Any swear words (decent). Cognitive Boyancheg

Rather than social status and age.

The widespread belief that teenagers swear many times more than mature people fails on Russian roads, in auto repair shops and undistinguished drinking establishments. Here people do not hold back the impulses that come from the heart, splashing out a wave of their negativity on the interlocutor and those around them. In most cases, the use of swearing is due to a lack of vocabulary or the fact that a person is not able to express his words and thoughts in a more civilized form.

From the point of view of esotericism and religion, a scolding person from the inside decomposes himself and has a bad effect on the surrounding space, releasing negative energy. It is believed that these people get sick more often than those who keep their tongue clean.

Obscene language can be heard in completely different layers. Often in the media you can find reports of another scandal with famous politicians or movie and show business stars who publicly used profanity. The paradox is that even someone who uses profanity to connect words in a sentence denounces such celebrity behavior and considers it unacceptable.

Relation of the law to the use of profanity

The Code of Administrative Offenses clearly regulates the use of swear words and expressions in a public place. Violator of peace and order to pay a fine, and in some cases, foul language may be subject to administrative arrest. However, in Russia and most of the CIS countries, this law is observed only when swear words were used by a law enforcement officer.

Cursing is swearing regardless of profession, wealth and level of education. However, for many, the presence of older people, young children and work that involves polite interaction with people is a deterrent.

Resourceful people a couple of decades ago found a way out of the situation: along with obscenities in oral speech appeared his surrogate. The words “damn”, “star”, “to get out” do not seem to be a foul language in the literal sense of the word and cannot fall under the corresponding article by definition, but they carry the same meaning and the same negative as their predecessors, and such words are constantly being added.

On forums and in the discussion of news, as a rule, the use of strong words is prohibited, but surrogates have successfully bypassed this barrier as well. Thanks to the appearance of an obscene surrogate, parents no longer hesitate to use it in the presence, causing harm cultural development his child, introducing the immature to the use of curses.

Taboo vocabulary includes certain layers of vocabulary that are banned due to religious, mystical, political, moral and other reasons. What are the prerequisites for its occurrence?

Varieties of taboo vocabulary

Among the subspecies of taboo vocabulary, one can consider sacred taboos (on pronouncing the name of the creator in Judaism). The anathema to pronouncing the name of the alleged game during the hunt refers to a mystical taboo layer. It is for this reason that the bear is called the “owner” in bullying, and the word “bear” itself is a derivative of the phrase “in charge of honey”.

Obscene language

One of the most significant types of taboo vocabulary is obscene or vocabulary, in the common people - mat. Three main versions can be distinguished from the history of the origin of Russian obscene vocabulary. Adherents of the first hypothesis argue that the Russian mate arose as a legacy of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. Which in itself is debatable, given that most of the obscene roots go back to the Proto-Slavic origins. According to the second version, swear words once had several lexical meanings, one of which over time supplanted all the others and was assigned to the word. The third theory says that swear words were once a significant component of the occult rituals of the pre-Christian period.

Let's consider lexical metamorphoses on the example of the most cult formulations. It is known that in ancient times to “fuck” meant “to cross out a cross on a cross”. Accordingly, "dick" was called the cross. Turnover "fuck everyone" was introduced into use by ardent supporters of paganism. Thus, they wished Christians to die on the cross, by analogy with their own god. Is it worth adding that current users of the language use given word in a completely different context.

Swearing also played an important role in the rites and rituals of pagan origin, usually associated with fertility. In addition, it should be noted that most conspiracies for death, illness, love spells, etc. abound with obscene lexemes.

It is known that many lexical units that are now considered obscene were not such until the 18th century. These were completely ordinary words denoting parts (or features of the physiological structure) of the human body and not only. So, the Proto-Slavic "jebti" originally meant "beat, strike", "huj" - "a needle of a coniferous tree, something sharp and sharp." The word "pisda" was used in the meaning of "urinary organ". Recall that the verb "whore" once meant "to idle talk, to lie." "Fornication" - "evasion from the established path", as well as "illegal cohabitation". Later both verbs merged together.

