Have you ever wondered how many characters you encounter every day? The purpose of any symbol is to convey meaning while saving space. But do we really know the true meanings of all those symbols that we use?

23 PHOTOS

1. Symbol of infinity.

The mathematical meaning of infinity dates back to 1655, when the English mathematician John Wallis first used it in his work De Sectionibus Conicis. Wallis did not explain his choice of this symbol, but it is thought to be a variant form of the Roman number CIƆ, which was sometimes used to represent plurality.

2. OK.

In the US, the OK gesture is used to indicate that something or someone is okay. However, in some European countries it is an offensive gesture, which means that the person it is directed to is "null". In the countries of the Mediterranean and South America, the sign actually symbolizes the anus.

3. Pacific.

The combination of the circle, the vertical line and the descending lines stands for the Pacific or peace symbol, designed by peacemaker Gerald Herbert Holt on February 21, 1958 as the logo of the direct action committee against nuclear war. The symbol was quickly adopted by the hippie community in the 1960s, which made it popular all over the world.

4. Smiley.

Probably the most massive character in emails. The smiley was created in the early 1970s. The simplest, most childlike image of a happy face is inscribed in an ideal circle: two vertical, oval eyes and a large, upturned, semicircular mouth. The choice of yellow as the backdrop was set apart by the sun and represents a radiant, unclouded happiness.

5. Male symbol.

The male symbol is known as the symbol of Mars. The image of a circle with an arrow coming out of it, pointing to the angle in the upper right corner, the symbol of Mars is an image of the shield and spear of the Roman god of war - Mars. It is also the symbol of the planet Mars, sometimes referred to as the "fire planet" or the "planet of war".

6. Female symbol.

The female symbol is the astrological symbol of the planet Venus. It is also used to represent the female gender. The circle reminds us of the inclusive nature of our universe. It also represents the womb of a woman. The cross (added in the 16th century) under the circle indicates that all matter is born from the womb.

7. Recycling symbol.

This iconic symbol originated on the very first Earth Day in April 1970. At the time, Container Corporation of America was sponsoring a nationwide competition for environmental and design students to create a symbol that represented recycling. Student Gary Dean Anderson won the competition with his three arrows, representing the Earth's finite resources and the need to preserve and renew them for future generations. The arrows are green because it is the color of nature.

8. Skull and bones.

This notorious symbol, consisting of a human skull and two bones stacked underneath, originated in the medieval era when it was used to represent death. It was later adopted by the pirates, who put this symbol on their flags. Today, it is used as a warning label on containers of poisonous or dangerous substances.

9. Heart symbol.

Today, the heart symbol symbolizes love, emotions, and romance, but in the past, it had a completely different meaning. For example, in ancient Greece, the shape of the heart was the symbol for silphium, a plant that the ancient Greeks used to flavor food, as a medicine, and also as a birth control.

10. Symbol of radiation.

The symbol is used to identify radioactive sources, containers for radioactive materials, and areas where radioactive materials are stored. The symbol was created in 1946.

11. Victoria.

The gesture has different meanings, depending on the cultural context. It can represent both peace, victory, success or approval, but also contempt and defiance.

12. Swastika.

In the modern world, the swastika is now synonymous with fascism because it was the symbol used by Nazi Germany. However, the swastika has actually been known for thousands of years and its original meaning was a symbol of good luck. For example, in the ancient Indian language of Sanskrit, the swastika means "well-being." The symbol has been used for thousands of years by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains and was considered a purely Indian sign. Whether this ancient sign will be able to get rid of modern associations is a big question.

13. Crescent.

Although the crescent is a very common symbol in Islamic iconography, it is not actually Islamic in origin. The symbol has been used in Christian art for many centuries.

14. Checkmark.

A check mark is used to indicate that something is correct, checked, or completed. Today, the check mark is widely used in many parts of the world, but its origins are believed to date back to the Roman era. Then "V" was used to shorten the word "veritas", which means "true" - the truth.

15. Bluetooth symbol.

The Bluetooth symbol is associated with the ancient Danish ruler Harald Blathand, who was nicknamed "the blue tooth" for his love of blueberries. The symbol representing Bluetooth technology is a combination of two Scandinavian runes: "Hagall" (analogue of the Latin "H") and "Bjarkan" (the equivalent of the Latin "B"), which form the initials of the king's name.

16. Power symbol.

The famous power on/off symbol is the result of a logical evolution in user interface design. Initially, most of the early power controls were switches between "On" and "Off". These abbreviations were then replaced with the numbers 1 and 0. To create the power button symbol, the symbols "1" and "0" were superimposed on top of each other.

17. Pink ribbon.

The pink ribbon has been the international symbol of breast cancer awareness since 1979. The pink ribbon represents the health, vitality and empowerment of women.

18. Symbol of availability.

Featuring a blue square and a stylized image of a person using wheelchair, the symbol of accessibility has become one of the most recognizable symbols in the world. The symbol was designed by Danish design student Suzanne Kefoed in 1968.

19. Exit sign.

Another easily recognizable international symbol is the exit sign, which indicates the location of the nearest emergency exit in the event of a fire or other emergency. The symbol was designed in the late 1970s by a Japanese designer named Yukio Ota and adopted for international use in 1985. Green represents safety, and like traffic lights, it says go.

A trademark symbol indicates that the previous word or symbol is a registered trademark.

21. Hammer and sickle.

The hammer and sickle was one of the most recognizable symbols of Soviet power. The hammer and sickle signify the workers' and peasants' union: the hammer is the traditional symbol of the proletariat, and the sickle is the traditional symbol for the peasantry. However, in European religious symbolism, the hammer is also associated with aggressive male power, and the sickle with death.

22. Staff of Asclepius.

The Staff of Asclepius is a symbol associated with medicine and healthcare. The son of the god Apollo and the princess Koronis, Asclepius was the Greek demigod of medicine. According to mythology, he could heal the sick and bring the dead back to life. The staff of Asclepius is wrapped in a snake because the ancient Greeks viewed snakes as sacred animals and used them in healing rituals.

23. Maltese cross.

The Maltese Cross is the symbol most commonly associated with the Knights of Malta who ruled the Maltese Islands between 1530 and 1798. Its eight angles signify the eight obligations of knights, namely "to live in truth, to have faith, to repent of one's sins, to show humility, to love justice, to be merciful, to be sincere, to endure persecution."

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Look at the signs in the pictures. Where can you find each of these signs?

Write down these rules.

Explanation.

These signs can be found:

1. On the street.

2. Museum / shopping mall, etc.

3. On the clothing label.

1. Here you should cross the road at a pedestrian crossing.

2. It is forbidden to take pictures in this room.

3. This item must not be ironed.

Source: VLOOKUP Environment Demo 4th Grade 2017, VLOOKUP Environment Demo 4th Grade 2018.

What rule do you think reflects each of these signs?

Write down these rules.

Explanation.

These signs can be found:

1. On the road.

2. In the forest/park/reserve.

3. In the park/museum/shop/transport.

The signs reflect the following rules:

1. There are road works.

2. Do not destroy nests.

3. Entry with ice cream is prohibited.

The rules can be given in other formulations that are close in meaning. As a correct answer, not only a strict formulation of the rule can be accepted, but also any explanation that indicates that the student understands the corresponding rule.

Source: Statgrad: All-Russian test work on the world around 4th grade 2016. Option 21.

Look carefully at the signs. Where can you find each of these signs?

What rule do you think reflects each of these signs?

Write down these rules.

Explanation.

These signs can be found:

1. On the road.

2. In a museum/shop/reserve.

3. On the clothing label.

The signs reflect the following rules:

1. Here is a place for cyclists to ride.

2. It is forbidden to take pictures in this place.

3. This item can only be washed by hand in warm water.

The rules can be given in other formulations that are close in meaning. Not only the strict formulation of the rule, but also any explanation that indicates that

the student understands the relevant rule.

Source: Statgrad: All-Russian test work on the world around 4th grade 2016. Option 24.

Continuation of the first part: Occult and mystical symbols and their meaning. Geometric symbols, Universal symbols-images and symbols-concepts. Emblems of modern religions. Crosses: the most common forms. Time images. Symbolism of the kingdom of plants and animals. Mythical creatures.

Encyclopedia of symbols

Swastika straight (left-handed)

The swastika as a solar symbol

A straight (left-handed) swastika is a cross with the ends bent to the left. Rotation is considered to be clockwise (opinions sometimes differ in determining the direction of movement).

A straight swastika is a symbol of blessing, good omen, prosperity, good luck and aversion to misfortune, as well as a symbol of fertility, longevity, health and life. It is also a symbol of the masculine principle, spirituality, which inhibits the flow of lower (physical) forces and allows the energies of a higher, divine nature to manifest.

Reverse swastika (right side)

Swastika on a Nazi military medal

The reverse (right-handed) swastika is a cross with the ends bent to the right. Rotation is considered to be counterclockwise.

The reverse swastika is usually associated with the feminine. Sometimes it is associated with the launch of negative (physical) energies that close the passage to the elevated forces of the spirit.

The Sumerian swastika, formed by four women and their hair, symbolizes the female generative power

Pentagram (pentacle): the general meaning of the symbol

pentagram sign

The pentagram, written in one line, is the most ancient of all the symbols that we own. had different interpretations in different historical times humanity. It became the Sumerian and Egyptian sign of the stars.

Later symbolism: five senses; masculine and feminine, expressed by five points; harmony, health and mystical powers. The pentagram is also a symbol of the victory of the spiritual over the material, a symbol of security, protection, a safe return home.

Pentagram as a magical symbol

Pentagrams of the White and Black Magicians

A pentacle with one end up and two down is a sign of white magic, known as the "foot of the druid"; with one end down and two up, it represents the so-called "goat's hoof" and the horns of the devil - a sign change characteristic of symbolism from positive to negative when it is turned over.

The pentagram of the White Magician is a symbol of magical influence and the dominance of a disciplined Will over the phenomena of the world. The will of the Black Magician is directed to destruction, to the refusal to perform a spiritual task, therefore the inverted pentagram is considered as a symbol of evil.

Pentagram as a symbol of a perfect person

Pentagram symbolizing the perfect man

The pentagram, a five-pointed star, is a symbol of a perfect man standing on two legs with outstretched arms. We can say that a person is a living pentagram. This is true both physically and spiritually - a person possesses five virtues and manifests them: love, wisdom, truth, justice and kindness.

Truth belongs to the spirit, love to the soul, wisdom to the intellect, kindness to the heart, justice to the will.

double pentagram

Double pentagram (man and the universe)

There is also a correspondence between the human body and the five elements (earth, water, air, fire and ether): will corresponds to earth, heart to water, intellect to air, soul to fire, spirit to ether. Thus, by his will, intellect, heart, soul, spirit, a person is connected with the five elements working in the cosmos, and he can consciously work in harmony with them. This is the meaning of the symbol of the double pentagram, in which the small one is inscribed in the large one: a person (microcosm) lives and acts inside the Universe (macrocosm).

Hexagram

Hexagram image

Hexagram - a figure made up of two polar triangles, a six-pointed star. It is a complex and solid symmetrical shape in which six small individual triangles are grouped around a large central hexagon. The result is a star, although the original triangles retain their individuality. Since the upward facing triangle is a heavenly symbol, and the downward facing triangle is a symbol of the earth, together they are a symbol of a person who unites these two worlds. It is a symbol of a perfect marriage that binds a man and a woman.

Seal of Solomon

Seal of Solomon, or Star of David

This is the famous magical seal of Solomon, or the star of David. The top triangle in her image is white and the bottom triangle is black. It symbolizes, first of all, the absolute law of analogy, expressed by the mystical formula: "What is below is similar to what is above."

The Seal of Solomon is also a symbol of human evolution: one must learn not only to take, but also to give, to absorb and radiate at the same time, to radiate for the Earth, to perceive from Heaven. We receive and are filled only when we give to others. This is the perfect union of spirit and matter in man - the union of the solar plexus and the brain.

five pointed star

five pointed star

star of bethlehem

The five-pointed star is interpreted in different ways, including it symbolizes joy and happiness. It is also the emblem of the Semitic goddess Ishtar in her martial incarnation, and in addition, the Star of Bethlehem. For Freemasons, the five-pointed star symbolizes the mystical center.

The Egyptians attached great value five- and six-pointed stars, as is clear from the text preserved on the wall of the funerary temple of Hatshepsut.

seven-pointed star

Seven pointed star of magicians

In the seven-pointed star, the characteristic features of the five-pointed are repeated. The Gnostic star has seven rays.

Seven- and nine-pointed stars drawn in one line are mystical stars in astrology and magic.

The star of the magicians is read in two ways: sequentially along the rays (along the line of the star) and along the circumference. In the course of the rays, there are planets that control the days of the week: Sun - Sunday, Moon - Monday, Mars - Tuesday, Mercury - Wednesday, Jupiter - Thursday, Venus - Friday, Saturn - Saturday.

nine pointed star

Nine-pointed star of magicians

Nine-pointed stars, like seven-pointed ones, if they are drawn in one line, are mystical stars in astrology and magic.

The nine-pointed star, made up of three triangles, symbolizes the Holy Spirit.

Monad

The four constituent parts of a monad

It is a magical symbol called the monad by John Dee (1527–1608), advisor and astrologer to Queen Elizabeth I of England.

Dee presents the nature of magic symbols in terms of geometry and tests the monad in a series of theorems.

Dee explores the monad at such a deep level that he finds links to his theory with Pythagorean harmony, biblical knowledge, and mathematical proportions.

Spiral

spiral structure Milky Way

Spiral shapes are very common in nature, from spiral galaxies to whirlpools and tornadoes, from mollusk shells to human finger prints, and even the DNA molecule has the shape of a double helix.

The spiral is a very complex and ambiguous symbol. But first of all, it is a symbol of the great creative (life) force both at the level of the cosmos and at the level of the microcosm. The spiral is a symbol of time, cyclic rhythms, the change of seasons, birth and death, the phases of "aging" and "growth" of the Moon, as well as the Sun itself.

Tree of Life

Tree of Life in a human being

Tree of Life

The Tree of Life does not belong to any culture - not even to the Egyptians. It is beyond race and religion. This image is an integral part of nature… Man himself is a miniature Tree of Life. He possessed immortality when he was associated with this tree. The Tree of Life can be thought of as the arteries of a large cosmic body. Through these arteries, as through channels, the life-giving forces of the cosmos flow, which nourish all forms of existence, and the cosmic pulse of life beats in them. The Tree of Life is a separate section, part of the scheme of the universal code of life.

Sphere

Armillary sphere (engraving from Tycho Brahe's book)

A symbol of fertility (like a circle), as well as integrity. In ancient Greece, the sign of the sphere was a cross in a circle - the ancient emblem of power. A sphere made up of several metal rings, illustrating the cosmogonic theory of Ptolemy, who believed that the Earth is at the center of the universe, is an ancient emblem of astronomy.

Platonic Solids

Platonic solids inscribed in a sphere

The Platonic solids are five unique shapes. Long before Plato, Pythagoras used them, calling them ideal geometric bodies. Ancient alchemists and such great minds as Pythagoras believed that these bodies are associated with certain elements: cube (A) - earth, tetrahedron (B) - fire, octahedron (C) - air, icosahedron (D) - water, dodecahedron ( E) - ether, and the sphere - emptiness. These six elements are the building blocks of the universe. They create the qualities of the universe.

Planet symbols

Planet symbols

The planets are depicted by a combination of the simplest geometric symbols. This is a circle, a cross, an arc.

Consider, for example, the symbol for Venus. The circle is located above the cross, which personifies a kind of "spiritual attraction" that pulls the cross up into the elevated areas belonging to the circle. The cross, subject to the laws of generation, decay and death, will find its redemption if it is raised within this great circle of spirituality. The symbol as a whole represents the feminine in the world, which is trying to spiritualize and protect the material sphere.

Pyramid

The Great Pyramids of Cheops, Khafre and Menkaure

The pyramid is a symbol of the hierarchy that exists in the universe. In any area, the pyramid symbol can help move from the lower plane of plurality and fragmentation to the higher plane of unity.

It is believed that the initiates chose the form of a pyramid for their shrines because they wanted the lines converging towards the top, rushing towards the Sun, to teach humanity the lesson of unity.

star tetrahedron

star tetrahedron

A star tetrahedron is a figure consisting of two mutually intersecting tetrahedra. This figure can also be perceived as a three-dimensional star of David.

Tetrahedra manifest as two opposite laws: the law of the spirit (radiation, bestowal, selflessness, selflessness) and the law of matter (drawing inward, cooling, freezing, paralysis). Only a person can consciously combine these two laws, since he is the link between the world of spirit and the world of matter.

The star tetrahedron thus represents the two poles of creation in perfect balance.

Universal symbols-images

A thing is not just because God wills it, but God wants it precisely because it is just.

Image symbols are often objects (things) or graphic images that imitate the shape of the creature or object with which they are associated. Their meanings are sometimes unexpected, but more often obvious, as they are based on some quality that these objects or creatures are originally inherent in: a lion - courage, a rock - stamina, etc.

arch, arc

Sacrifice to an astral deity (from a 13th-century Arabian manuscript)

The arch (arc), first of all, is a symbol of the vault of heaven, the god of Heaven. In the rites of initiation, passing through the arch means a new birth after the complete rejection of one's old nature. In ancient Rome, the army passed through the triumphal arch after defeating the enemy.

The arch and arc are common elements in the culture of Islam. Mosques often have arched entrances. It is believed that a person entering the mosque through the arched door will be protected by the symbolic forces of the spiritual (higher) sphere.

