Biography of Alexander Fadeev. Alexander Fadeev

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

GBOU SPO Oktyabrsky Oil College

named after S.I. Kuvykina

Topic: "Biography of Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev"

Completed: Art. gr.1Ks-13Vasleev A.A.

Checked by: Khasanova A.V.

Table of contents:

Writer's childhood
revolutionary activity
Wives and children of the writer
Fadeev - writer
Disease of Alexander Fadeev
Bibliography

Fadeev Alexander Alexandrovich

Fadeev Alexander Alexandrovich - Soviet writer, public figure, Laureate of the Stalin Prize of the 1st degree (1946), head of the Writers' Union of the USSR, prose writer, critic, literary theorist. He was awarded two Orders of Lenin and one Order of the Red Banner.

Writer's childhood

Father Alexander Ivanovich, a professional revolutionary, was born into a poor peasant family, spent part of his life wandering until he was sent to a St. Petersburg prison. Mother Antonina Vladimirovna Kunz (one of the Russified Germans), met Alexander Ivanovich in prison, at the request of the Red Cross, she visits him as a student of the St. Petersburg paramedic courses. Alexander and Antonina liked each other, even when Alexander was sentenced to five years of exile in the remote northern town of Shenkursk, Antonina went with him and soon they got married in June of the following year.

Alexander Fadeev was born in the village of Kimry, Korchevsky district, Tver province, on December 10 or 24, 1901. From the very beginning of his life, Alexander was a very gifted child. Due to the desire for knowledge, by the age of four, Sasha learned the alphabet, independently mastered the letter. He began to read books very early, his favorite writers were Jack London, Mine Reid, Fenimore Cooper. And also he not only loved to read books, he amazed with his immense imagination, composed his own stories, fairy tales and so on. In later life, Alexander became very addicted to literature, for example, he collaborated with handwritten student magazines, put his poems, stories, stories, fairy tales and so on there.

Love for work and respect for each other was laid down by his parents. Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev briefly described his childhood: “We ourselves sewed on torn buttons, put patches and patched holes in clothes, washed dishes and floors in the house, made beds ourselves, and besides, we mowed, reaped, knitted sheaves, weeded, looked after vegetables in the garden. I had carpentry tools, and I, and especially my brother Volodya, always made something. We always sawed and chopped firewood and stoked stoves ourselves. Since childhood, I knew how to harness a horse myself, saddle it and ride it ... ".

In 1908, the Fadeev family moved to the South Ussuri Territory (now Primorsky)

Maybe the family instilled all the qualities of a well-mannered person in Alexander, but, like any well-mannered person, he had to continue his education because the rural school did not meet these criteria, so it was decided to send him to Vladivostok, to a relative, since she was the head of the male progymnasium . So in the fall of 1910 to 1918, Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev studied at the Vladivostok Commercial School. Pretty quickly, Sasha became the best student, getting excellent marks (he even received a diploma from the directorate, received several awards for his writings, short poems, and so on. He lived with relatives so as not to get them financially, he himself decided to earn a living, already 13 worked as a repeater for years, helped lagging students, giving private lessons, combined study and work at the same time.

However, despite good grades, he decided to become a revolutionary figure. In the Vladivostok School there was an underground committee of the Bolsheviks, Alexander carried out various tasks of the committee. At the age of 17, in 1918, he joined the RCP (b) and adopted the party pseudonym Bulyga. Became a party agitator. In 1919 he joined the Special Communist Detachment of Red Partisans. Later life is already connected with revolutionary activity.

revolutionary activity

Having become close to the Bolsheviks, he joined the revolutionary activities. Participated in the partisan movement against Kolchak and interventionist troops (1919 - 1920). After the defeat of Kolchak - in the ranks of the Red Army, in Transbaikalia - against Ataman Semenov in the winter of 1920 - 1921, he was wounded.

In 1921 he came to Moscow as a delegate to the All-Russian Party Congress, together with other delegates, while suppressing the Kronstadt rebellion, he was seriously wounded. He was seriously wounded and lay for a long time without any help on the ice of the Gulf of Finland, having lost a lot of blood. But the doctors at the hospital, where he was then taken, managed to save his life. (It is worth noting that Fadeev's participation in this military operation will be marked with the Order of the Red Banner). Alexander Fadeev spent several months in the hospital. But he did not waste time in vain - he read a mountain of all sorts of books, from the works of utopian socialists to Lenin and Blok. There, Fadeev fell in love with one of the nurses, and although his feeling remained unshared, it left a mark on the heart of the future writer for life. The time spent in the hospital, he will always remember as one of the most beautiful periods of his life. "He began to study at the Moscow Mining Academy, but from the second year he was transferred to party work. After treatment and demobilization, Fadeev remained in Moscow.

Wives and children of the writer

Fadeev was married twice. The first wife is Valeria Anatolyevna Gerasimova. Little is known about her. Since 1936, he was married to Angelina Iosifovna Stepanova (1905-2000), actress of the Moscow Art Theater, People's Artist of the USSR). Mikhail, Fadeev's son from his second wife, was married to Stalin's granddaughter, N.V. Stalin. Before meeting with N. Stalin, the wives of M. Fadeev were actresses L. Gurchenko (born 1935; People's Artist of the USSR) and L. Luzhina (born 1939; Honored Artist of the RSFSR). The daughter of A. Fadeev from the poetess Margarita Aliger - Maria Aleksandrovna Fadeeva-Makarova-Enzesberger was born in 1943. (1943-1991), worked as a translator, lived in England for a long time. In 1991 she committed suicide.

