On October 14, the whole world celebrates Standardization Day. It's a good thing, but that's just the standards for everyone are different - pounds, grams, inches, degrees Fahrenheit, degrees Celsius.
A hundred years ago, Russia had its own standards, different from both European and American ones.
They are still on the move. We only use them for other purposes - the old Russian measures are fixed at the level of proverbs and sayings. We have compiled a selection of the most typical examples.
How national character can be identified by proverbs, sayings and fairy tales,
“You can’t understand Russia with the mind, you can’t measure it with a common arshin ...”
The meaning of the verse is that it is useless to fit the broad Russian soul to some standards. The word itself comes from the Latin "arcus" - "bow". It was 71 cm of string tension that was then considered the norm.
"Small spool but precious"
Originally it was called gold coin the time of Vladimir the Red Sun.
It weighed 4.26 g. Silver hryvnias were increasingly used for calculations, each of which weighed 204.75 g.
By weight, exactly 48 spools would fit there. And for the hryvnia, and for the spool, you could buy a war horse. Or 10 live dairy cows. Or 30 slaughtered, in carcasses.
"Seven spans in the forehead"
Literally - a "high-minded" person. However, everyone can be convinced that those same “seven spans” cannot be counted even by Socrates or Lenin, the owners of the highest foreheads in the history of mankind. Don't even count one. A span, an ancient Russian measure of length, is approximately 17.8 cm. This is the distance between the stretched index and thumb right hand. The British, by the way, also had a similar measure, span, only the distance was measured with a stretched thumb and little finger.
Versta Kolomenskaya
The name of this measure of length comes from the words “turn”, “turn the plow”, that is, the length of the furrow that the ox will plow without getting tired. Usually a verst is 500 sazhens, i.e. 1066 m. But Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, on trips from the Kremlin to his dacha, to the village of Kolomenskoye, decided that his personal versts would be 1000 sazhens each.
And he ordered to mark the road with four-yard milestones, which were also called "versts". The saying means an unreasonably long, very tall person.
"From the pot two inches"
Gerasim from the story "Mumu" by Ivan Turgenev: "A man twelve inches tall, built by a hero." The tip is 4.5 cm at the tip of the index finger.
It turns out that the hero was half a meter tall? The fact is that in the old days, the “zero point” of calculating growth was two arshins. That is, 142 cm, to which tops were added further. So Gerasim is a giant - as much as 196 cm. The saying was understood as an insult, as if someone was called a bastard.
"Slanting fathom in the shoulders"
At that time there were even more sazhens than arshins. Distinguished by a dozen or two. The policeman was considered the longest - almost 285 cm. The fly fathom is still used now, but only fishermen, showing what prey they had off the hook, is the distance between the outstretched fingers of their outstretched hands, about 178 cm.
The oblique was located in the middle and was measured from the fingers of the right hand raised up to the toes of the left foot, that is, obliquely. This is 248 cm. Only the Terminator could have so much in his shoulders.
"A pood of salt to eat"
That is to know a friend. In principle, now one person eats about 5 kg of salt per year. A pound is approximately 16 kg, so for 2 years it can easily be slaughtered together.
The name comes from the Latin "poundus", meaning "weight". It was for poods that the ancient Slavs traded in bread with the ancient world.
A hundred years ago, Russia had its own standards, different from both European and American ones. They are still on the move. We only use them for other purposes - the old Russian measures are fixed at the level of proverbs and sayings.
“You can’t understand Russia with the mind, you can’t measure it with a common arshin ...”
At the time of Tyutchev, the author of these lines, there were several arshins. The standard was just “general”, the length of which was strictly monitored in fabric shops so that merchants did not measure and shortchange buyers.
The meaning of the verse is that it is useless to fit the broad Russian soul to some standards. The word itself comes from the Latin "arcus" - "bow". It was 71 cm of string tension that was then considered the norm.
"Small spool but precious"
Initially, this was the name of the gold coin of the times of Vladimir the Red Sun.
It weighed 4.26 g. Silver hryvnias were increasingly used for calculations, each of which weighed 204.75 g.
By weight, exactly 48 spools would fit there. And for the hryvnia, and for the spool, you could buy a war horse. Or 10 live dairy cows. Or 30 slaughtered, in carcasses.