Ba-gua

Ba-gua and the Great Monad (charm against evil forces, China)

Ba-gua (in some sources, pa-kua) - eight trigrams and pairs of opposites, usually arranged in a circle, which symbolizes time and space.

Scales

Outweighing scales. The lung gives way. heavy overtights

Libra symbolizes justice, impartiality, judgment, evaluation of the merits and demerits of a person. A symbol of the balance of all opposites and complementary factors. Attribute of Nemesis - the goddess of fate.

Disk

Solar winged disk (Egypt)

The disk is a multifaceted symbol: a symbol of creation, the center of the Void, the Sun, Heaven, deity, spiritual and heavenly perfection. The disk of the rising Sun is a symbol of the renewal of life, life after death, resurrection. The disk of the Sun with the horned Moon or with horns means the union of solar and lunar deities, the unity of two in one.

The winged disk is a solar deity, the fire of Heaven, a combination of the solar disk and the wings of a falcon or eagle, the movement of the celestial sphere around the axis, transformation, immortality, the productive force of nature and its duality (protective and deadly aspects).

Wand, staff, scepter

Staff with hook and flail of Tutankhamen

The wand, staff, and scepter are ancient emblems of supernatural power.

The wand is a symbol of transformation associated with witchcraft and mysterious creatures. The staff is a symbol of male strength and power, often associated with the energy of trees, phallus, snake, hand (pointing finger). It is also an attribute of pilgrims and saints, but it can also mean knowledge, which is the only support of a person. The scepter is more ornate and is associated with higher deities and rulers, with spiritual power and at the same time compassionate wisdom.

Mirror

Divination scene depicted on the back of a bronze mirror (Greece)

It symbolizes truth, self-realization, wisdom, reason, soul, a reflection of the supernatural and divine intellect, reflected in the Sun, Moon and stars, the clearly shining surface of divine truth.

It is believed that the mirror has magical properties and is the entrance to the mirror world. If a mirror is hung with its reflective face down in a temple or over a tomb, it opens the way for the soul to ascend. In magic, mirrors serve to develop the gaze.

Snake Ouroboros (Oroboros, Ouroboros)

snake biting its own tail

The ring-shaped figure depicting a snake biting its own tail is a symbol of eternity, indivisibility, the cyclical nature of time, alchemy. The symbolism of this figure is interpreted in different ways, as it combines the creative symbolism of an egg (the space inside the figure), the earthly symbolism of a snake, and the heavenly symbolism of a circle. In addition, a snake biting its tail is a symbol of the law of karma, the wheels of samsara are the wheels of Incarnation.

Caduceus

Caduceus

Caduceus (Greek - "staff of the messenger") is often called the rod of Hermes (Mercury), the ancient god of wisdom. This is a “magic” wand with small wings, which is wrapped around two snakes, intertwined so that the bodies of the snakes form two circles around the wand, symbolizing the merging of two polarities: good - evil, right - left, light - darkness, etc., which corresponds to nature of the created world.

Caduceus is worn by all messengers as a sign of peace and protection, and it is their main attribute.

Key

Saint Peter with the keys to the gates of paradise (detail of a stone image, Notre Dame, Paris, 12th century)

The key is a very powerful symbol. This is power, the power of choice, breath, freedom of action, knowledge, initiation. The crossed golden and silver keys are the emblem of papal authority, the symbolic "keys to the Kingdom of Heaven" that Christ gave to the Apostle Peter. Although keys can both lock and unlock doors, they are almost always symbols of access, liberation, and (in initiatory rites) initiation, progression from one stage of life to another. In Japan, the keys to the rice vault are a symbol of prosperity.

Wheel

wheel of law

Wheel of existence (samsara)

The wheel is a symbol of solar energy. The sun is the center, the spokes of the wheel are the rays. The wheel is an attribute of all solar gods and earthly rulers. It also symbolizes the life cycle, rebirth and renewal, nobility, variability and changes in the material world (the circle is the limit of the material world, and the center is the “immobile engine”, the cosmic source of light and power).

The spinning wheel is associated with the cycles of manifestations (birth, death and rebirth) and the fate of man.

At the ordinary level, the wheel of Lady Luck (wheel of fortune) is a symbol of ups and downs and the unpredictability of fate.

Chariot

Antique hero on a chariot, symbolizing his readiness for battle

A dynamic symbol of power, power and speed of movement of gods, heroes or allegorical figures. The chariot is also a symbol of human essence: the charioteer (consciousness), using the reins (willpower and mind), controls the horses (vital forces) carrying the cart (body).

The chariot (in Hebrew - Merkaba) is also a symbol of the chain of descent from God through man into the world of phenomena and then the triumphant ascent of the spirit. The word Merkaba also means the body of light of a person.

Cauldron, bowl

Ritual cauldron (China, 800 BC)

Carl Jung sees the cup as a female symbol that takes and gives. On the other hand, the cup can be a symbol of a difficult fate ("bitter cup"). The so-called poisoned bowl promises hope, but brings trouble.

The cauldron is a more powerful symbol and is often associated with ritual and magic, representing transformative power. The cauldron is also a symbol of abundance, an inexhaustible source of life support, revival forces, the reproductive forces of the earth, the revival of warriors for a new battle.

Blood

Detail of the painting by Fey Pomeranes "The Sixth Palace of the Underworld": the last drops of blood, a symbol of life, flow out of a glass resembling an ankh in shape

Ritual symbol of vitality. In many cultures, the blood is believed to contain some of the divine energy, or more generally the spirit of the individual.

Blood is red solar energy. It embodies the principle of life, soul, strength, including rejuvenating. To drink someone's blood means to become related, but you can also absorb the strength of the enemy and thereby secure him after death. The mixing of blood is a symbol of union in folk customs (for example, blood brotherhood) or an agreement between people, as well as between a person and God.

labyrinth

Plan of a medieval labyrinth dance on the marble floor of the cathedral in Chartres (France)

The labyrinth symbolizes the world, the Universe, incomprehensibility, movement, a complex problem, an enchanted place. This is a symbol of mystery, mystery, which has many different interpretations, often contradictory, sometimes frightening.

Images of a labyrinth on houses are considered an amulet for protection from hostile forces and evil spirits.

Burials, burial caves and labyrinth-shaped burial mounds protect the dead and prevent them from returning.

Lotus

Vishnu and Lakshmi watching the creation: Brahma grows from a lotus flower originating from the navel of Vishnu

The amazing veneration of the lotus in various cultures is explained both by the extraordinary beauty of the flower, and by the analogy between it and the idealized form of the vulva as the divine source of life. Therefore, the lotus, first of all, is a symbol of fertility, birth and rebirth. Lotus is the source of cosmic life, a symbol of the gods who created the world, as well as the gods of the sun. The lotus symbolizes the past, present and future, as each plant has buds, flowers and seeds at the same time. This is a symbol of a noble person who has grown out of mud, but not stained with it.

Moon

Above - the growing moon and the full moon; below - the waning moon and the new moon

The moon is the ruler of the feminine. It symbolizes abundance, cyclical renewal, rebirth, immortality, occult power, volatility, intuition and emotion. The ancients measured time by the cycles of the moon; determined the timing of the onset of tides; predicted what the future harvest would be like.

Although the moon is usually symbolized in a positive way, in some cultures it is represented as an evil eye watching what is happening, associated with death and the ominous darkness of the night.

magic circle

Dr. Johann Faust and Mephistopheles (from The Tragic History of Dr. Faust by Christopher Mardlowe, 1631)

The magic circle is the basis of ceremonial magic. It serves as a symbol of the will of the magician and at the same time a protective barrier that protects the magician from the negative influence of the invisible world. In such a circle, all magical operations are performed. Different circles are used for different purposes. The drawing of a circle is a certain magical ritual that must be performed according to all established rules. In addition, it is believed that the inscription of magic circles and inscriptions contributes to the development of self-control and gait.

Mandala

The circle and square of the mandala represent the spherical shape of Heaven and the rectangular shape of the Earth. Together they symbolize the order of things in space and in the human world.

This is a geometric composition, symbolizing the spiritual, cosmic or psychic order. In Sanskrit, "mandala" means "circle". Even when this geometric composition is based on squares or triangles, it still has a concentric structure. The overall meaning of the composition remains unchanged and symbolizes the guiding mind, supernatural structures, the clarity of enlightenment.

Mandorla, or Vesica Piscis (surrounds the entire body of the person)

Mandorla, or Vesica Piscis

Image of an almond-shaped halo (radiance), which was used in medieval Christian art to highlight the figure of Christ ascending into heaven, and sometimes ascending saints.

In mysticism, "almond" (in Italian - mandorla) is a symbol of purity and chastity. The mandorla, due to its oval shape, was in antiquity the symbol of the vulva. it's the same graphic image flame, a symbol of spirituality. On the other hand, it symbolizes the dualistic unity of Heaven and Earth, depicted as two intersecting arcs.

Halo

halo buddha

A kind of halo: a luminous circle surrounding a person's head. The golden halo symbolizes the sanctity of the individual or confirms the fact that a person communicates directly with a higher plane.

The image of the halo is borrowed from the magical symbolism of the Egyptians, as evidenced by images from the ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead.

Nimbus

The halos and halos surrounding the heads of the saints symbolize the Light of God emanating from them.

Nimbus - a kind of halo: a luminous ring around the head. It symbolizes spiritual strength, as opposed to secular power, represented by the crown. Sometimes a halo is used as an attribute of the Phoenix bird as a symbol of solar power and immortality.

The halo can be blue, yellow or rainbow colored. In Greek mythology, a blue halo is an attribute of Zeus as the god of Heaven. The Romans have a blue halo - an attribute of Apollo and Jupiter. A triangular nimbus or a nimbus in the form of a rhombus means God the Father.

Sword

Inlaid swords found by Schliemann at Mycenae (Athens, National Museum)

The sword is one of the most complex and most common symbols. On the one hand, the sword is a formidable weapon that brings life or death, on the other hand, it is an ancient and powerful force that arose simultaneously with the Cosmic Balance and was its opposite. The sword is also a powerful magical symbol, the emblem of witchcraft. In addition, the sword is a symbol of power, justice, supreme justice, all-pervading reason, insight, phallic strength, light. The sword of Damocles is a symbol of fate. A broken sword is a defeat.

bird feather

Aztec feather headdress (drawing from the Codex Mendoza)

The bird feather symbolizes truth, lightness, Heaven, height, speed, space, soul, the element of wind and air, opposed to the principle of moisture, dryness, travel beyond the material world. In a broader sense, feathers worn by shamans, priests or rulers symbolized a magical connection with the spirit world or divine power and patronage. Wearing feathers or feathered hairstyles means taking the power of a bird into yourself. Two feathers symbolize light and air, two poles, resurrection. The white feather symbolizes clouds, sea foam and cowardice.

Horns

Depiction of a Persian king from the Sasanian period

The horns symbolize supernatural power, divinity, soul power, or the life principle arising from the head. Horns are both a solar and a lunar symbol. Being sharp and piercing, the horns are a phallic and masculine symbol; being hollow, they signify femininity and receptivity. Horned gods symbolize warriors, fertility for both people and animals. Horns with a long ribbon falling from them signify the god of the storm. In more recent times, horns have become a symbol of shame, contempt, depravity, and a deceived husband.

Hand

"Hand of Fatima" (Muslim carved pendant)

Power (worldly and spiritual), action, strength, domination, protection - this is the main symbolism that reflects the important role of the hand in human life and the belief that it is capable of transmitting spiritual and physical energy.

The hands of kings, religious leaders, and miracle workers are believed to have healing powers; hence the laying on of hands in religious blessing, confirmation and ordination. bless right hand, left - curse. In Islam, the open palm of Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad, symbolizes the five pillars: faith, prayer, pilgrimage, fasting, mercy.

Sun

Variants of the image of the disk of the Sun

The sun is one of the twelve symbols of power, the main symbol of creative energy.

As a heat source, the Sun represents vitality, passion, courage, and eternal youth. As a source of light, it symbolizes knowledge, intelligence. In most traditions, the Sun is a symbol of the masculine. The sun is also life, vitality, the embodied character of the personality, the heart and its aspirations. Sun and Moon are gold and silver, king and queen, soul and body, etc.

tetramorphs

Image of Christ with tetramorphs in the corners (from a manuscript of the 12th-13th centuries)

Tetramorphs are considered a synthesis of the forces of the four elements. In some cults, these are four-headed guards of the four cardinal directions. In many traditions, they symbolize the universality of divine protection and protection from the return of primary chaos.

The four biblical tetramorphs have the heads of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle. Subsequently, in Christianity, these images began to be identified with the apostles - Saints Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, as well as with the incarnation of Jesus Christ, his resurrection and ascension.

Thyrsus

Thyrsus

Thyrsus is the rod of the Greek god of wine Dionysus (in Roman mythology Bacchus). It is a spear-shaped pole (originally from a hollow stem of dill) topped with a pine cone or bunch of grapes and entwined with vines or ivy. It symbolizes fertilizing, fertile power - both sexual and vegetative.

The bump is present on the thyrsus, probably because fermented pine resin was mixed with the wine that was drunk during bacchanalia - it was believed that this enhances sexual sensations.

Ax (axe)

Great Mother with a double ax in her hands (the ax here is a phallic symbol)

The ax is a symbol of power, thunder, fertility, rain brought by the heavenly gods, and stormy winds, correction of mistakes, sacrifice, support, help. It is also a common symbol of sovereignty associated with the ancient sun gods.

The double ax (double-sided ax) denotes the sacred union of the god of Heaven and the goddess of the Earth, thunder and lightning. Sometimes the blades of a double-sided ax, resembling crescents, symbolize the Moon or the unity of opposites. It is also a symbol of supreme power and strength.

Trident

Vishnu's trident as a symbol of his triune essence: creator, keeper and destroyer (from a painting from Rajasthan, 18th century)

The trident is the most famous symbol of power over the sea and an attribute of the ancient Greek god Poseidon (in Roman mythology - Neptune).

The trident symbolizes thunder and lightning, three flames, triple weapons - the forces of heaven, air and water. This is the weapon and attribute of all heavenly, thunder gods and goddesses of the storm, as well as all water gods, the strength and fertility of the waters. It can symbolize the Heavenly Triad, as well as the past, present and future.

Trigrams

Eight trigrams underlying the "Book of Changes"

Trigrams are a triple combination of continuous (yang) and broken (yin) lines. There are eight of them, and they formed the basis of the great Chinese book of predictions "The Book of Changes" ("I-Ching"). Trigrams symbolize the Taoist doctrine that the cosmos is based on constant flows of complementary forces: male (active, yang) and female (passive, yin).

Trigrams also personify the three essences of a person - his body, soul and spirit; irrational emotions, rational mind and suprarational intellect.

Trikvetra (three-pronged swastika)

Triquetra

The triquetra is largely swastika-inspired. This is also the movement of the Sun: at sunrise, at the zenith and at sunset. There have been suggestions about the connection of this symbol with the lunar phases and the renewal of life. Like the swastika, it is a symbol of good luck. He often appears with solar symbols; it can be seen on ancient coins, on Celtic crosses, where, as they say, this sign symbolizes the triad and is a symbol of the sea god Manannan. It is also present in Teutonic symbolism, where it is associated with Thor.

triskelion

triskelion

The symbol of dynamic energy in the form of three legs connected together. It is similar to the swastika, but with three rather than four bent arms, creating a cyclic effect. As a motif in Celtic art and on Greek coins and shields, the triskelion has less to do with the solar and lunar phases (one of the suggested meanings) than with power and physical strength. In addition, the triskelion is a symbol of victory and progress.

Shamrock

Shamrock

Heraldic shamrock

The shamrock-clover symbolizes unification, balance, and also destruction. The sour shamrock, which the Arabs call shamrah, symbolizes the Persian triads. The shamrock is generally a symbol of triads, it is the Mystic Tree, the “solar wheel”. In Christianity, it is a symbol of the Trinity, as well as the emblem of St. Patrick and the coat of arms of Ireland.

To always be profitable, carry a dried shamrock with you.

Trimurti

Trimurti - the Indian Trinity (a sketch of a very ancient image on granite, India House Museum)

Holy Hindu Trinity - Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Symbolizes the three cycles of life: creation, preservation and destruction. Despite similarities to the Christian Trinity, the Trimurti is not a monotheistic concept of a "triune god".

Trimurti is sometimes depicted as a tortoise. She also symbolizes the Great Mother - both in her terrible manifestation (with symbols of flame and skulls), and in her beneficial (as Lotus, Sophia, Tara, as wisdom and sympathy).

Trinity

Symbol of the Trinity - Father, Son and Holy Spirit - as One God

The trinity differs from the triad in that it is unity, the union of three in one and one in three. It is a symbol of unity in diversity.

In Christianity, this is the Father, Son and Holy Spirit or Mary, Joseph and Jesus. The symbols of the Trinity are the hand (symbol of the Father), the lamb (symbol of the Son), and the dove (symbol of the Holy Spirit).

The Trinity is symbolized by the colors yellow, red and green; three qualities - Love, Faith and Hope.

Human

Symbolic representation of man as the Universe: a square in a circle (China)

The crown of all living things. A symbol of what is capable of improvement. Created in the image and likeness of God, it combines the material and the spiritual, the heavenly and the earthly. This is a microcosm, symbolically containing all the elements of the universe (macrocosm). The human body in the Pythagorean tradition is depicted as a pentagram consisting of arms, legs, and a head. In man, three principles are united together, which modern scientists call the body, life and will. Symbolically, this can be represented by three points (beginnings) enclosed in a circle.

Universal symbols-concepts

The knowledge of ideas reveals in temporal phenomena their timelessly eternal meaning.

