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"... and began new era- the age of adolescence
What is adolescence?
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The story "Childhood". It is unlikely that anyone before Tolstoy managed to convey the charm of childhood so vividly and poetically. “Happy, irretrievable time of childhood. Memories of him refresh, elevate my soul.
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In 1854, L. Tolstoy wrote the story "Boyhood". Life poses serious questions for the heroes.
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Let's remember how Alexey in his entry of September 25 (p. 29) admires the beautiful old word"boyhood". Do you remember the meaning of this word?
ON THE. Nekrasov warmly approved of "Childhood" and asked to send a continuation of the novel to the magazine. In August 1854, Tolstoy sent the manuscript to Nekrasov, informing him that he valued Boyhood no less, but more than Childhood. “The talent of the author of Boyhood is original and sympathetic to the highest degree,” wrote Nekrasov L.N. Tolstoy.
N.A. Nekrasov
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Boyhood was published in the tenth issue of Sovremennik in 1854. In 1856, two stories were published as a separate book. In a review of this edition, N.G. Chernyshevsky emphasized that the works of L.N. Tolstoy is attracted by the freshness and purity of moral feeling.
N.G. Chernyshevsky
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“Only with this immediate freshness of the heart,” Chernyshevsky wrote, “could one tell Childhood and Adolescence ... Without the integrity of the moral sense, it was impossible not only to fulfill these stories, but also to conceive them.” In the same article, Chernyshevsky pointed to distinguishing feature Tolstoy's talent is his ability to penetrate unusually deep into inner world of a person, into his psychology, to show the very process of mental life, to depict the "dialectics of the soul."
Slide 7
Many of you have older or younger brothers and sisters in your family. Relations with them are sometimes very difficult. Sometimes they are wrong about something, sometimes you are, sometimes both sides are stubborn and angry, not wanting to come to an agreement. What feelings and actions of Nikolenka and Volodya in the chapter “Big Brother” (the story “Boyhood”) seemed to you the closest, most familiar and understandable?
Slide 8
Have you yourself overcome feelings of envy, anger, irritation in relationships with older or younger brothers and sisters? Why do you think Volodya (senior) at the end of the chapter asks for forgiveness from Nikolenka (younger), moreover, “in the simplest, not at all pathetic voice”?
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What impression does the elder brother's act make on Nikolenka? Why is he crying again? Try to explain the meaning of the phrase: “Volodya looked at me, but as if he didn’t understand why I had tears in my eyes ...”.
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Volodya is older, and he understands the feelings of his brother, since he himself was recently like that. He loves his brother simply because it is his brother, and sets an example for him with his sincere act. At the same time, Volodya is still somewhat different from Nikolenka. He does not perceive the world so tragically and does not see in every act, his own and someone else's, such a drama that Nikolenka sees and feels. Maybe he is deprived of such depth of introspection (Tolstoy writes about this at the beginning of the chapter "Big Brother"). We quarreled over nonsense, the younger brother was offended, does not know how to approach you, suffers, which means that we must first reach out to him, make peace. It's an everyday thing, it can happen every day. For Nikolenka, this event is a whole tragedy: “... everything is over between us”, “we quarreled forever”, “I felt guilty, I was afraid to look at him and couldn’t do anything all day”, “... I’m scared, embarrassed and ashamed was to be alone with his brother.
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Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy in his youth, maturity, old age
Compiled by: Larionova G. A., teacher primary school MOU secondary school No. 27, Tver
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Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (1828-1910), count, Russian writer, corresponding member (1873), honorary academician (1900) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy Portrait of I.N. Kramskoy. 1873
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L. N. Tolstoy, a hereditary Russian aristocrat, a descendant of the ancient noble families on paternal and maternal lines, belonged to the highest aristocratic elite of the Russian nobility
I.E. Repin. Portrait of Leo Tolstoy, 1887
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“... To remember my ancestors - my fathers, grandfathers, great-grandfathers, I am not only not ashamed, but especially joyful,” wrote Leo Tolstoy. Representatives of the Tolstoy dynasty, leading their history since 1686, clearly showed themselves as military leaders, statesmen and politicians, priests, scientists, urban planners, artists, writers, poets, doctors. Their occupations are diverse, but all of them are united by devoted sincere service to their Fatherland, service to Russia.
Slide 5
The antiquity of the Tolstoy family is evidenced by the attributes of the common coat of arms of gr. Tolstykh: in the center of the shield in a square are crossed saber and stirrups, threaded into the ring of a golden key. In the lower square on the right, there are seven towers, with overturned crescents - a symbol of the seven-tower castle in the Constantinople Yedikul, reminiscent of the diplomatic service of P. A. Tolstoy and the conclusion of peace with the Turks. Two greyhounds supporting a shield are a symbol of sure and quick success in business.