Fadeev - writer

Fadeev's works are devoted to depicting the revolutionary movement and the struggle against the White Guards and interventionists in the Far East. The specificity of Fadeev's artistic manner lies in the exposure of the inner world of his characters, in a detailed analysis of the deepest experiences of a person. One of the means of psychological characterization in Fadeev is the emphasis on a certain portrait detail, a detailed description of gestures, facial expressions that accompany the speech and actions of the hero, in a peculiar way explaining his internal state. To the features of Fadeev's artistic manner. include the depiction of the described phenomena, events not directly from the author, but through the perception of certain actors, through the eyes of certain heroes. Sometimes, as it were, a double image of phenomena is given from different positions, from different points of view. The merit of Fadeev is not only in creating convex, memorable images of individual heroes, firmly established in Soviet literature, but also in the ability to give the image of the masses, the image of the partisan detachment, this living team that changes its appearance depending on the conditions, situation, situations. Despite the fact that Fadeev's novel was subjected to partial compositional revisions and abbreviations in subsequent editions, it bears traces of some stretching and richness.

In 1921, Fadeev began to write, to participate in the work of young writers, who united around the magazines "October" and "Young Guard". In "Young Guard" in 1923, Fadeev's first story "Against the Current" was published. For the novel "Young Guard" Fadeev received the Lenin Komsomol Prize (posthumously - 1970) and the Stalin Prize in 1946.

The novel "The Rout", which was published in 1927, brought the writer the recognition of readers and critics and introduced him to great literature. In the novel Rout, which reflected the personal impressions of Fadeev, a member of the partisan movement in the Far East, there is an attempt to show from within the transformation of spontaneous rebels into conscious fighters for the revolutionary cause. It was written in Krasnodar and Rostov, where Fadeev was at party work. Many years later, V. Bykov gave a high appraisal; in the novels "Sotnikov", "Kruglyansky Bridge", not without reason, they see a dispute with "Rout". In the novel Rout, which reflected the personal impressions of Fadeev, a member of the partisan movement in the Far East, there is an attempt to show from within the transformation of spontaneous rebels into conscious fighters for the revolutionary cause.

He devoted many years to the creation of the epic novel "The Last of Udege". Despite the incompleteness, the novel took its place not only in the work of A. Fadeev, but also in the historical and literary process of the 1920s and 1950s. The novel is not yet finished, it covers the period of the civil war. However, already in the first three parts, a huge amount of material is given from the history of the proletarian revolution in the Far East, the partisan movement, the struggle against the White Guards and interventionists are described, the life and way of life of the Udege tribe is depicted, living in the conditions of a tribal system, although already disintegrating; a whole gallery of images has been created - the capitalist Himmer and his family, leaders and ordinary fighters of the revolution, representatives of the kulaks, etc.

Fadeev took the idea of his book from the book by V.G. Lyaskovsky and M. Kotov "Hearts of the Brave", published in 1944. Immediately after the end of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), Fadeev sat down to write a novel about the Krasno-Don underground organization Young Guard, which operated on the territory occupied by Nazi Germany, many of whose members were destroyed by the Nazis. The book was first published in 1946. Fadeev himself, who created his work in the hot pursuit of events, naturally, could not predict this. As an orthodox communist, he was a prisoner of the ideology that reigned in the country in those years and had no right to retreat from it. And he did not sit down to this novel in order to pass the judgment of history on its basis. What was wrong with him? Each of the critics presented him with his score. Joseph Stalin, who accepted the handwritten version of the novel with enthusiasm, after its film adaptation, inflamed with completely different feelings. He saw a terrible flaw - the complete absence of both the book and the film of the leading role of the party. It turned out that the Young Guards performed feats solely on their own initiative. Stalin was outraged by this. As one of the legends says, one day he summoned Alexander Fadeev to his dacha. When he entered the General Secretary's office, Stalin was sitting at the table reading something. Finally, he raised his eyes to the guest and, measuring him with his prickly gaze, unexpectedly asked:

Who are you, Comrade Fadeev?

Alexander Fadeev went cold. He clearly felt some kind of catch in this matter, but he could not figure out what exactly. Meanwhile, the pause dragged on, and Fadeev understood that his silence only aggravated the situation. Finally he answered:

I am a writer, Comrade Stalin.

As it turned out, he was waiting for just such an answer. Because he measured the guest with a contemptuous look and said:

You are shit, comrade Fadeev, not a writer. The writer is Chekhov Anton Pavlovich, - and Stalin patted his palm on the open book that lay on the table in front of him. - Not only did you write a helpless book, you also wrote an ideologically harmful book. You portrayed the Young Guard almost as Makhnovists. But how could an organization exist and effectively fight the enemy in the occupied territory without party leadership? Judging by your book - could.

