (349).
  Folk art (353).
  Applied Arts (353).
  Oral folk art (355).
  Folk music (359).
  Folk dances (362).
  Cultural life (362).
  PEOPLES OF YUGOSLAVIA
  General information about the country and population (373).
  Brief ethnic history (377).
  Socio-economic essay (395).
  Serbs (401).
  Household (402).
  Settlements and buildings (407).
  Food (413).
  Clothing (414).
  Public and family life (418).
  Religion, beliefs, calendar holidays (423).
  Folk art (425).
  Croats (430).
  Household (431).
  Settlements and buildings (435).
  Food (441).
  Clothing (441).
  Family and social life (4440.
  Religion, beliefs, calendar holidays (447).
  Folk art (448).
  Slovenians (453).
  Household (453).
  Settlements and buildings (455).
  Food (458).
  Clothing (459).
  Public and family life (461).
  Religion, beliefs and calendar holidays (462).
  Folk art (464).
  Macedonians (466).
  Household (467).
  Settlements and buildings (469).
  Clothing (473).
  Family and social life (474).
  Religion, beliefs and calendar holidays (475).
  Folk art (477).
  Montenegrins (480).
  Household (480).
  Settlements and buildings (483).
  Food (486).
  Clothing (487).
  Public and family life (488).
  Religion (491).
  Folk art. Culture (492).
  Yugoslav Muslims (494).
  culture and cultural life countries (500).
  ALBANS
  General information about the people and the country (515).
  Brief historical sketch (517).
  Household (523).
  Settlements and housing (533).
  Utensils and food (540).
  Clothes and jewelry (541).
  Public and family life (546).
  Beliefs (550).
  Folk art (552).
  Cultural life (558).
  GREEKS
  General information about the people and the country (565).
  Household (572).
  Food (578).
  Settlements and housing (579).
  Clothes (583).
  Public and family life (586).
  Beliefs (589).
  Folk art (591).
  Cultural life (594).
  ROMANIANS
  General information about the people to the country (599).
  Ethnogenesis and historical development Romanian people (602).
  Agriculture (611).
  Logging and rafting (621).
  Hunting and fishing (622).
  Crafts, home production and applied art (624).
  Industry (628).
  Food (630).
  Settlements and housing (631).
  Clothes (642).
  Family and social life (646).
  Beliefs and Cults (655).
  Folk art (656).
  Cultural life (660).
  HUNGARY
  General information about the people and the country (667).
  Historical sketch (669).
  Socio-economic essay (676).
  Industry and crafts (676).
  Agriculture (679).
  Hunting, fishing and gathering (687).
  Transport (690).
  The class composition of the population (692).
  Settlements and buildings (695).
  Food (708).
  Clothes (710).
  Public and family life (715).
  Religion (722).
  Folk art (724).
  Applied Arts (724).
  Hungarian folk poetry (728).
  Folk music (734).
  Folk dances (735).
  Cultural life (736).
  GERMANS
  General information about the people and the country (743).
  Ethnic History (745).
  Industry (762).
  Crafts and small industries (766).
  Agriculture (768).
  Fishing and hunting (779).
  Food (782).
  Settlements and buildings (785).
  Deutsch folk costume (800).
  Family and social life (808).
  Public life (811).
  beliefs and religious life (815).
  Folk art (822).
  Folklore (822).
  Folk dances (828).
  Folk musical instruments with (830).
  Applied Arts (831).
  Cultural life (839).
  AUSTRIANS
  General information about the people and the country (853).
  Ethnic History (855).
  Crafts and industry (859).
  Agriculture (863).
  Food (870).
  Settlements and housing (872).
  Clothing (878).
  Family and social life (882).
  Religion and beliefs (888).
  Folk art (8900.
  Applied Arts (890).
  People's Theater (894).
  Folk dances (894).
  Folk songs (895).
  Literature and Music (896).
  GAGAUZ, TURKS, JEWS, GYPSIES (899).
  APPS
  References (913).
  Glossary (923).
  List of illustrations (945).
  List of maps (956).
  List of screensavers and endings (957).
  Pointer (958).