Andrey Bely

Concept symbols are numbers or geometric shapes that reflect ideas, feelings, or abstract qualities of something directly related to the inner world of a person.

Duality of the world

Solomon's Double Triangle Diagram: God of Light and God of Reflection

The duality of the world - the interaction of the two polarities behind the created universe (light and darkness, good and evil, etc.) - is reflected in many symbols. The most famous of these is the yin-yang symbol. Also of interest are the symbols presented by the famous occultist Eliphas Levi, such as the "Double Triangle of Solomon" diagram.

The main symbol used by people far from the occult to depict duality is the most common number two, although, nevertheless, it also has a magical nature.

Yin-yang (principle)

Yin-yang sign

The Chinese call the symbol "yin-yang" Tai Shi - the circle of existence. The circle is divided into two equal parts by an S-shaped curve: dark, feminine (yin), and light, masculine (yang). The circle seems to rotate, the darkness is replaced by light, and then the light is replaced by darkness. The Chinese claim that even in the pure light there is an element of darkness, and vice versa. Therefore, in the center of each part, a small circle of the opposite color is depicted: black on a white background and white on a black one. This image symbolizes the balanced dynamism of opposing forces and principles in the cosmos.

Rays

Sun with zigzag rays ( golden mask Incas)

It is a symbol of fertilizing power, holiness, spiritual enlightenment and creative energy, creative power. The rays can depict the hair of the sun god, a manifestation of the divine essence, or a radiance (halo) emanating from the saints. In solar symbolism, the seventh ray is the main path to heaven.

Wisdom

Ancient Greek goddess of wisdom Athena (in Roman mythology Minerva) with a coiled snake at her feet

The main symbols of wisdom are the snake (daytime, solar, but feminine flexible male sign) and the owl (night, lunar, acting imperceptibly, silently, but resolutely and quickly masculine female sign). It is the combination in each of them of the most important properties of the male and female principles that very accurately corresponds to wisdom. Other symbols of wisdom: dragon, griffin, peacock, sphinx, unicorn, bird, bee, rat, lotus, heart, number seven, scepter, scroll, ring, etc.

“Out of many roses, a drop of oil; out of many torments, a drop of wisdom” (Persian saying).

world axis

Tet of Osiris

In the esoteric tradition, the symbols of the axis of the world, the World Tree, are the spear, sword, key and scepter.

Egyptians as a symbol of the world axis and North Pole they use Tat (or Tet) - the spine of Osiris, which, in addition, personifies stability, strength, immutability, preservation.

Light

Light emanating from the Buddha

Light is the first creation. It is associated with the beginning and the end. Light and darkness are two aspects of the Great Mother: life and love, death and burial, creation and destruction.

The light of the Sun personifies spiritual knowledge, and the reflected light of the Moon represents rational, analytical knowledge.

Light is usually depicted as straight or undulating rays, the disk of the Sun, or a halo. As a rule, a straight line represents light, and a wavy line represents heat. Light and heat symbolically complement each other and are the two poles of the element of Fire.

Death and rebirth

Death and rebirth of human beings. Detail of symbolism on a gravestone in Dieste (Belgium)

This image in Christianity is expressed by ancient complex symbols. The above composition combines two pairs of "circle-cross", each pair personifies death and rebirth. The lower pair is represented by crossbones and a rounded skull (a symbol of death). From the lower circle (skull) grows a cross similar to the one on which Christ died - the cross of resurrection, rebirth. This whole allegory is inscribed in a larger circle - a sign that the death and rebirth of human beings are within the great spiritual sphere of the cosmos.

Consciousness (three aspects)

Symbols representing the three aspects of consciousness

Usually the three aspects of consciousness are depicted as three animals: one of them lives underground, the other on the ground, and the third flies above the ground. The animal that lives underground represents the microcosm; that which flies in the air is the macrocosm; and the animal that walks the earth represents the middle step between the first two - like us, for example. The most common symbols are: in Egypt - a cobra, the right eye of Horus, a hawk; in Peru - rattlesnake, puma and condor; the American Indians have a rattlesnake, a mountain lion and an eagle; in Tibet - a snake, a pig and a rooster.

Dance

Dervish dance (the grace of God descends to the dancer through the raised hand, penetrates through his body and spirit and, leaving him, unites with the earth through the lowered hand)

The main symbolism of the dance: cosmic creative energy, the transformation of space into time, the rhythm of the universe, the imitation of the divine "game" of creation, the maintenance of strength, emotions, and activity.

Circle dances are an imitation of the movement of the Sun in the sky. Dancing in a chain is a symbol of the connection between a man and a woman, Heaven and Earth. When the dance is performed around an object, it is thereby closed, enclosing in a magic circle, protecting and giving strength.

Shadow

Priestly Esotericism: The Sign of Anathema (from Eliphas Levi's Transcendental Magic, 1896)

A symbol of the negative beginning, as opposed to the positive solar. In some primitive tribes, the shadow symbolizes the human soul, the same is in witchcraft and conspiracies. To fall into the shadow of another person is a bad omen.

The above engraving depicts a human hand performing an act of blessing. A strong beam of light casts a shadow from the blessing hand on the wall, and this shadow is the image of the horned head of the Devil. The main idea of ​​the allegory is this: evil and good are intertwined, and darkness and light oppose each other in a kind of moral duel.

Emblems of modern religions

It is difficult to find the Creator and Father of this universe, but even having found Him, it is impossible to express Him in a language understandable to everyone.

In our time, there are three world religions on the globe - Christianity, Islam (Muslim) and Buddhism. Each of them is accepted in many countries. They arose a long time ago: Christianity is 2000 years old, Islam is almost 1400 years old, and Buddhism is about 2500 years old.

There are other religions, which, although not global, are also widespread.

Christianity

Cup and cross

One of the symbols of Christ's love is the combination of the cup and the cross. The cup, or goblet, in this case indicates the great suffering that Jesus endured, calling it "the cup."

The image of the bowl indicates the prayer of Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane: “Father! Oh, that You would be pleased to carry this cup past me! however, not my will, but yours be done.”

The cross is depicted as pointed. Its sharp ends, like swords of sorrow and pain, pierce the suffering soul.

Islam

Star and crescent of Islam

The main emblem of the youngest world religion, Islam, founded by the Prophet of Allah, Muhammad (570-632), is a crescent with a star inside. The emblem denotes divine patronage, growth, rebirth, and, together with the star, paradise. The star is a traditional symbol of independence and divinity. The crescent is one of the true forces capable of resisting evil, a powerful talisman.

The crescent in Islamic countries replaces the cross in Red Cross organizations.

Buddhism

Maitreya

In Buddhism, Maitreya is the name of the Buddha of the coming world order. This is the only Bodhisattva ("whose essence has become the mind"), which is recognized by all major branches of Buddhism. The essence of a Bodhisattva is the act of sacrifice: giving up the bliss of nirvana in order to help humanity within the limits allowed by karmic limitations.

Maitreya is depicted sitting on a throne in a "European pose" (with legs down), which indicates a sign of the haste of his arrival; it is golden in color. Next to Maitreya, it is customary to depict the wheel of dharma, a stupa and a vase.

Judaism

Mogendovid, or Shield of David

Judaism is the oldest of the monotheistic world religions (it arose in the 1st millennium BC in Palestine 4000 years ago). The main provisions of Judaism were later incorporated into Christianity and Islam.

The symbol of Judaism is Mogendovid, or the Shield of David. Most commonly associated with the six-pointed Star of David. A less common name is the Star of the Creator; each end of the star symbolizes one of the six days of creation, and the central hexagon symbolizes Shabbat (the holy day of rest).

Zoroastrianism

Ahura Mazda

Zoroastrianism is an ancient spiritual tradition, founded about 2500 years ago by the prophet Zoroaster, and now, unfortunately, forgotten. The supreme god is Ahura Mazda. The sacred canon is the Avesta ("law").

Zoroastrianism proceeds from the doctrine of the justice of the world order and the triumph of justice in the world struggle between good and evil, in which the free choice of a person, his active participation play a decisive role. Zoroastrian morality contains an ethical triad: a good thought, a good word, a good deed.

Hinduism

One of the symbols of the Trimurti

Hinduism combines elements of different creeds, rooted in the mists of time. Holy books– Vedas (Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda). The three main gods make up the Trimurti (triad): Brahma is the creator of the world, Vishnu is the keeper of the world and Shiva is the destroyer. Their images symbolize the fundamental processes of change in nature (prakriti).

The basis of Hinduism is the doctrine of the reincarnation of souls (samsara), which occurs in accordance with the law of retribution (karma) for virtuous or bad behavior.

Confucianism

The symbol of Confucianism is the figure of the “Highest Saint” himself

Confucianism and Taoism are the most famous of the philosophical currents that existed in China even before its unification (221 BC). Gradually intertwined with the traditions of Buddhists and Taoists, the teachings of Confucius acquired a religious connotation. According to Confucius, one must live in such a way that human behavior reflects the laws of the universe, which exists according to a certain order. “The master teaches his students the four disciplines: culture, behavior, loyalty and faith” (Lun Yu, 7.25).

Taoism

Tai Chi (yin-yang circle)

Taoism literally means "School of the Tao". (Tao means “way”). This is an integral part of the philosophical and religious triad (Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism). The Chinese apply all three teachings in practice, depending on the life situation. As part of his personal life, the Chinese profess Taoism, but when it comes to social norms of behavior, he becomes a Confucian, and when faced with troubles and life's hardships, he turns to Mahayana Buddhism.

Graphically, the concept of Taoism is expressed by tai chi (in some sources - Tai Shi) - a symbol of a single limit.

Shinto (Shinto)

Horin-rimbo - the wheel of the law (Japan)

Shinto is the Japanese national religion, its name comes from the Chinese word "shen-dao" ("sacred path" or "path of the gods"). At the heart of Shinto is the cult of the deities of nature and ancestors. The highest deities are Amaterasu (goddess of the Sun) and her descendant Jimmu. Jimmu is the first emperor of Japan, the mythical ancestor of Japanese emperors. Day February 11, when, according to myths, in 660 BC. e. Jimmu ascended the throne, is considered the founding day of the empire and is celebrated as a holiday.

Crosses: the most common forms

The cross is a cosmic symbol that should be studied and treated with the greatest respect.

"The Science of Initiation"

common symbol humanity is the cross. It can be found in the most ancient religions, among the most ancient civilizations: in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, etc. Who invented the cross? Nobody - because it exists in nature. This is an ancient universal symbol and, above all, a symbol of the connection of micro- and macrocosm, spirit and matter in their combination. The cross symbolizes the involvement of the spirit (vertical line) in time (horizontal line).

The forms of the cross are various. They differ in the number of crossbars, and the number of ends of the cross, and proportions.

Greek cross

Greek cross

The cross of the simplest form: square, with ends of equal length, the horizontal crossbar is located in the middle of the vertical one. Cross of Saint George. This sign, also called crux quadrata, has been used since prehistoric times in a variety of meanings - as a symbol of the god of the sun, the god of rain, the elements from which the world is created: air, earth, fire and water. In early Christianity, the Greek cross symbolized Christ. It is also a symbol of secular, earthly power, but received from God. Used in medieval heraldry.

cross hammer

cross hammer

The hammer cross is a variation of the Greek cross. One of the main heraldic crosses, so named from the French potenee - "support", because its shape is similar to the supports used in antiquity.

latin cross

latin cross

Another name for the Latin cross is the long cross. Its horizontal bar is located above the middle of the vertical bar. This is the most common Christian symbol in the Western world. It is believed that it was from such a cross that Christ was taken down, hence his other names: the cross of the Crucifixion, the cross of the West, the cross of Life, the cross of Suffering. This form, so similar to a man with outstretched arms, symbolized God in Greece and China long before the advent of Christianity. For the Egyptians, the cross rising from the heart symbolized kindness.

Cross of Saint Peter

Cross of Saint Peter

The cross of St. Peter is an inverted Latin cross. Since the 4th century, it has been one of the symbols of Saint Peter, who is believed to have been crucified upside down on an inverted cross in 65 CE. e. during the reign of Emperor Nero in Rome.

An inverted Latin cross, that is, the cross of St. Peter, with pointed ends is the emblem of the Knights Templar.

St. Andrew's Cross (oblique cross)

St. Andrew's Cross (oblique cross)

It is also called diagonal or oblique. On such a cross, the apostle Saint Andrew was martyred. The Romans used this symbol to mark the border, the passage beyond which was forbidden. The oblique cross also symbolizes perfection, the number 10. In heraldry, this cross is called the saltire.

St. Andrew is the patron saint of Russia, and when Peter the Great created the Russian navy (in the 1690s), he adopted a blue oblique cross on a white background for the flag of the fleet.

Tau Cross (St. Anthony's Cross)

tau cross

Cross of Saint Anthony

The tau cross is so named because of its resemblance to the Greek letter "T" (tau). It symbolizes life, the key to supreme power, the phallus. In ancient Egypt - a sign of fertility and life. In biblical times - a symbol of protection. The Scandinavians have Thor's hammer. In Christian churches - the cross of St. Anthony (the founder of Christian monasticism, IV century). Since the beginning of the XIII century - the emblem of Francis of Assisi. In heraldry, this is the Almighty Cross. Also known as the "Gallows Cross" due to its resemblance to the gallows, as it was made in antiquity.

Ankh (Egyptian cross)

Ankh - the key to the gates of death

The ankh is the most significant symbol among the ancient Egyptians, also known as the "cross with a handle." This cross combines two symbols: a circle (as a symbol of eternity) and a tau-cross suspended from it (as a symbol of life); together they denote immortality, eternal life. Ankh also personifies "the life that will come", "the time that will come", hidden wisdom, the key to the secrets of life and knowledge, as well as the key that opens the gates of death. Perhaps it symbolizes the Tree of Life, as well as the sun rising over the horizon.

Maltese cross

Maltese cross

The Maltese cross is also called the eight-pointed. It symbolizes the four great gods of Assyria: Ra, Anu, Belus and Hea. Emblem of the Knights of Malta. The white cross of this form on a black background was from the very beginning the emblem of the military and religious order of the Hospitallers (Johnites), who moved their headquarters to Malta (in 1529) - hence the name.

In philately, the Maltese cross is the first postmark used to cancel postal items from 1840 to 1844.

Patriarchal Cross

Patriarchal Cross

The patriarchal cross is used by archbishops and cardinals. It is also called the cardinal's catholic cross and the two-bar cross. The upper crossbar is a titulary (board for writing a name), introduced by order of Pontius Pilate. Under the name of the archbishop's cross, it is often found on the coats of arms of archbishops.

This cross is widespread in Greece and is sometimes called Angevin or Lorraine. It is sometimes erroneously called the Lorraine cross.

papal cross

papal cross

The papal cross with three horizontal bars is also known as the triple cross. Used in processions in which the pope participates. Three cross lines symbolize power and the Tree of Life.

Russian cross

Russian cross (cross of St. Lazarus)

This eight-pointed cross is the cross of the Russian Orthodox Church. It is also called the eastern cross or the cross of St. Lazarus. Symbol of the Orthodox Church in the Eastern Mediterranean, Eastern Europe and Russia.

The upper of the three transverse crossbars is the titulary, where the name was written, as in the patriarchal cross, the lower crossbar is beveled.

Cross of Constantine (sign "Chi-Rho")

Cross of Constantine

Magic seal with the symbol "Chi-Rho" (Agrippa, 1533)

The Cross of Constantine is a monogram known as "Khi-Rho" ("chi" and "ro" are the first two letters of Christ's name in Greek). The legend says that the emperor Constantine saw this cross in the sky on the way to Rome, along with the cross he saw the inscription "Conquer this". According to another legend, he saw the cross in a dream the night before the battle and heard a voice: “With this sign you will win”). It is said that it was this prediction that converted Constantine to Christianity. And the monogram became the first generally accepted symbol of Christianity - as a sign of victory and salvation.

Rosicrucian cross

Cross with a rose (Rosicrucian)

Another name is the cross of the rose (five-petal). Emblem of the Rosicrucian Order. Symbol of harmony, center, heart. The rose and the cross also symbolize the Resurrection and Atonement of Christ. This sign is understood as the divine light of the Universe (rose) and the earthly world of suffering (cross), as the feminine and masculine, material and spiritual, spiritual and sensual love. The cross with a rose is a symbol of the initiate, who, thanks to the work on himself, has managed to develop in himself love, life-giving and transforming matter.

Masonic cross

Masonic cross (cross in a circle)

The Masonic cross is a cross inscribed in a circle. It means a holy place and a cosmic center. The four dimensions of space in the celestial circle symbolize the totality that includes the Great Spirit. This cross represents the Cosmic Tree extending horizontally over the Earth and touching the Heavens through the vertical central axis. Such a cross was either made in stone or depicted on the walls of Roman Gothic temples, symbolizing their sanctification.

Pacifist Cross

Pacifist cross (peace cross)

This symbol was designed by Gerald Holtom in 1958 for the then emerging movement for nuclear disarmament. To develop the symbol, he used the semaphore alphabet: he made a cross from its symbols - for "N" (nuclear, nuclear) and "D" (disarmament, disarmament) - and placed them in a circle, which symbolized a global agreement. Soon this cross became one of the most common signs of the 60s of the twentieth century, symbolizing both peace and anarchy.

images of time

The wise turn years into months, months into weeks, weeks into days.

Everything is perishable in this world.

The image of inexorable time is the road. The symbol of time is sand flowing through the fingers. Attributes of measured time - a clock, a burning candle; it is a symbol of the elusiveness of the present moment.