Stalin paused, apparently hoping that Alexander Fadeev would make an attempt to defend himself. But he remained silent, clenching his teeth and clenching his fists. And then Stalin irritably waved his hand and said:

Go and think, comrade Fadeev.

On December 3, 1947, an editorial was published in the Pravda newspaper criticizing Alexander Fadeev's novel The Young Guard. The role of the Communist Party and received harsh criticism in the newspaper "Pravda", the organ of the Central Committee of the CPSU, in fact, from Stalin himself. In response, Fadeev said: "I did not write the true history of the Young Guard, but a novel that not only allows, but even suggests fiction."

Nevertheless, the writer took into account the wishes, and in 1951 the second edition of the novel "Young Guard" saw the light. In it, Fadeev, having seriously revised the book, paid more attention in the plot to the leadership of the underground organization by the CPSU (b).

Fadeev joked bitterly at the time when he told his friends: "I am remaking the Young Guard for the old one ...". The film "Young Guard" was shot according to the first edition, but completely reshooting the film (also subjected to certain edits) was much more difficult than rewriting the book.

Until the end of the 1980s, the novel "Young Guard" was perceived as the history of the organization ideologically approved by the party, and a different interpretation of events was impossible. The novel was part of the curriculum of the USSR and was well known to any schoolchild of 1950-1980.

Fadeev revolutionary writer biography

Public and political activities

For many years, Fadeev led writers' organizations at various levels. in 1926-1932 he was one of the organizers and ideologists of the RAPP.

1. In 1932, after the collapse of the RAPP, he joined the Organizing Committee for the creation of the USSR Union of Writers.

2. 1934-1939 Deputy Chairman of the Organizing Committee.

3. 1939 Secretary of the Organizing Committee.

4. 1946-1954 general secretary and chairman of the board.

5. 1954-1956 secretary of the board.

6. 1950 Vice-President of the World Peace Council.

7. 1939-1956 Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

8. 1946, deputy of the USSR Supreme Council of the 2nd-4th convocations and the RSFSR Supreme Soviet of the 3rd convocation.

9. In 1942-1944, Fadeev worked as the editor-in-chief of the Literaturnaya Gazeta, was the organizer of the October magazine and was a member of its editorial board.

During the Great Patriotic War, Fadeev was a war correspondent for the Pravda newspaper and the Soviet Information Bureau. In January 1942, the writer visited the Kalinin Front, collecting materials for reporting on the most dangerous sector. On January 14, 1942, Fadeev published an article in the Pravda newspaper entitled "Destroying Fiends and Creator People", where he described his impressions of what he saw in the war.

In the essay "Fighter" he described the feat of the Red Army soldier Ya.N. Paderin, who received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously. Fadeev wrote: "In 1941, in the battles for Kalinin, at the enemy bunker, which did not allow to move forward and claimed many lives of our people, Paderin was seriously wounded and, in a fit of great moral upsurge, closed the embrasure of the bunker with his body."

Disease of Alexander Fadeev

The medical conclusion about illness and death was cruel: “A.A. Fadeev suffered for many years from a progressive illness - alcoholism. Over the past three years, attacks of the disease have become more frequent and complicated by dystrophy of the heart muscle and liver. He was repeatedly treated in a hospital and a sanatorium (in 1954 - four months, in 1955 - five and a half months and in 1956 - two and a half months).

The last years of his life Ilya Ehrenburg wrote about him

"Fadeev was a brave but disciplined soldier, he never forgot about the prerogatives of the commander in chief."

In 1948, he also asked to allocate a large amount from the funds of the USSR joint venture for M.M., who was left without a penny. Zoshchenko. Fadeev showed sincere participation in the fate of many writers unloved by the authorities: B.L. Pasternak, N.A. Zabolotsky, L.N. Gumilyov, several times slowly transferred money for the treatment of A.P. Platonov to his wife.

Hardly experiencing such a split, he suffered from insomnia, fell into depression. This was the cause of Alexander's illness - alcoholism.

In 1956, from the rostrum of the XX Congress of the CPSU, the activities of the leader of Soviet writers were severely criticized by M.A. Sholokhov. Fadeev was not elected a member, but only a candidate member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Fadeev was directly called one of the perpetrators of repression among Soviet writers.

After the XX Congress of the CPSU, Fadeev's conflict with his conscience escalated to the limit. He confessed to his old friend Yuri Libedinsky - Conscience torments. It's hard to live, Yura, with bloody hands.

On May 13, 1956, at his dacha in the village of Peredelkino, Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev shot himself with a revolver. The main reason for suicide is alcoholism. But in reality, two weeks before his suicide, A.A. Fadeev stopped drinking, "about a week before his suicide, he began to prepare for it, wrote letters to various people."

Fadeev's suicide letter to the Central Committee of the CPSU was first published on September 20, 1990 in the weekly journal of the Central Committee of the CPSU "Glasnost". Here is its full text:

“I don’t see the opportunity to live on, since the art to which I gave my life has been ruined by the self-confidently ignorant leadership of the party and now can no longer be corrected. The best cadres of literature, including those that the tsar’s satraps never even dreamed of, were physically exterminated or died, thanks to the criminal connivance of those in power; the best people of literature died at a premature age; everything else, more or less capable of creating true values, died before reaching 40-50 years.

