Today, in the Large Star Hall of the Planetarium, you can again see the stars on the largest dome in Europe. The diameter of the dome-screen is 25 meters, and the area is 1000 square meters. The hall is equipped with latest developments in the field of projection technologies. The most advanced fiber-optic projector of the starry sky of the latest generation "Universarium M9" of the legendary company "Carl Zeiss Jena" is installed in the center. It is he who shows more than 9,000 twinkling stars, most accurately conveys an unforgettable picture of the starry sky, reproduces astronomical phenomena in a time interval of 10,000 years!
The full-dome digital projection system of the Great Starry Hall, developed by Global Immersion, is the second part of the equipment set of the modern Planetarium, which will allow you to experience the unique effect of immersion in Space, to feel the infinity of the Universe, to make dizzying journeys in interstellar and intergalactic space. The technological picture is completed by a panoramic system, a stereo system and an experimental surround sound system. The combination of fiber optic and digital projection equipment of this level is a powerful intelligent system. This brings the Moscow Planetarium to the forefront of the development of combined full-dome technologies - the technologies of the future.
The Great Starry Hall of the Planetarium has a rich and interesting story, which began back in 1929, when the second generation Planetarium apparatus (serial number 13) was installed here. It was this device, manufactured by the German company Carl Zeiss Jena, that first turned on the stars on the dome-screen. In a semi-literate country, this was a real discovery, people finally believed in the power of science, began new stage in the history of national astronomy.
Under the dome of the Moscow Planetarium, classes were held for astronomical circles founded in 1934. The professional path of many famous scientists and astronauts began with a grandiose impression made by the starry sky of the Planetarium.
Hundreds of people flocked to the Planetarium every day to see the miracle with their own eyes and hear the magic: “Attention, the stars turn on!”. But the starry sky of the Planetarium was not only a demonstration of astronomical phenomena. In the prewar years, the Star Hall turned into the Star Theater: thematic plays were staged on its stage, in which professional actors were involved. The performances of Galileo, Giordano Bruno and Copernicus were staged with great success in the domed hall.
The Moscow Planetarium played an important role in the development of cosmonautics. Beginning in 1960, for 15 years in the Great Star Hall, astronavigation classes were held with future cosmonauts.
Navigators of polar and long-range aviation also underwent training here.
In 1977, the old device was replaced by a new one - the sixth generation Planetarium device (serial number 313) with an automated control system, which served until the Planetarium was closed in 1994.
Working mode
from 10.00 to 21.00day off - Tuesday
Ticket price
Tickets are purchased at the box office
With a ticket to the Big Star Hall you can:
- Familiarize yourself with the exhibits BEFORE THE SESSION classical museum Urania (levels 1 and 2).
- AFTER THE SESSION, visit the Sky Park (Astroplatform). The astro site is open from May to September from 11:00 to 21:00.
Entrance to the hall of the Urania Museum by tickets starts 1 hour before the session in the Great Starry Hall.
Entrance to the Big Star Hall starts 15 minutes before the session.
To see the stars on a clear sunny day, you need to go down to the bottom of the well. And you can admire the picture of the starry sky on a cloudy day only by taking the plane above the top edge of the clouds. To see one of the most beautiful constellations - the famous Southern Cross - we, the inhabitants of the northern hemisphere, need to travel to the equator. The sun and stars can only be observed simultaneously from a spacecraft...
Halley's comet will make its next approach to Earth in 2060. The next solar eclipse in the European part of the country will be witnessed by our distant descendants - it will happen in 2126. And only in the XXXVIII century, earthlings will be able to see Donati's comet again - one of the brightest comets of the 19th century.
But all these and many other celestial phenomena can be seen on the artificial sky of the Moscow Planetarium on any day. How did this become possible? The history of the Planetarium is a fascinating story about the thorny path to the stars.
Preparation for construction
In the middle of 1927 By decree of the Moscow Council, a Permanent Commission was created for the construction of a planetarium in Moscow. By that time, 12 planetariums had already been opened in the world - ten in Germany and two abroad, in Vienna and Rome. Moscow became the third planetarium outside of Germany and the thirteenth in the world.