From the preface: In the multi-volume series "Peoples of the World", published by the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, special volume dedicated to the peoples of foreign Europe. It consists of two semi-volumes - "Peoples of Central and South-Eastern Europe" and "Peoples Western Europe". The first semi-volume included the entire introductory part - demographic, historical-ethnographic and anthropological essays - and a description of the peoples of Central and South-Eastern Europe, i.e. countries located between the state border of the USSR and the line of the western borders of the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria and Yugoslavia. The rest of the countries of Europe - its northern, western and southwestern parts - will be included in the second quarter...

Peoples of the world: historical and ethnographic reference book / Ch. ed. H 28 Yu. V. Bromley. Ed. collegium: S. A. Arutyunov, S. I. Bruk, T. A. Zhdanko and others - M .: Sov. encyclopedia, 1988.- 624 p., ill., 6 sheets. col. kart. KETS 211 Lit.: Ethnic groups of insular Southeast Asia, ed. by F.M. Le Bar, v. 1, New Haven, 1972. M. A. Chlenov. KETS, Ket (self-named - “man”), keto, Ostyaks, Yeniseysk and Ostyaks, Yeniseians (obsolete), people in the USSR. Live in the RSFSR in the lower. the course of the Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk Territory). Number 1122 people They speak the Ket language. (the last surviving from the Yenisei family of languages). Dialects (possibly separate languages): Imbat, Sym (Yug). Russian is also common. lang. The ancestors of modern To. were formed, apparently, in the Bronze Age in the south of the interfluve of the Ob and Yenisei as a result of the mixing of the ancient Mongoloids with the Caucasoids of the South. Siberia. Later (in the 1st millennium AD), they entered into ethnic. contacts with the Turkic, Samoyedic and Ugrian-speaking population. In traditional K. culture combined elements of the culture of taiga hunters and river fishermen (dugout, methods of harvesting products, fur parka, cults of game animals, fish, etc.) and the southern Siberian. and Central Asiatic, nomads (tent, dressing gown, blacksmithing, shamanism, etc.) - Main. traditional occupations were hunting for fur-bearing animals (squirrel, sable), game and fishing. Reindeer breeding (transport) spread in the 2nd half. 17th-18th centuries only a part of K. Trad. housing in the summer - conich. birch bark, in winter - a dugout with a frame of inclined logs. They migrated from the places of summer fishing to the taiga hunting districts in boats (including those with a covered birch bark on horseback). In winter fishing, they used hand-made reindeer sleds, skis, pasted over with fur from below. National clothing (men's and women's) - a cloth robe and a quilted robe lined with hare skins; hunters put on a short parka made of a whole deer skin. Food - boiled and fried fish, game. Food was cooked on a fire, unleavened cakes were baked from flour in the ashes of a fire or in an oven. In summer, the diet was supplemented with berries, strawberries, herbal decoctions, which replaced tea. There was a dual-exogamous division, a patrilineal account of kinship, a special role of consanguinity in production, life, distribution of prey, and inheritance of land. They kept the tradition. beliefs and ideas, shamanism, etc. The owners of game animals, fish, family guardians, the pantheon of gods were also revered. The extraction of a bear was accompanied by a cycle of ritual actions, amusement (bear holiday). The folklore of K. is characterized by myths about the hero Albe, legends about the bunk. hero Balne, fairy tales about Caigus, who sent fishing luck, songs-improvisations, riddles. Contacts with Russians from the beginning. 17th century From the 17th century Orthodoxy spread. From con. 18th century K. united in councils (volosts), inside which they lived in camps from several. families. Over the years of the Soviet power K.'s life has changed radically. All K. moved to a settled way of life. Growing own. intelligentsia. State farms are developing new industries - fur farming, gardening, dairy farming. Lit .: D about lg and x B. O., Kety, Irkutsk-M., 1934; A l e kse n k o E. A., Kety. Historical and ethnographic essays, L., 1967; Ket collection. Anthropology, ethnography, mythology, linguistics, L., 1982. E. A. Alekseenko.