Literature, the holy of holies, was given over to be torn to pieces by bureaucrats and the most backward elements of the people, and a new slogan, "Atu her!" The way in which they are going to rectify the situation arouses indignation: a group of ignoramuses has been assembled, with the exception of a few honest people who are in a state of the same persecution and therefore cannot tell the truth - conclusions that are deeply anti-Leninist, because they proceed from bureaucratic habits, accompanied by a threat, everything the same "baton".

With what a sense of freedom and openness of the world my generation entered literature under Lenin, what boundless forces were in the soul, and what beautiful works we created and could still create!

After Lenin's death, we were reduced to the position of boys, destroyed, ideologically frightened and called it - "party". And now, when all this could be corrected, the primitiveness, ignorance - with an outrageous share of self-confidence - of those who should have corrected all this has affected. Literature has been given over to untalented, petty, vindictive people. A few of those who have kept the sacred fire in their souls are in the role of pariahs and - due to their age - will soon die. And there is no incentive in the soul to create.

Created for great creativity in the name of communism, from the age of sixteen associated with the party, with the workers and peasants, endowed by God with an outstanding talent, I was full of the highest thoughts and feelings that the life of the people, united with the beautiful ideals of communism, can give rise to.

But I was turned into a draft horse, all my life I trudged under a load of incompetent, unjustified, innumerable bureaucratic affairs that could be performed by any person. And even now, when you sum up your life, it is unbearable to remember all the shouts, suggestions, teachings and simply ideological vices that fell upon me - whom our wonderful people would have the right to be proud of because of the authenticity and modesty of my deep inner communist talent. Literature is the highest fruit of the new system - humiliated, hounded, ruined. The complacency of the nouveaux riches from the great Leninist teaching, even when they swear by it, by this teaching, has led to complete distrust of them on my part, for one can expect even worse from them than from the satrap Stalin. He was at least educated, and these - ignoramuses.

My life, as a writer, loses all meaning, and with great joy, as a deliverance from this vile existence, where meanness, lies and slander fall upon you, I leave this life.

The last hope was to at least say this to the people who rule the state, but for three years, despite my requests, they can’t even accept me.

Contrary to the last will - to be buried next to his mother, Fadeev was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Bibliography

1. http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_f/fadeev_aa. php

2. http://bibliofond.ru/view. aspx? id=54700#1

3. http://to-name.ru/biography/aleksandr-fadeev. htm

4. http://www.km.ru/referats/2D564B51EDFE4FFAA558BB73445A64EB#

5. http://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1 %81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4 %D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87

star parents

No one ever knew the name of the real father of Alexander Fadeev. This remained a secret that the actor's mother kept until her death. But everyone knew Sasha's mother very well - this is Angelina Stepanova, one of the cult actresses of the USSR, whose name was on all the theater posters of the Moscow Art Theater.

Angelina's husband was the director of the Moscow Art Theater Theater Nikolai Gorchakov, but this marriage cannot be called happy, because the writer Nikolai Erdman was the secret passion of the beautiful Angelina. Their romance lasted for seven whole years, but despite this, Angelina never filed for divorce from her husband and did not connect her life with her loved one. The reason is trivially simple - she was afraid that this divorce would affect her career, which was so dependent on her director husband. And then divorces in the Soviet Union were not encouraged, and Stepanov could easily be banned from traveling abroad, without even taking into account all her merits.

Photo: Alexander Fadeev in childhood with his family

Fate itself provided a way out of this difficult triangle - in 1933, the actress' lover was arrested and exiled into exile. After 2 years, Stepanova and Gorchakov nevertheless broke up. And the real reason for this gap remained unknown, either the actress stopped being afraid for her career and broke up with her unloved husband, or Gorchakov himself was afraid for his reputation, which could be spoiled by marriage with the mistress of a repressed writer.

But Angelina was not alone for long. While touring in Paris with the theater, she met the famous writer Alexander Fadeev, who was there on official business.

Their romance developed very rapidly, so after returning home they decided to get married. They lived in marriage for twenty years, until the suicide of Alexander, which he committed in 1956. During this time, a lot happened - and the frequent drinking of her husband and his betrayal, but this beautiful, elegant, intelligent and courageous woman endured everything. Probably because she loved her Sasha very much. Angelina survived her husband by 44 years and asked to be buried next to her beloved. It was in 2000, the actress turned 95 years old.

In July 1936, literally immediately after the wedding, the young couple had a son, who was named Sasha in honor of his adoptive father. Fadeev adopted the child, gave him not only his last name and patronymic, but also his first name. The son became the full namesake of the adoptive dad, and so that there was no confusion, they began to call him Alexander Fadeev Jr.

early years

Fadeev Sr. was a very famous writer. He wrote "Young Guard", "Rout", "The Last of Udege". These books were read to holes, they were loved by several generations of Soviet people. He was a deputy, awarded orders and the Stalin Prize, stood at the origins of the creation of the Union of Writers of the USSR, the ruling elite reckoned with him.

