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What is painting?

Painting - view visual arts associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paints to a rigid or flexible surface. There are five types of painting: easel (existing regardless of the place of creation), monumental (on architectural structures), decorative (designed to decorate or emphasize a structure), theatrical-decorative (creating a visual image of a performance), miniature (an area that is really exciting and fascinating)

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Styles of Russian painting.

In the 18th century, the style of classicism dominated Russian painting. However, by the 1830s, this direction was gradually losing its public importance and increasingly turns into a system of formal traditions. Such traditional painting becomes cold, official art.

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Later, romanticism appeared in Russian art - a European trend. One of the main postulates of romanticism, opposite to classicism, is the assertion of a person's personality, his thoughts and worldview as the main value in art. In Russia, romanticism acquired its own peculiarity: at the beginning of the century, it had a heroic coloring, and then - a tragic one.

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Romanticism became the basis for the subsequent emergence of the realistic trend, which established itself in art in the second half of the 19th century. characteristic feature realism was an appeal to the theme of modern folk life, the approval of a new theme in art - the life of peasants.

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Outstanding Achievements Russian art of the early 19th century is characterized by portraiture. The Russian portrait throughout the century will be the genre of painting that most directly connected artists with society, with outstanding contemporaries. After all, as you know, artists received a large number of orders from individuals for portraits.

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Painting in the first half of the 19th century acquired a greater significance in the life of society than it did in the 18th century. Development national identity caused by the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. As a result, during the first quarter of the century, for the first time, public organizations such as the Society for the Encouragement of Artists. At the Imperial Hermitage in 1825, the Russian Gallery was created.

Painting first half of XIX century The first half of the XIX century is a bright page in the culture of Russia. All directions - painting, literature, architecture, sculpture, theater of this era are marked by a whole constellation of names that brought world fame to Russian art.

Painting in the first half of the 19th century was of great importance in the life of society. The development of national self-consciousness, caused by the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812, raised the interest of the people in national culture and history, to domestic talents. As a result, during the first quarter of the century, public organizations arose for the first time, the main task of which was to develop the arts: the Free Society of Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts, the Society for the Encouragement of Artists. Special magazines appeared, the first attempts were made to collect and display Russian art. The small private "Russian Museum" of P. Svinin gained fame, and in 1825 the Russian Gallery was created at the Imperial Hermitage. Since the beginning of the century, the practice of the Academy of Arts included periodical exhibitions, which attracted many visitors. At the same time, admission to these exhibitions on certain days of the common people was a great achievement.

At the very beginning of the 19th century, classicism played a significant role in painting. However, by the 1830s, this direction was gradually losing its social significance, and was increasingly turning into a system of formal canons and traditions. He brought novelty of views to Russian art Romanticism is a European trend that took shape at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. One of the main postulates of romanticism, opposite to classicism, is the assertion of a person's personality, his thoughts and worldview as the main value in art. The consolidation of a person's right to personal independence gave rise to a special interest in his inner world, and at the same time assumed the freedom of the artist's creativity. In Russia, romanticism acquired its own peculiarity: at the beginning of the century, it had a heroic coloring, and during the years of the Nikolaev reaction - a tragic one. Having as its feature the knowledge of a particular person, romanticism became the basis for the subsequent emergence and formation of a realistic trend, which was established in art in the second half of the 19th century. A characteristic feature of realism was the appeal to the theme of modern folk life, the establishment of a new theme in the art of life of the peasants. Here, first of all, it is necessary to note the name of the artist A.G. Venetsianov. The most complete realistic discoveries of the first half of the 19th century were reflected in the years in the work of P.A. Fedotov.