Peoples of the world: historical and ethnographic reference book. M., 1988. Peoples of Russia. Encyclopedia. M., 1994. Fundamentals of ethnography ( Tutorial) / Edited by S.A. Tokareva, M., 1968. Polyakov S.P. Historical ethnography Central Asia and Kazakhstan (Tutorial). M., 1980. Races and peoples. Yearbook. T. 1-21. M., 1971-1993. Roginsky Ya.Ya., Levin M.G. Anthropology M., 1978. Russians. Historical and ethnographic atlas. Part 1. M., 1967; Part 2. M., 1970. Sadokhin A.P., Grushevitskaya T.G. Ethnology: textbook. M., 2000. Code of ethnographic concepts and terms: Religious beliefs. M., 1993. Code of ethnographic concepts and terms: Material culture / Ed. ed. S.A. Arutyunov. M., 1989. Code of ethnographic concepts and terms: Socio-economic relations and socio-normative culture / Ed. ed. A.I. Peppers. D. Traide. M., 1986. Code of ethnographic concepts and terms: Folk knowledge. Folklore. Folk art / Ed. ed. B.N. Putilov, G. Strobach. M., 1991. Code of ethnographic concepts and terms: Ethnographic sub-. disciplines. Schools and directions. Methods / Ans. ed. M.V. Kryukov, I. Zelnov. M., 1988. Countries and peoples. In 20 volumes. M., 1978-1985. Tokarev S.A. Ethnography of the peoples of the USSR. Historical foundations of life and culture. M., 1958. Khrisanfova E.N., Perevozchikov I.V. Anthropology. (Tutorial). M., 1991. Ethnography (Textbook) / Ed. Yu.V. Bromley and G.E. Markov. M., 1982 Ethnology: a textbook for higher educational institutions/ Under. ed. G.E. Markova, V.V. Pimenov. M., 1994.

GENERAL ISSUES

Amelin V.V. Challenges of mobilized ethnicity. Conflicts in the history of Soviet and post-Soviet statehood. M., 1997. Anthropology of violence / Ed. ed. V.V. Bocharov and V.A. Tishkov. SPb., 2001. Arutyunov S.A. Peoples and cultures. M., 1984. Arutyunov S.A. Modern life of the Japanese. M., 1968. Belik A. Psychological anthropology: history and theory. M., 1993. Bromley Yu.V. Essays on the theory of ethnos. M., 1983. Bromley Yu.V. Contemporary Issues ethnography. M., 1981. Bromley Yu.V. Ethnos and ethnography. M., 1973. Gumilyov LN Ethnogenesis and biosphere of the Earth. L., 1990. Studies in general ethnography. M., 1979. Its R.F. Ethnogenetic research. (About the meaning various sources within the framework of an integrated approach) // Races and peoples. 1987. No. 17. S. 11-28. Kabo E.O., Kabo V.R. Methodological role of the statistical method in ethnographic research // Scientific reports high school. Philosophical Sciences, 1964, No. 6. Kozing A. Nation in history and modernity. M., 1978. Kozlov V.I. Population dynamics. Research methodology and main factors. M., 1969. Kozlov V.I. ethnic demographics. M., 1977. Kozlov V.I. Ethnic ecology: the formation of a discipline and the history of problems. M., 1994. Kozmin V.A. Ethnographic source and field ethnography // Historical ethnography. SPb., 1993. S. 152-159. Kon I.S. Ethnography of childhood. Problems of methodology // SE. 1981. No. 5. Krupnik I.I. Arctic ethnoecology. M., 1989. Kryvelev I.A. History of Religion: Essays. V.1 and 2. M., 1975. Kubbel L.E. Essays on potestarno-political ethnography. M., 1988. Lebedeva A.N. Social Psychology ethnic migrations. M., 1993. Levi-Strauss K. Structural Anthropology. M., 1983. Migrations and Diasporas in Post-Soviet States. M., 1996. Morgan L.G. Ancient society, or a study of the lines of human progress from savagery through barbarism to civilization. L., 1934. Mylnikov A.S. On the ethnographic study of culture: the source study aspect // SE. 1987. No. 4. Pimenov V.V. Problems of applied ethnography // SE. 1986. No. 5. Pimenov V.V. A systematic approach to the ethnos (to the formulation of the problem) // Races and peoples. Issue 16. M., 1986. Problems of typology in ethnography. M., 1979. Problems of ethnography and anthropology in the light of scientific heritage F. Engels. M., 1972. P.I. Puchkov. Modern geography of religions. M., 1975. Semenov Yu.I. Origin of marriage and family. M., 1974. Soldatova G.U. Psychology of interethnic tension. M., 1998. Statistics in ethnography. M, 1985. Typology of the main elements traditional culture. M., 1984. Tishkov V.A. Essays on the theory and politics of ethnicity in Russia. M., 1997. Tokarev S.A. Early forms of religion and their development. M., 1964. Tokarev S.A. Religions in the history of the peoples of the world. M., 1976. Values ​​and symbols national identity in a changing society. M., 1994. Cheboksarov N.N., Cheboksarova I.A. Peoples, races, cultures. M., 1985. Cheshko S.V. The collapse of the Soviet Union: An ethnopolitical analysis. M., 1996. Chistov K.V. Folk traditions and folklore. Essays on theory. L., 1986. Ethnic ecology. M., 1991. Ethnographic aspects of the study of modernity. L., 1980. Ethnos in pre-class and early class society. M., 1982. Ethnosocial problems of the city. M., 1986.