By the spring of 1928, the USSR trade mission in Berlin finally agreed with the Zeiss firm on the supply of the Planetarium projection apparatus (serial number 13) and with the Dickerhoff firm on the construction of a fabric dome that serves as a screen for demonstrating the sky.
The Moscow City Council allocated 250,000 rubles for the construction of the planetarium.
This amount included the cost of building not only the building itself, but also its equipment, a cinema auditorium, an astronomical museum, a library, auditoriums for circles, laboratory facilities, as well as an arrangement on a flat roof of an astronomical observatory for mass excursions.
K. N. Shistovsky (first director) and architects M. O. Barshch, M. I. Sinyavsky
Meanwhile, the design of the building of the Moscow Planetarium was going on.
Young architects M.O. Barshch and M.I. Sinyavsky, later - professor at the Moscow Architectural Institute. They presented a project made in the then fashionable style - "constructivism". This style appeared in architecture in the 20s - 30s of the twentieth century, and its task was to "design environment by creating structures in clear external forms, formed from simple stereometric bodies and assembled on a reinforced concrete frame. The construction of the Moscow Planetarium was a significant event at that time. On September 23, 1928, Ogonyok magazine reported: “It is remarkable that, given our material poverty, with our strict import plan, we are importing and installing an expensive structure, which is not found in many capitals (...). The Moscow Planetarium, according to its organizers, will be something like a people's university (...). Attracting with external showiness, the planetarium will at the same time help the working people to broaden their mental horizons. Therefore, its construction should be hailed as an event of exceptional cultural importance.”
After appropriate comments, the Moscow Council approved the project, on the basis of which the main, cylindrical building of the Moscow Planetarium was built on the street Sadovaya Kudrinskaya, 5.
first stone
The foundation stone of the Moscow Planetarium was laid on the day of the autumn equinox - September 23, 1928.
In mid-February 1929, specialists from Germany arrived in Moscow to install an iron frame - a spherical dome - a screen. The Planetarium apparatus was already in Moscow at that time and was stored in packed boxes in the premises of the Moscow Department of Public Education.
At the end of May, when auditorium was ready, the installation of the Planetarium apparatus began under the supervision of specialists from the Zeiss company.
On August 3, 1929, the installation of the apparatus was completed. On this day, the acceptance and demonstration of the work of the planetarium to the leadership of the Moscow City Council was scheduled. The show completely satisfied those present, the acceptance of the equipment was completed.
During August, September and October closed screenings took place.
Selection of museum materials
Scientific and methodological work at that time was in full swing. The main themes, the selection of material were carefully thought out, strictly scientific content was taken into account, as well as the methodology and form of presentation. Several main themes were developed, satisfying not only the needs of the mass audience, but also school programs. A plan was presented for organizing an astronomical library-reading room and an astronomical observatory serving visitors and capable of conducting scientific work.
However, the most important issue was the creation of a large astronomical museum. The discussion about how to be a museum of the planetarium was extremely heated, as two opinions fought: should there be a museum at the planetarium, or should the planetarium become at the museum. The majority voted for the second proposal, and the museum itself was supposed to be deployed on a grandiose scale, requiring a special, large cubic capacity of an extension, with laboratory rooms, large dynamic models, classrooms, etc. The planetarium was conceived as the final and generalizing spectacle seen in the museum. But the idea of creating a museum was never realized at that time.
Grand opening of the Moscow Planetarium
The opening of the planetarium to the general public was scheduled for the October holidays. November 5, 1929 is considered the birthday of the Moscow Planetarium.
Here is how the “Chronicle” wrote from the journal “World Studies” (vol. XVIII, No. 6):
“On November 5, the solemn opening of the Moscow Planetarium, the first in our Union and the 13th in the whole world, took place in Moscow. The opening was attended by t.t. Litvinov, Lunacharsky, Semashko and others.
Mayakovsky dedicated the poem “Proletarian, proletarian, come into the planetarium” to the opening of the planetarium, which ended with the words: “Every proletarian should look at the planetarium”
The evolution of scientific and educational programs
The planetarium began its activities with a small series of lectures. However, its subject matter grew from year to year. If in 1929-1930. there were only three themes in the repertoire, then already in 1939. their number reached 40. The structure of the Universe, the origin and development solar system, the structure of the Sun, the Moon and its movement, comets and meteors, eclipses - these are the topics covered in the Planetarium.