Angelina Stepanova was a successful, sought-after actress, prima of the Moscow Art Theater. In those years, it was not easy, but the family had a normal income, so in childhood, Sasha Fadeev Jr. did not need anything financially.

The couple soon had a joint son, who was named Misha. The boys were very friendly with each other, and tried not to forget their sister, the illegitimate daughter of their father, Masha. Despite so many children, Sasha was loved the most.

Choice of life path

So it remained a mystery why Sasha decided to devote his life to the acting profession. Maybe the mother's genes, or childhood, which practically passed in the theater, affected. Or perhaps his refined nature liked the art of the theater more than the writing work of his stepfather. The young man made the choice in favor of the theater, and the parents raised all their connections in order to attach their beloved child. And right after graduating from the Moscow Art Theater School, Sasha was accepted into the troupe of the Theater of the Soviet Army, where he shone for several years.

Film debut

The debut of Fadeev Jr. in the cinema took place in 1965 - he played the role of a viscount in the filming of the film "War and Peace" based on the novel by L. Tolstoy. The role was not the main one, but performed by Alexander just great. A handsome young man with aristocratic manners and a straight posture - this is how he was remembered by the audience. It didn't even feel like a game, he looked so natural in this role.

A successful debut showed everyone that the young man is undoubtedly very talented and can reach the highest peaks in cinema.

Only one thing oppressed Alexander - his father did not see his success. By this time, Fadeev Sr. had committed suicide, he shot himself with a pistol, left alone in the country.

The wife at that time toured with the theater abroad. This tragic event happened in 1956, after he delivered an exposing speech against Stalin. The writer was only 54.

This tragedy had a strong impact on all the children of Fadeev. Years later, daughter Masha also committed suicide, and Alexander Jr.'s relatives also began to notice suicidal tendencies. But this is in the future, but for now, the career of Fadeev Jr., after a successful debut role, has rapidly rushed up - he is being claimed for the main role in a film about climbers.

The main role in the film "Vertical"

The plot of the film was quite simple, but despite this, "Vertical" received a very high rating from the audience. The lion's share of the film's success was in the songs that he wrote especially for him. These songs became hits; more than one generation of the singer's fans has been listening to them. The success of the picture was also brought by the actor Fadeev, who very harmoniously played the main role - Nikitina.

During filming, an affair broke out between actor Alexander Fadeev and the actress. Vladimir Vysotsky also liked the pretty girl, but his popularity could not be compared with Fadeevskaya, so the handsome Alexander was preferred. In addition, he was a more promising party than the little-known Vladimir. Larisa was already ready to marry Alexander, but she stopped in time. The actor drank heavily and a lot, became uncontrollable and impulsive, grabbed a gun to shoot himself, and Larisa sometimes had to save him from certain death. This stopped the girl from marriage.

The collapse of a film career

Inspired by the first successes in the cinema, the actor soared too high in the sky and very soon became a victim of a real star disease. He argues with the directors, does not come to rehearsals, and appears on the set in a state of severe hangover. He was forgiven a lot and for a long time, perhaps due to his talent and charm, or maybe out of a sense of respect for his mother, who asked for her dissolute son. It seemed to everyone that this was temporary, Sasha would come to his senses and begin to work in full force. But the actor did not justify these hopes.

In the late 60s, the actor Fadeev practically ceased to be invited to the cinema. After the release of the film "Vertical", he starred in the films "One Chance in a Thousand" and "Conscience" - these were serious roles, and after that he was only trusted with episodes. “In one microdistrict”, “Front behind the front line”, “Lonely people are provided with a hostel”, “Accident is the daughter of a cop”, “Mother” - in these films he flashes exclusively in episodes, his name is not even in the credits for films.

Theatrical career

Compared to the film career, the theater career of Alexander Fadeev Jr. was more successful. But this is not due to his talent, but rather to the efforts of his mother, who was respected among colleagues. She realized that her son's career in the cinema had come to an end, and in the theater he was threatened with dismissal due to misbehavior. Therefore, he turns to with a request to accept Alexander at the Moscow Art Theater. Efremov was not happy with such a proposal, but agreed to persuasion.

Alexander Fadeev was known for his scandalous antics, but in terms of acting, he was very useful in the theater. He participated in the productions of Efremov himself, he had a role in the performances "The Dream of Reason" and "Old New Year".

But again feeling permissiveness, Alexander gradually begins to become impudent, to enter into disputes with Oleg Efremov. The conflict was grandiose, the Moscow Art Theater was divided into two parts and Fadeev, not wanting to work with Efremov anymore, goes to, and Stepanova remains with Oleg Nikolaevich. In the new theater, Fadeev continued to play until 1993.

Personal life

Alexander Fadeev was very famous for the theatrical beau monde. And it's not just about creativity, which began to decline - he was famous for his love affairs and revels. Nature endowed Alexander with beauty, but this is not the main thing, he was a very charming and attentive gentleman, he knew how to beautifully look after and interest any lady. He fully enjoyed the connections of his stepfather and the authority of his mother, his life was free and secure, and he himself did not make any effort for this.