Outstanding achievements in Russian art of the first half of the 19th century are characterized by portraiture. Russian portrait is the genre of painting that most directly connected artists with society, with outstanding contemporaries. The heyday of portraiture is associated with the search for new principles artistic creativity and the spread of romanticism in Russia. Romanticism is inherent in the portraits of artists O. A. Kiprensky, V. A. Tropinin, K. P. Bryullov. The most famous portrait painters of this time are Kiprensky O.A. and Tropinin V.A. Kiprensky O.A. "Self-portrait" Tropinin V.A. "Self-portrait", 1846

Kiprensky O.A. (). Special Page in Russian painting female portraits artist. Each of his portraits captivates with penetration into the spiritual depths of the image, the unique originality of the appearance, and excellent performing skills. The most famous were the portraits of E.S. Avdulina (1822), E.A. Teleshova (1828), D.N. Tail (1814). One of the pinnacles of Orest Adamovich's work is the portrait of E.P. Rostopchina (1809). Portrait of E. S. Avdulina Portrait of E. A. Teleshova Portrait of D. N. Khvostova Portrait of E. P. Rostopchina

famous portrait poet A.S. Pushkin (one of the best in his lifetime) by Kiprensky. The poet himself wrote about this picture: “I see myself, as in a mirror. But this mirror flatters me.” Portrait of the Life Hussar Colonel E.V. Davydov (1809). The image of Davydov, created by Kiprensky, appears before the viewer as a symbol of the era of wars with Napoleon, on the eve of Patriotic War 1812.

Tropinin Vasily Andreevich (). The son of a serf, himself a serf until 1823. The ability to draw manifested itself in childhood, he studied at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg, showed brilliant academic success, received silver and gold medals. But the master sent him to the Ukrainian estate, where the artist lived for about 20 years, painted, built and painted the church. Tropinin V.A. painted a huge number of portraits, and not only famous and famous people but also representatives of the people. Special attention invert lifetime portraits of the great poet A.S. Pushkin and the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 I.P. Bagration. "Portrait of Bagration P.I." "Portrait of A.S. Pushkin", 1827

In portraits of contemporaries, people from the people, the artist shows the inner beauty of a person. So, in the painting "The Lacemaker" Tropinin V.A. managed to find a rare harmony of physical and moral beauty, social certainty such as a girl from the people and the poetry of the image. "Lacemaker" is typical for Russian painting of the pre-Wandering period: 18th tradition centuries are intertwined here with signs new era. "Girl with a Pot of Roses", 1820 "Guitarist", 1823 "Lacemaker", 1823 "Golden Seamstress", 1826

Karl Pavlovich Bryullov () was one of the brightest, and at the same time controversial artist in Russian painting of the 19th century. Bryullov had a bright talent and an independent way of thinking. He was brought up in the family of an artist, from childhood he was fascinated by painting, at the age of 10 he entered the Academy of Arts to study. In 1822, Karl Bryullov went to Rome to study the art of the masters of the Renaissance. "Self-portrait", 1834 "Self-portrait", 1848 "Portrait of Countess Yu. P. Samoilova with her adopted daughter Amazilia Pacini" "Portrait of Alexei Tolstoy", 1832

In the Italian period of creativity, Bryullov devoted a significant place to portraiture, painted the famous portrait painting “Horsewoman”. In the painting "Italian Morning" he turned not to historical and mythological subjects, but to the everyday scene of the grape harvest. In 1836, Karl Pavlovich Bryullov became a professor at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, taught at the Academy, during this period he also painted about 80 portraits. "Fortune-telling Svetlana", 1836 "Horsewoman", 1832 "Italian noon", 1832 "Portrait of the Shishmaryov sisters, 1839

The historical genre was considered the highest in the Academy. The best works of this genre were the works of K.P. Bryullov, including “The Last Day of Pompeii”. This picture is a shining example academic art, but elements of romanticism are already visible.

The history of the creation of the painting "The Last Day of Pompeii". In 1827, at one of the receptions, the artist met Countess Yulia Pavlovna Samoilova, who became his artistic ideal, closest friend and love. Together with her, Karl goes to Italy to inspect the ruins of the ancient cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, which died as a result of a volcanic eruption in 79 AD. e. Impressed by the eyewitness description of the tragedy by the Roman writer Pliny the Younger, Bryullov realized that he had found a theme for his next work. For three years, the artist collected material in archaeological museums and excavations so that each item painted on the canvas would correspond to the era. All work on the picture lasted six years. In the process of working on the painting, many sketches, sketches, sketches were made, and the composition itself was rebuilt several times. When in the middle of 1833 the work was presented to the general public, it caused an explosion of delight and admiration for the artist. Previously, not a single picture of the Russian school of painting had such European glory. In 1834, at exhibitions in Milan and Paris, the success of the painting was amazing. In Italy, Bryullov is elected an honorary member of several art academies, and in Paris he was awarded gold medal. The success of the picture predetermined not only the successfully found plot, which corresponds to the romantic consciousness of the era, but also how Bryullov divides the crowd of dying people into local groups, each of which illustrates one or another affect - love, self-sacrifice, despair, greed. The force shown in the picture, destroying everything around, invading the harmony of human existence, caused contemporaries to think about a crisis of illusions, about unfulfilled hopes. This canvas brought the artist worldwide fame. The customer of the painting - Anatoly Demidov - presented it to Tsar Nicholas I.