"Seven spans in the forehead"
Literally - a "high-minded" person. However, everyone can be convinced that those same “seven spans” cannot be counted even by Socrates or Lenin, the owners of the highest foreheads in the history of mankind. Don't even count one. A span, an ancient Russian measure of length, is approximately 17.8 cm. This is the distance between the stretched index and thumb of the right hand. The British, by the way, also had a similar measure, span, only the distance was measured with a stretched thumb and little finger.
Versta Kolomenskaya
The name of this measure of length comes from the words “turn”, “turn the plow”, that is, the length of the furrow that the ox will plow without getting tired. Usually a verst is 500 sazhens, i.e. 1066 m. But Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, on trips from the Kremlin to his dacha, to the village of Kolomenskoye, decided that his personal versts would be 1000 sazhens each.
And he ordered to mark the road with four-yard milestones, which were also called "versts". The saying also means an exorbitantly long, very tall person.
"From the pot two inches"
Gerasim from the story "Mumu" by Ivan Turgenev: "A man twelve inches tall, built by a hero." The tip is 4.5 cm at the tip of the index finger.
It turns out that the hero was half a meter tall? The fact is that in the old days, the “zero point” of calculating growth was two arshins. That is, 142 cm, to which tops were added further. So Gerasim is a giant - as much as 196 cm. The saying was understood as an insult, as if someone was called premature
"Slanting fathom in the shoulders"
At that time there were even more sazhens than arshins. Distinguished by a dozen or two. The policeman was considered the longest - almost 285 cm. The fly fathom is still used now, but only fishermen, showing what prey they had off the hook, is the distance between the outstretched fingers of their outstretched hands, about 178 cm.
The oblique was located in the middle and was measured from the fingers of the right hand raised up to the toes of the left foot, that is, obliquely. This is 248 cm. Only the Terminator could have so much in his shoulders.
day of ”non-standard standard”... What did the Federal State educational standard new generation? Of course, this is a certain period, if not to say “the phenomenon of life”, professional life ...
But it just so happened that the most significant phenomena of our life, character traits, various actions of people entered history through proverbs and sayings.
Proverb - a phrase, a turn of speech, reflecting any phenomenon of life, one of the small genres of folklore. Often humorous.
Proverb - small form folk poetry, dressed in a short, rhythmic saying, carrying a generalized thought, conclusion, allegory with a didactic bias.
Let's try to read our most serious document and see in it a certain “didactic bias” (we quote Wikipedia!), But we will read and retell it “in a different way”
Allegory - an expression containing hidden meaning; used as a literary device.
For example, the well-known proverb
And what other proverbs and sayings can be cited that deal with the significance of personal results and over-subject activities necessary for successful self-realization ...
So, WE ALLOYthe same standard…
About what universal learning activities is said in the most common proverbs and sayings? ...
The well-known proverb "Measure 7 times, cut once” unambiguously teaches planning and organization of one’s activities, evaluating the conditions in which a decision is made. This is what the proverb says:Take the burden on your own, so as not to grunt while walking". In the standard, it sounds like this: “possession of the basics of self-assessment, decision-making and the implementation of informed choice.”
Fighting alone - life can not be turned over
It speaks very figuratively about the importance of skills to organize cooperation and joint activities! There are many more aphorisms, proverbs, sayings about the meaning of TEAM.
"The word is not a sparrow - it will fly out, you won't catch it"
I would never have said so SCIENTIFICLY before, as it is written in the text of the Federal State Educational Standard: the ability to consciously use speech means in accordance with the task of communication.
Many proverbs are devoted to regulatory UUD. Here, for example, is one of them:
Prepare the sleigh in summer and the cart in winter.
UUD - planning - determining the sequence of intermediate goals, taking into account end result; drawing up a plan and sequence of actions.
Who is much literate - that will not be an abyss.In my opinion, in this proverb there is a hint of personal UUD (sense formation, i.e., the establishment by students of a connection between the goal learning activities and its motive, between the result of the teaching and that which induces activity, for the sake of which it is carried out).
More science - smarter hands.
It seems to me that this proverb is suitable for what we will learn and learn at the conference. The teacher must know ICT and keep up with new information technologies.
Life to live - not a field to go
We all know this proverb well!
And we are talking, first of all, about the ability to build a logical conclusion based on their own observations and conclusions. GEF is clearly focused on the formation of reflection skills.
Formation and development of ecological thinking, the ability to apply it in social practice:
Do not spit in the well: it will come in handy to drink water
A lot of forest - do not destroy, little forest - take care, no forest - plant
There is no bad land, there are bad owners b
Personal Outcomes
Awareness of the importance of the family in the life of a person and society, acceptance of the value family life respectful and caring attitude towards family members
In the family, the porridge is thicker.