With the expansion of work, it became necessary to supplement technical base Planetarium with new instruments and devices.
Apparatus "Flickering Stars", in the photo mechanic Lebedev. One of the first Soviet inventions to complement the Planetarium apparatus, author - K. N. Shistovsky
The great merit of the Moscow Star House is that it was here, almost immediately after the opening, with the blessing of K. G. Paustovsky, that the first design and production work began to create a “living sky”, to enhance the effect of presence. A group of experimenters for 45 years was headed by a talented designer, the first director and lecturer of the planetarium, Konstantin Nikolaevich Shistovsky.
By 1934, stars were already twinkling on the dome of the Moscow Planetarium, clouds were floating, a comet was walking across the sky, polar lights were swaying, the August meteor shower was going on, solar eclipses were happening, Tsiolkovsky's rocket was flying with a fiery tail. At the end of the session, a scarlet dawn was occupied in the hall, and to the music of R.M. Glier, specially arranged by him for the Planetarium, a large, bright “Soviet Sun” rose. None of this was in any planetarium in the world until the end of the 50s. So the planetarium ceased to be just an optical device, but became a domed theater, where the sky is reproduced in all its diversity by all means available to modern technology.
The beginning of the work of the astronomical circle
The year 1934 is also significant in that the first astronomical circle began its work at the Moscow Planetarium. Then, on the initiative of the Pionerskaya Pravda newspaper, two dozen children gathered within the walls of the Planetarium for their organizational meeting. The first leader of the circle was the well-known popularizer of astronomy Vitaly Alekseevich Shishakov. In those years, professors, prominent astronomers K.L. Up to 500 schoolchildren a year were engaged in astronomical circles of the Planetarium.
The leaders in different years were I.F. Shevlyakov, F.Yu. Zigel, R.I. Tsvetov, V.A. Bronshten, K.A. Bolt. There was no such youthful astronomical school, and there is none anywhere in the world. Many graduates of the astronomical circles of the Moscow Planetarium today are the color and pride of the national science of the stars.
In the same year, one of the world's first amateur groups for the observation of variable stars was created at the Planetarium under the guidance of Professor P.P. Parenago.
Planetarium and rocket and space technology
In 1934-1938. The Stratospheric Committee worked and met on the basis of the Moscow Planetarium. Its employees studied the upper layers of the atmosphere and dealt with the problems of jet propulsion. During the meeting of the Presidium of the Stratospheric Committee, here, in the Small Hall, one could see S. P. Korolev, V. P. Glushko, V. P. Vetchinkin, M. K. Tikhonravov, Yu. A. Pobedonostsev, G. E. Langemak.
At the Planetarium, there were engineering and design courses that the Stratospheric Committee inherited from the famous GIRD (a group for the study of jet propulsion). Lectures were given by V. P. Glushko, G. E. Langemak, M. K. Tikhonravov. Astronomical and geophysical questions were advised by professors B. A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov and P. P. Parenago. It was in the Moscow Planetarium that for the first time in the world a method for studying the dynamics of the stratosphere was developed and implemented using stratospheric probes with smoke bombs. In the basement of the Planetarium, the first liquid-propellant rockets designed by A.I. Polyarny, L.K. Korneev, and D.S. Dushkin were designed and manufactured. The first Soviet two-stage rocket designed by I. A. Merkulov was built here and tested in Ostankino. From a group of rocket scientists in the basement of the Moscow Planetarium, a world-famous design bureau (KB-7) has grown to develop liquid rockets.
Star theater at the Planetarium
In the prewar years, the Planetarium literally became the "Star Theater". It staged plays in which professional actors played. The performances of Galileo, Giordano Bruno and Copernicus were staged with great success in the domed hall. Already in the first performance, the characteristic features of the Planetarium Theater were clearly visible: the ability to create fascinating performances, organically weaving scientific statements into the fabric of the dialogue, as well as the ability to illustrate what was said, making extensive use of the starry sky and other capabilities of the Planetarium apparatus.