In the pantheon of gods of almost all ancient cultures, there is also the god of Time.

Abraxas

Abraxas - a symbol of time (gnostic gem)

Abraxas is the personification of the divine cycles of the solar year. This is the mystical image of the Supreme Being, the highest of the seven. It consists of five emanations (radiations): Nus (Mind), Logos (Word), Phronesis (Reason), Sophia (Wisdom), Dynamis (Power). The human body in the image represents God. The two serpent-supports emerging from it are Nus and Logos (intuition and quick understanding). The head of a rooster means foresight and vigilance (mind). Two hands hold the symbols of Sophia and Dynamis: the armor of wisdom and the whip of power.

Kalachakra

Namchu-vanden - emblem of Kalachakra

Kalachakra - literally "wheel of time", "course of time". Secret Doctrine in Vajrayana Buddhism. An astrological and astronomical system that entered Tibet from India. Kalachakra introduces the concept of the cyclical nature of time with periods of 12 and 60 years (Tibetan calendar). According to legend, the Kalachakra teaching was given by the Buddha Shakyamuni. According to other sources, this teaching was brought to Tibet by Pitop, or the Great Kalachakrapada, who, having miraculously found himself in Shambhala, was initiated there by the king of Kalki into the teachings of Kalachakra.

Kronos

Kronos (Rom. Saturn), XV century

The ancient Greek symbol of time - the titan Kronos - became the ancestor of many words in Russian (the particle “chrono” is part of compound words indicating their relationship to time): chronic, chronology, chronometer, etc.

Kronos (Rom. Saturn) - the god of Time, in the form of a fading autumn or the departing Sun, sometimes, along with his sickle, also has a hood, which symbolizes invisibility, death and retreat. Since the hood covers the head, it also signifies thought and spirit.

Ourobor (serpent that bites its own tail)

Ourobor as an Emblem of Death (from George Wheater's A Collection of Emblems, Ancient and Modern, 1635)

The most obvious meaning of the symbol is associated with the concept of time: the passage of time is accompanied by destruction, since the past seems to be irretrievably lost. This is reflected in the fact that the serpent "devours" its own tail, like time, which apparently consumes itself. It can be said that time has a cyclical nature (day follows night, the seasons repeat themselves, etc.), and this has found its expression in the form of a snake, in the fact that he curled up in a circle. The symbol of the emblem can be expressed by the phrase: "In my beginning lies my end" or "The end is in the beginning."

Tempus

Image of Time - Tempus (Rome)

The Romans depicted time in the form of a male winged figure with goat legs, with a scythe in his hands (“the inexorable scythe of time”) - this is Tempus (from Latin tempus - time).

The figure of Tempus personifies the frailty and transience of all living things, and therefore is associated with the symbol of Death.

"Clock" of our body

The “clock” of our body (the numbers in the inner circle are the time of day)

The Chinese consider it useful to influence the organs of the body in a strictly defined period of the day (stimulate - during activity, and vice versa).

Twelve major organs, according to medical practice, have two hours of activity (see figure). Designations: GB - gallbladder: (from 23 to 1 hour); Liv - liver; Lu - lungs; Li - large intestine; St - stomach; Sp, spleen; H - heart; Si, small intestine; UB, urinary bladder; K, kidneys; P - brain; TW - spinal cord.

Symbolism of the plant kingdom

The beauty of plants is the common heritage of the world, that is, it is always macrocosmic, not microcosmic.

The symbol of the plant kingdom is the tree. Its branches, representing diversity, depart from a common trunk, which is a symbol of unity. green, Blooming tree- a symbol of life; dead, withered - a symbol of death. An old, gnarled tree can mean wisdom and strength.

The flower is the emblem of the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth. Flowers represent beauty (especially feminine), innocence, divine blessing, spring, youth, but also the brevity of being. Everything in a flower can carry a certain symbolism: its shape, and the number of petals, and color, and smell ...

Vine

Ornament - vine motif

Grapes are one of the oldest symbols of fertility, abundance and vitality. The vine is one of the symbols of Christ. The importance of wine in many religious rituals is based on the symbolic association of grapes with divine blessings. The vine was the first plant Noah planted after the flood.

Grape juice resembles human blood. In some mysteries, grapes are a symbol of lust and debauchery, greed and drunkenness. The bunch of grapes is sometimes presented as a phallic symbol. But grapes are also seen as a symbol of the solar spirit.

Cherry

Sakura (19th century Japanese print by Utagawa Kunisada)

In Christian iconography, cherry is sometimes depicted instead of an apple as a fruit from the Tree of the Knowledge of good and evil; sometimes Christ is depicted with cherries in his hand. In China, the cherry tree is a symbol of good luck, spring (due to early flowering) and virginity; The vulva is called the "spring cherry". Cherry blossoms (sakura) - a symbol of Japan; it is cultivated as an ornamental tree; its fruits are inedible. The Japanese identify cherry blossoms with the rising sun. Cherry, in addition, is the emblem of the samurai.

Pomegranate

Popping pomegranate

The opening pomegranate (fruit) symbolizes the Easter Resurrection of Christ, gives Christians confidence in forgiveness, faith in the life to come and resurrection. Due to the abundance of seeds, pomegranates are a symbol of fertility. It is also the ancient eastern emblem of the sun god and the emblem of life, a divine symbol called the "forbidden secret."

The remains of a flower (thorn) on the upper part of the fruit serve as an image of a crown in heraldry. The pomegranate is always depicted as golden. And pomegranate seeds are always twelve - a number symbolizing perfection since ancient times.

Oak and acorn

Acorn

Oak is a symbol of power, endurance, longevity and nobility, as well as glory. In ancient Rome, a wreath of oak leaves was the highest award for a victorious commander.

As an emblem of valor and courage, oak (oak leaf, oak branch, oak wreath, oak garland) is used in military insignia in many countries.

Oak with acorns - the emblem of maturity, full of strength. An oak without acorns is the emblem of youthful valor. The acorn is a symbol of fertility, prosperity, spiritual energy growing from the grain of truth.

Kabbalistic Tree

Kabbalistic Tree (drawing from the book by R. Fludd, 1574–1637)

This is an inverted Cosmic Tree. Its crown touches the ground, and its roots are fixed in the spiritual world and feed on the spiritual energy of the sky, spreading it to the outer world and down. This is a favorite image in Kabbalism and other mystical and magical teachings. It testifies that human life is the descent of the spirit into the body and back. It is also a symbol of philosophical growth, growth inwards.

In the Bhagavad Gita, an inverted tree means the origin of everything from a single root, in Islam it is a symbol of happiness and good luck.

Cypress

Seven cypresses and twelve branches - the personification of the universe and its eternal truths (Istanbul, Turkey)

In the West, cypress is a mystical symbol of death and mourning, the personification of sadness and sorrow, as it was used for embalming the body and for making coffins. In Asia, it is a symbol of longevity and immortality. The Arabs call the cypress the Tree of Life. In Greece, the cypress has always had a dual reputation: it was a symbol of the gloomy god of the underworld, Hades, but at the same time, more cheerful gods - Zeus, Apollo, Aphrodite and Hermes. Therefore, it has become a symbol of rebirth and life after death. In China, the smoke of cypress branches is a symbol of light forces, a talisman against misfortune.

Clover

Clover with four petals

The three-leaf clover (shamrock) is a symbol of the Christian Trinity. The rare quatrefoil is a symbol of good luck; there is a belief that Eve took one quatrefoil as a memory of the lost paradise. But a five-leaf clover brings bad luck.

In China, clover is the emblem of spring. The Irish use clover leaves as their national emblem, which probably goes back to the veneration of this plant by the Celts for its active growth in spring.

Roots

Seed and roots

A symbol of connection with the earth, with the family.

"A man with roots" - they say about a man who stands firmly on his feet.

"Look at the root" - pay attention to the most essential, delve into the essence.

The "root of evil" is the source, the core of evil.

"Uproot" - take away life, cut off access to food, radically solve the problem.

laurel

Laurel wreath

Laurel symbolizes immortality, but also triumph, victory and success. He personifies peace, purification, protection, divinity, secret knowledge. According to ancient Greek myth, Apollo, the god of the Sun, dawn and poetry, pursued the nymph Daphne, who, running away from him, turned into a laurel bush (in Greek, "laurel" - "daphne"). In the arms of Apollo was a tree, with the branches of which he decorated his head and lyre. That is why in ancient Greece musicians, poets, dancers, whose patron was Apollo, were awarded with laurel wreaths. The Romans extended this tradition to military victors.

Lily

Fleur-de-lys, coat of arms of the French kings

One of the most versatile and even controversial characters. The triple lily is a symbol of the Trinity and three virtues: Faith, Hope and Mercy. Lily is an attribute of many saints, including the Archangel Gabriel. White lilies can sometimes symbolize death. The lily is also associated with fertility and erotic love because of its arrow-shaped or spear-shaped (phallus-like) pistil and specific strong fragrance. Lily - a sign of prosperity and royal power in Byzantium, later - the emblem of the French kings.

Palm branch

Palm branch

This is the main symbol of victory and triumph ("palm tree").

In ancient Greece, a palm branch was given along with a wreath to the winner of the Olympic Games as a personal wish for health and longevity. In ancient Rome, they were also awarded to victorious soldiers and gladiators. On Palm Sunday celebrations in Jerusalem, priests hand out consecrated palm leaves in the form of a cross. In Russia, they are replaced by willows. The palm branch is a symbol of longevity and one of the emblems of the world, and unlike the dove, it is a secular emblem.

Rose

ten petal rose

The rose has polar symbolism: it is heavenly perfection and earthly passion, time and eternity, life and death, fertility and virginity. It is also a symbol of the heart, the center of the universe, the cosmic wheel, divine, romantic and sensual love. Rose - completeness, the mystery of life, its focus, the unknown, beauty, grace, happiness, but also voluptuousness, passion, and in combination with wine - sensuality and seduction. The rosebud is a symbol of virginity; withered rose - the transience of life, death, sorrow; its thorns are pain, blood and martyrdom.

roses heraldic

Heraldic roses: 1 - Lancaster; 2 - Yorks; 3 - Tudors; 4 - England (badge); 5 - German Rose Rosenov; 6 - Russian stamp

The heraldic medieval rose has five or ten petals, which connects it with the Pythagorean pentad and decade. A rose with red petals and white stamens is the emblem of England, the most famous badge of the English kings. After the "War of the Scarlet and White Roses", named after the breastplates of the families that fought for the English crown, the scarlet rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York were combined in the form of the "Tudor Rose". The bright crimson rose is the unofficial emblem of Bulgaria. The famous tea rose is the emblem of Beijing. Nine white roses are in the coat of arms of Finland.

sprouts

Fern sprouts (four-part scheme)

Sprouts (heart-shaped scheme)

The sprout is a symbol of the awakening of life. The simplest species is a grain “hatching out of its shell”, a sprout resembling a folded fern leaf. These images are accompanied by a rounded or heart-shaped stripe. The heart-shaped scheme (point up) is a stable expression of the agrarian ornament. A four-part composition with fern sprouts (a sacred plant among many peoples) is widely used, the leaves of which are directed in all directions.

Pumpkin

Painted gourd, vessel and talisman (China, 19th century)

The gourd in Chinese culture is a symbol of health, wisdom, and even the entire universe.

In America, a pumpkin is the main attribute of the traditional holiday of evil spirits - Halloween. For this holiday, faces are carved on pumpkins, and candles are inserted inside the pumpkins and they go home with such “lamps”.

In humiliated symbolism, a pumpkin is called a head.

Thistle

Thistle

Emblem of Scotland

Thistle means challenge, asceticism, vindictiveness, misanthropy. Donkey food. It also symbolizes sin, sorrow, the curse of God when expelled from paradise; according to Genesis, Adam was punished with thistles. In Christian art, the thistle is the emblem of martyrdom.

But there is another side to the thistle symbolism. Like some other thorny plants, it is considered a talisman and is endowed with the ability to heal wounds. It is a plant with strong magical properties.

Apple tree, apple

Sovereign apple - one of the symbols of monarchical power

The apple tree is a symbol of fertility, one of the symbols of Mother Earth. Blooming apple tree - eternal youth, and in China - peace and beauty. An apple is a symbol of bliss, especially sexual, a symbol of restoration of potential, integrity, health and vitality. The apple represents love, marriage, spring, youth, longevity or immortality, in Christianity it is associated with temptation, the fall of man and his salvation. A bitten apple is a symbol of sin, anarchy, but also knowledge and hope. In art, an apple in the mouth of a monkey or a snake is a symbol of original sin.

Symbolism of the animal kingdom

The animal kingdom in its different breeds embodies the different impulses of the human psyche.

N. P. Rudnikova

In the human mind, animals (animals, birds, fish, insects, etc.) act as symbols, on the basis of which figurative pictures of certain aspects of being are compiled. The symbolism of animals also extends to the highest foundations of man himself (for example, ideas about the soul are expressed in the form of a bird).

The ancient Egyptians believed that certain animals could embody cosmic and divine energies. The twelve animals of the zodiac are archetypal symbols and represent a closed cycle of energies.

Stork

“He who has gained immortality flies on a stork into the sky” (stork and crane are symbols of immortality)

The stork symbolizes new life, the arrival of spring, good luck, child or son affection. In Christianity, the stork personifies purity, chastity, piety, vigilance. In the East, the stork is a symbol of immortality. Among the Slavs, the stork is an ancient totem bird, a symbol of the motherland, family well-being, home comfort, love for one's home. The punishment for destroying a nest or killing a stork is a fire that incinerates the killer's house or himself. There is a belief that a stork brings newborn babies. A stork carrying a baby is a symbol of christening.

Butterfly

Butterfly image

At present, the symbolism of the butterfly is dominated by the meaning of the anemone, a carefree creature, but also pure joy. In ancient times, it was presented as a symbol of transformation and immortality due to its life cycle: life (bright caterpillar) - death (dark chrysalis) - rebirth (free flight of the soul). The butterfly is a symbol of the soul in many regions of the world. In China, it is a symbol of light entertainment and a sign of lovers. In Japan, a butterfly is a symbol of a fickle and windy lover, as well as female fussiness and the craft of a geisha; two butterflies - marital happiness.

Ram (ram)

ram head

One of the most important symbols and one of the most widespread emblems in the world (variants: lamb, golden fleece, ram's head, ram's horns). The ram symbolizes fire, solar energy, passionate passion, courage, impulsiveness, stubbornness. In many cultures since ancient times it means male power and sexual potency. The symbol of the elements - both creative and destructive, requiring sacrifice.

In the modern everyday sense, the word "ram" is often synonymous with stupidity or stupid stubbornness.

Bull

Sacred bull Apis (Egypt)

Symbol of the fertility of the earth. The most common symbol of sexual power, as well as violence and rage. This is the embodiment of power, power, male fertility. A symbol of divinity, royalty, the elemental forces of nature, which changed meanings in different eras and in different cultures. The bull's horns are a sign of the full moon, its huge body is the pillar of the world in the Islamic and Vedic traditions; its abundant seed is nourished by the Moon in Iranian mythology; his bellowing, hoof-stomping, and horn-shaking are universally associated with thunder and earthquakes.

Wolf

She-wolf feeding Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome (bronze figure, 6th–5th century BC)

The symbolism of the wolf is dual.

Negative symbolism: ferocity, deceit, greed, cruelty, evil, gluttony and sexuality. Stories of witches turned into wolves and men turned werewolves epitomize the fear of demonic possession and male violence.

Positive symbolism: courage, victory, concern for the food of the family. The wolf is a common symbol of knowledge through experience, the emblem of warriors.

AT heraldry the wolf is a symbol of anger, gluttony, greed.

Raven, crow

The raven on the shield is a symbol of purification

“Daughters of Jerusalem! I am black, but beautiful ”(alchemical symbol)

Raven and crow have similar symbolism. On the one hand, crows are associated with war, death, desolation, evil and misfortune. Because of their blackness, they are considered symbols of chaos and darkness that preceded the light of creation. On the other hand, the raven is a symbol of wisdom and justice. The raven has a connection with the world of the dead, he can get living and dead water. There is an opinion that the raven is a travel assistant and a fortune teller. There is a belief that when crows begin to leave their nests, this portends famine or other misfortunes.

Pigeon

Dove as a symbol of peace

Peace, purity, love, serenity, hope. Traditional Christian symbol of the Holy Spirit and baptism. There is a legend that the devil and witches can turn into any creature except a dove and a sheep. Pigeon cooing is associated with both sex and the birth of children. A pair of doves is a symbol of sexual harmony; so the dove became the personification of the tender wife. A dove with a laurel branch is a symbol of peace, a dove with a cornucopia is a happy accident. In the East, the dove is one of the many symbols of longevity.

Dolphin

"Boy with a Dolphin" (Andrea del Verrocchio, 1475. Sculpture for a fountain)

The dolphin symbolizes love, the power of the sea, speed, salvation, transformation. This is a friend of man in the sea element and its symbol. The dolphin is also a symbol of boundless joy, playfulness, unpredictability and even spiritual enlightenment. In ancient Greece, the lord of the waters, Poseidon, (the Roman counterpart is Neptune), was often depicted in a cart pulled by dolphins. As a symbol of the sacrifice of Christ, the dolphin is often depicted with a pierced trident or anchor (the secret symbol of the cross). Intertwined with an anchor, the dolphin is a symbol of caution, speed limits: "Hurry slowly."