HISTORY OF SCIENCE

Averkieva Yu.P. History of theoretical thought in American ethnography. M., 1979. Actual problems ethnography and modern foreign science. L., 1979. Belik A. Psychological anthropology: history and theory. M., 1993. Concepts of foreign ethnology. Critical studies. M., 1976. Nikishenkov A.A. From the History of English Ethnography: A Critique of Functionalism. M., 1986. Ways of development of foreign ethnology. M., 1983. Modern American ethnography. M., 1963. Tishkov V.A. Soviet ethnography: overcoming crises / Ethnographic review. 1992, N 1. Tokarev S.A. The origins of ethnographic science. M., 1978. Tokarev S.A. History of foreign ethnography. M., 1978. Tokarev S.A. History of Russian ethnography. M., 1973. Engels F. The origin of the family, private property and the state. Marx K. and Engels F. Soch., T. 21. Ethnography in the countries of socialism. Essays on the development of science. M., 1975. Ethnography abroad. Historical essays. M., 1979. Ethnological research abroad. Critical Essays. M., 1973.

ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE PEOPLES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES

Averkieva Yu.P. Indians of North America from tribal to class society. M., 1974. Australia and Oceania. History, economics, ethnography. M., 1978. American ethnographic collection. Proceedings of IE. T. 58. M., 1960. Andrianov B.V. The unsettled population of the world. Historical and ethnographic research. M., 1985. Africa. Encyclopedic reference book. T. 1. M., 1988. Africa: interaction of cultures. M., 1989. Africa: culture and society / Ed. R.N. Ismagilova. M., 1992. Berndt R.M., Berndt K.Kh. The world of the first Australians. M., 1981. Bogina Sh.A. US immigrant population. L., 1976. Bogina Sh.A. Ethnocultural processes in the USA. Late 18th - early 19th century M. 1986. Butinov A.A. Polynesians of the islands of Tuvalu. M., 1982. Butinov N.A. Peoples of Papua New Guinea. SPb., 2000. Butinov N.A. Papuan New Guinea. M., 1968. Gerasimov O. Saudi Arabia. M., 1977. Guseva N.R. Hinduism. History of formation. Cult practice. M., 1977. Guseva N.R. Artistic handicrafts of India. M., 1982. Davidson B. Africans. Introduction to the history of culture. MM., 1975. Dzeniskevich G.I. Athabaskans of Alaska. M., 1987. Eremeev D.E. Ethnogenesis of the Turks (origin and main stages of ethnic history). M., 1971. Ivanova E.V. Essays on the culture of the Thais of Thailand. M., 1996. Ismagilova R.N. Ethnic problems of modern Tropical Africa. M., 1973. Kabo V.R. Tasmanians and the Tasmanian problem. M., 1975. Calendar customs and rituals in the countries of Foreign Europe / Ed. S.A. Tokarev. M., 1973, 1977, 1978, 1983. Kiselev G.S. House. Essays on ethnic, social and political history(until the 19th century). M., 1981. Kozlov S.Ya. Fulbe Jallon. M., 1976. Kochakova N.B. Birth of African Civilization. Ife, Oyo, Benin, Dahomey. M., 1986. Kryukov M.V., Malyavin V.V., Sofronov M.V. Chinese epic in the Middle Ages. M., 1984. Kryukov M.V., Sofronov M.V., Cheboksarov N.N. Ancient Chinese: problems of ethnogenesis. M., 1978. Kubbel L.E. Songhai state. M., 1974. Cuban ethnography. Articles and materials. M., 1983. Culture and life of the peoples of foreign Europe. Ethnographic research. M., 1967. Lyapunova R.G. Aleuts. 1987. Maretina S.A. Andamans: On the problem of pre-agricultural societies. SPb., 1995. Markov G.E. Nomads of Asia. M., 1976. Midt M. Culture and the world of childhood. M., 1988. Morgan L. G. Houses and home life of American Indians. L., 1934. Morgan L.G. League of Hodanesaunee, or Iroquois. M., 1983. National problems of Canada. M., 1972. National processes in Central America and Mexico. M., 1974. Nitoburg E.D. US Negroes. XVII - beginning of XX century. Historical and ethnographic essay. M., 1979. Community in Africa. Problems of typology. M., 1978. The main problems of African studies. M., 1973. Hunters of the American North. M., 1991. Popov V.A. Ethno-social history of the Akans in the 16th - 19th centuries. Problems of genesis and stadial-formational development of ethnopolitical organisms. M., 1990 Rose F. Aborigines of Australia. M., 1989. Sedlovskaya A.N. Small peoples of Bihar. (Historian-ethnographic essay). M., 1976. Semashko I.M. Bhila. Historical and ethnographic research. M., 1975. Modern ethno-national processes in the countries of Western Europe. M., 1981, Te Rangi Hiroa (Peter Buck). Seafarers Sunrise. M., 1950. Types of rural housing in the countries of Foreign Europe. M., 1968. Types of traditional rural dwellings of the peoples of the South-Eastern, Eastern and Central Asia. M., 1979. Traditional and syncretic religions of Africa // Series: Religions in the XX century. M., 1986. Fainberg L.A. Indians of Brazil. M., 1975. Fedorova I.K. Easter Island. M., 1993. Formation of nations in Central and South-Eastern Europe. Historical and historical-cultural aspects. M., 1981. Heerdal Tur. Adventures of one theory. L. 1969. Evans-Pritchard E.E. Nuer. Description of the ways of life support and political institutions of one of the Nilotic peoples. M., 1985. Ellenberger V. The tragic end of the Bushmen. M., 1956. Elkin A. Indigenous people Australia. M., 1952. Ethnic processes in the countries of Foreign Europe. M., 1970. Ethnic processes in the countries of the Caribbean. M., 1982. Ethnic processes in countries South-East Asia. M., 1974. Ethnic processes in the countries of South America. M., 1981. Ethnography of childhood. traditional forms education of children and adolescents among the peoples of Western and South Asia. M., 1983.

ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE PEOPLES OF RUSSIA AND THE NEAR ABROAD