It is believed that before the invasion of Napoleonic troops in 1812, swear words were not particularly in demand in society. However, as it turned out in the process, hazing was much more effective in the trenches. Since then, swearing has become firmly rooted as the main form of communication in the troops. Over time, the officer stratum of society popularized obscene vocabulary to such an extent that it turned into urban slang.

Weed words - an indicator of general and speech culture

Among the verbal rubbish there is something that is considered indecent in any cultural society. It's about about profanity. Elements of foul language, no doubt, speak of an extremely low level common culture. Swearing carries a very strong expressive charge. In some cases, socially acceptable substitutes for obscene words are used, such as "fir-trees-sticks". It is better to refrain from even such seemingly harmless expressions, even if the situation is conducive to an emotional response.

If you notice signs of weedy words in your speech, try to get them under control. Awareness of speech deficiency is the first step to its elimination. Constant control over the quality of your speech will help you express your thoughts more accurately and become a pleasant conversationalist.

Related videos

*Fool *
For a very long time, the word "fool" was not offensive. In the documents of the XV-XVII centuries. this is
the word occurs as a name. And they are called so by no means serfs, but quite respectable people "Prince Fedor Semenovich the Fool of Kemsky", "Prince Ivan Ivanovich the Bearded Fool Zasekin", "Moscow clerk (also a rather big position V.G.) Fool Mishurin". The countless "stupid" surnames Durov, Durakov, Durnovo also begin from the same time. But the fact is that the word "fool" was often used as a second, non-church name. In the old days, it was popular to give a child a middle name in order to deceive evil spirits, they say, what to take from a fool?

*Goon*
There is a theory that at first "rednecks" were called those who drank greedily, choking. One way or another, but the first reliably known meaning of this word is "greedy, miser." And now the expression "Don't be a goon!" means "Don't be greedy!"

*Contagion*
Girls are different. It is possible that not everyone is offended by the word "infection", but you certainly cannot call it a compliment. And yet, initially it was still a compliment. In the first half of the 18th century, secular suitors constantly "called names" beautiful ladies"infections". And all because the word "infect" initially had not only a medical-infectious meaning, but was also a synonym for "slay". In the Novgorod First Chronicle, under the year 1117, there is an entry: "One from the clerk was infected from thunder." In general, it infected so much that I didn’t have time to get sick. So the word "infection" became
designate female charms with which they fought (infected) men.

*Moron *
The Greek word for "idiot" did not originally contain even a hint of mental illness. AT Ancient Greece it meant "private person", "separate, isolated person". It's no secret that the ancient Greeks were public life very responsibly and called themselves "polites". Those who evaded participation in politics (for example, did not go to the polls) were called "idiotes" (that is, they were occupied only with their personal narrow interests). Naturally, conscious citizens did not respect "idiots", and soon this word was overgrown with new ones. disparaging connotations of "limited, undeveloped, ignorant person." And already among the Romans, the Latin idiota means only "ignorant, ignorant", from where there are two steps to the meaning of "stupid".

*Cretin*
If we were transported about five or six centuries ago to the mountainous region of the French Alps and turned to the inhabitants there: "Hello, cretins!", No one would have thrown you into the abyss for this .. Why be offended in the local dialect word cretin is quite decent and is translated as "Christian" (from the distorted French chretien). So it was until they began to notice that among the alpine cretins there are often mentally retarded people with a characteristic goiter on the neck. all the ensuing consequences. When doctors began to describe this disease, they decided not to invent anything new, and used the dialect word "cretin", which was extremely rarely used. So the Alpine "Christians" became "feeble-minded."

*Loch*
This now very popular word "loh" two centuries ago was in use only among the inhabitants of the Russian north and they called it not people, but fish. Probably, many have heard how courageously and stubbornly the famous salmon (or, as it is also called, salmon) goes to the spawning place. Rising against the current, he overcomes even steep rocky rapids. It is clear that having reached and spawned, the fish loses its last strength (as they said, it “cloaks up”) and the wounded one is literally carried downstream. And there her
Naturally, cunning fishermen are waiting and taking, as they say, with their bare hands. Gradually this word passed from vernacular into the jargon of itinerant merchants (hence, by the way, the expression "talk on a hair dryer", that is, to communicate in jargon). "Sucker" they called a peasant peasant who came from the village to the city, and who was easy to fool.