Galileo at the Cardinal. Galileo - artist A. I. Parkryshev, cardinal - Honored Artist of the RSFSR A. I. Bakhmetiev. Scene from the play Galileo
Planetarium and school
The Moscow Planetarium, thanks to the technical means at its disposal, is becoming a unique complex of visual teaching aids. Under the starry sky of the Planetarium, students of Moscow schools are workshops in astronomy and geography, making " world travel"," travel on North Pole”, receive visual evidence of the sphericity of the Earth, its daily and annual movement, etc. High school students are engaged in spherical astronomy. Lecture cycles for schoolchildren are coordinated with school programs and are an excellent addition to the knowledge that students receive in school.
As you know, astronomy is an observational science. An astronomical observatory is needed to observe celestial objects and phenomena. For these purposes, it was planned to create a special astronomical site in the Moscow Planetarium. For the first time the idea of its creation arose in 1939. It was decided to build the site in the early summer of 1941. However, the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War destroyed these plans. The astronomical site of the Moscow Planetarium was opened in 1947 for the 800th anniversary of Moscow.
During the war, in addition to holding the usual mass lectures, he provided practical assistance to soldiers and commanders at the Moscow Planetarium. Soviet army in the form of special lectures of the military cycle for intelligence officers and military pilots. In addition to the lectures held in the Star Hall, traveling lectures on astronomy were organized. These lectures were given in hospitals, sponsored military units, in the auditoriums of the City Military Commissariat, and in air defense propaganda centers.
The Moscow Planetarium worked throughout the war and only once was closed for a period of two months.
Astronomy Site and Observatory
On the astronomical platform near Nabokov's globe
In 1946, the construction of the Astronomical Site began. For the first time in the history of planetariums, this complex of cognition tools, addressed to living luminaries, was conceived by the author of the first Soviet school textbook on astronomy, Mikhail Evgenievich Nabokov. And it was built as a public city of the sky by the works of Moscow astronomers and employees of the Planetarium K. L. Baev, R. I. Tsvetov, A. B. Polyakov, E. Z. Gindin. The astronomical platform recreated the tradition of ancient stellar abodes, such as the temple complex in Heliopolis, Stonehenge in England, the Observatory-Museum in Alexandria, the Nuremberg town of Regiomontana, Uranienborg Tycho Brahe, the Beijing Observatory, the Gdansk Observatory of Jan Hevelius, the celestial complex Samrat Yantra in Jaipur.
Planetarium - a center for the popularization of natural science knowledge
Since 1947, the Moscow Planetarium has been operating in the complex - the Star Hall, the lobby, the Astronomical Site and the Observatory. It becomes the country's largest center for the promotion and popularization of natural science knowledge. Thousands of lectures on astronomy and earth sciences are given every year not only in the Planetarium itself, but also at enterprises and institutions in Moscow and the region.
The Moscow Planetarium provides great scientific and methodological assistance to other planetariums. Its employees develop new demonstration devices, create a series of transparencies and annotations for them, various teaching aids. Seminars, lecture schools, technical consultations are held on the basis of the Planetarium. All planetariums of the country began their activities with the direct assistance and participation of the Moscow Planetarium.
In the Moscow Planetarium, navigators of polar and long-range aviation are trained, those who subsequently laid air routes to Antarctica study the starry sky of the southern hemisphere.
Planetarium and astronautics
The Moscow Planetarium has made a considerable contribution to the development of national cosmonautics. It was here that, starting in 1960, for 15 years, astronavigation classes were held with future cosmonauts. Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov, once speaking in the Star Hall of the planetarium, said: “The path to Baikonur began here, in the Moscow Planetarium.”
In the seventies, in connection with the development and triumph of Soviet cosmonautics, there was an extraordinary interest in everything connected with space. The Moscow Planetarium covers all the most interesting events in this area, new lectures are being prepared promptly, telling about space flights and the results of space research. The planetarium is the only place where you can get objective and reliable information on space topics.
During these years, the popularity of the Moscow Planetarium is growing extraordinary. It becomes the most consistently visited in the world - from 800 thousand to a million visitors a year. Always well equipped, it exchanges experience on an equal footing with the capital planetariums of other countries. The history of the Planetarium reminds us that in many undertakings it was and remained the first.
The unique building of the Moscow Planetarium - a monument of the era of constructivism, the pride of Soviet architecture - is becoming an integral part of the architectural appearance of the capital - its silver elongated dome makes it look like a fantastic interplanetary rocket rushing into the sky.