Earth without water is dead, a man without a family is an empty flower.
A tree is supported by roots, and a person is a family.
Grandmother - only one grandfather is not a grandson.
What is the treasure, if the family is in harmony.
For a grandson, grandfather is the mind, and grandmother is the soul.
Don't hide your failures from your parents.
A good family is a harbor in a storm, a bad family is a storm in the harbor.
Being a guest is good, but being at home is better.
In your home and the walls help
The house does not warm the oven, but love and harmony
awareness of the importance of the family in the life of a person and society, acceptance of the value of family life, respectful and caring attitude towards family members
Relationships as a health factor.
Being healthy is a necessary condition for the implementation of GEF:
Quarrel is the enemy of health
Don't fight - get old
Whoever makes people angry for nothing, everything hurts
A bee stings with poison, and a man with a word
Don't be angry - you'll ruin your liver
Anger dries bones, health
He who does not respond to anger with anger saves himself and the other from misfortune.
When you get angry, count to one hundred
Disease loves the cowardly
Man to man medicine
Merry disease is afraid
Healthy fun - salvation from any troubles
Who lives in happiness, joy, that disease does not take
A smile promises us an extension of the century, and anger only ages a person.
Live and learn!
Motivation for education and self-education throughout your life.
motivated for creativity and innovation:
a bad head does not give rest to the legs
prepared for a conscious choice of profession, understanding the meaning professional activity for the individual and society:
needed where was born
Learn from mistakes- the ability to adjust their actions in accordance with the changing situation;
Who wants - he is looking for opportunities, who does not want - he is looking for reasons- ability to establish causal relationships
Fear the enemy - do not stay alive- find a common solution and resolve conflicts based on the coordination of positions and taking into account interests
“Do it in a hurry - make a mockery”. Everyone knows this proverb. And in the language of the Federal State Educational Standard, this means to exercise control over one's activities in the process of achieving results.
Do not take on a big deal alone: you will break your back.
This proverb says that you need to do great work in a team, and not alone. Working in a team develops the skills of cooperation with adults and peers in different social situations, the ability not to create conflicts and find ways out of contentious situations.
“Look at your feet: you won’t find anything, so at least you won’t break your nose.”- control their activities in the process of achieving results
To undertake everything - to do nothing
The ability to correlate their actions with the planned results. It's about and about reflection too: how important it is to be able to objectively assess your capabilities!
Bake pancakes! - I would be glad to bake, but there is no flour. - Well, there is no flour, so and so bake. Graduates will learn to perceive and analyze. messages - cognitive UUD.
The alphabet is science, and the guys are beech (flour)- subject UUD. In the field of personal universal learning activitiesthe internal position of the student will be formed, adequate motivation for educational activities, including educational andcognitive motives.
What one cannot do, it is easy for the team.
formation of communicative competence in communication and cooperation
Health is the head of everything, everything is more expensive.
formation of the value of a healthy and safe lifestyle
Science is not given for nothing - science is taken with difficulty.
formation of a responsible attitude to learning
"You can't drink a bad word with velvet honey."
"The horse will break free - you will catch up, but you will not turn back the spoken word."
The ability to consciously use speech means in accordance with the task of communication to express one's feelings, thoughts and needs.
He who does not govern himself, he will not instruct the other in the mind.
And this is about modern teachers!
Teaching forms the mind, and education forms morals.
The standard is aimed at providing: spiritual and moral development and education of students at the level of primary general
education, the formation of their civic identity as the basis for the development of civic
society.
They teach not only by saying, but also by showing.
The Standard is based on a system-activity approach.
Where it is thin - there it breaks.- the proverb clearly shows a causal relationship.
If yes, if mushrooms grew in the mouth- then there would be not a mouth, but a full garden. - just like in the previous proverb, a causal relationship is revealed.
Everyone imagines himself a strategist, seeing the battle from the side.- identification and understanding of the essence and features of the objects under study.
"Love to talk - love and listen" teaches unequivocally to take into account different opinions and strive to coordinate various positions in cooperation.
Regulatory UUD:
Cause time, fun hour- the ability to plan their activities.
Seven cases in one hand do not take- the ability to distribute forces and achieve goals gradually
Don't start - think, but start - do- thought activity approach.