*bastard*
The etymology of "scoundrel" goes back to the word "frozen". The cold does not evoke any pleasant associations even for the northern peoples, therefore, they began to call a "scoundrel" a cold, insensitive, indifferent, callous, inhuman, in general, extremely (to the point of trembling!) unpleasant subject. The word "scum", by the way, comes from the same place. Like the now popular "thugs".

*Mymra*
"Mymra" is a Komi-Permyak word and it is translated as "gloomy". Once in Russian speech, it began to mean, first of all, an unsociable homebody (in Dahl's dictionary it is written: "mymrit" - to sit at home without getting out.") Gradually, they began to call "mymra" simply an unsociable, boring, gray and gloomy person.

*Insolent*
The words "impudence", "impudent" existed in the Russian language for a long time in the sense of "sudden, impetuous, explosive, passionate." It used to be in Ancient Russia and the concept of "impudent death", that is, death is not slow, natural, but sudden, violent. In the church work of the XI century "Cheti Menaia" there are such lines: "The horses brazenly ride", "I brazenly drown the rivers" (brazenly, that is, quickly).

*Scoundrel*
The fact that this person is not fit for something, in general, is understandable. But in the 19th century, when recruiting was introduced in Russia, this word was not an insult. So they called people who were not fit for military service. That is, since he did not serve in the army, then he is a scoundrel!

*Scoundrel*
But this word is Polish in origin and meant only "a simple, humble person." So, famous play A. Ostrovsky "Enough simplicity for every wise man" in Polish theaters was called "Notes of a Scoundrel". Accordingly, all non-gentry belonged to the "vile people".

*Trash*
Another word that originally existed exclusively in the plural. It could not be otherwise, since the "scum" was called the remnants of the liquid that remained at the bottom along with the sediment. And since all the rabble often wandered around the taverns and taverns, drinking up the muddy remnants of alcohol after other visitors, the word "scum" soon switched to them. It is also possible that the expression "scum of society", that is, people who have fallen, are "at the bottom", played a significant role here.

*Vulgarity*
"Vulgarity" is a native Russian word, which is rooted in the verb "let's go." Until the 17th century, it was used in a more than decent sense and meant everything that was familiar, traditional, done according to custom, that which had gone from old times. However, at the end of the XVII early XVIII centuries began Peter's reforms, cutting a window to Europe and the fight against all the ancient "vulgar" customs. The word "vulgar" began to lose respect before our eyes and now it meant more and more "backward", "hateful", "uncivilized", "rustic".

*Bastard*
"Bastards" in Old Russian is the same as "dragging". Therefore, the bastard was originally called all sorts of garbage, which was raked into a heap. This meaning (among others) is also preserved by Dahl: "Scum everything that is spun or shrunk into one place: weeds, grass and roots, litter, dragged by a harrow from arable land" .. Over time, this word began to define ANY crowd gathered in one place. And only then they began to call them all kinds of despicable people - drunks, thieves, vagrants and other asocial elements.

*Bitch*
Anyone who opens Dahl's dictionary can read that a bitch means "dead, dead cattle", that is, in other words, carrion, rotting meat. ) whores. And since the harmfulness of a woman apparently turned on men (purely masculine pleasure from overcoming obstacles), the word "bitch", retaining a fair amount of negativity, appropriated some of the features of a "femme fatale". Although the vulture, a vulture that feeds on carrion, still reminds us of its original meaning.

*Bastard*
The word "hybrid", as you know, is non-Russian and entered the national arsenal rather late. Much later than the hybrids themselves - crossbreeds different types animals. So the people came up with the words "bastard" and "geek" for such crossbreeds. Words for a long time in the animal sphere did not linger and began to be used as a humiliating name for bastards and bastards, that is, a "cross" between nobles and commoners.