Ivanov Alexander Andreevich (gg.) A special place in historical genre occupies the monumental canvas by A.A. Ivanov “The Appearance of Christ to the People”, on which he worked for 20 years. Executed in compliance with the basic norms of classical painting, it combines the ideals of romanticism and realism. The main idea of ​​the picture is confidence in the need for moral renewal of people.

The history of the creation of the painting "The Appearance of Christ to the People". In 1833 (from 1830 to 1858 the artist lived in Italy), Alexander Andreevich came up with the idea of ​​a new monumental painting. This worldwide famous picture became the apogee of his work, it revealed in full the mighty talent of the artist. Work on the picture occupied all the thoughts and time of the artist; more than three hundred preparatory sketches from nature and album sketches were made, many of which became independent works. During the work on the painting, Ivanov re-read literature on history, philosophy, religious teachings, and rethought the idea and plot several times. In Italy, the artist found himself in a difficult financial situation. Ivanov lived on benefits that he managed to obtain from various institutions or patrons. He saved on every little thing. Almost all the money that he managed to get, Alexander Andreevich spent on the maintenance of a huge workshop, the purchase art materials and payment of sitters. After several breaks in work on the painting, the artist nevertheless completed it by 1857. But the painting "The Appearance of Christ to the People", shown by the artist after returning to Russia in 1857, first in the Winter Palace, then at the Academy of Arts, was met with a rather restrained reception.

About the portrait skill of the artist Ivanov A.A. testify to the portrait of N.V. Gogol, painted in 1841, with whom the painter had a close friendship. The painting of the "Italian" period of the painter's work "The Appearance of Christ to Mary Magdalene after the Resurrection", on which he worked from 1834 to 1836. This canvas was sent to St. Petersburg, where it received positive feedback. The painting was placed in art gallery Hermitage. The Council of the Academy appreciated the work of the artist, which strictly corresponded to the classical canons, and awarded him the title of academician.

Self-portrait, 1848 Fedotov Pavel Andreevich (). The founder of critical realism in Russian painting. In his genre paintings, he expressed major social problems. In years he studied at the First Moscow Cadet Corps. Thanks to his phenomenal memory, Pavel studied well, science was given to him easily. Even then, in the first years of his studies, Fedotov showed a craving for painting. Over time, drawing grew into a passion. Fedotov's first works were connected with military theme. He enters the Academy of Arts. He did not take on faith everything that was taught at the Academy, which led to the formation of his own view of painting, different from the frozen canons of academism. After retiring, the artist created talented works of the social direction, showing the critical position of the author in relation to reality.

"Fresh Cavalier", 1846 "Choiceous Bride", 1847 The first work of the artist Fedotov P.A., painted in oil - "Fresh Cavalier" - dates back to 1846. This conversation piece both academic professors and the democratic audience liked it. A year later, Fedotov painted another painting, The Picky Bride. With the direct participation of Bryullov, these two paintings were accepted for an academic exhibition in 1847.

"Courtship of a Major", 1851 For the painting "Courtship of a Major" painted later, the Council of the Academy awarded Pavel Andreevich the title of Academician. An important place in the work of Fedotov was occupied by portraits, of which the “Portrait of N. Zhdanovich”, painted in 1849, stands out. "Portrait of N. Zhdanovich at the piano", 1849

Venetsianov Alexey Gavrilovich (), the founder of the domestic household genre(genre painting). His paintings poeticized the life of the common Russian people, were dedicated to everyday work and life of the peasants. "Self-portrait", 1811 Born in Moscow, in the family of a merchant. He studied at a private boarding house, served in the Post Office Department, and from childhood was fond of painting. Was a student famous artist V.L. Borovikovsky. In 1811, A.G. Venetsianov was elected an academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts.