The coat of arms is included in the General Armorial of the noble families of the Russian Empire, part 2, 1st section, p. 11.
Coat of arms of the Count Tolstoy family
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Among the ancestors of the writer on the paternal side was Pyotr Andreevich Tolstoy (1645-1729) - an associate of Peter I, a Russian statesman, diplomat, one of the first in Russia to receive the title of count.
Portrait of Count Pyotr Andreevich Tolstoy. Unknown Russian artist XVIII in. Canvas, oil.
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Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, father of Lev Nikolaevich
The writer's father, Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, voluntarily entered the military service. He participated in Patriotic War 1812, was captured by the French and was released by Russian troops who entered Paris after the defeat of Napoleon's army. Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, his father, was loved and appreciated by the children for his humane attitude towards serfs. In addition to doing housework and children, he read a lot. During his life, Nikolai Ilyich collected a rich library, consisting of rare books for those times. French classics, historical and natural history writings. For Tolstoy the child, the father was the embodiment of beauty, strength, passionate, reckless love for the joys of life.
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Coat of arms of princes Volkonsky. 1890s
On the maternal side, Tolstoy belonged to the family of the princes Bolkonsky, related by kinship with the princes Trubetskoy, Golitsyn, Odoevsky, Lykov and other noble families. By his mother, Tolstoy was a relative of A. S. Pushkin.
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Prince Nikolai Sergeevich Volkonsky. 1790s. Job portrait unknown artist. State Museum L.N. Tolstoy
Prince Nikolai Sergeevich Volkonsky - a prominent military leader of the Catherine era (grandfather of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy on the maternal side)
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Princess Ekaterina Dmitrievna Volkonskaya. 1780s. Portrait by F.S. Rokotov. State Museum of Leo Tolstoy
Princess Ekaterina Dmitrievna Volkonskaya, born Princess Trubetskaya (Leo Tolstoy's maternal grandmother).
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Silhouette of Princess Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya. 1800s. Work by an unknown artist. State Museum of Leo Tolstoy
Maria Nikolaevna Tolstaya (nee Volkonskaya), the writer's mother, was a kind and sympathetic person, an intelligent and educated woman: she knew French, German, English and Italian, played the piano, and was engaged in painting. Tolstoy was not even two years old when she died. Not a single portrait of her has been preserved in the family, except for a small silhouette, where Maria Nikolaevna is depicted as an eight-year-old girl.
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Yasnaya Polyana. Here all the childhood of Tolstoy, his three brothers and younger sister passed, here the writer lived most of his life.
Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy was born on September 28, 1828 in the Krapivensky district of the Tula province, in the mother's hereditary estate - Yasnaya Polyana. “I was born in the 28th year, on the 28th, and all my life 28 was for me the most lucky number”, Lev Nikolaevich recalled.
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“Lev Nikolaevich in childhood was distinguished by a special cheerfulness; he was kind of radiant. When he used to run into the room, he would smile with such a joyful smile, as if he had made a discovery that he wanted to tell everyone about. Liked to joke. He was always gentle, affectionate, compliant; never been rude. If he is caressed, he will shed tears. If his brothers offend him, he will go somewhere far away and cry.” But with the brothers they lived together all their lives, ”the sister recalled. But, despite his tearfulness and vulnerability, he still sometimes did rather desperate tricks: he would rub his eyebrows with gunpowder and set them on fire, because of which they would subsequently grow uneven and shaggy, then he would jump out of the window in the belief that he could fly .
Tolstaya Maria Nikolaevna (sister of Leo Tolstoy)
Slide 14
L. Tolstoy's favorite game in childhood was the game of ant brothers, invented by his elder brother Nikolai. It consisted in the fact that the children climbed under the chairs, hung themselves with scarves, and sat in the dark, clinging to each other and feeling their unity. Nikolenka, a great inventor and a ringleader, knew the secret, “through which, when it opens, all people will become happy, there will be no illness, no troubles, no one will be angry with anyone and everyone will love each other, everyone will become ant brothers.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1823-1860) - the elder brother of L.N. Tolstoy.
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When Tolstoy was in his ninth year, his father took him to Moscow for the first time. The first period of young Tolstoy's life in Moscow lasted less than four years. But soon the father died. In 1840, with his sister and three brothers, young Tolstoy moved to Kazan. Here lived one of the father's sisters, who became their guardians. Living in Kazan, Tolstoy spent two and a half years preparing to enter the university. preparing him for his Turkish and Tatar languages the famous professor Kazambek was surprised by the abilities of the young Tolstoy.