Replacement of the apparatus "Planetarium"
In 1977, the old apparatus "Planetarium" (serial number 13), installed in 1929, replaced the new apparatus "Planetarium" (serial number 313) with an automated control system. The new capabilities of the device made it possible to create fundamentally New Product for the Planetarium - an automated audiovisual program. The most interesting popular science programs, such as - "About Heaven and Earth" for children, "Myths about the great Hellenes" and "The sky of beautiful Hellas" based on ancient Greek myths, "Under the sky of the planetarium", "Newtoniana" were created by the honored worker of culture of the Russian Federation Stanislav Vasilyevich Shirokov. He is rightfully considered an innovator in the development of a whole area of scientific and methodological technologies in the planetariums of our country.
To the 50th anniversary of the Moscow Planetarium awarded the Order Labor Red Banner.
In 1987, the 1X International Congress of Planetarium Directors was held at the Moscow Planetarium, which was attended by 139 delegates.
Apparatus "Planetarium" No. 313
The history of the Moscow Planetarium contains many glorious pages, but there are truly dramatic moments and long years oblivion.
Unfortunately, the general shadow of stagnation fell on the activities of the Moscow Planetarium. The installation of the new apparatus was, perhaps, the last tangible action aimed at its development.
In 1994, the Moscow Planetarium was closed for major repairs.
After many years, the idea of creating a full-fledged astronomical museum of the Planetarium was finally realized using the most modern museum technologies.
In preparing the material, articles by K.N. Shistovsky, V.A. Shishakov, K.A. Portsevsky, V.N. Komarov, S.V.
The reconstruction of the Moscow Planetarium took 17 years and 4.125 billion rubles. But the planetarium believes it was worth it. After the grand opening on June 12, 2011, the restored and expanded complex on Sadovo-Kudrinskaya, 5, is visited daily by up to 3,000 people. There was nothing like this even in the 1960s and 1970s, in the era of the general enthusiasm for astronautics. How long this interest of the population in the stars will last, no one undertakes to predict.
“The facility has been closed for almost 20 years. During this time, everything has changed: the country, life, technology. When the old planetarium closed, even mobile phones hasn't been yet"- He speaks Andrey Bordunov, General Director of the Management Company "Pokrovsky Gates"(manages the planetarium, 100% of the shares are owned by the Moscow Property Department).
High tech
Immediately after the second opening, the Moscow Planetarium hosted foreign colleagues from 85 countries. An international scientific conference of directors of planetariums was held here. “The director of the Australian was delighted with what he saw and admitted that the Moscow Planetarium is the best he has ever been to,”- rejoices Andrey Bordunov. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Anatoly Cherepashchuk believes that the new equipment in the restored planetarium is one of the most advanced in the world.
And it's also complicated. Approximately 200 km of various networks had to be laid inside the building. More than 30 engineering and 20 technological systems operate here at the same time, all of them have a high degree of protection against overloads, external influences and other adverse factors.
No less attention is paid to the safety and comfort of visitors. The building is under constant video surveillance. The Antiterror system includes stationary and manual metal detectors and radiation monitoring. The planetarium serves almost 200 people.
The dome-screen of the Moscow Planetarium is the largest in Europe(diameter - 25 m, area - 1000 sq. m). Unique lifting mechanisms were used to install perforated screen plates,- says chief engineer of the Moscow Planetarium Alexander Filatov. It was difficult to achieve the invisibility of the seams between the plates. In a conventional cinema, the screen canvas is solid, and the dome screen consists of many pieces. The desired effect was achieved due to the precision in the manufacture and fitting of the plates during installation, as well as with the help of a special paint covering the dome canvas.
Particular attention was paid to energy-saving technologies: they replaced incandescent lamps with diode and halogen ones, installed light sensors and dimmers for spot brightness adjustment, etc. Water is also saved here - plumbing with automatic water supply sensors is installed. All systems in the building are computerized and controlled from a single control panel.