In 1818 Venetsianov leaves public service, marries and leaves with his family for the Safonkovo ​​estate, which belonged to his new wife. It is here, far from the bustle of the city, Alexey Gavrilovich finds main topic of your creativity. Venetsianov opens up an inexhaustible source of inspiration, a variety of plots and images. A huge contribution of Alexei Gavrilovich Venetsianov to the development of Russian painting is the creation of his own school, his own method. From private portraits of peasants, the artist comes to magnificent artistic compositions, in which folk life, her aura, finds a multicolored expression for her. In 1822, for the first time, the work of the artist A.G. Venetsianov was presented to the emperor. For her, the painter received a thousand rubles, and the work itself was placed in the Diamond Room Winter Palace. The painting was called "Purification of the Beets". This canvas became a kind of "turning point" in Russian painting, the birth of a new trend in Russian art of the everyday genre. It was Venetsianov who achieved the popularity of this direction of painting among the people.

In the 1820s, Alexei Gavrilovich painted several small paintings, the so-called "peasant portraits", depicting either girls with a pot of milk, or with a scythe, with beets, with cornflowers, or a boy with an ax or asleep under a tree, or an old man or an old woman. "Girl in a headscarf", 1810 "Zakharka" "Girl with a pot of milk", 1824 Peasant woman with cornflowers.

“On the arable land. Spring." 1820 At the harvest. Summer. It should be noted the peculiarity of the images of peasant women, characteristic of many of the artist's paintings: their majesty, calm dignity, businesslike facial expressions. The prototype of a peasant woman for the painting “On arable land. Spring "was the wife of the artist. She is a young, slender woman in a long sundress, leading two horses across the field. No less famous is the painting “In the Harvest. Summer". This work is harmonious artistic images: Venetsianov's love for labor peasant people allowed to portray in it the true beauty.

Let's check the knowledge: 1. What artistic trends coexisted in painting in the first half of the 19th century: A) classicism, sentimentalism, realism B) realism, abstractionism, sentimentalism C) classicism, romanticism, realism 2. Which of the artists painted a portrait of A.S. Pushkin about which the poet said: “I see myself, as in a mirror. But this mirror flatters me”: A) Kiprensky B) Tropinin D) Venetsianov 3. Which of the artists of the first half of the 19th century is the founder of the domestic genre in painting: A) Bryullov B) Venetsianov D) Fedotov 4. Which of the artists of the first half of the 19th century century is the founder of critical realism in Russian painting: A) Tropinin B) Fedotov C) Ivanov A.A.

Answers: 1.C) classicism, romanticism, realism 2.A) Kiprensky 3.B) Venetsianov 4.B) Fedotov 5.K.P. Bryullov "The Last Day of Pompeii" 6. A.G. Venetsianov "On the arable land. Spring” 7.P.A. Fedotov "Fresh Cavalier" 8.A.A. Ivanov "The Appearance of Christ to the People" 9.V.A. Tropinin "Lacemaker" 10. O.A. Kiprensky “Portrait of A.S. Pushkin"

There is a transition to realistic art. Customers of the works are representatives of the upper class. Began to enter into the custom of the exhibition, appeared art museums(30s - 40s of the XIX century). The main center of education is the St. Petersburg Academy of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Children were trained ordinary people, for the nobles, the craft of the artist was considered unworthy. The first half of the 19th century is associated with the work of graduates of the St. Petersburg Academy.

Whatever themes and plots the artists addressed, the content of their works was Russia with its problems. The development of painting went from classicism through a passion for romanticism to realism. In the 40s of the 19th century, a school of painting, sculpture and architecture was opened in Moscow.

1863 - "Riot of the 14th". The graduates of the Academy refused to paint a graduation picture on the plot “Feast in Valhalla” proposed by them, forming an independent Artel of Artists of the city - the formation of the Partnership traveling exhibitions. Founder Kramskoy I.N. Purpose: reflection of all varieties real life to make art closer and more understandable to the people. This is one of the largest progressive phenomena in world art. Existed until 1923 (53 exhibitions, 110 artists).