Alexandrov V. A. Rural community in Russia (XVIII - early XIX century). M., 1976. Alekseenko E.A. Kets. L., 1967. Anokhina L.A., Shmeleva M.N. Life of the urban population of the middle zone of the RSFSR in the past and present. M., 1977. Antropova V.V. Culture and life of the Koryaks. M., 1971. Baiburin A.K. Dwelling in the rituals and ideas of the Eastern Slavs. L., 1983. Bgazhnokov B.Kh. Essays on the ethnography of the communication of the Circassians. Nalchik, 1983. Belitser V.N. Essays on the ethnography of the Komi peoples. M., 1958. Bernshtam T.A. Youth in the ritual life of the Russian community in the 19th-20th centuries. M., 1988. Bernshtam T.A. Russian folk culture Pomorie in the XIX-beginning of the XX century. Ethnographic essays. L., 1983. Bikbulatov N.V. Bashkir system of kinship. M., 1981. Bogoraz V.G. Material culture of the Chukchi. M., 1991. Boguslavskaya I.Ya. Russian folk art. L., 1968. Boyko V.I. social development peoples of the Lower Amur. Novosibirsk, 1977. Budina O.R., Shmeleva M.N. City and folk traditions Russians. M., 1989. Life of the Great Russian peasant farmers. Description of the materials of the Ethnographic Bureau of Prince V.N. Tenishev (on the example of the Vladimir province), St. Petersburg, 1993. Household culture of the Chuvash. Cheboksary, 1985. Weinstein V.A. Historical ethnography of the Tuvans. M., 1972. Vasilevich G.M. Evenki. L., 1969. Vasiliev V.I. Problems of the formation of the North Samoyedic peoples. M, 1979. Vinokurova I.Yu. Calendar customs, rituals and holidays of the Vepsians (late 19th - early 20th centuries). SPb., 1994. Vladykin V.E. Religious and mythological picture of the world of the Udmurts. Izhevsk, 1994. Volkova N.G., Javakhishvili G.N. Everyday culture of Georgia in the 19th-20th centuries: traditions and innovations. M., 1982. Questions of the ethnic history of the Estonian people. Tallinn, 1956. East Slavic ethnographic collection. M., 1956. . Vyatkina K.V. Essays on the culture and life of the Buryats. 1969. Hagen-Thorn N. Women's clothing peoples of the Volga region. Materials for ethnogenev. Cheboksary, 1960. Gadzhieva S.Sh. Kumyks. M., 1961. Gadlo A.V. Ethnography of the peoples of Central Asia and Transcaucasia. SPb., 1998. Gardanov V.K. The social system of the Adyghe peoples. M., 1967. Geography and culture ethnographic groups Tatars in the USSR. M., 1983. Gromyko M.M. Traditional norms of behavior and forms of communication of Russian peasants of the 19th century. M., 1986. Gromyko M.M. The world of the Russian village. M., 1992. Guboglo M.N. Modern ethno-linguistic processes in the USSR. The main factors and trends in the development of national-Russian bilingualism. M., 1984. Gurvich I.O. The culture of the northern Yakut reindeer herders. M., 1977. Dmitrieva S.I. Folklore and folk art of Russians of the European North. M., 1988. Dolgikh B.O. Tribal and tribal composition of the peoples of Siberia in the 17th century. M., 1960. Drobizheva L.M. Spiritual community of the peoples of the USSR. Historical and sociological essay on interethnic relations. M., 1981. Stallions L.N. Historical and cultural relations of Komi with neighboring peoples. M., 1982. Zelenin D.K. East Slavic ethnography. M., 1991. From the history of the St. Petersburg province. New in Humanitarian Studies. SPb., 1997. History and culture of