Toad, frog

Stylized image of a frog

The toad is one of the attributes of witchcraft. According to European superstitions, this is a companion of witches, reminiscent of the death and torment of sinners. At the same time, the toad, which in the Middle Ages personified darkness and evil, greed and lust, is associated with birth and rebirth. A symbol of ugliness, behind which a beautiful soul can lurk. It also symbolizes longevity and wealth: it is believed that the toad, like a snake, carries a gem in its forehead that attracts good luck.

The frog is a widespread symbol of fertility, a harbinger of spring rains and the awakening of nature.

Crane

Dancing Cranes (bracelet from Kyiv)

In China and Japan, the crane symbolizes vigilance, longevity, wisdom, devotion, honor. The image of a crane flying towards the Sun is a symbol of social aspirations, its snow-white body is a symbol of purity, its red head is the fire of life. In India and in some Celtic regions, the crane is a symbol of betrayal, a harbinger of misfortune. In Russia, cranes, along with storks and nightingales, are considered "God's birds", their symbolism is associated with the Sun.

Throughout the world, the crane is a symbol of communication with the gods.

Snake: general symbolism

Python (Greece)

The snake is the most versatile and most complex of all animal symbols, as well as the most common and perhaps the most ancient of them. The snake signifies death and destruction, but also life and resurrection. This is both the solar and the lunar, light and darkness, good and evil, wisdom and blind passion, healing and poison, the keeper and the destroyer. Such a duality of symbolism forces one to balance between fear and worship, the snake appears either as a hero or as a monster.

Snake: positive symbolism

"Snake Power"

An example of the positive symbolism of a snake is the concept of kundalini: a symbol of inner strength, psychic energy, a snake-like ball of vital energy dormant at the base of the spine. The kundalini energy is called the "serpent power". Sometimes she is depicted as a coiled snake with heads at both ends. In India and other regions, snakes are often seen as guardians of shrines, water sources, and treasures. This tradition is associated with the symbolism of fertility inherent in the snake, and with the belief that precious stones are the frozen saliva of snakes.

Snake: negative symbolism

Illustration for the "Poem of Gilgamesh" (seal of the Sumero-Akkadian kingdom)

If we consider the frightening part of the symbolism of the snake, then it is a clear prototype of dragons and sea snakes or snake-like hybrids, symbolizing the many dangers that await a person in life. The snake is one of the worst omens, a symbol of darkness, evil, hatred, sin, temptation, deceit. The snake is blamed for the fact that because of it people lost God's gift of eternal life.

Snakes were an indispensable attribute of sorceresses, witches' potions included some parts of snakes.

Snake: cosmogonic symbolism

Snake and egg (the image of a snake that supports the world)

The snake is primarily a magical symbol of the forces that gave birth to life. A snake biting its own tail is a symbol not only of eternity, but also of divine self-sufficiency. The image of a snake guarding the eggs it lays is associated with a huge snake that wraps around the whole world and supports it or helps the earth's disk to swim in the surrounding Ocean. The snake is in constant contact with the forces of the earth, waters, darkness and the underworld - lonely, cold-blooded, secretive, able to rejuvenate by shedding its skin.

The snake as a symbol of wisdom

A snake wrapped around a wand

Totem symbolism, combined with the belief that snakes know the secrets of the earth and are able to see in the dark, endows snakes with wisdom or the gift of divination. “Be wise as serpents and simple as doves,” Christ said to his disciples (Matthew 10:16). The Greek word for "dragon" (which not only refers to a monster, but also means "snake with a piercing gaze") is etymologically related to vision. In the art of the snake - an attribute of the goddess of wisdom Athena (Minerva) and the allegorical figure of Prudence, meaning the gift of foresight.

Snake: Alchemy and Healing

Rod of Mercury (caduceus)

Staff of Asclepius (Aesculapius)

The snake coiled around the wand is the alchemical symbol of the Philosophical Mercury in its primary state.

According to mythology, Hermes (Mercury), the messenger of the gods, received a caduceus - a winged staff with the power to reconcile opponents. When he placed it between two fighting snakes, they peacefully coiled around the staff and calmed down. The snakes wrapped around the caduceus symbolize the interaction of opposing forces. The snake wrapped around a knotty staff is the emblem of the Greek god of healing Asclepius (Aesculapius), who, it is believed, could even resurrect the dead.

Ibis

Ibis (Egyptian papyrus from the 19th Dynasty, 1295-1186 BC)

The ibis is the sacred bird of the Egyptians. Symbol of wisdom. In ancient Egypt, the ibis was considered the incarnation of the lunar deity Thoth, the greatest god of Egypt, the patron of occult knowledge, who gave mankind writing. He is depicted as a man with the head of an Ibis. This bird is also called the guardian of the harvest. Killing an ibis, even by accident, was considered a heinous crime.

It is believed that the ibis can only live in Egypt and, transported to other countries, dies of boredom there.

Goat

Goat

The goat is a symbol of potency, vitality, masculinity, but also cunning, lust and stupidity; he personifies destructive tendencies in a man. In Western tradition, a goat is often referred to as an old, lustful man. In China and India, the goat is a positive male symbol. In Christianity, the goat is the personification of impurity and base lust.

The goat is often used for sacrifice ("scapegoat"). The goat is closely related to Dionysus (Bacchus).

Cow

Holy cow

For many peoples, this animal symbolizes fertility, prosperity, as well as patience and passive endurance. The cow is an ancient symbol of mother's milk and (like the bull) the cosmic forces that created the world. In many cults, from Ancient Egypt to China, the cow personifies Mother Earth. She also symbolizes the moon and the sky, as her horns resemble a crescent moon, her milk is associated with milky way. The heads of the goddesses of the moon in various cultures are decorated with cow horns. The cow enjoys exceptional honor in India.

a lion

The lion is the symbol of the sun

The lion, commonly referred to as the king of beasts, has been one of the most frequently seen symbols of power and majesty for thousands of years. General symbolism: divine, solar energy (symbol of fire and the Sun), royal power, strength, courage, wisdom, justice, patronage, protection, but also cruelty, all-devouring ferocity and death. The lion is the image of all the great and terrifying forces of nature. He is considered both a destroyer and a savior, he is able to represent both evil and the fight against evil. The lion is one of the hypostases of the Sphinx.

Lions heraldic

heraldic lions

In heraldry - the most common and favorite image of an animal. Attributes of a heraldic lion: a bow and arrows, a saber, a sword, an ax, an ax, halberds, etc. The main heraldic form is a lion on its hind legs and in profile. In this case, one eye and one ear are indicated on the head. The bloody tongue sticks out of the mouth. This lion is a symbol of strength, courage, generosity. There are other image options. In state emblems, a crowned lion is an emblem of power over subjects.

Bear

heraldic bear

The bear is a symbol of good nature and rage, heroic strength and clumsiness, laziness and tender maternal feelings, gluttony and asceticism (albeit involuntary: he sleeps all winter without any food, “sucks his paw”). The bear personifies unpredictability, bad temper, evil, rudeness, greed, sinfulness, the devil, as well as cruel primitive force. Badge of warriors in Northern Europe and Asia.

In addition, the bear is a symbol of the moon and resurrection. K. Jung believes that the bear symbolizes the dark side of the subconscious.

Mouse, rat

mouse wedding

In Russia, the mouse is often called the "grey thief". The mouse is also a symbol of timidity, invisibility. The mouse helps to find the loss in the house: "Mouse, mouse, play and give it back." The mouse gives an increase. In China, the mouse is one of the popular deities of wealth.

The general symbolism of the rat is destruction, aggressiveness, greed; the rat is associated with disasters (pestilence) and death, but it is also the embodiment of perseverance, dexterity, cunning and fertility, and also has the gift of foresight (the legendary ability to foresee the death of ships).

A monkey

Hanuman, Monkey God Playing with the Peaches of Immortality (from a Chinese dish)

The symbolism of the monkey is controversial. Most often, the monkey personifies sin, in particular physical. She is also a symbol of cunning, deceit, the pursuit of luxury, spitefulness, laziness (due to her angular movements), drunkenness, sometimes a symbol of learning. The monkey (along with the white elephant and the cow) is the third sacred animal in India. Even now, insulting a monkey by action causes great resentment among religious people. In Japan, the cry of a monkey is a symbol of deep longing. Carvings of three monkeys are considered in the East as a talisman protecting from slander.

Deer

Stag (badge of Richard II, late 14th century)

A universal symbol associated with the East, sunrise, light, purity, renewal, creation and spirituality, but also with loneliness. Characteristic qualities of a deer: swiftness, grace and beauty. Deer are wonderful messengers and guides. They are credited healing powers, especially the ability to search for medicinal herbs. The deer, in addition, is a symbol of caution and keen hearing. In China, the deer is associated with wealth (abundance) and good luck. The deer is a strong magical intercessor, one of the patron spirits of the Siberian peoples.

Eagle

The eagle as a symbol of the supreme power and solar nature of the lord of heaven and the head of all the gods Zeus (painting on a Greek bowl, 6th century BC)

The eagle is the lord of the air, the embodiment of power, speed. Solar symbol of the sun gods, rulers, warriors. Associated with greatness, power, dominance, courage, inspiration. It personifies the midday Sun, liberation from bonds, victory, pride, contemplation, royal origin, height. It is believed that the eagle is able to fly to the Sun, so it is called the messenger of heaven. Double-headed eagles can mean omniscience and dual power. An eagle with a snake in its claws symbolizes the victory of the spirit. In this fight, the eagle is the personification of the power of good, and the snake is the power of evil.

Eagles heraldic

Double-headed eagle (Russian embroidery)

Eagle - the emblem of the United States

In heraldry, the eagle is a symbol of power, dominance, generosity and insight. On coats of arms, the eagle is most often depicted flying chest forward, with wings raised up or soaring. It happens one- or two-headed. Since the time of the founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus, it has been depicted on the standards as the “bird of Jupiter”. After the Christians conquered Palestine, the double-headed eagle became the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire, and later of the Austrian (Austro-Hungarian) and Russian empires. The American bald eagle with outstretched wings has become the emblem of the United States.

Peacock

Peacock (medieval Persian drawing)

This is shining glory, immortality, greatness, incorruptibility. The magnificent tail of a peacock is a symbol of the all-seeing Sun and eternal cosmic cycles, as well as the starry firmament and, as a result, unity and interconnectedness. In ancient Rome, the peacock was considered the emblem of the empress and her daughters, while the eagle was the bird of the emperor. In Islamic decorative art, the unity of opposites (the Sun at its zenith next to the full Moon) is depicted as two peacocks under the World Tree. In Christianity, the peacock, on the one hand, is a symbol of eternal life, and on the other, a symbol of pride, luxury and vanity.

Spider

Spider depicted on an American Indian amulet

feminine beginning. The Great Mother, in her terrible form as weaver of fate, is sometimes depicted as a spider. All moon goddesses are spinners and weavers of fate. The web that the spider weaves is woven from the center in a spiral - a symbol of the creative forces of the Universe, a symbol of the universe. The spider in the center of the web symbolizes the center of the world; Sun surrounded by rays; The moon, personifying the cycles of life and death, spinning the web of time. The spider is often associated with good luck, wealth or rain. Killing a spider is bad luck.

Pelican

Plate of red stone mass depicting a pelican feeding its chicks with its blood (Staffordshire, circa 1660)

Pelican symbolizes self-sacrifice and parental love, as well as mercy. In heraldry, this bird, as a rule, is depicted as looking like an eagle or a crane, standing in a nest and trying to feed the chicks with its blood. Early Christian writers compared the pelican, feeding offspring with its flesh, with Jesus Christ, who donated his blood in the name of the salvation of mankind. The pelican is also a symbol of European occultism (primarily alchemists and Rosicrucians), expressing the feat of self-sacrifice and the eternal rebirth of life.

Rooster

Rooster - a solar bird (image-amulet, China, XX century)

The rooster is vigilance, courage, courage, foresight, reliability. Herald of the dawn, symbol of the Sun and spiritual rebirth. These qualities of his prevail over pride, arrogance, lust, also inherent in him. The Romans mean "the third watch of time": between midnight and dawn. The rooster is a protector from all kinds of evil. It is believed that night ghosts and evil spirits disappear with the first cock crow. The red rooster takes away the fire from the house, and the white one - ghosts. The Eastern Slavs, before moving into a new house, launched a rooster there. If he spent the night safely, then it was possible to move in.

Bee

Young woman collecting bee honey (15th century herbalist)

The bee personifies hard work, diligence, organizational and creative abilities, cleanliness, sociability, modesty, spirituality, courage, wisdom, selflessness, eloquence (“honey speeches”). In the Greek, Middle Eastern, Islamic traditions, the bee is an allegory of the soul. The Chinese associate the bee with the fickleness of "choosy brides." Among the ancient Slavs, the bee was a symbol of love, as it combined "the sweetness of honey and the bitterness of the sting." Queen bee, mother goddess, symbol of supreme power, fertility.

Scorpion

Scorpio (gnostic gem)

Scorpio is a symbol of evil, self-destruction, death, punishment, retribution, revenge, betrayal, but also a deep understanding of the world. Sometimes the scorpion serves as a talisman and an amulet - Paracelsus advised people suffering from diseases of the reproductive system to wear it. In Africa, it was believed that the scorpion itself allocates funds against its poison, so it was a symbol of not only murder, but also healing. The red star Antares on the "back" of the celestial constellation Scorpio was considered in Europe the worst fire in the sky.

Elephant

White elephant

At present, the huge mass and slowness of the elephant have become metaphorical. However, the elephant, first of all, is a symbol of strength: both gentle, loving, and furious, destructive. Elephants are considered vindictive, as they never forget the wrongs and abuse done to them. The thick skin of an elephant symbolizes spiritual invulnerability. The elephant is also a symbol of power, insight, prosperity, happiness, personifies the element of the Earth, memory, wisdom, longevity, fidelity, patience, compassion. The elephant is often depicted on good luck charms.

Dog

Neter Anubis (dog god)

In some countries, a dog is a sacred animal, in others it is considered an unclean, greedy, even vile creature and personifies evil. According to Islamic beliefs, angels will never visit a house where a dog lives. But most often the dog is a symbol of protection and self-sacrifice. As well as hunting (sometimes this symbol carries a negative connotation - persecution).

In ancient Egyptian mythology, dogs, as good guides and guards in the afterlife, were considered companions of Anubis, depicted with the head of a jackal or a dog.

Owl

Wise owl - attribute of Athena (Greece)

The owl is a traditional symbol of wisdom, an allegorical figure of Night and Sleep. In some ancient cultures, especially in China, the owl has an ominous symbolism, signifying darkness, personifying the yang principle with a negative, destructive connotation. Due to the noiselessness of night flight, glowing eyes and eerie screams, the owl is associated with death and occult forces. She is also credited with the gift of prophecy. At present, the owl is mainly a symbol of insight and book erudition. "Scientific owls" are called people of mental labor.

Falcon

Falcon - image rising sun

The falcon, like the eagle, is a solar symbol of victory. The personification of superiority, strong spirit, light, freedom. In ancient Egypt, the falcon was a sacred symbol of the Sun, temples were dedicated to it, killing a falcon was considered a grave sin. In Western tradition, the falcon is a symbol of hunting. A falcon with a cap on its head is a symbol of hope for light and freedom. The falcon as a symbol of aggression is rare. Among the Slavs, this bird is a symbol of strength, courage, a good fellow. The falcon is opposed to the crow (as the embodiment of evil forces): "Where the falcons fly, they don't let the crow in."

Ostrich

Australian coat of arms

In ancient Egypt, the ostrich feather is an attribute of the goddess of truth and justice, Maat. This feather, according to legend, was placed on the scales when weighing the souls of the dead to determine the severity of their sins. Since ostrich feathers are the same length, they were used as a symbol of justice. The belief that an ostrich hides its head in the sand when danger appears (a symbol of avoiding problems) probably came from the threatening posture of the ostrich, when it bends its head to the ground itself.

In the Australian coat of arms, the emu is the shield-holder along with the kangaroo.

Tigers

“The tiger spring contains the tiger. Having mastered the contents of the tiger cave, the perfect man who subjugated yin and yang "

The tiger is a symbol of energy, strength, speed and talent. This image is both lunar and solar at the same time. He is both the creator and the destroyer. A tiger fighting a snake is a symbol of solar power. In a battle with a lion or dragon, he becomes a symbol of the moon, cruel and ferocious. In Europe, the tiger is a symbol of power and bloodlust. In the Far East, it is a symbol of nobility and happiness. In the cultures of Asia and India, it can be a symbol of aggression and protection, life and death, evil and good.

Turtle

Turtle wrapped in a snake

The turtle symbolizes strength, patience, endurance, constancy, slowness, fertility, longevity, senile strength, wisdom. In many cultures, the turtle is the most ancient symbol of cosmic order surrounded by special reverence. According to ancient beliefs, a turtle entwined with a snake is a symbol of the creation of the world. In India, the symbolism of stability is expressed in the idea that the Earth rests on four elephants, which stand on a huge turtle, slowly making its way through chaos. The turtle is also a symbol of protection from fire and water.

Lizard

Pumpkin with a lizard

This nimble, fast animal is a symbol of agility, elusiveness, and also rebirth (the latter) is associated with the ability of a lizard to leave its tail to the one who caught it, which then grows back. Lizards, because they hide in the shade during the heat of the day, are considered the guardians of the shadows, as well as the guardians of sleep and dreams. The lizard, in addition, can symbolize the subconscious and the shadows of our inner world.

The lizard was considered a good sign in Egypt and in the ancient world, where it was sometimes associated with wisdom. It has become an attribute of allegorical images of Logic. The symbol of Mercury, the messenger of the gods.

Mythical creatures

Imaginary animals are found throughout the world in myths and folklore ... They enable us to clearly characterize phenomena that would otherwise be difficult to identify.