IVAN NIKOLAEVICH KRAMSKOY ()

VASILY IVANOVICH SURIKOV () Self-portrait

ILYA EFIMOVICH REPIN () Self-portrait

Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge (1831 - 1894) Peter I interrogates Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich in Peterhof "What is truth?" Christ and Pilate

VASILY DMITRIEVICH POLENOV () Moscow courtyard Overgrown pond Grandma's garden

ALEXEY KONDRATIEVICH SAVRASOV () Rooks have arrived Rainbow

IVAN IVANOVICH SHISHKIN () Morning in a pine forest Birch Grove

ISAAK ILYICH LEVITAN () gold autumn March Silent abode

IVAN KONSTANTINOVICH AIVAZOVSKY () Ninth wave Fishermen on the seashore Black Sea

VASILY GRIGORYEVICH PEROV () Troika. Apprentice craftsmen carry water near Moscow. The arrival of the governess merchant's house. Tea drinking in Mytishchi.
The Russian school of painting was formed. All the main genres of painting were developed: historical, landscape, portrait, genre compositions. The works of the Wanderers are an outstanding contribution to the treasury of Russian and world art. In the late 90s of the XIX century in St. Petersburg arose artistic association"World of Art". Aspired to change life through art. Thus began a new period in the development of Russian culture, which went down in history as the Silver Age.

In the realm of art, in the creativity of the heart, the Russian people have shown amazing power, creating, under the most terrible conditions, beautiful literature, amazing painting and original music, which the whole world admires. The mouths of the people were closed, the wings of the soul were tied, but its heart gave birth to dozens of artists of words, sounds, colors. The giant Pushkin, our greatest pride and the most complete expression of the spiritual forces of Russia, and next to him the magician Glinka and the beautiful Bryullov. M. Gorky

The official direction in painting of the first half of the XIX century. was classicism. Classicism - art style in European art XVII - early XIX centuries., One of the most important features of which was the appeal to the forms ancient art as an ideal aesthetic standard. The achievements of academic classicism were a deep knowledge of the European culture of the past, an excellent command of drawing, and high skill in creating a composition.

Karl Pavlovich Bryullov (year) Russian artist, painter, muralist, watercolorist, draftsman, representative of academicism. Member of the Milan and Parma academies, the Academy of St. Luke in Rome, professor of the St. Petersburg and Florence academies of arts, honorary free accomplice of the Paris Academy of Arts.

"The Last Day of Pompeii"

Alexander Andreevich Ivanov (year) Russian artist, creator of works on biblical and ancient mythological subjects, representative of academicism, author of the grandiose canvas "The Appearance of Christ to the People"

"The Appearance of Christ to the People"

Romanticism is a phenomenon of European culture in the XVIII XIX centuries, which is a reaction to the Enlightenment and stimulated by it scientific and technical progress; ideological and artistic direction in European and American culture late XVIII century of the first half of the 19th century. It is characterized by the assertion of the intrinsic value of spiritual and creative life personality, depiction of strong (often rebellious) passions and characters, spiritualized and healing nature. It spread to various spheres of human activity. In the 18th century, everything that was strange, fantastic, picturesque, and existing in books, and not in reality, was called romantic. At the beginning of the 19th century, romanticism became the designation of a new direction, opposite to classicism and the Enlightenment.

Orest Adamovich Kiprensky (year) Russian artist, graphic artist and painter, portrait master.

Vasily Andreevich Tropinin (year) - Russian painter, master of romantic and realistic portraits.

Household painting ( genre painting) - a genre of painting dedicated to the image Everyday life individual, private and public. The term began to be used in Russia from the second half. 19th century, when the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts officially recognized household painting, and for its designation borrowed french word"genre" (genre), adopted in Western European academies. Painters who create paintings on everyday subjects began to be called genre painters.

Alexei Gavrilovich Venetsianov () Russian painter, master of genre scenes from peasant life, teacher, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, founder of the so-called Venetian school.
Critical realism is a trend in the art of a number of countries in Europe and America, which arose in mid-nineteenth in. Critical realism is focused on the direct depiction of the daily life of people, mostly the poor and disadvantaged, as opposed to the wealthy and idle sections of the population. In Russia critical realism became most widespread in the middle and second half of the 19th century. and was embodied in the genre scenes of P. Fedotov, in the art of V. Perov, the itinerant artists I. Kramskoy, V. Makovsky, N. Yaroshenko, I. Repin, and others. Themes of criticism of the injustice of the social order developed in the work of these artists.