*Chmo*
"Smear", "smear", according to Dahl, originally meant "waste", "be in need", "vegetate". Gradually, this verb gave birth to a noun that defines a miserable person who is in a humiliated, oppressed state. In a prison world prone to all sorts of secret ciphers, the word "ChMO" began to be considered as an abbreviation for the definition "Man Morally Degraded", which, however, is quite close to the original meaning.

*Shantrapa*
Not all French made it to France. Many of those taken prisoner were employed by the Russian nobles. Of course, they were not suitable for suffering, but how tutors, teachers and leaders of serf theaters came in handy. They examined the peasants sent to the casting and, if they did not see talents in the applicant, they waved their hand and said "Сhantra pas" ("not fit for singing").

*Sharomyzhnik*
1812. The previously invincible Napoleonic army, exhausted by the cold and partisans, was retreating from Russia. The brave "conquerors of Europe" have turned into frozen and hungry ragamuffins. Now they did not demand, but humbly asked the Russian peasants for something to eat, addressing them "her ami" ("love druz"). peasants, in foreign languages not strong, they called the French beggars "sharomyzhnik". Not the last role in these metamorphoses was played, apparently, by the Russian words "to fumble" and "mykat".

*Trash*
Since the peasants were not always able to provide "humanitarian aid" to the former occupiers, they often included horse meat, including the fallen, in their diet. In French, "horse" cheval (hence, by the way, good famous word"Chevalier" knight, rider).

*Rogue*
Rogue, rogue - words that came into our speech from Germany. The German schelmen meant "swindler, deceiver". Most often, this was the name of a fraudster posing as another person. In G. Heine's poem "Shelm von Berger", this role is played by the Bergen executioner, who appeared at a secular masquerade, pretending to be a noble person. The duchess, with whom he danced, caught the deceiver by tearing off his mask.

Submitted by Lev Utevsky

And what Russian does not express itself with a strong word? And it is true! Moreover, many swear words have been translated into foreign languages, but it is interesting that there are no full-fledged analogues of Russian swear words in foreign languages and are unlikely to ever appear. It is no coincidence that not a single great Russian writer and poet has bypassed this phenomenon!

How and why did the obscene language appear in Russian?

Why do other languages do without it? Perhaps someone will say that with the development of civilization, with the improvement in the well-being of citizens in the vast majority of countries on our planet, the need for mat naturally disappeared? Russia is unique in that these improvements did not occur in it, and the mat in it remained in its virgin, primitive form ...

Where did he come from anyway?

Previously, a version was spread that the mat appeared in the dark times of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, and before the arrival of the Tatars to Russia, Russians did not swear at all, but cursing, they called each other only dogs, goats and rams.

However, this opinion is erroneous and is denied by the majority of research scientists. Of course, the invasion of nomads influenced the life, culture and speech of the Russian people. Perhaps such a Turkic word as “baba-yagat” (knight, knight) changed social status and gender, turning into our Baba Yaga. The word "karpuz" (watermelon) turned into a well-fed little boy. But the term "fool" (stop, halt) began to be called a stupid person.

Math has nothing to do with the Turkic language, because it was not customary for nomads to use foul language, and swear words were completely absent from the dictionary. From Russian chronicle sources (the oldest known samples in birch bark letters of the 12th century from Novgorod and Staraya Russa. See "Obscene vocabulary in birch bark". The specificity of the use of some expressions is commented on in the Russian-English Dictionary Diary by Richard James (1618–1619). It is known that swear words appeared in Russia long before the Tatar-Mongol invasion. Linguists see the roots of these words in most Indo-European languages, but they only received such distribution on Russian soil.

So why, after all, of the many Indo-European peoples, mat stuck only to the Russian language?

Researchers explain this fact also by religious prohibitions that other peoples had earlier due to the earlier adoption of Christianity. In Christianity, as in Islam, profanity is considered a great sin. Russia adopted Christianity later, and by that time, along with pagan customs, mat was firmly rooted among the Russian people. After the adoption of Christianity in Russia, war was declared against foul language.