J. Tresidder

Mythical creatures are, as a rule, a combination of several animals, which allows the human imagination to endow them with unusual abilities, including freedom from the usual principles of our world. Monsters, combining the appearance of several different animals, are a symbol of the initial chaos or the terrifying forces of nature, they also personify the evil forces in the nature of man himself. Fairytale animals are often depicted guarding treasures or hidden, secret knowledge.

Ba (bird)

The bird of the soul Ba, bent over the mummy before flying to another world (Egypt)

The Ba bird is an Egyptian symbol of the soul of a person, which flies away after his death to another world. This bird has the body of a falcon (according to some sources, a hawk) and a human head.

Basilisk (cockatrice)

Rooster head basilisk

Basilisk is one of the deadliest creatures of medieval symbolism. According to some sources, the basilisk looks like a simplicissimus, but with the head and legs of a rooster. In occult and magical symbolism, the basilisk is depicted as a crowned serpent. Since, as is commonly believed, the basilisk destroys everything with its gaze, it has been adopted as a magical symbol of wisdom, devouring a person with it symbolizes the process of initiation. It is believed that the only way to defeat a basilisk is to place a mirror in front of it.

Harpies

Harpy (XVI century)

These are half-woman, half-bird (female head and chest, and claws - a vulture) of a disgusting appearance. Associated with sudden death, whirlpools and storms. The feminine principle in its destructive aspect.

Garuda

Garuda (emblem of Thailand)

Bird of Life, Heaven, Sun, victory. Sometimes identified with the Phoenix. She is also the vehicle of the god Vishnu, the creator and destroyer of everything ("Vishnu's horse"). She emerges from the egg already an adult and nests in the Tree of Life, which fulfills all desires. The head, chest (female), torso, legs to the knees at the garuda are human, beak, wings, tail, hind legs (below the knees) are eagle.

The garuda is often depicted fighting nagas (serpents) who personify evil.

Hydra

Hydra (Greece, 16th century)

In Greek mythology, the Hydra is a dragon-serpent with seven heads. She symbolizes the difficulties in the fight against evil: as soon as one of her heads is cut off, a new one immediately grows. Blind, animal force of life.

Griffin

Griffin-protector (XVI century)

A solar hybrid creature that combines the head, wings and claws of an eagle with the body of a lion - these animals personify power over air and earth (the king of birds and the king of beasts), so the griffin is a symbol of strength and vigilance. In Greece, the griffin was dedicated to Apollo, whose chariot he drove through the sky, for Athena he personified wisdom, for Nemesis - retribution. Legends say that the griffins guarded the gold of India and the Scythians. There is also a legend that griffins living in the Far North guard the gold of Zeus, located in the country of the Hyperboreans.

The Dragon

Chinese dragon Chiao, a symbol of a happy occasion

The dragon - "winged serpent", but only with paws like an eagle - combines a snake and a bird, spirit and matter. This is one of the most versatile and most complex symbols. The dragon can be solar and lunar, good and evil. This is the keeper of treasures and secret knowledge. Longevity symbol. In the East, the dragon, as a rule, is the Power of Heaven, bringing good, in the West - a destructive and evil force. In Russia, the dragon is a sign of Satan, the devil. The victory over the dragon means the victory of light over darkness, over one's own nature.

Unicorn

Heraldic image of a unicorn

A unicorn is a mystical creature, an animal with the body of a horse or deer, which has a long, sharp horn. In the general case, it symbolizes the feminine, lunar principle, purity, purity, chastity. In China, it represents abundance and longevity. According to the legends, it can only be caught by a chaste maiden sitting alone in the forest: sensing her purity, the unicorn can come up to her, lay her head on her lap and fall asleep. On the basis of these legends, he became a symbol of purity, in particular feminine.

Centaur

Centaur, lore hunter

According to Greek myths, a centaur is a creature with the body of a horse and the torso of a man. This is a symbol of the lower nature of man (lust, violence, drunkenness), his animal nature, connected with a higher nature by human virtues and the ability to judge. It is a symbol of the conflict between the ferocious and good aspects of human nature.

There is also a version about morally impeccable centaurs (among them - Chiron), descended from Kronos. They symbolize the superiority of reason over instinct.

Makara

Makara

In the Western tradition, makara is a fantastic sea monster of enormous size (a fish with the head of a crocodile). Symbol of the power of the seas and oceans, rivers and lakes. In Hinduism, Makara has the appearance of a fish with the head and front legs of an antelope. This is one of the creatures on which Vishnu travels. It is a positive symbol associated with the rainbow and rain, with the lotus rising from the water, the return of the Sun after the winter solstice. Makara in a number of legends is associated with deities acting as guardians of the world - lokapal (Varuna, Soma, Indra, Kubera ...).

Medusa Gorgon

Medusa Gorgon (Greece) - horror

Medusa Gorgon - a female monster with snakes instead of hair, boar teeth, golden wings and bronze legs. This is the most blatant personification of hostile evil, the Great Mother in her terrible aspect of the destroyer, the embodiment of horror. One look at her turned people to stone, so her image later became a protective amulet. After Perseus cut off Medusa Gorgon's head, the giant Chrysaor and the winged horse Pegasus were born from her blood.

Nagas

Buddha sitting on a coiled naga, symbolizing the knowledge hidden in instinct (statue from the temple of Angkor)

In Hinduism, these are demigods depicted with a snake body and one or more human heads (sometimes they are just many-headed snakes). They, according to legend, own the underworld - Patala, where they guard the countless treasures of the earth. According to legend, the nagas washed Gautama Buddha at his birth, and also protected his remains after death. Nagas are the guardians of treasures and esoteric knowledge, serpent kings and queens, the vital forces of the waters, passionate nature. These are the guardians of natural forces that can be controlled.

Pegasus

Pegasus (XVI century)

This is the winged horse of Muses, which emerged from the neck of Medusa when Perseus cut off her head. Pegasus, on which Bellerophon defeated the Chimera, personifies the combination of the lower and higher nature, striving for the higher, and symbolizes the superiority of the spiritual over the material. It is also a symbol of eloquence, poetic inspiration and contemplation. In European heraldry, Pegasus is depicted on the coats of arms of thinkers. Today it is often used as an emblem of air transport.

Mermaid

Mermaid (XV century)

A fish woman capable of living in the human world and the supernatural world. The magical symbol of initiation. The mermaid is a marine version of the Centaur. However, it also has more positive symbolism, according to the sailors. In Slavic mythology, mermaids (bathing, vodonitsy, rags, pitchforks, undines) are harmful creatures, especially dangerous in the mermaid week (following the Trinity). Often mermaids are confused with such creatures. ancient Greek mythology like nereids, naiads, water nymphs. But these eternally young maidens do not have, unlike mermaids, a fish tail.

Salamander

salamander on fire

Salamander is a mythical creature in the form of an ordinary animal, but with supernatural powers. The salamander is usually depicted as a small lizard or wingless dragon, sometimes with a human or dog-like figure amidst flames. These creatures are considered the most poisonous of creatures, their bite is deadly. The salamander is the element of fire and is able to live in fire because it has a very cold body. It is a symbol of the fight against sensual temptations. Since the salamander is considered a sexless creature, it also symbolizes chastity.

Simplicissimus

Harold's emblem

Simplicissimus is a fictional beast that looks like a dragon, but with two eagle legs and a tail in the shape of a spearhead twisted in a loop. Symbolizes war, envy, stench, disaster, Satan, but also vigilance.

Simplicissimus was the personal emblem of King Harold (on the French carpets from Bayeux, telling about the Battle of Hastings and the death of Harold in 1066, the simplicissimus is depicted twice).

Fo dog

Dog Fo (China)

“Fo” means “great luck” in Chinese. This is a symbol of valor and energy, a talisman for the home. Pho dogs should be purchased in pairs and placed side by side. If you put them (or hang their images) in front of the front door, they meet all incoming people and protect each family member from troubles and failures. Placed in the Wealth Zone (Southeast), Pho dogs contribute to the well-being and prosperity of the home. Located in the central sector, they will bring wealth to the house faster.

Sphinx

Egyptian coin depicting the Sphinx

The Sphinx is a creature with the body of a lion and a human head (male or female) or with the head of a ram. The oldest and largest is the Great Sphinx in Giza (Egypt). This is an ancient image, personifying a mysterious, solar power, a symbol of dignity, royalty, wisdom, power, a symbol of the union of physical power with the highest intellect.

The Egyptian Sphinx has nothing to do with the later Greek legend about the "mystery of the Sphinx", which made it a symbol of mystery, the keeper of ancient wisdom, but Jung considered the sphinx a symbol of female greed, as well as the "Terrible Mother".

Scylla and Charybdis

Scylla (Greece) - danger

In Greek mythology, these are two monsters of the Sicilian Sea, who lived on both sides of a narrow strait and killed sailors passing between them. Ruthless manifestations of the forces of the sea. Once upon a time, from beautiful nymphs, they were turned into monsters with six heads, with three rows of teeth in each head, with ugly long necks. These roaring, rumbling monsters swallowed the sea and spat it back out (the image of an opening sea abyss). To be between Scylla and Charybdis means to be in danger at the same time as different sides.

Triton

Triton (Greece) - wave calmer

Depicted as an old man or a young man with a fish tail instead of legs. In Greek mythology, it is considered a sea deity - the son of Poseidon and the mistress of the seas, Amphitrids. Triton blows a horn from a shell and rules over the powers of the waters. A marine version of a mermaid, but male.

Phoenix

Phoenix (XVI century)

Phoenix is ​​the most famous of all symbols of resurrection, an ancient symbol of immortality, the Sun. An animal that has a normal appearance, but with supernatural powers. This legendary bird is reborn every 500 years from the ashes in a fire. Phoenix has become an emblem of the rebirth of the human spirit in the eternal struggle with the difficulties of the material world. From ancient Egypt, this symbol passed in full integrity into Slavic mythology(Firebird, Finist-Clear Falcon).

Chimera

Chimera (Vatican)

According to Homer's description, this is a monster with the head of a lion, the body of a goat and the tail of a snake. Feeds on fire, was killed by Bellerophon, who rules the winged pegasus.

In heraldry, the chimera is sometimes depicted with the head and chest of a woman and the tail of a dragon.

The Chimera causes winds and storms on land and sea. Symbolizes danger, as well as delusion (may give rise to illusions). In addition, it is a symbol of non-existence.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

“Secondary school No. 3 p.g.t. Kukmor"

"World around us"

(Glossary for 3rd grade students

according to the textbook by A.A. Pleshakov "The World Around Us")

Compiled by: Gatina Gulnaz Rashitovna,

primary school teacher

IIqualification category

Kukmor, 2011

From the compiler

The proposed manual is a collection of terms studied by students of grade 3 in the course "The World Around Us". It can be used both in class and when preparing homework. All terms are divided into thematic sections, the terms are arranged in alphabetical order, which makes it easier for students to work.

This manual can be used by teachers to compile tests, test papers, crossword puzzles.

Section 1. How the world works.

bacteria Microorganisms, predominantly unicellular.

Biology - a set of sciences about wildlife, about the laws of organic life.

Imagination - the ability to imagine, think creatively, fantasize, mental representation.

Perception - a form of sensory reflection of reality in consciousness, the ability to detect, accept, distinguish and assimilate the phenomena of the external world and form their image.

Coat of arms - the emblem of the state, city, clan, depicted on flags, coins, seals, state and other documents.

State - the main political organization of a society that manages it, protects the economic and social structure, it has its own territory, state borders, capital, state language

Reserve These are plots of land where all nature is inviolable.

Microscope - a magnifying device for viewing objects that are indistinguishable with the naked eye.

Thinking - the highest stage of cognition - the process of reflecting objective reality in representations, judgments, concepts.

People - the population of the state, the inhabitants of the country.

national park - a territory where human activity is limited for the purpose of environmental protection.

Society is a collection of people united by historically conditioned forms of joint life and activity.

Environment - this is everything that surrounds us, the places where we live, work, relax.

organism - a living whole that has a set of properties that distinguish it from inanimate matter.

Memory - the ability to preserve and reproduce in the mind previous impressions, experience, as well as the very stock of impressions and experience stored in the mind.

Psyche - a set of sensations, ideas, feelings, thoughts as a reflection in the mind of objective reality; human mentality.

Psychology - a science that studies the processes and patterns of mental activity.

A family - a group of close relatives living together.

Flag - a panel of a certain color or several colors attached to a shaft or cord, one of the emblems of the state.

kingdoms - one of the four higher spheres of the organic world - the kingdom of animals, the kingdom of fungi, the kingdom of plants, the kingdom of pellets ("shotguns" is the common name for bacteria and blue-green algae)

Human - a living being with the gift of thinking and speech, the ability to create tools and use them in the labor process.

Ecology - the science of the relationship of living systems of various levels with the environment, the interaction of man with nature.

Section 2. This amazing nature

Atmosphere - a layer of air that surrounds us and our planet, which protects the earth from excess heat and cold, from excessive solar radiation.

Botany - plant science, one of the branches of biology.

Substance - this is what bodies are made of, there are solid, liquid and gaseous.

Air - a mixture of many gases, mainly nitrogen - 78%, oxygen - 21% and carbon dioxide - 1%.

Mycelium - the vegetative body of the fungus. The underground part of the fungus, in the form of thin threads.

plant breath - absorption of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide.

Zoology - the science of animals, one of the branches of biology.

Acid is a chemical compound containing a hydrogen atom.

Condensation - the process of changing from a gaseous state to a liquid state.

Starch - carbohydrate that accumulates in cells in the form of grains.

The water cycle in nature - water evaporates from the surface of the earth, forms clouds and returns to the earth in the form of rain and snow.

IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Insect pollinators are insects that pollinate flowers.

Nectar - sweet flower juice.

Pollination - the transfer of pollen from the stamen of the flower to the stigma of the pistil, where fertilization occurs.

consumer organisms - so environmental scientists call animals, as they consume substances produced by plants.

Producer organisms - this is how environmental scientists call plants, since they are able to use the energy of the Sun, create, produce nutrients from carbon dioxide, water and inorganic compounds.

Destructive organisms - These are bacteria and fungi that destroy the remains of dead animals and plants.

Humus - part of the soil, which is formed from the remains of dead plants and animals under the action of microbes.

plant nutrition - absorption of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen.

The soil is the top fertile layer of the earth.

Nature - this is everything that surrounds us and exists independently of a person.

Pollen - small yellow grains in flowers.

Sugar is a white crystalline sweet nutrient derived from sugar beet or sugar cane.

Air properties a: transparent, colorless, odorless, expands when heated, contracts when cooled, conducts heat poorly.

Salt - a white crystalline substance with a pungent taste, soluble in water.

Body - all objects surrounding us are natural (bodies of nature) and artificial (made by nature).

Chemistry - a science that studies the composition, structure and properties of substances and their transformations.

Particle - the smallest and simplest part of physical matter; These are molecules and atoms.

soil erosion - the process of erosion of the soil by water, blowing it with the wind.

Section 3. We and our health

Allergy is a special sensitivity to certain things.

Anatomy The science that studies the structure of the human body.

Respiratory system provides the body with oxygen and helps remove carbon dioxide from the body; it consists of the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

Vision - the ability to perceive the size, shape, color of objects and their location.

infectious diseases - diseases arising from infection with pathogenic bacteria or viruses.

Leather - the shell of our body, which evenly covers it, performs a protective function.

Smell The ability of a person to smell.

Musculoskeletal system - the skeleton and muscles, the main role of which is to provide support and movement of the body.

Human organism - a system of organs interconnected and forming a single whole.

Touch is the ability to feel touch.

Pigment - a dye that determines the color of the skin.

Digestive system provides the human body with nutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins; it consists of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach

Hearing - the body's ability to perceive sound waves.

Physiology The science that studies the functioning of the human organs.

Section 4 Our Safety

Valve - a valve for regulating the output of liquid, steam or gas, shuts off the water in the apartment.

Dispatcher - an employee who regulates from one central point the course of work of an enterprise (fire department, emergency department, water supply, gas service).

Sidewalk, footpath These are designated walking paths.

Rules of conduct on fire

Fire - it's always a problem. However, not everyone knows the elementary rules of behavior in case of fire. And even familiar from childhood - “call 01” - is forgotten in a panic. Here are some of the most simple tips to help you in difficult situations. The main rule is never panic!

1. If the fire is small, you can try to immediately extinguish it, throw, for example, a thick cloth, blanket, or pour water on it.

2. If the fire does not go out immediately, leave the room immediately. And only after that call "01".

3. If it is not possible to leave the burning room, immediately inform the firefighters by phone "01" of the exact address and number of your apartment. After that, call for help from the window.

4. In a fire, smoke is much more dangerous than fire, so you need to be as low as possible to the floor of the room and crawl out.

5. In case of fire, it is strictly forbidden to use the elevator.

6. The basic rule in case of fire is not to panic. When meeting with firefighters, obey their instructions.

Improvised means for extinguishing a fire

The most common fire extinguishing agent is water. Its fire-extinguishing properties are mainly in the ability to cool a burning object. Being fed to the combustion center from above, the non-evaporated part of the water wets and cools the surface of the burning object and, flowing down, makes it difficult for the remaining parts not covered by fire to ignite.

Sand and earth are also used in fire fighting, especially when flammable liquid ignites. Sand and earth thrown with a shovel (use shovels, metal and wooden scoops, you can use a piece of sheet steel, plywood, a baking sheet, a frying pan, a ladle) knock down the flame and isolate it from air access. The release of combustible vapors stops if the surface of the burning liquid is covered with sand or earth to such an extent that a dry, unimpregnated layer is formed.