Russian painting of the first half of the 19th century

lesson plan

Romanticism is a phenomenon of European culture in the 18th-19th centuries, which is a reaction to the Enlightenment and the scientific and technological progress stimulated by it; ideological and artistic direction in European and American culture of the late 18th century - the first half of the 19th century. It is characterized by the assertion of the intrinsic value of the spiritual and creative life of the individual, the image of strong (often rebellious) passions and characters, spiritualized and healing nature. It spread to various spheres of human activity. In the 18th century, everything that was strange, fantastic, picturesque, and existing in books, and not in reality, was called romantic. At the beginning of the 19th century, romanticism became the designation of a new direction, opposite to classicism and the Enlightenment.

1.Ore?st Adam?movich Kiprensky

2 Sylvester Shchedrin

3. Karl Bryullov

4. Alexander Ivanov

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"Russian painting of the first half of the 19th century presentation for the lesson"

Russian painting first

half XIX century »

In the realm of art, in the creativity of the heart, the Russian people have shown amazing power, creating, under the most terrible conditions, beautiful literature, amazing painting and original music, which the whole world admires. The mouths of the people were closed, the wings of the soul were tied, but its heart gave birth to dozens of artists of words, sounds, colors. The giant Pushkin, our greatest pride and the most complete expression of the spiritual forces of Russia, and next to him the magician Glinka and the beautiful Bryullov.

M. Gorky

Romanticism- a phenomenon of European culture in the XVIII-XIX centuries, which is a reaction to the Enlightenment and the scientific and technological progress stimulated by it; ideological and artistic direction in European and American culture of the late 18th century - the first half of the 19th century. It is characterized by the assertion of the intrinsic value of the spiritual and creative life of the individual, the image of strong (often rebellious) passions and characters, spiritualized and healing nature. It spread to various spheres of human activity. In the 18th century, everything that was strange, fantastic, picturesque, and existing in books, and not in reality, was called romantic. At the beginning of the 19th century, romanticism became the designation of a new direction, the opposite of classicism and the Enlightenment.

Orest Adamovich Kiprensky

(1782 - 1836) - Russian artist, graphic artist and painter, portrait master.

"Dmitry Donskoy on the Kulikovo field" 1805

Portrait of Ekaterina Avdulina, 1822

Portrait V. A. Zhukovsky

Portrait of A. S. Pushkin, 1827

Portrait E. V. Davydova

Household painting(genre painting) - a genre of painting dedicated to depicting the everyday life of a person, private and public. The term began to be used in Russia from the second half. 19th century, when Petersburg Academy of Arts officially recognized everyday painting, and for its designation they borrowed the French word "genre" (genre), adopted in Western European academies. Painters who create paintings on everyday subjects began to be called genre painters.

Vasily Andreevich Tropinin (1776 - 1857) -

Russian painter, master

romantic and realistic portraits.

"Portrait of a son" 1818

goldsmith

Bulokhov's portrait

lacemaker

Alexei Gavrilovich Venetsianov (1780-1847) - Russian painter, master of genre scenes from peasant life, teacher, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, founder of the so-called Venetian school .

"Humno" 1821 .

On the arable land. Spring, 1820

Sylvester Feodosievich Shchedrin(February 2 (13), 1791, St. Petersburg - October 27 (November 8), 1830, Sorrento) - Russian artist, landscape painter.

Veranda with vines , 1828

The official direction in painting of the first half of the XIX century. was classicism. Classicism- an artistic style in European art of the 17th - early 19th centuries, one of the most important features of which was the appeal to the forms of ancient art as an ideal aesthetic standard. The achievements of academic classicism were a deep knowledge of the European culture of the past, an excellent command of drawing, and high skill in creating a composition.

Karl Pavlovich Bryullov

(1799 - 1852) - Russian artist, painter, muralist, watercolorist, draftsman, representative of academicism.

Member of the Milan and Parma academies, the Academy of St. Luke in Rome, professor of the St. Petersburg and Florence academies of arts, honorary free accomplice of the Paris Academy of Arts.