We did not forget about the accessibility of rooms for wheelchair users. There are ramps, on a special elevator a visitor in a wheelchair can go up to Great Starry Hall , a cafe on the lift get in interactive museum "Lunarium" . Anastasia Kazantseva, Press Secretary of the Moscow Planetarium, stressed: here they tried to create a complex that meets European quality standards, and in the West they always take into account the interests of people with disabilities. “Every day I see at least one person in a wheelchair among the visitors and I am proud that the planetarium is one of the few places in Moscow that can accommodate disabled people” she says.
heavy legacy
The history of the Moscow Planetarium has many glorious pages: many famous Soviet astronomers and cosmonauts took their first steps to the stars here. In 1994, the planetarium was closed for overhaul, which dragged on for 17 years.
Management Company Pokrovskie Vorota came to the site in 2008. The reconstruction of the building (the capital government allocated 1 billion rubles for it) had been going on for 15 years. The builders raised Historical building at 6 m, made a two-level extension, where it is now interactive museum, erected a monumental ramp around the planetarium.
Moscow Planetarium OJSC, which at that time owned the building and supervised its reconstruction, had debts of 1.7 billion rubles. The share of the city in the joint-stock company was 61%, a group of private investors, including the former CEO of the planetarium Igor Mikitasov, owned 39% of the shares, but it was not possible to reach an understanding between the shareholders and the city authorities. The history of the reconstruction snowballed into scandalous details: there were lawsuits, creditors sued, Igor Mikitasov made statements in the press about a raider seizure. In the end, at a meeting of shareholders, it was decided to declare bankruptcy of the Moscow Planetarium OJSC.
In 2009, with the participation of the management company Pokrovsky Gates, a deal was made for the sale and purchase of its property. The buyer was the new OJSC Planetarium, 100% of its shares belong to the Moscow Property Department.
“We bought the object at auction for 1.8 billion rubles. as unfinished and returned the money to the main creditor - the government of Moscow,- recalls Andrey Bordunov. — There were only two people at the facility at that moment and not a single sheet of documentation! The last builder left here at the beginning of 2006. For more than two years, the building stood without heating and maintenance. In addition, it turned out that many technologies were not observed during the reconstruction process. We amounted to 180 million rubles. acts on various shortcomings, held independent expertise, which assessed the difference between funding and actual work performed. But the statute of limitations had passed, and there was no one to file a claim. Then we started construction, and in a year and two months the object was completed.”
In parallel, planetariums of other countries were studied at the UK. “At that time, no one understood what the project should be like, there were no scientific specialists here, only one person remained from the museum staff. We were the initiators of the creation of the Academic Council headed by Rector of Moscow State University Viktor Sadovnichy, - continues Bordunov. — Scientists treated us with caution for a long time, until at some stage of communication they believed: we are not going to set up a casino or a shopping center here, there will still be a scientific and educational center here. After that, our cooperation became much more effective.”
Who is the head in this house
Relations between the operating company and the designers were not easy. The reconstruction project of the Moscow Planetarium, developed by the Mosproekt-4 creative workshop under the guidance of architects Alexander Anisimov and Olga Semenova, in 2000 received a prize and a diploma of the 1st degree from the Union of Architects of Russia. Naturally, the architects resisted making any changes, although, according to Andrei Bordunov, almost 10 years have passed since the approval of the project, during which time many solutions have become outdated.
There was another problem: the Moscow Planetarium is a historical building(architects - M. O. Barshch and M. I. Sinyavsky), and interference in its design is prohibited by law. In the same time public building must comply with modern standards to ensure the safety and comfort of people.
For example, there should be wide passages here so that in the event of an emergency evacuation people do not overwhelm each other, it is necessary to separate the entrances and exits to the functional areas. The designers had no clear idea how to combine these conflicting requirements. “We had to invent everything ourselves, draw and explain what we want to get in the end”,- He speaks Andrey Bordunov. As a result, the old concept of the complex has undergone changes.
The place of the restaurant, which was planned to open in a new extension, was taken by "Lunarium", the wardrobe occupied the area intended for cabinets. A place has been found for a modern conference hall, and a teleconference has already been held with the Far Eastern University. In addition, now visitors do not have to go outside to get from one zone to another (this was exactly the case in the old reconstruction project).
“The only thing we didn’t achieve was we couldn’t demolish the ramps from the outside of the building,- regrets Bordunov. — But in the old project, their heating was also laid down. We calculated that we would have to pay almost 10 million rubles for street heating. in year". According to the old project, an aquarium was also planned in the basement of the building, the construction of which would cost $ 1 million and about $ 600,000 a year - its maintenance.