Extinguishing with water already burning flammable and combustible liquids (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) in a residential building, garage, pantry is not recommended. These liquids are lighter than water, therefore, floating on its surface, they continue to burn and increase the burning area when the water spreads. To extinguish a fire in such a situation, fire extinguishers, sand, earth are used, dense fabrics moistened with water can be used.

When extinguishing a burning surface of a liquid spilled on the floor, it is necessary to extinguish all burning or smoldering surrounding objects, since any spark left in a place inaccessible to observation can ignite the vapors of the burning liquid, and the fire will resume again.

Having discovered that the electrical networks caught fire, it is necessary to immediately de-energize the electrical wiring. Turning off the current, you should begin to extinguish the fire, using fire extinguishers, water, sand. Until the current is turned off, the burning wire insulation can be extinguished with dry sand, throwing it with a shovel or shovel.

GAS LEAK ACCIDENTS

Many natural gases are sources of danger to humans. However, the most dangerous are methane (city main gas) and liquefied petroleum gas (in cylinders) used in everyday life. When leaking, they cause suffocation, poisoning and can lead to an explosion, so you need to know and strictly follow the rules for using gas appliances, columns, stoves and caring for them.

HOW TO PROCEED IN THE EVENT OF MAINS GAS LEAKAGE

If you smell gas in the room, immediately shut off its supply to the stove. At the same time, do not smoke, do not light matches, do not turn on the lights and electrical appliances (it is best to de-energize the entire apartment by turning off the power supply at the switchboard) so that the spark cannot ignite the gas accumulated in the apartment and cause an explosion.

Thoroughly ventilate the entire apartment, not just the gassed room, by opening all doors and windows. Leave the room and do not enter it until the smell of gas disappears.

If people around you show signs of gas poisoning, take them to fresh air and lay them down so that their head is higher than their legs. Call an ambulance.

If the smell of gas persists, call the emergency gas service (tel. 04), available 24 hours a day.

www.novsu.ru/file/116073

Actions in case of damage to the water supply, heating system, sewerage

In the case when the apartment is flooded with water, immediately inform the dispatching services. Service phone numbers must be booked in advance.

Notify neighbors of the incident

Try to use the containers you have to collect water.

Try to find the place and sources of the accident, and, in the absence of a threat to your life, isolate them by performing temporary repairs: apply a bandage, seal or clamp the gap, etc.

Arrange for children and the elderly to leave the premises, remove the sick if they cannot move

Remove carpets and other moisture-absorbing materials from floors

Prepare passages to the accident area for the rapid movement of emergency workers, indicate to them the exact location and source of the incident

Remember, the sooner you report an emergency to the appropriate emergency services, the less likely it will be.

Actions for pet and snake bites

A person can be bitten by domestic and wild animals, insects, reptiles, fish.

In order to avoid dog bites, the following rules must be observed:

Do not approach a dog that does not have a muzzle;

Do not disturb the dog during meals and sleep;

Do not touch someone else's dog, do not try to pick it up, do not feed it;

Do not approach the dog from behind, do not touch it unexpectedly;

Do not approach a dog that is on a leash (chain);

Do not approach the enclosure in which the dog is located, do not put your hand in it;

Hold on with the unexpected appearance of the dog confidently, without fear. If you are afraid of a dog, he will attack you. If you are not afraid of her, she will only growl and bare her teeth;

Do not show active and aggressive actions in relation to the owner of the dog;

Never run away from a dog;

Do not swing at the dog with your hand, stick, other object, do not tease the dog;

Do not approach the dog during preparation or immediately after mating;

Do not touch puppies;

Give way to the dog and its owner in a narrow corridor, aisle, elevator;

Do not look directly into the dog's eyes, do not smile, do not show your teeth.

If it was not possible to avoid the attack of the dog, it is necessary:

Throw an object (thing) towards the dog, this will distract it for a while;

Use gas canister;

Protect your throat, face, neck;

Use improvised means for protection: a stick, an umbrella, a briefcase. Blows should be applied to the head, upper jaw, nose, groin. Before the jump, the dog crouches, at this moment you need to press your chin to your chest, protect your throat, put your hands forward;

Hold the dog by the neck, hair and immobilize (tie) it;

Climb a tree or hide in a shelter; in the yard, behind the fence, in the house, in the car;

Try to stop the dog with a loud command "Fu", "Sit", "Lie down", "No";

Shout to attract the attention of passers-by, the police;

Grab the dog and throw it into the water, hit the ground or a tree, a pole;

Drive the dog into the yard or room.

To minimize the possibility of being bitten by a venomous snake, you must:

Do not try to catch the snake, press it to the ground. This applies to adults as well as to newly hatched cubs - they are equally poisonous;

Let the snake crawl away, don't kill it;

Move in the daytime, avoid dense thickets, tall grass, overhanging branches;

Carefully inspect the route;

Carefully study the place of the upcoming overnight stay, parking;

Use rubber shoes, boots, boots;

Do not walk barefoot in snake habitats;

Constantly watch the actions of the snake, do not make sudden movements, do not provoke the snake to attack;

Avoid movement at dusk or at night;

Use thick clothing, a long stick for reconnaissance of the path and protection from snakes;

After sleep, shake off bedding and clothes;

Use mustard to repel snakes;

In snake-hazardous places, it is necessary to have an antidote serum, a syringe, be able to use it, know the dosage;

Know how to provide first aid to an injured person;

Know the characteristic habitats of snakes, their habits;

Know and strictly follow the rules of conduct in dangerous places.

If the thermometer is broken

If the thermometer crashed:

Take people to another room, open a window for ventilation. Collect balls of mercury (you can use a damp paper towel, crumb of bread) and drop them into a glass jar of water. Never use a vacuum cleaner! The jar must be tightly closed with a lid, and the materials at hand that were used to collect mercury should be tightly packed in a plastic bag. Then it is necessary to carry out a wet cleaning of the room in which the thermometer crashed. For processing, we use a soap-soda solution (400 grams of laundry soap and half a kilogram of soda ash or baking soda per 10 liters of water). After wet cleaning, it is necessary to ventilate this room for two to three days.

The collected mercury must be taken to the nearest fire department, where the reception of mercury and mercury-containing devices from the population is organized.

Section 5. What economics teaches

Obverse - the side of the coin on which the coat of arms is depicted.

Bank interest - the payment that the debtor makes for lending money to him.

Barter direct exchange of one commodity for another.

Budget - a table that takes into account and compares cash income and expenses for a certain period of time.

edge - the edge of a coin.

Money is a special commodity that can be exchanged for any other goods and services.

Budget deficit - Lack of money due to too much spending.

Income - money that falls into the budget.

animal husbandry is the raising of domestic animals for food and materials for industry.

Capital - property, thanks to which new goods are produced; anything that can generate income.

Purchase and sale is an exchange in which money is involved.

Legend - the inscription on the coin.

taxes - involuntary contributions of the population of the country.

Tax office - a special state body that monitors the correctness of the calculation and payment of taxes.

Taxpayers those who pay taxes.

Industry is an integral part of the economy.

Needs - everything that a person, family, people, enterprise, state, society needs, what they need for their existence and activity.

Profit - a positive difference between the income from the production and sale of goods and the costs of their production and the sale itself.

Industry is divided into industries, including mining, food, chemical, mechanical engineering, metallurgy, light industry, electric power industry.

crop production - the part of agriculture that deals with the cultivation of crops.

Consumption - money that is spent from the budget.

Reverse - the side on which the denomination of the coin is indicated, that is, its dignity.

Saving - part of the money set aside for the future.

Products - these are things, objects with the help of which people satisfy their needs.

Three pillars of the economy natural resources, labor, capital.

Losses - the negative difference between the income from the production and sale of goods and the costs of their production and the sale itself.

Services is the work that people do to satisfy the needs of other people.

Price - the cost of one thing, an object.

Economy Distance learning for teachers according to the Federal State Educational Standard at low prices

Ready-made homework assignments with answers to the second part of the workbook on the subject The world, 3rd grade.

The authors of the notebook are Pleshakov, Novitskaya. Perspective program. The solution book will be useful to every third-grade student studying according to Pleshakov and Novitskaya, because in the workbook there are not only tasks for knowledge and logic, but often you just need to find this or that information, answers to tasks in the literature or the Internet, and you can easily find all this is with us, on the 7guru website.

The answers have been checked and approved by the elementary school teacher. With us you will do all your homework easily, simply and on one five.

Answers to tasks The world around 3rd grade 2nd part

Click on the page numbers to see the answers to the questions.

Home is like a world

Page 3-5. Native home - a corner of the Fatherland

1. Remember what meaning of the word "world" you already know. Write it down.

The world is our Universe, the globe.

With the text of the textbook on p. 4-7 complete the sentences:

Another meaning of the word "peace" is a society of people who live in the same village, village.

Common deeds for the benefit of all were done at a secular gathering, at the world (general meeting of heads of families).

Holidays common to all were celebrated by the whole world to the sound of bells.

Another meaning of the word "peace" is harmony, order, harmony, concord.

To live in the world - to live in the world!

Using the language of patterns, the old house told about how the world works.

Each house is like a universe.

Each house is a corner of the Fatherland, a corner of the Fatherland.

2. Make up signs for each meaning of the word "peace". Draw these signs in the appropriate frames.

Earth. People on holiday. Flowers, river, forest, birds.

3. Look at the pictures. Come up with and write down captions for them. With the text of the textbook on p. 6-7 make up an oral story from the illustrations.

1 drawing - Meeting. 2 - friendly work.

People gathered in one village for a meeting to decide what to do with the old bridge, which is about to collapse. It's already dangerous to walk on it. The whole village needs a bridge, so they decided to fix it with the whole world. The men, who were stronger and younger, gathered and set to work. Who removes the bark from the logs, who saws, who puts the logs in the bridge. Together and the work is arguing!

Photos for pasting task 4 (photo story):

Page 6-7. Your home - your space

1. Cut out photos from the application. Glue them into frames according to the signatures. For hints, use the text of the textbook on p. 8-10.

The answer is in the picture.

2. Photo for pasting:

Page 8-9. To sit in the red corner is a great honor

1. Using the text of the textbook on p. 12-13, complete the sentences:

The center of common life in the old days is the temple.

The central beam of an old house is a mother.

oven in old house called mother.

The front corner in the house was called red (beautiful).

3. Write down what you would like to take into your house from the device of an old house.

I would like to have a real Russian stove in my house, and shutters to hang on the windows.

Page 10-13. Let's visit

1. Write down what kind of greetings the guest is greeted according to the customs of the peoples of your region.

"Bread and salt", "The rich - so happy." They accept affectionately: they take them by both hands and lead them to a red corner.

2. Write down how the guest is escorted according to the customs of the peoples of your region.

The equestrian guest is escorted to the horse, the foot guest is escorted to the gate.

4. Glue photos or make a drawing of the internal structure of the traditional dwellings of the peoples of your region.

5. Project "Young local historian". Compare the most important features of the ancient traditional dwellings of different peoples. Fill in the table number 1 using the text of the textbook.

Table number 1.

Explore the most important features of the traditional dwelling of one of the peoples of your region (optional). Record the results in table number 2. Compare the results of both tables. Identify common and different features.

Table number 2. traditional dwelling one of the peoples of your land (Ukrainian hut-hut)

Conclusion: Dwellings of different peoples have both common features, and different. Each dwelling always has a sacred place, the house is usually divided into male and female parts. The threshold of the house is always a special place in the dwelling of all peoples, many beliefs and customs are associated with it.

Page 14-15. Born into the world - intermarried with people

1. Write down what kind of family names you have now in your current family. Use the names of the degrees of kinship in the languages ​​of the peoples of your region.

I am a son (daughter) for my parents. I am also a brother (sister) to my brothers and sisters. For grandparents, I am a grandson (granddaughter). And for my aunt and uncle, I am a nephew (niece). For the children of my aunt and uncle, I am a cousin (sister).

2. Write down what property names you will have when you get married in the future. Use for this the names of the degrees of property in the languages ​​of the peoples of your region.

When I get married (marry), then I will become a husband (wife). For my wife's parents, I will be a son-in-law, and she will become a daughter-in-law (or daughter-in-law) for my parents. My wife's parents will be called father-in-law and mother-in-law for me. And my parents for my wife will be father-in-law and mother-in-law.

Page 16-17. Family tree

Compilation example:

Page 18-19. Husband and wife are one soul

1. Place next to the image of the wedding dress of the peoples of your region (optional) or draw it.

2. Find and count how many words in the textbook on pages 32-33 with the root -lad-, -lad-. Write down these words. Pick up synonyms for these words in Russian and the languages ​​of the peoples of your region.

Answer: okay (peacefully, in harmony), harmoniously (harmoniously), adjusted (attached), fret (consent, peace), okay life (successful, successful).

3. Write down what qualities of character, according to the peoples of your region, will help the newlyweds to keep their union forever, as they wished when they attached their padlock to the bridge.

Qualities of the character of the spouse: the head of the house, hardworking, God-fearing, caring, loving, able to forgive, faithful, good father.

Qualities of the wife's character: obedient to her husband, faithful, economic, needlewoman, God-fearing, kind, modest, loving wife and mother, wise, patient.

Page 20-21. The Sanctity of Fatherhood and Motherhood

1. Using the text on p. 37 of the textbook, complete the thoughts on the holiness of fatherhood and motherhood:

Honor your father and your mother, that your days on earth may be long.

He who honors his parents never perishes forever.

You honor your father and mother - you are happy forever.

Everything has its price - father and mother are priceless!

You can buy everything, but you can't buy a father-mother!

3. Pick up and write down the proverbs of the peoples of your region about the importance of the respectful attitude of children towards their parents.

Without a father - half an orphan, and without a mother - and the whole orphan.
Children of parents are not judges.
If you don't respect your parents, no one will respect you either.
Whoever does not listen to his mother will get into trouble.
Whoever honors his parents, his children will honor him.

Page 22-23. Good children - the crown of the house

1. Using the text on pages 40-41 of the textbook, write down what girls and boys studied in the old days, preparing for adulthood.

Girls learned to work around the house (clean, cook), as well as needlework: spinning, embroidering.

The boys learned to work with tools, helped keep household utensils in order, harness for a horse, and were engaged in pottery. And most importantly, what they learned - to plow, sow, mow.

2. ...Write down what you learn as you prepare for adulthood.

I am learning to do housework, studying mathematics, Russian language and other sciences at school.

Photo for pasting

3. My name is a guiding star.

My name is Maxim. In Latin, it means "greatest". I will try to justify the meaning of my name and achieve great success in life.

4. Write about a person who has the same name as you and could become a model for you. If possible, select and paste a photo.

Maxim Potashev is a connoisseur of the club “What? Where? When? ”, holder of the title of Master of the Game.

Page 24-25. Children's games - health school

1. Find in oral art peoples of your region a fun game for the little ones. Write it down.

Over the bumps, over the bumps, along the narrow paths, a rooster walked, into the hole boom!

white-sided magpie
Where was? - Long away!
The stove was stoked
cooked porridge,
She fed the kids.
I gave this, (bend the little finger)
I gave this, (bend the ring finger)
I gave this, (bend the middle finger)
She gave it. (bend index)
And this - did not! (touch thumb)
You didn't carry water
Didn't cut wood
I did not cook porridge -
There will be no porridge for you!

2. Come up with a tongue twister.

Misha washed the window with soap, Mila washed the floor with soap.

Andrey was cutting celery.

A bucket was taken from Varya at the market.

3. Guess educational riddles. Write down the clues.

1. What stands in the middle of the Earth? (letter "m")

3. Can a rooster call itself a bird? (no, he can't, he can't speak)

4. Three cats are sitting. Against each cat - two cats. How many cats are there? (three, they sit in a circle).

5. Under what tree does the hare sit during the rain? (under wet)

4. Swap notebooks with a classmate. Think up and write down educational riddles for any school subject of your choice (mathematics, reading, Russian language, music, fine arts).

Small house, no roof, no windows (square)

What root does not grow in the ground? (root in word)

This salt cannot be eaten, but it can be sung (note "salt")

This lady is not easy: where there is snow, she will leave a trace (tassel)

5. Together with your loved one, write the answer to the riddle: "What is most dear to us?"

Family, relatives and friends.

6. Recall a sports-type game with the elders. Write down her rules, draw a diagram

Game "Push out the line"

Two parallel lines are drawn at a distance of 1 m. On the line are the players of the two teams with their backs to each other. On a signal, they approach each other, and each player, leaning against the opponent with his shoulders and back, tries to push him beyond the border line. The team that pushes out the most players wins.

Page 26-29. The structure of the human body

1. Which row lists only internal organs? Mark with a tick.

Answer: check the box 3 in a row - the brain, lungs, heart, stomach, intestines.

2. Write down the definitions on your own or with the help of a textbook.

An organ is a part of the body that has a specific structure and performs a specific job.

An organ system is a set of organs that perform a common job.

4. Using the textbook, complete the table.

Human organ systems

5. Number the drawings on p. 28 in the following order: 1) digestive system; 2) respiratory system; 3) circulatory system; 4) nervous system. Write the names of the indicated bodies. Check yourself in the textbook.

6. In additional literature, on the Internet, find interesting facts about the structure and work of various organs (organ systems) of a person. write them down. Prepare a message for the class.