- PRESCHOOL AGE
- PEOPLE
- PROVERB
- PROVERB
- SPEECH DEVELOPMENT
The article presents a detailed analysis of some characteristics of proverbs and sayings. A proverb and a saying are a short folk saying with instructive content.
- The role of psychological characteristics in the use of technical teaching aids
- The problem of communication adequacy in the theory of simultaneous translation
From time immemorial, proverbs and sayings have been perceived by people as a real storehouse of the wisdom of their ancestors. Tarlanov Z.K. believes that proverbs "organically combine the advantages of a folk encyclopedia, poetic masterpieces and figures irresistible in their grace oratory”, because they show us folk ideas about good and evil, about the world and society around us, the relations of people in it, and express all this in very clear verbal formulas.
Proverbs are a special kind of linguistic expressions that prescribe the rules of behavior and give normative assessments of events and actions from the point of view of practice. today. We can say that proverbs are carriers of a special cultural value code for the entire language community, proverbs act as a kind of moral regulators of human behavior and worldview. Many people trust and follow the rules contained in proverbs, the system for educating the younger generation is based on the advice contained in these ancient examples of folk wisdom. In the minds of most people, proverbs are on a par with holy books different religions are the main source of knowledge about moral and ethical standards.
FROM scientific point of vision, a proverb is a saying that is stable in speech, rhythmically and grammatically organized, in which the practical experience of the people and their assessment of certain life phenomena are recorded. Appears in speech, unlike sayings, as an independent judgment. This interpretation is recorded in the Encyclopedia of the Russian Language, which also notes the artistic, ideological and linguistic value of Russians. folk proverbs.
An important aspect is that the text of the proverb is clothed in a certain expressive fixed form, which finds its direct expression in the syntax, vocabulary and semantics of the proverb. At the same time, the expressiveness of proverbs fades into the background, and in the foreground there is a general assessment of the situation described in the proverb, prompting advice or a general instructive meaning.
Let us consider the main linguistic features of Russian proverbs from the point of view of the grammatical structure, lexical and phonetic features.
Features of the grammatical structure:
- Frequent use of a compound nominal predicate;
The root of the doctrine is bitter, but its fruit is sweet
Poverty is not a vice
The native side is the mother, the alien side is the stepmother.
Seven troubles - one answer.
Alphabet - the wisdom of the step.
The product is good and the price is good.
Cool kneaded, but not baked.
- Frequent use of the imperative;
Do not spit in the well - you will need some water to drink.
Eat mushroom pie and keep your mouth shut.
Live according to your strength, stretch according to prosperity.
Strike while the iron is hot.
Not knowing the ford, do not poke your head into the water.
Judge not, lest you be judged.
Trust but verify.
Seven times measure cut once.
- Using Syntax Parallelism:
After a thunderstorm, a bucket, after grief, joy
Not a carpenter without an ax, not a tailor without a needle
Red girl in a round dance: what is the color of poppies in the garden
Yours are playing, and ours are crying
The rich feast on weekdays, the poor grieves on holidays
The truth is good, and the truth is not bad.
Features of the lexical structure:
- Frequent use of figurative language means;
In one fell swoop, a hundred beatings, and not counting the rest.
Do not take out dirty linen from the hut.
- Frequent use of evaluative vocabulary;
Dear wife loves a soft pillow.
The mouth already hurts, but the belly orders to eat.
My girl is smart, she spins thinly, sharpens cleanly, whitens white.
The face of a kid, but the mind of a beast.
A small drop, but a stone hammers.
The lip is not a fool, the tongue is not a spatula: it knows what is bitter, what is sweet.
- Frequent use of language games.
We live without a twist: there is no firewood, no splinter.
While the fat one loses weight, the thin one will die of hunger.
God will give and give it to the window.
Whatever God gives: either he will help out, or he will learn.
Phonetic features:
- The use of various sound repetitions (alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme);
He knocked down, knocked together - here is the wheel, sat down and drove off - oh, good! I looked back - some knitting needles are lying!
Shchi and porridge are our food.
And honor is not in honor, if there is nothing to eat.
Two inches from the pot.
Worldly rumor is a wave of the sea.
- Clear syllabo-tonic pattern.
Also, the main features of proverbs as phraseological units of the Russian language include brevity of presentation, clarity of thought, fairly wide common use in speech, the use of clichéd forms, the constancy of the lexical composition and location of the proverb components, reproduction in colloquial speech, usually in finished form, stability, figurativeness and expressiveness. .