But the time came when Alexander was fed up with novels and realized that he wanted a serious relationship. For the first time, he entered into an official marriage with. Their acquaintance took place in the WTO restaurant. Lyudochka was simply fascinated by the handsome cavalier of the capital. They did not meet for a long time, they soon registered a marriage. But a long and happy personal life did not work out. Too spoiled by fate, Alexander continued to lead his former life - restaurants and fun companies, and Lyudmila worked hard. Their marriage lasted only 2 years, after which Gurchenko realized that it was a mistake and divorced her husband.

In the personal life of Alexander Fadeev, there were two more marriages. The second wife of the artist was Natella Kandelaki. But this marriage was also short-lived, they divorced very quickly.

Fadeev is getting married for the third time. Now this is Nadia Stalina, the granddaughter of Joseph Vissarionovich and the daughter of his son Vasily. This was the last wife of the actor, they lived together until her death. No one knows how happy the couple were, because Nadia never told anyone about what was happening in the family. But judging by the character of Alexander, there is no doubt that his wife's life was difficult. In this marriage, in 1974, Fadeev had a daughter, Anastasia, who was recorded by the name of her grandfather and father, Stalin. In 1992, Anastasia had a daughter, Galya, whom her mother recorded as Fadeeva.

Last years

Already in adulthood, the artist has not changed his lifestyle. The drinking and partying continued. The artist had alcohol addiction and suicidal tendencies.

Selected filmography

1965 - War and Peace
1966 - Vertical
1968 - One chance in a thousand
1974 - Conscience
1989 - Mother

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Fadeev wrote very little. His fate as a writer is an example of how disastrous for a true writer is the service of a false political idea and the readiness to step over oneself for its sake.

Biography of Alexander Fadeev (1901-1956)

As a twenty-year-old commissar, Fadeev came from distant Primorye to Moscow, to attend the 10th Party Congress. When the leader of the revolution walked past him with a quick step, Fadeev could not resist, stretched out his hand and touched Lenin, as if trying to feed on some sacred energy. The young commissar listened to his idol with reverence. And when Lenin announced that there was a counter-revolutionary rebellion in Kronstadt, Fadeev rushed to the station along with other Red Army soldiers and then rushed straight from the train into battle. He was seriously wounded, for some time he was on the verge of life and death. He decided that if he survived, he would become a writer, he would support the revolution with a pen, he would sing of the new world and the new man.

Creativity of Alexander Fadeev

In the 1920s, Fadeev still lived in dreams; the spirit of revolutionary romance had not yet completely eroded from him. In 1927, all-Russian fame came - the novel "Defeat" was published. Stalin personally approved the book, emphasizing that it was precisely such prose that both the party and the whole people needed. The party extended its hand to Fadeev, and he could not resist. His deadly affair with the authorities began. And he himself began to speak with writers and poets on behalf of the authorities, realizing himself as something like a priest.

Too late, he realized that his indomitable energy would be openly used and exploited to turn writers into one obedient herd. After the revolution, as is known, many writers' associations arose, understanding the language and tasks of literature in their own way. Multicolor and discord frightened the party. Fadeev, as the ideologist of RAPP, the association of proletarian writers, rushed into the battle for true Soviet, party literature.

In 1932 the party disbanded all literary associations. Instead, a single Union of Soviet Writers was created. He often enough had to do what his conscience rebelled against. In 1931, he was ordered to stigmatize Andrei Platonov for the seditious story "For the future." He saw Mikhail Bulgakov being hounded, he saw and did not defend. Sometimes he became aware of impending arrests and searches. He did not defend either Mandelstam, or Pilnyak, or Babel, or Artyom Vesely.

In 1938, Fadeev became the head of the Writers' Union. However, every year Fadeev feels the spiritual emptiness and creative vacuum more and more sharply. He turns into a literary functionary. Fadeev is increasingly going into deaf, long drinking bouts. Stalin treats them condescendingly - he needs Fadeev. With his first wife - the writer Valeria Gerasimova - Fadeev broke up in 1932. Four years later he married actress Angelina Stepanova. For a while they were happy, but then Fadeev realized that their marriage was a union of people who were too passionate about their work.

During the war years, Fadeev collected himself, wrote articles and essays, gave orders on his sector of the front - the front of combat journalism and literature. In 1943, Fadeev was invited by Stalin and made it clear that a book about the young Krasnodon underground workers was desirable. Fadeev sets to work with enthusiasm, collects material, writes unusually quickly. He is inspired, as in his distant youth. And then - devastating criticism and he is forced, by his own admission, to remake the young guard into the old one. The new edition of the novel was canonized, filmed and included in the school literature curriculum. This story broke Fadeev completely. His last novel - "Black Metallurgy" - remained unfinished. In May 1956, Fadeev shot himself at his dacha in Peredelkino, Moscow Region.

Fadeev's suicide letter was hidden for many years in the archives of the KGB and made public only in the years of perestroika. This is a cry, a cry about the ruined Soviet literature and one's own life.

Alexander Fadeev is a talented writer who gave Russian-language literature the Young Guard. This novel about the feat of young communists has become the most famous work of the writer, but Fadeev has several other worthy works. In addition, Fadeev during his lifetime was known as the head of the Union of Writers of the USSR and the editor-in-chief of a literary newspaper. Unfortunately, in the biography of the writer, despite the love and respect of readers, not everything went smoothly.