The etymology of the word "mat" may seem quite transparent: supposedly it goes back to the Indo-European word "mater" in the meaning of "mother", which has been preserved in various Indo-European languages. However, special studies suggest other reconstructions.

So, for example, L.I. Skvortsov writes: “The literal meaning of the word “mat” is “a loud voice, a cry.” It is based on onomatopoeia, that is, involuntary cries of “ma!”, “me!” - mooing, meowing, roaring of animals during estrus, mating calls, etc. Such an etymology might seem naive if it did not go back to the concept of the authoritative Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages: “... Russian mat, is a derivative of the verb “matati” - “shout”, “loud voice”, “shout”, is related to the word “ matoga" - "to swear", i.e. grimacing, breaking down, (about animals) shaking one's head, "cursing" - to disturb, disturb. But "matoga" in many Slavic languages means "ghost, ghost, monster, monster, sorceress" ...

What does it mean?

There are three main swear words and they denote sexual intercourse, male and female genitalia, all the rest are derivatives of these three words. But in other languages, these organs and actions also have their own names, which for some reason did not become abusive words? To understand the reason for the appearance of swear words on Russian soil, the researchers looked into the depths of centuries and offered their own answer.

They believe that in the vast territory between the Himalayas and Mesopotamia, in the vast expanses, there lived a few tribes of the ancestors of the Indo-Europeans, who had to breed in order to expand their habitat, therefore great importance was attached to the reproductive function. And the words associated with the reproductive organs and functions were considered magical. They were forbidden to pronounce "in vain", so as not to jinx it, not to cause damage. Taboos were broken by sorcerers, followed by untouchables and slaves, to whom the law was not written.

Gradually, a habit appeared to express obscenities from the fullness of feelings or simply for a bunch of words. The main words began to acquire many derivatives. Not so long ago, just a thousand years ago, a word denoting a woman of easy virtue "f*ck" was included in the number of abusive words. It comes from the word “vomit”, that is, “spew out an abomination”.

But the most important swear word is considered to be the very word of three letters that is found on the walls and on the fences of the entire civilized world. Let's take it as an example. When did this three-letter word appear? I will say one thing for sure, which is clearly not in the Tatar-Mongolian times. In the Turkic dialect of the Tatar-Mongolian languages, this “object” is denoted by the word “kutakh”. By the way, many now have a surname derived from this word and do not at all consider it dissonant: “Kutahov”.

And what was it called reproductive organ in ancient times?

Many Slavic tribes designated it with the word "oud", from which, by the way, quite a decent and censored "fishing rod" comes from. But still, in most tribes, the genital organ was called nothing more than “x * y”. However, this three-letter word, around the 16th century, was replaced by a three-letter more literary analogue - “dick”. Most literate people know that this is exactly what (dick) was the name of the 23rd letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, which turned into the letter “ha” after the revolution. For those who know this, it seems obvious that the word "dick" is a euphemistic substitution that arose due to the fact that the replaced word begins with this letter. However, in reality, everything is not so simple.

The fact is that those who think so do not wonder why, in fact, the letter “X” is called a dick? After all, all the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet are called Slavic words, the meaning of most of which is clear to the modern Russian-speaking public without translation. What did this word mean before becoming a letter?

In the Indo-European language-based, which was spoken by the distant ancestors of the Slavs, Balts, Germans and other European peoples, the word "dick" meant a goat. The word is related to the Latin "hircus". In modern Russian, the word “mug” remains a related word to him. Until recently, this word was used to call goat masks used by mummers during carols.

The similarity of this letter to a goat in the 9th century was obvious to the Slavs. The top two sticks are the horns and the bottom two are his legs. Then, among many nationalities, the goat symbolized fertility, and the god of fertility was depicted as a two-legged goat. This idol had an organ between its two legs, symbolizing fertility, which was called “oud” or “x * y”. In the Indo-European language, this part of the body was called "pesus", it corresponds to Sanskrit "पसस्", which is translated into ancient Greek as "peos", Latin "penis", Old English "faesl". This word comes from the verb "peseti", meaning the primary function of this organ is to emit urine.