With the ramp, the architects really made a mistake. In terms of its monumentality, this structure is similar to a transport overpass (or an entrance to a parking lot), the planetarium building is practically invisible behind it.
Even after reconstruction, the planetarium lacks space, although the new complex is almost 6 times larger than the old one(it increased from 3,000 to 17,000 sq. m.). The project attendance is 1.5 million people per year. The building will not be able to accept such a flow with all its desire, it is already crowded there now, when there are about 3,000 people a day, and this is 1,000 less than planned.
About capital and planetarium
The Moscow Planetarium was first opened in 1929.(the building was built in a year). There were only 13 planetariums in the world at that time (the 13th was just Moscow), and only three of them were located outside of Germany. But the Soviet government was determined to educate the labor masses and did not spare money for expensive Zeiss equipment. In total, about 250,000 rubles were spent on the construction and equipment of the planetarium. - the amount for those times is astronomical. On this occasion Vladimir Mayakovsky even wrote a poem that ended like this: "Every proletarian should look at the planetarium."
The opening of the planetarium in June 2011 was awaited with no less excitement than 82 years ago. This time, the Moscow government has already spent about 1 billion rubles on unique equipment, including 5 million euros for Universarium M9. But the biggest costs fall not on “smart technologies”, but on construction and installation work.
In the process of reconstruction, the original frame of the building was restored, new elements were erected on its basis, and in addition, new premises were added. All alterations and redevelopments, according to Pokrovsky Gates, cost almost 1.3 billion rubles, in total, 4.125 billion rubles were invested in the new planetarium. That is 1 sq. m of a fully equipped Moscow Planetarium cost the city budget $8,000. Bordunov believes that the figure is quite acceptable for the Garden Ring: "Naked price" 1 sq. m in concrete here fluctuates between $10,000-15,000”.
“It is cheaper to disassemble the building to the foundation, strengthen it and build a new object, the appearance of which will correspond to the original,- argues Marina Velikoretskaya, CEO of Colliers International FM. — If the restoration involves the preservation of the original box, the work can cost 3-5 times more than new construction.. Investments in this complex facility, according to her, will pay off no earlier than in 10 years. “Now we are self-supporting, and then time will tell”, - He speaks Bordunov.
« Our the main objective— to awaken the passion of children for the knowledge of the world and space, to raise personnel for space science,- they say planetarium staff. They estimate that 80% of the visitors will be children. Toddlers are interested in playing interactive museum "Lunarium", watch the program Small Star Hall which is aimed at young children.
By the way, visitors to the planetarium come from different. To the fact that in "Lunarium" the exhibits would break down frequently, the staff were ready. The principle of the museum is that everything can be touched and experienced in action. Therefore, in the planetarium there is even one technical day a week when all the exhibits are repaired. But the fact that in a month the Foucault pendulum, the largest in Russia, would have to be repaired, no one could have foreseen. One of the visitors decided to ride the pendulum and broke the 6-meter cable.
Will change
Anatoly Cherepashchuk, director of the State Astronomical Institute. P.K. Sternberg, Deputy Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Moscow Planetarium:
- The Moscow Planetarium now has the most modern equipment in the world, first of all, this concerns the new digital device Universarium M9. The directorate of the planetarium purchased several American films to be shown in the Great Hall of Stars. One film costs hundreds of thousands of dollars, and after five years you need to renew the license to show it. Now it is important to master the new technical capabilities of the planetarium's intelligent technology and learn how to create such computer programs and films. Until now, we have been solving the problem of how to quickly restore the planetarium, now it is important to organize work with the population. If people are bored historical museum, we will try to compensate for this with interesting excursions. The exposure will also change.
According to the newspaper "Vedomosti"The starry sky is perhaps one of the most exciting and mysterious sights in the world. The secrets of space attract the attention of not only astronomers, but also people who are far from science. The world of planets and celestial bodies is not only nice picture, but also big mystery. To get to know her better, it is not necessary to go out of town with a telescope - you can visit the planetarium, located in Moscow.