Childhood and youth

The future writer was born on December 24, 1901 in a city called Kimry (in the Tver region). Fadeev's father, Alexander Ivanovich, became interested in revolutionary ideas in his youth, as a result of which he quickly came to the attention of the authorities and was forced to constantly hide and change his place of residence. So, one day he ended up in St. Petersburg, where, after a series of ordeals and imprisonment under a political article, he met Antonina Kunz, whom he later married.

Alexander Fadeev was a long-awaited and desired child. Parents were engaged in literacy with both their son and their eldest daughter Tatyana. Fadeev also had a younger brother, Vladimir. Little Sasha learned to read early and soon spent all his free time with volumes,. And after a while, the boy already amazed his parents with the first fairy tales and stories written on his own.

Parents also tried to instill in children respect for work. The children helped their mother with the housework, knew how to sew on buttons and take care of the garden. Later, the writer will remember this time with warmth.

In 1910, Alexander's parents sent him to Vladivostok to live with his aunt. There, the young man entered a commercial school and soon became the best student on the course. In the same place, Fadeev first published his own attempts at writing in a student newspaper and even received awards for stories and poems. And in order to earn money for food and help his aunt, Alexander Fadeev worked as a tutor, helping lagging students in learning to read and write.

Despite academic success, Fadeev never received a diploma: in 1918, the young man joined the party revolutionaries and became a member of an underground Bolshevik group. Alexander Fadeev even took part in clashes with the White Guards and was wounded during the uprising in Kronstadt. The revolutionary went to Moscow for treatment, where he stayed to live.

Literature

The first serious story by Alexander Fadeev was called "Spill". Although the work was published, it did not arouse the interest of readers. But the next test of Fadeev's pen - the story "The Rout" - became a landmark for Alexander Alexandrovich.

The plot of this work is built, of course, around the events of the civil war and the confrontation between the “reds” and the “whites”. The story was published in 1923 and immediately brought popularity to the novice writer. Then Alexander Fadeev, inspired by the first glory, decided to devote his life to creativity and become a professional writer.

The next large-scale literary work of Alexander Fadeev will become the main work in the life of the writer. We are talking about the novel "The Young Guard", which Alexander Alexandrovich began to work on immediately after the end of the Great Patriotic War.

It is known that the inspiration for Alexander Alexandrovich was the work of journalists Vladimir Lyaskovsky and Mikhail Kotov called "Hearts of the Brave". This book, like the subsequent novel "Young Guard", tells about the feat of Soviet teenagers who were not afraid to create an underground partisan organization and resist the invaders of the German army.

In 1946, The Young Guard was printed. Readers greeted the novel with delight, but the party leadership remained dissatisfied with the book. The fact is that, according to the authorities, Alexander Fadeev, on the pages of the Young Guard, did not sufficiently emphasize the importance of the Communist Party in the life of the heroes of the book and in their feat. The writer was offended by such remarks, Fadeev emphasized that he was not writing a documentary work, but a fiction novel in which fiction takes place.

However, the novel had to be redone. In 1951, the second version of The Young Guard was published, carefully edited and filled with communist slogans and outright propaganda of the regime. The second version of the book was considered ideologically correct, and The Young Guard was even included in the school curriculum.

In parallel with his creative activity, Alexander Fadeev worked in the Writers' Union, and since 1946 he headed it. In addition, over the years, the writer was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU and a deputy of the USSR Supreme Council.

In 1946, Alexander Fadeev supported the notorious resolution, in fact outlawing creativity,. In addition, as chairman of the writers' union, Fadeev personally had to ensure that the texts of these writers were not published.

And two years later, Alexander Fadeev raised funds to help Mikhail Zoshchenko, who was left penniless after that very decision, and Andrei Platonov, who needed money for treatment. Such deals with conscience haunted the writer's soul: Fadeev began to drink heavily, suffered from depression and insomnia, and was even treated "for a nervous illness" in one of the Soviet sanatoriums. Unfortunately, the bad taste of the writer eventually led him to death.

Personal life

Alexander Fadeev was married twice. The first chosen one of the writer was Valeria Gerasimova, also a writer. The personal life of Fadeev and Gerasimova did not work out, and this marriage soon broke up.

In 1936, Fadeev married a second time. The second wife of the writer, actress Angelina Stepanova, gave Fadeev the sons of Alexander and Mikhail.

It is also known that the writer had a daughter, Maria, whose mother was the journalist and poetess Margarita Aliger.

Death

The writer's life ended tragically. May 13, 1956 Alexander Alexandrovich shot himself. Fadeev was found in his country house in Peredelkino. The reason that pushed the writer to a terrible step, unofficially called alcohol addiction. It is also known that Alexander Fadeev began to prepare for his death in a few days: he put the papers in order, wrote the last letters.

One of them - a letter to the Central Committee of the CPSU - was made public only in 1990. In it, the writer accused the party leadership of the fact that art, in particular literature, was ruined by censorship, lies and window dressing. And this, according to Fadeev, deprives him of the meaning of life and respect for himself as the head of the writers' union.