Thus, we can conclude that the mat arose in ancient times and was associated with pagan rites. Checkmate is, first of all, a way to demonstrate readiness to break taboos, to cross certain boundaries. Therefore, the subject of swearing in different languages is similar - “the bottom of the body” and everything related to the administration of physiological needs. In addition to "bodily swearing", some peoples (mostly French-speaking) have blasphemous swearing. The Russians don't.

And one more important point- you can’t mix argotism with obscenities, which are absolutely not obscenities, but most likely just foul language. As, for example, there are dozens of thieves’ argotisms with the meaning of “prostitute” in Russian: alyura, barukh, marukh, profursetka, slut, etc.

RUSSIAN MAT

Every person in Russia from the very early childhood begins to hear words that he calls obscene, obscene, obscene. Even if a child grows up in a family where swearing is not used, he still hears it on the street, becomes interested in the meaning of these words, and pretty soon his peers interpret swear words and expressions for him. In Russia, attempts have been repeatedly made to combat the use of obscene words, fines have been introduced for swearing in public places, but to no avail. There is an opinion that swearing in Russia flourishes due to the low cultural level of the population, but I can name many names of highly cultured people of the past and present, who belonged and belong to the most highly intelligent and cultured elite and at the same time are big swearers in everyday life and not shy away from obscenities in their works. I do not justify them and do not urge everyone to use the mat. God forbid! I am categorically against swearing in public places, against the use of obscene words in works of art and especially on television. However, the mat exists, lives and is not going to die, no matter how we protest against its use. And you don't have to be hypocrites, close your eyes, you need to study this phenomenon both from the psychological side and from the point of view of linguistics.

I started collecting, studying and interpreting swear words as a student in the sixties. The defense of my Ph.D. thesis was held in such secrecy, as if it were about the latest nuclear research, and immediately after the defense of the thesis, the dissertation went into the special libraries of libraries. Later, in the seventies, when I was doing my doctorate, I needed to clarify some words, and I could not get into Lenin Library own dissertation without special permission from the authorities. So it was quite recently, when, as in a well-known anecdote, everyone pretended to know diamat, although no one knew him, but everyone knew mat, and pretended not to know him.

Currently, every second writer uses obscene words in his works, we hear swearing from the television screen, but for several years not a single publishing house that I proposed to publish a scientific explanatory dictionary of swear words decided to release it. And only abridged and adapted for a wide range Dictionary readers saw the light.

To illustrate the words in this dictionary, I widely used folklore: obscene jokes, ditties that have long lived among the people were often used, but were published in last years, as well as quotes from the classics of Russian literature from Alexander Pushkin to Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Many quotes are taken from the poems of Sergei Yesenin, Alexander Galich, Alexander Tvardovsky, Vladimir Vysotsky and other poets. Of course, I could not do without the works of Ivan Barkov, without the "Russian cherished tales" by A. I. Afanasyev, without folk obscene songs, poems and contemporary writers, such as Yuz Aleshkovsky and Eduard Limonov. A treasure trove for researchers of Russian swearing is a cycle of hooligan novels by Pyotr Aleshkin, which are almost completely written in obscene words. I could illustrate this dictionary only with quotations from his works.

The dictionary is intended for a wide range of readers: for those who are interested in swear words, for literary editors, for translators from the Russian language, etc.

In this dictionary, I did not indicate in what environment the word functions: whether it refers to criminal jargon, to youth slang, or to jargon of sexual minorities, because the boundaries between them are rather shaky. There are no words that would be used in one environment. I also indicated only the obscene meaning of the word, leaving other, ordinary meanings outside of it.

And the last. You hold in your hands the explanatory dictionary "Russian obscenities"! Remember that it contains only obscene, obscene, obscene words. You will not meet others!

Professor Tatyana Akhmetova.

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From the author's book

RUSSIAN MAT Every person in Russia from early childhood begins to hear words that he calls obscene, obscene, obscene. Even if a child grows up in a family where swearing is not used, he still hears it on the street, becomes interested in the meaning of these words and

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