Russian folk proverbs are of great scientific value for psychological pedagogical activity. An outstanding Russian teacher K.D. Ushinsky stated in his scientific works: "Russian proverbs are important in the initial teaching of the native language, firstly, in their form, and secondly, in their content." In the book " native word”, designed for students primary school, K.D. Ushinsky placed about 300 proverbs and sayings and several stories that reveal the meaning of some of them. L.N. Tolstoy, in the course of his pedagogical activity, also wrote several stories based on Russian proverbs for literacy students. At present, the study of folk proverbs is an obligatory structural element in the development of speech in the study mother tongue, as well as in the study foreign languages to enrich vocabulary trainees.
Proverbs play an important role in the development of the spiritual and moral culture of the individual. modern man. Appeal to the moral principles inherent in this folklore genre is an important stage in the formation and development of the individual's worldview.
Thus, the proverbs of the Russian language are of great scientific value from the point of view not only of studying the language system, but also as a psychological and pedagogical means of introducing students of different ages (often preschool and school age) to the cultural and moral values of their fatherland.
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Seven Fridays a week. (The proverb refers to a fickle person, a person who changes his intentions and opinions too often.)
Measure seven times, cut once. (The meaning of the proverb is that before you do anything, carefully check everything and think carefully, slowly, whether you have taken everything into account.)
The heart bleeds. (Usually said when they are worried about the grief of other people, or when they are upset because of some kind of loss.)
Sits like a collar on a cow. (A saying about a person who does not suit his clothes.)
Sitting on the stove, you won’t earn even for candles. (About work and laziness. If you mess around, you will be poor, if you are stubborn and industrious, you will succeed.)
Power that does not know the purpose is the mother of laziness. (The proverb means that if a person has opportunities, but he cannot or does not want to use these opportunities for good anywhere, it gives rise to laziness. These opportunities do not bring any benefit, but disappear from idleness and laziness.)
The strong will conquer one, the knowing one a thousand. (The proverb means that with the help of knowledge and science, any business will be much more efficient and better than without them.)
A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it. Good fellows lesson! (An expression from the work of A.S. Pushkin “The Tale of the Golden Cockerel.” It means that in every fairy tale there is an instructive hidden meaning that teaches us how to do the right thing, how not to make mistakes, how to distinguish good deeds from evil. Every child, should try to grasp this meaning and draw the right conclusions.)
No matter how much you feed the wolf, he keeps looking into the forest. (The wolf will not exchange freedom for anything, it is very difficult to tame him, he is always drawn to the forest. So are people: if a person really wants to go somewhere, or change something, then nothing can hold him back and dissuade him.)
With a hard heart. (The saying is used when some kind of deed is done against the will, when you don’t want to do it, but circumstances need or force it.)
Miser pays twice. (The proverb means that often a person saves where it should not be done, and subsequently this saving is many times more expensive. Also, people often buy cheap and low-quality things that immediately break or become unusable, you have to buy again.)
To follow good is to climb a mountain, to follow evil is to slide into an abyss. (The proverb clearly shows: what will happen to a person, depending on his actions. Good will raise you, evil will lower you to the bottom.)
Too many cooks just spoil the porridge. (German proverb. It is said when it is important not to overdo it and do everything in moderation.)
Words are good when from the heart. (Spanish proverb. The proverb means that when a person sincerely speaks good words, then they sound special and especially pleasant.)
The word is not a sparrow: it will fly out - you will not catch it. (The proverb teaches man: if you already said something, then answer for your words. Also, if you want to say bad and hurtful words to someone, think a hundred times whether it is worth saying. Then the situation can never be corrected, or make trouble.)
Resin is not water, abuse is not hello. (Proverb that swearing is bad.)
Snow to the earth-breadwinner is a warm casing. (The meaning of the proverb is that snow is a shelter for plants from frost. There will be no snow in winter, a winter crop and plants can freeze.)
Ate the dog. (Russian proverb. Means that a person has gained great experience in something, achieved mastery, and knows a lot about it.)
Counseling with people never hurts. (Belarusian proverb. It means that if it is very difficult for you to make a decision, then you should consult with more experienced and wise people. But after listening to their advice, the decision is still up to you.)
Nightingales are not fed with fables. (The proverb is said when something is constantly promised to a person, but they do not fulfill their promise. It is said to a person who is tired of his lies and unfulfilled promises. It means that if you feed the nightingale with fables instead of food, then he will not survive.)