In the same letter, Alexander Alexandrovich asked to be buried next to his mother's grave. This request was fulfilled: the grave of the writer is located at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.

Subsequently, assumptions and conjectures related to the death of Alexander Fadeev repeatedly appeared in the press. There were people who were sure that the writer had been killed. However, neither version has received official confirmation.

The novel "The Young Guard" was subsequently removed from the school curriculum, but this book still takes pride of place on the shelves of reading lovers next to the works of other writers describing the realities of that time:, Mikhail Zoshchenko,.

Bibliography

1923 - "Spill"
1926 - "Defeat"
1929 - "The Highway of Proletarian Literature"
1929-1941 - "The Last of Udege"
1945 - "Young Guard"
"Black Metallurgy" (novel not finished)

Soviet literature

Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev

Biography

FADEEV Alexander Alexandrovich (1901 - 1956), prose writer.

Born on December 11 (24 n.s.) in the city of Kirmy, Tver province, in a family of paramedics, professional revolutionaries. He spent his early childhood in Vilna, then in Ufa. Most of childhood and youth is connected with the Far East, with the South Ussuri Territory, where his parents moved in 1908. Fadeev carried his love for this region through his whole life.

He studied in Vladivostok, at a commercial school, but left without finishing the eighth grade (1912 - 1919). Having become close to the Bolsheviks, he joined the revolutionary activities. He participated in the partisan movement against Kolchak and interventionist troops (1919 - 1920), after the defeat of Kolchak - in the ranks of the Red Army, in Transbaikalia - against Ataman Semenov in the winter of 1920 - 21. He was wounded.

In 1921 he came to Moscow as a delegate to the 10th All-Russian Party Congress, together with other delegates, while suppressing the Kronstadt rebellion, he was seriously wounded. He began to study at the Moscow Mining Academy, but from the second year he was transferred to party work. Already in 1921, Fadeev began to write, to participate in the work of young writers, who united around the magazines October and Young Guard. In "Young Guard" in 1923, Fadeev's first story "Against the Current" was published.

The novel "The Rout", which was published in 1927, brought the writer the recognition of readers and critics and introduced him to great literature. Life and historical events in the Far East, which he witnessed, attracted his creative imagination. He devoted many years to the creation of the epic novel "The Last of Udege". Despite the incompleteness, the novel took its place not only in the work of A. Fadeev, but also in the historical and literary process of the 1920s and 50s. During the war years, he was one of the leaders of the Writers' Union, the author of a large number of journalistic articles and essays. He was on the Leningrad front, spent three months in the besieged city, which resulted in a book of essays "Leningrad in the days of the blockade" (1944).

In 1945, the novel "Young Guard" was published, about the heroes of which Fadeev wrote "with great love, he gave the novel a lot of blood of the heart." The first edition of the novel was a well-deserved success, but in 1947 the novel was sharply criticized in the Pravda newspaper for not showing the connection between the Krasnodon Komsomol members and the underground communists. In 1951, Fadeev revised the novel, the second edition of which was evaluated, for example, by Simonov as "a waste of time."

After the XX Congress of the CPSU, feeling the impossibility of continuing his life, A. Fadeev committed suicide on May 13, 1956. The medical commission then appointed by the government stated that this tragedy happened as a result of a disorder of the nervous system due to chronic alcoholism. Only in 1990 was Fadeev’s dying letter published: “I don’t see the possibility of living on, since the art to which I gave my life has been ruined by the self-confidently ignorant leadership of the party and now can no longer be corrected. The best cadres of literature… have been physically exterminated or perished… the best people of literature have died at a premature age… My life as a writer loses all meaning, and with great joy, as a deliverance from this vile existence, where meanness, lies and slander fell upon you, I am leaving this life."

Fadeev A.A. was born in 1901 in the Tver province in the city of Kimry in a family of revolutionaries. In 1908, Alexander moved with his family to the South Ussuri region, where he spent the years of his childhood and youth. In 1912, Fadeev went to study at the Commercial School in Vladivostok. However, in 1918 he decides not to continue this training and thinks about immersing himself in revolutionary activities. And, in the same year, he becomes a Bolshevik. p> From 1919 to 1921. Fadeev actively participates in the settlement of the Kronstadt uprising and fights against the Whites. Deciding to continue his education, in 1921 he entered the Moscow Mining Academy, from which he graduated in 1924. From 1924 to 1926. Alexander Alexandrovich is engaged in party activities in Rostov-on-Don and Krasnodar, but soon moves to Moscow. p> His publications, most of which are devoted to wartime, began to appear from 1923. Alexander Fadeev headed various writers' organizations for many years. p> In 1926 he became one of the leaders of the RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers) and worked there until 1932. In 1939 he was secretary of the Writers' Union of the USSR, and in 1946 he became general secretary, as well as chairman of the board of the Writers' Union of the USSR . And in 1950, Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev became vice-president of the members of the World Council. p> After the release of The Young Guard, Fadeev received a demand from the authorities to rework this work. The writer perceived sharp criticism as a humiliation and oppression of his personal worldview. p> Fadeev Alexander Alexandrovich died in 1956 in Moscow, committing suicide. p>

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Biography of Alexander Fadeev. Alexander Fadeev