Tolstoy L. N. (boys, in profile)
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But after three years of study, Tolstoy decided to switch to self-education - to study independently according to his own plan. He studied history and music, drawing and medicine, law and agriculture. And all his life Tolstoy replenished his knowledge. (In his later years Tolstoy was fluent in English, French and German; read in Italian, Polish, Czech and Serbian; knew Greek, Latin, Ukrainian, Tatar, Church Slavonic; studied Hebrew, Turkish, Dutch, Bulgarian and other languages). Leaving the university, Tolstoy left Kazan for Yasnaya Polyana, which he received under the division of his father's inheritance. Then he went to Moscow, where at the end of 1850 his writing activity began, at the same time the story "Childhood" was started.
L. N. Tolstoy. 1849
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Soon Tolstoy decided to go to the Caucasus, where his older brother, Nikolai Nikolaevich, an artillery officer, served in the army. Having entered the army as a cadet, he later passed the exam for a junior officer rank. When the Crimean War began, Tolstoy was transferred from the Caucasus to the Danube army, which acted against the Turks, and then to Sevastopol, besieged by the combined forces of England, France and Turkey. In Sevastopol, he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (he was awarded the order St. Anna of the 4th degree with the signature "For courage". Later he received a silver medal "For the Defense of Sevastopol" and a bronze medal "In memory of the war of 1853-1856". In the Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans (he was going to publish a magazine for soldiers), here he began to write a cycle of "Sevastopol stories", which were soon published and had a huge success.
Medal for the Defense of Sevastopol
Medal in memory of the war 1853 - 1856
Order of St. Anna IV degree
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Stele in memory of a participant in the defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855. L. N. Tolstoy at the fourth bastion
The writer's impressions of the Caucasian War were reflected in the stories "The Raid" (1853), "Cutting the Forest" (1855), "Degraded" (1856), and in the story "Cossacks" (1852-1863). In the Caucasus, the story "Childhood" was completed and in 1852 it was published in the journal "Contemporary".
L. N. Tolstoy
Slide 19
Leo Tolstoy in 1856
In the autumn of 1856, L. N. Tolstoy retired and soon went on a six-month trip abroad, visiting France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany.
Slide 20
In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana, and then helped open more than 20 schools in the surrounding villages. He believed that everything in teaching should be individual - both the teacher and the student, and their mutual relationship. In the Yasnaya Polyana school, the children sat where they wanted, for as long as they wanted, and for as long as they wanted. There was no specific curriculum. The teacher's only job was to keep the class interested. The classes were conducted by Tolstoy himself with the help of several permanent teachers and several random ones, from the closest acquaintances and visitors. He published the pedagogical journal Yasnaya Polyana in 1862 and wrote instructive tales and stories for children.
Leo Tolstoy's students
LN Tolstoy with the children of the peasants of Yasnaya Polyana. Photo from 1908
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In 1862, he married the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers.
L. N. Tolstoy, 1862
Ge. Portrait of Sofya Andreevna Tolstoy with her daughter Alexandra (Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya, wife of Leo Tolstoy, 1844-1919; Alexandra Lvovna Tolstaya, daughter of Leo Tolstoy, 1884-1979) (1886, Tula Region, Museum-Estate of Leo Tolstoy "Yasnaya Polyana")
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LN Tolstoy with his wife and children. 1887
“It is impossible to convey with sufficient fullness that cheerful and attractive mood that constantly reigned in Yasnaya Polyana (1862-1878). His source was always Lev Nikolaevich. In a conversation about abstract questions, about the upbringing of children, about external events his judgment was the most interesting. In a game of croquet, in a walk, he enlivened everyone with his humor and participation, sincerely interested in the game and the walk. There was no such simple thought and the simplest action that Lev Nikolayevich was not able to give interest and arouse a good and cheerful attitude towards them in those around him ... ”, Bers recalled. “Count L. N. Tolstoy did not like to part with his family even for a single day, he always complained about urgent trips and was in a hurry to return home as soon as possible.” For 17 years of marriage, they had 13 children.
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Sitting at the tea table on the croquet court, from left to right: L.N. Tolstoy in a light blouse, Vanechka, Sasha, Lev, Andrey (standing) Tolsty, Tatyana Lvovna, Sofya Andreevna, Maria Lvovna (standing). Behind the sofa on which L.N. Tolstoy sits, stands his son Misha
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L.N. Tolstoy at work in the office of the Yasnaya Polyana house. 1909 Photo by S.A. Tolstoy
S.A. Thick. 1901 Yasnaya Polyana
Sofya Andreevna turned out to be not only the most faithful and devoted friend, but also an indispensable assistant in all matters. Seven times she rewrote endlessly the records they were rewriting.
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In the 80s. Tolstoy noticeably grows cold towards artistic work and even condemns his former novels and short stories as lordly "fun". He is fond of simple physical labor, plows, sews boots for himself, becomes a vegetarian, gives his family all his large fortune, renounces literary property rights.
Plowman. Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy on arable land. 1887. E. I. Repin.