The history of the Moscow planetarium: the road to the stars
The decision to build a planetarium in Moscow was made in 1927, which is considered to be the starting point in its history. It was planned to create not just a building for observing the heavenly bodies, but a whole scientific complex with a library, classrooms and laboratories. The first step towards the implementation of this idea was taken on September 23, 1928, on the day of the autumnal equinox. The Planetarium opened its doors on November 5, 1929.
Since then, it has been constantly improved. Here they held astronomical circles, worked with astronauts, acted " star theater”, installed new modern equipment for observing celestial objects. In 1995, the planetarium was closed for a major overhaul, after which the idea of creating a grandiose astronomical museum finally came to fruition.
What awaits visitors to the planetarium
As already mentioned, the planetarium is a whole scientific complex, acquaintance with which will be interesting and useful for both children and adults.
Great Starry Hall
The largest dome with stars in Europe is installed here, the area of which exceeds 1 km2. The use of modern projection technologies makes it possible to show viewers more than 9,000 stars, recreating a sky map that has been changing over 10,000 years. This is a truly grandiose and exciting spectacle, helping to realize the full scale and beauty of the cosmos. Big star hall It also has a long history - for example, aviation employees were trained here, and before the Great Patriotic War it became a stage for theatrical performances.
Small Starry Hall
The Small Star Hall harmoniously adds to the Large. Its purpose is to show popular science and educational films. There are also lectures using a program that creates a three-dimensional image. Like the Bolshoi, this hall is equipped with the latest technology: a dome screen, moving chairs and a stereo projection system are installed here.
Sky Park and Observatory
This unique collection astronomical instruments for the study of space from ancient times to the present. Sky Park was founded in 1947 for the 800th anniversary of the capital. The uniqueness of this place lies in the fact that it successfully combines the exposition of scientific instruments under open sky and observatories.
Among the exhibits you can see a variety of models of sundials, arcs of the celestial spheres and even a model of the Cheops pyramid. There are also various other instruments for observing the movement of celestial bodies. Planetarium employees conduct excursions for visitors, acquainting them with the world of ancient astronomy, teaching them to navigate the terrain by the sun.
In addition to ancient instruments, there are two observatory towers here: a large and a small one. Both of them are equipped with powerful telescopes that allow visitors to observe the sky themselves. Of course, this only works if there are no clouds in the sky.
Sky Park is a unique opportunity to get acquainted with the development of astronomical technology, to fully imagine the difficulties faced by ancient scientists, as well as to acquire unique skills, knowledge and skills.
Museum Lunarium
"Lunarium" is not at all like a museum in the traditional view. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that here it is impossible to find exhibits standing behind glass on shelves. Multimedia interactive systems allow you to visit the space station, where you can learn a lot of interesting information about the stay of man in space. The second department of the museum - "Astronomy and Physics" will tell about the laws of the universe in a fascinating way. It doesn't get boring here! In addition to entertainment, visiting the "Lunarium" gives a wealth of knowledge, arouses interest in astronomy and contributes to the development of mental and cognitive abilities.
Urania Museum
The name of the museum comes from ancient Greek mythology: Urania is the muse of astronomy. The exposition tells about the history of the creation of the Universe from the moment of the Big Bang and large-scale events in its life; as well as the history of the creation of the Moscow Planetarium and the development of astronomy in general. There are many amazing exhibits here.
The planetarium also has a conference hall, a cafe, a 4D cinema, and various exhibitions. This is the place where you can come for the whole day and spend time with benefit, getting pleasant emotions and learning more about the Universe. Having visited the planetarium, a person begins to look at the sky above his head in a different way.
Contacts and tickets
Ticket prices vary greatly. Prices start from 100 rubles per ticket and end at 2300 in the form of a gift ticket for 2 people. On average, a visit to the Palanitaria with a child will cost 1000 rubles, not counting the cost of transport, cafes and souvenirs.
It is worth noting that it is better to buy tickets in advance. The queues at the Palanitarium are huge, Muscovites and guests of the capital have missed the many years of reconstruction of this space attraction.
Official address: Moscow, st. Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya, 5, building 1. The nearest metro station is Barrikadnaya. From Krasnopresnenskaya and Mayakovskaya you will have to take a walk. Parking is a problem, better take the subway.
You can buy tickets on the official website (be careful, the site is very crooked and not thought out)