the Itelmens. L., 1990. History and culture of the Koryaks. L., 1990. History and culture of the Udege. L., 1989. History and culture of the Chukchi. L., 1987. Iskhakov D.M. Tatars (a popular essay on ethnic history and demography) // Tatars. Naberezhnye Chelny, 1993, pp. 3-50. Iskhakov D.M. From medieval Tatars to the Tatars of the New Age (an ethnological view of the history of the Volga-Ural Tatars of the 15th - 17th centuries. Kazan, 1998. Kaloev B.A. Agriculture of the peoples of the North Caucasus. M., 1981. Kaloev B.A. Ossetians. M., 1967. Karlov V. V. The Evenki in the 17th - early 20th century M., 1982. Kimeev V.M. The Shors. Who are they?, Kemerovo, 1989. Kobychev V.P. M., 1982. Kovalevsky M. M. Law and custom in the Caucasus. M., 1980. Kozlov V. I. Nationalities of the USSR. Ethno-demographic review. M., 1982 Kozlova K. I. Essays on the ethnic history of the Mari people. M., 1978 Konakov N.D. Komi hunters and fishermen in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century. M., 1983. Krashennikov S.P. Description of the land of Kamchatka. M., 1949. Krupyanskaya V.Yu., .Polishchuk N .S. Culture and life of the workers of the mining and factory Urals ( late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century). M., 1971. Kuzeev R.G. Historical ethnography of the Bashkir people. Ufa, 1978 Kuzeev R.G. The peoples of the Middle Volga and Southern Urals: An ethnogenetic view of history. M., 1992. Culture of life support and ethnos. Experience of ethnoculturological research (based on the materials of the Armenian rural culture). Yerevan, 1983. Culture and life of the peoples of the North Caucasus. M., 1968. Lashuk L.P. Formation of the Komi people, M., 1972. Lukina N.V. Formation material culture Khanty. Tomsk, 1985. Markov G.E. Essay on the history of the formation of northern Turkmens. M., 1961 Maslova G.S. Folk clothes in East Slavic traditional customs and rituals of the 19th - early 20th centuries. M., 1984. Moldavians. Kishinev, 1977. Molchanova L.A. Material culture of Belarusians. Minsk, 1968. Mordva. Historical and ethnographic essays. Saransk, 1981 Mukhamedova R.G. Mishari Tatars. M., 1972. Mukhametshin Yu.G. Kryashen Tatars. M., 1977. We live on the same land: The population of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region / Comp. and scientific ed. K.V. Chistov. SPb., 1992. The peoples of the Volga and Ural regions. Historian-ethnographic essays. The peoples of the North Caucasus from ancient times to late XVIII in. T. I. M., 1988. Naulko V.I. Ukrainians. Kyiv, 1980. Nosova T.D. Paganism in Orthodoxy. M., 1975. 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Thus, the boundaries of large geocultural regions of the world are the result of the interaction of natural, economic and historical-cultural (civilizational) components. Prominent Russian geographer V.V. Volsky defined the concept civilizational macro-region": "a historically formed complex of neighboring peoples belonging to the same regional civilization and developing interdependently in certain geographical conditions", while highlighting 11 civilizational regions: Western and Central-Eastern Europe, the Russian-Eurasian region, North Africa and the Middle East, South, East and Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, North America, Latin America, Australia and Oceania.