In the painting by Repin “Tolstoy on the arable land”, Lev Nikolaevich plows on the “Wide”. “Wide” is the ravine, from where water flows into Yasenka. The forest in the picture is “Murygin bushes” ...
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Tolstoy L.N. (Myasoedov, "The Sower")
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Awaiting news of the writer's health
6 hours 5 minutes - the time when Leo Tolstoy's heart stopped
In the late autumn of 1910, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana. The road turned out to be unbearable for him: on the way, Tolstoy fell ill and had to get off the train at the small Astapovo railway station. Here, in the stationmaster's house, he spent the last seven days of his life. The whole of Russia followed the reports about Tolstoy's health, who by this time had already gained world fame.
General view of Astapovo station.
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On November 10 (23), 1910, the writer was buried in Yasnaya Polyana, in the forest, on the edge of a ravine, where, as a child, he and his brother searched for a "green stick" that kept the "secret" of how to make all people happy.
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The unprecedented celebrity of Tolstoy was clearly expressed in the colossal success of his works, in an unprecedented number of their translations into foreign languages and a truly immense number of articles and books devoted to Tolstoy. The complete (12-15 volumes) collection of his works (10 editions) sold more than 80,000 copies, of the separately published works, " Prisoner of the Caucasus"- about 250,000 copies, "The owner and worker" - about 200,000; “What makes people alive” - about 150,000; "Power of darkness" about 140,000; from 130-100 thousand: “God loves the truth, but he won’t tell soon”, “How much land does a person need”, “Siege of Sevastopol”, “First distiller”, “Resurrection”, “Three deaths”, etc. “New ABC » 23 editions were distributed, which is more than 800,000 copies; "The first Russian book for reading" (4 hours) sold more than 600,000 copies.
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At present, the Institute of World Literature. A. M. Gorky RAS is working on the publication of the academic complete works of L. N. Tolstoy in 100 volumes.
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L.N. Tolstoy. May 19, 1910 Kochety. Photo by V.G. Chertkov.
Lev Nikolaevich had a straight, cheerful posture beyond his years, a bushy beard, a wide nose and thick eyebrows hanging over his eyes, eyes amazing in their liveliness and insight.
From the memoirs of D. P. Makovitsky, personal doctor of L. N. Tolstoy
Slide 32
L.N. Tolstoy, 1903 Yasnaya Polyana. Photo by A.L. Tolstoy.
Lev Nikolayevich walked quickly, with long strides, and stepped softly.
Ilya Vasilyevich Sidorkov said that when he entered the Tolstoys (in 1893), Lev Nikolayevich kept himself upright and walked quickly. - “When he leaves, you want to give him a coat - there were two of us then - he will quickly grab it from the hanger, put it on his shoulder or put it on himself, not allowing himself to serve, and leaves. And towards the slope of life he became hunched, small.
Slide 33
In Lev Nikolaevich there was a very strong sense of the life of all living things and a sense of nature. He loved every change in nature - the onset of autumn, and especially spring. He shared his impressions and observations with everyone around. He was pleased with the swelling of the buds on the trees, their unfolding, heading and pouring rye, etc. As soon as something begins to bloom, he will pick and bring into the house - honeydews, hazel, etc. He loved to pick flowers, even tore them on horseback, bending down from the horse. He will bring a bouquet, admire its beauty and smell, put it on his desk or in the hall, sometimes give it to someone. Bouquets on his desktops were not translated. Sofia Andreyevna also remembered this. He loved wild flowers (especially cornflowers) more than garden flowers, and from garden flowers he especially loved sweet peas; it was planted in flowerbeds and on the ridges near the house by Sofya Andreevna, a great lover of indoor flowers. Lev Nikolayevich himself planted and watered oranges in his room. In Yasnaya Polyana there is a winter colored greenhouse on the site of an old large greenhouse that used to be located here.
I.E. Repin. Leo Tolstoy barefoot, 1901
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For Lev Nikolaevich, not a single person with whom he entered into communication, not a single thing that he did seemed insignificant, he did everything seriously, with the strain of his spiritual strength: he thought deeply, listened attentively when necessary - they spoke when necessary - kept silent (being careful not to speak empty words), made the best use of the time for work, and tried to do every task that was given to himself as conscientiously and accurately as possible. When he was sick, he tried not to be a burden to others and patiently endure suffering. Lev Nikolayevich's usual tone was calm; there was no chagrin, no irritation, no discontent, no reproach in him, and in his work he was calm, neither fussy nor slow. Lev Nikolayevich knew how to listen very well; Lev Nikolaevich, speaking, did not wince, did not show displeasure in his face and did not gesticulate with his hands. He very rarely made a sign of denial with his head, slowly shaking it to the right and left. In general, he did nothing excitedly, but in everything he kept himself calm, sedate.
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Slide 39
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