Within the framework of large historical-geographical regions, there are historical-cultural regions of a lower rank, up to local cultural regions. For example, within the Western European region, the following historical and cultural areas can be distinguished: Northern, Central, Western (Atlantic), Southern (Mediterranean). However, as some authors believe, under conditions of mixing of cultures, the division of geospace into historical and cultural worlds has lost all meaning.

Where are the UNESCO World Heritage Sites located?

More than half of all objects in the world cultural heritage presented in Europe, which clearly reflects the contribution of Western civilization, as well as Christianity as a world religion, to the treasury of mankind. The top three in terms of the number of objects are Italy, Spain and China. About a quarter of all heritage sites are located in Asia, where the ancient and medieval civilizations of the East were formed, cultural basis served by religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, as well as traditional religions. Obviously, each ethnic group represents a certain cultural value, as he contributed to the global "piggy bank" of civilizations. The achievements of non-European cultures are no less significant for world progress than "civilized Europeans".

Sources of information

1. Gladkiy Yu.N., Chistobaev A.I. Fundamentals of regional policy. SPb., 1998.

2. Gladkiy Yu.N., Chistobaev A.I. Regional studies. M., 2000.

3. Dugin A.G. Fundamentals of geopolitics. M., 1997.

4. Mashbits Ya.G. Fundamentals of regional studies. M., 1995.

5. Peoples of the world. Historical and ethnographic reference book / ch. ed. Yu.V. Bromley. M., 1988.

6. Toynbee A.J. Understanding history. M., 1991.

7. Toynbee A.J. Civilization before the court of history. M., 1996.

8. Cheboksarov N.N., Cheboksarova I.A. Peoples, races, cultures. M., 1985.

9. Spengler O. Decline of Europe: Essays on the morphology of world history. M., 1993.

10. Yakovets Yu.V. History of civilizations. M., 1997.

Questions and tasks

1. What are the reasons for the differences in approaches to the regionalization of the cultural map of the world by different authors?

2. What civilizations include several ethnic groups within their borders? The core of what civilizations is one ethnic community?

3. Give examples when religion united various ethnic groups into a single civilization.

4. Using additional literature, on the example of your region (region, republic, territory), highlight the historical and cultural regions, tell us about their cultural identity.

Russian civilizational space

§ 3. Russian people

The first written information about the Russians can be found in The Tale of Bygone Years (XII century), in which the author speaks of Slavic tribes belonging to the Russians. However, the formation of the Russian ethnos began in the 9th-12th centuries, when the tribes of the Eastern Slavs (Polyans, Drevlyans, Vyatichi, Krivichi, Ilmen Slovenes, etc.) consolidated within the framework of a single state - Kievan Rus - in ancient Russian nationality. The further consolidation of this nation was prevented by the feudal disintegration of Kievan Rus, and subsequently by the unification of disparate principalities under the rule of several states (the Principality of Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later the Commonwealth), which laid the foundation for the formation of three modern Slavic peoples: Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians . It is within the boundaries of the Moscow principality on the basis of the unity of language and Orthodox culture formed Russian people, united by a single self-consciousness and territorial community. Later, in the 17th - 19th centuries, in the conditions of active territorial expansion, Russian nation.