The shape of our ears is strange, but it is this shape that helps us to pick up sounds better. Sound travels through the auricle and ear canal to the middle ear. Some animals, such as the hare, can move their ears in the direction of the sound, so they hear better than humans.
Inside each ear are three loop-shaped tubes filled with fluid. When a person spins, the liquid starts to move. Special nerves pick it up and report it to the brain. When a person stops, the liquid fluctuates for some time, so there is dizziness.
If you bring a seashell to your ear, you can hear the sound of the surf. They say that this sea is noisy in the shell. But in fact, we do not hear the sea, but the sound of blood in our head.
The smallest bone is in the ear. It's called a stirrup. Its length is only 2 millimeters.

Source: The 7 Guru website and Why and Why? from the "Encyclopedia for the Curious" series.

Page 30-33. How our body works

1. Using the textbook information, write the numbers into the text.

Skeleton and muscles.

In the human skeleton 200 bones. The number of muscles in the human body is even greater, they are almost 650 . Used while walking 200 muscles. In order to wrinkle the forehead, we need 43 muscles, but in order to smile - 17 .

2. Number the organs in the order in which food passes through them.

Esophagus - 3
Intestines - 5
Throat - 2
Stomach - 4
Oral cavity - 1

3. In what sequence does the air pass through the respiratory organs during inhalation? Number with red pencil. And how does it move when exhaling? Number with blue pencil.

when inhaling (in red pencil): nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

when exhaling (in blue pencil): lungs, bronchi, trachea, nasal cavity.

4. Answer the questions on your own or with the help of a textbook.

What does the blood take from the air in the pulmonary vesicles? (Oxygen)
What does the blood release into the air in the pulmonary vesicles? (Carbon dioxide)
What does the blood carry from the lungs to all the organs of the body? (Oxygen)
What does the blood take in the organs of the body and carry to the lungs? (Carbon dioxide)

5. Using a textbook or fill in the gaps in the text yourself.

Blood moves in our body due to work hearts. It has thick muscles walls. The heart pushes the blood with force blood vessels. Having run around the whole body, the blood returns to heart. To enrich the blood with oxygen, the heart sends it to lungs, and then again makes it travel throughout the body.

6. Practical work "Pulse measurement"

The pulse of the child at rest is from 70 to 120 beats per minute.
The pulse of the child after 5 squats is from 110 to 140 beats per minute.

The pulse of an adult at rest is 60 to 110 beats per minute.
After 5 squats - 120 - 140 beats per minute.

Page 34-37. What is hygiene

1. Consider conventional signs. What rules are encoded in them? Use these signs to learn how to develop the correct posture.

To develop the correct posture, you need to sit straight at your desk, do not bend down when walking. When carrying weights, the load should be symmetrical (the same on both hands). You need to recharge regularly. Sleep on a flat bed with an orthopedic mattress.

2. Practical work "Caring for teeth".

1. Look at the photos. Check (fill in the circle) items needed for dental care. Explain (verbally) the purpose of each item.

A toothbrush is needed in order to mechanically remove plaque from the teeth in the morning and evening. Toothpaste helps remove plaque from the teeth and cares for the gums. Rinse aid freshens breath, kills germs. Flossing removes food particles stuck between teeth.

4. Make a menu for your family.

Our menu

Prove that your menu complies with the rules of healthy eating.

This menu contains a variety of products, including cottage cheese useful for the body, raw vegetables and fruits, meat, cereals.

Page 38-39. Our sense organs

1. Connect the words in the left and right columns with lines.

Organ of vision - Eyes

Organ of hearing - Ears

Olfactory organ - Nose

Organ of taste - Tongue

Organ of touch - Skin

2. On your own or with the help of a textbook drawing, sign the indicated parts of the eye and ear.

3. Formulate the rules of hygiene of the sense organs, which are "encoded" in these drawings. Show with arrows which sense organs they belong to.

Rules for the ears: Do not listen to loud music, listen to the sounds of nature more often, do not put matches in your ear. To avoid motion sickness in transport (and the inner ear is responsible for this), do not look out the side window and do not close your eyes. Swaying when the ear and eye receive different information about movement.

4. Learn more about the structure and function of our sense organs. Use for this additional literature, the Internet. Write down some interesting facts.

Some interesting facts about eyes

Why do we blink? Tears always flow from the eyes. But when a person blinks, tears are evenly distributed over the surface of the eye. It always stays moist and never dries out.

When a person blinks, the eye closes for only one-third of a second. A person blinks several thousand times a day.

Why can't you see anything in the dark? In order to see, the eyes need light. Reflected from surrounding objects, the rays of light pass into the eye through a completely black pupil. The information perceived by the eye goes to the brain, which processes it and tells us what we see.

At the back of the eyeball is the retina. It forms an upside down image of what we see. The brain flips it back so that we see everything correctly.

Source: Why and Why? from the "Encyclopedia for the Curious" series.

Page 40-43. First Aid School

1. Color in the mercury thermometer bars in the figure to show the temperature:

2. Record the readings of these thermometers.

36.8° thirty six and eight
38° thirty eight
38.6° thirty eight and six
40.5° forty and five

3. Check (fill in the circle) which electronic thermometer display shows normal temperature.

my body temperature

2. Write down emergency phone numbers.

Fire Department 01, 101
Police 02, 102
Ambulance 03, 103
Gas service 04, 104
Ministry of Emergency Situations 112
Unified emergency service 112, 101

3. Using the textbook information, complete the table.

How to give first aid

Page 44-45. What do we do for health

Prepare a photo story about what your family is doing to protect and promote health - yours and all your loved ones.

Photo for pasting:

hardening

Page 46-47. Health has no price

1. Pick up and write down proverbs about the rules of a healthy lifestyle in the culture of the peoples of your region.

1. Rules of healthy sleep: Who gets up early, God gives him.
Who wants to know a lot, he should not sleep long.
Sleep a lot - do not know the case (no good can be seen).
Get up early, earn more.
The elephant is strong, but his sleep is stronger.
Sleep is the best medicine.

2. Rules of cleanliness: Bath soars and health reigns.
Disease with dirt in friendship.
Washed in the bath - reborn.
I went to the bath - I rejuvenated myself.
The pure filth will not stick.
Washed the sinful body - did a great job.
Pure and fire will not burn.
Cleanliness is the key to health.
Cleanliness is the best beauty.
Clean boots go faster.

3. Rules of life in harmony with nature: The earth is a plate: what you put in is what you take.
Fire is the king, water is the queen, earth is mother, heaven is the father, wind is the master, rain is the breadwinner, the sun is the prince, the moon is the princess.
To live near the forest - not to be hungry.
A lot of forest - do not destroy, little forest - take care, no forest - plant.
The plant is an ornament of the earth.
Return the debt to the earth - it will be good.
Water for fish, air for birds, and the whole earth for man.

4. Rules for healthy eating: Eat breakfast yourself, share lunch with a friend, and give dinner to the enemy.
When I eat, I am deaf and dumb.
He who has not eaten bitter food does not know the sweetness of honey.
Whoever breathes heavily from fat - he does not swell with health.
A tidbit - in the end.
Honey is sweet, but not two spoonfuls in your mouth.
As you chew, so you live.
Good little by little, not enough sweet.

5. Rules healthy movement: In a healthy body healthy mind.
Move more, live longer.
If you don't run while you're healthy, you'll have to run when you're sick.
Fast and dexterous, no disease will overtake.
Harden yourself - you will move away from the disease.
Ice water is a disaster for any ailment.
To walk on foot - to live long.
Mornings are greeted with exercises, evenings are seen off with a walk.

6. Rules for getting rid of ailments: A potion grows for every disease.
A lazybones is always unwell.
It is not necessary for him to go to bed who wants to be freed from illness.
Bow heals seven ailments.
Bow and bath all rule.
Bitter medicine knits the mouth, but the disease heals.

2. With the help of adults, write a story about a person who showed an example of willpower and fortitude.

Dmitry Polukhin - man strong-willed, a man with willpower.

17-year-old Dima Polukhin, a cadet corps of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, risking his life, saved three children from the burning building of the Winter Cherry shopping center in Kemerovo. The cadet went to the voice and saw that in one of the rooms three kids were hiding in a corner and crying. He groped his way to the children, who were invisible in the smoke, and led them out of the fire. Fortunately, he survived.

Hero photo:

Page 48-49. The house is not large, but it does not order to stand

1. Write down how the household is managed in the culture of the peoples of your area by answering the following questions:

What is the name of the head of the family? We write the name and patronymic of the father
What are the rights and obligations of the head of the family? He works, provides for his family, goes grocery shopping, helps his wife with the housework.

What is the name of the wife of the head of the family? Name and patronymic of the mother.
What are her rights and obligations? She works, cooks food, cleans houses, determines where we go on vacation.

What is the household routine during the day? Wake up, have breakfast, go on business (school, work), return home, have dinner, do homework, spend time together.

What are the rules of conduct at the table during the meal? Don't talk while eating. Do not chew or scatter food. Say "thank you" after eating.

2. Briefly describe your daily household chores. Make your bed, tidy your clothes, keep your room clean, go to school and do your homework, wash the dishes after dinner.

3. Briefly describe what part you take in the preparation of family holidays. I help to decorate the apartment, choose gifts, prepare a festive lunch or dinner, set the table.

4. Draw how you imagine your future family, home and household.

Page 50-53. Family budget

1. Write definitions on your own or with the help of a textbook.

Family income is the money that family members earn and receive.
Family expenses are the money the family spends.
The family budget is the ratio of family income and expenses.

2. What are you more willing to spend money on? Number the expenses in order of decreasing importance to you.

Of course, you would like to start with a mobile phone and computer games, but the teacher will not appreciate this. So let's number it like this:

1 book
2 Gifts for relatives, friends
3 Museum ticket
4 Cinema ticket
5 Music disc
6 Mobile phone
7 Ice cream
8 Computer game
9 Chips
10 Candy

What else? Add. Computer accessories, art supplies, toys.

3. In the family of third-grader Denis, dad works as a programmer in a company, mom is a librarian. My grandparents are retired, but my grandmother works as a theater ticket clerk. What types of income does Denis's family have?

Answer: The salary of mom, dad and grandmother; grandparents pension.

4. Create an imaginary family and budget for it.

In the family, my mother works as a teacher, and my father is a doctor. Their eldest son is studying at the institute, and the youngest is in the 5th grade. Grandparents are retired.

Budget: mom and dad's salary, eldest son's scholarship, grandparents' pension minus food, transport and education expenses.

5. Cut out photographs of banknotes from the Appendix and paste them into the appropriate frames on page 52. Sign the names of the monetary units. In the photo from top to bottom: 1000 rubles, 5 euros, 100 US dollars.

6. Gather a collection of coins on this page...

We put a metal coin under the page and paint over the paper with a pencil. You will end up with a coin print like this:

Page 54-55. The wisdom of old age

1. Consider the old picture "Steps of the human age." Write down the name of each step. Use the words for this: childhood, maturity, infancy, deep old age, youth, approaching old age, calmness, God's special mercy.

0 years - infancy

10 years - childhood

20 years - youth

30-40 years - maturity

50 years - calm

60 years - the approach of old age

70 years - old age

80-90 years old - deep old age

100 years is a special favor of God.

2. From the text of the textbook on p. 80-81 choose the proverb that interests you the most. Pick up a proverb for it, similar in meaning to the work of the peoples of your region. Write it down.

A kind word is easy to give. - A kind word and the cat is pleased.

It is better to starve than to eat stolen goods. - Bought cracker of a stolen pie is tastier.

3. Write in circles 12 good qualities that make up the wealth of a person's soul.

Qualities: kindness, honesty, fidelity, patience, modesty, generosity, peacefulness, the ability to love, optimism, the ability to forgive, cordiality, sacrifice.

Page 56-57. Journey to A.S. Pushkin

1. Using the text of the textbook (p. 84-85), complete the sentences:

The names of the two ancestors of the Pushkin family on the paternal side: warrior Ratmir, combatant of Alexander Nevsky; Gavrila Aleksich.

The name of the father of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is Sergey Lvovich Pushkin.

The name of the poet's mother is Nadezhda Osipovna Hannibal.

The name of the poet's maternal grandfather is Osip Abramovich Gannibal.

The name of the wife A.S. Pushkin - Natalya Nikolaevna Pushkina (nee - Goncharova).

The name of the eldest daughter of the poet is Maria Aleksandrovna Pushkina.

The name of the eldest son of the poet is Alexander Alexandrovich Pushkin.

The name of the poet's youngest son is Grigory Alexandrovich Pushkin.

The name of the poet's youngest daughter is Natalya Aleksandrovna Pushkina.

In Search of World Heritage

Page 58-59. world heritage

1. Using the textbook definition of World Heritage, define its parts.

The world natural heritage is the outstanding sights of the nature which are subject to obligatory protection.

World cultural heritage is objects of culture of different countries that are subject to mandatory protection.

2. Mark the emblem of the World Heritage - far right (square in the center of the circle).

The emblem symbolizes the interdependence of the cultural and natural heritage of mankind: the square is everything created by human hands, and the circle is the natural principle. They are closely related. The round shape of the emblem is a symbol of peace and at the same time a call to protect and preserve the heritage of mankind.

3. What do these objects refer to? Point with arrows.

On the left is natural, on the right is cultural.

World Natural Heritage: Volcanoes of Kamchatka; Serengeti National Park; Grand Canyon.

World Cultural Heritage: Kizhi Wooden Churches; Venice; Taj Mahal.

4. Using various sources of information, give your examples of World Heritage properties.

World Heritage Sites in Russia:

Historical center of St. Petersburg, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, Historical monuments Novgorod and environs, Cultural and historical ensemble "Solovki Islands", White-stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye, Lake Baikal, Golden Altai Mountains, Ubsunur Hollow, Curonian Spit, Wrangel Island, Lena Pillars, Ancient city of Chersonese

World Heritage Sites in other countries:

Old city in Jerusalem and its walls (Israel), Biblical hills - Megiddo, Hatzor, Beersheba (Israel), Great Chinese Wall(China), Yakushima Island (Japan), Ruins of the ancient city of Machu Picchu (Peru), Yellowstone National Park (USA), Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (USA)

5. If there are World Heritage Sites in your area, write down their names. Photos can be pasted.

Photo for pasting (Moscow Kremlin)

Page 60-63. Moscow Kremlin

1. Consider the plan-scheme of the Moscow Kremlin. Color in red the numbers of the buildings of the Kremlin as a military fortress, in blue - the numbers of the buildings of the Kremlin as the center of state power, in yellow - the buildings of the Kremlin as a spiritual shrine of Russia.

Red: 1, 3, 5, 8, 11

Blue: 4, 6, 9, 12

Yellow: 2, 7, 10

2. Cut out the images of exhibits from the Armory of the Moscow Kremlin from the Appendix. Glue them into the appropriate frames.

3. Color the picture "Moscow Kremlin"

The diagram will help you with this:

Page 64-65. Lake Baikal

1. Using the textbook information, write the numbers in the text.

wonder lake

The length of Baikal is 636 km. Its greatest depth is 1642 m. This great lake contains 1/5 part all the fresh water on the planet. More than 300 rivers, flows from it one river - Angara. Baikal is at least 25 million years. Of the plants and animals living in the lake 2/3 found only here and nowhere else.

2. Do you know the inhabitants of Baikal? Cut out the drawings from the Appendix and paste them into the appropriate frames.

3. If you have ever been to Baikal, write a story about your impressions. Or express your attitude towards him, which you have developed in the lesson.

Impression of Baikal

Lake Baikal is very majestic; many legends and mysteries are associated with it. Nature on Baikal is very beautiful, amazing, and the water is almost crystal clear. In Lake Baikal there is a stone called shaman-stone. According to legend, the daughter of Baikal - Angara wanted to run away to her betrothed - the Yenisei, but the father was angry and threw a huge stone on his daughter so that she would not run away, and the shaman-stone remained for centuries in this place. Only its small top is visible on the water, which is getting smaller and smaller every day, due to immersion under water.

Page 66-67. Travel to Egypt

1. Using the text on p. 104-105 of the textbook complete the sentences.

Most of Egypt is anhydrous desert. That is why it is so revered in Egypt Nile- one of the great rivers of the world, the source of life for the Egyptians. The most ancient people of Egypt - Copts. The capital of Egypt is the city Cairo.

2. Write down the types of work the Egyptians did.

Answer: The Egyptians were engaged in the cultivation of wheat and other cereals, bred cattle, hunted.

3. Do you know the sights of Egypt? Cut out photos from the Application and paste them into the appropriate frames.

4. Complete the sayings of the Egyptian sages:

Train your mouth to speak what is in heart yours.
Do not repay evil with evil: to the one who did evil to you, do good to do a good deed win evil
The soul is strong voluntarily enduring hardships, becomes more stronger.

Page 68-71. Travel to Greece

1. Write down the following information.

Countries with which Greece borders: Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Turkey.
The seas washing the shores of Greece (part of the Mediterranean Sea): the Ionian Sea, the Aegean Sea.
The largest islands of Greece: about. Crete, about Rhodes, oh Kerkyra (Corfu Island).

2. Do you know the sights of Athens? Cut out photos from the Application and paste them into the appropriate frames.

3. Using the textbook information, fill in the gaps in the text.

Heart of Athens

The main attraction of Athens is a high hill with buildings located on it. it Athens Acropolis. He is listed world cultural heritage.

The main entrance to the Acropolis is called Propylaea. The main of the ancient structures on the famous hill - Parthenon. This is a temple built by the ancient Greeks in honor of the goddess Athens. To the left of it is a smaller temple - Erechtheion.

At the foot of the ancient hill is a new museum, open in 2009 year.

4. Using various sources of information, pick up some interesting facts about Greece. Write them down.

There are 7 seas in Greece: Aegean, Ionian, Mediterranean, Myrtoan, Thracian, Libyan and Cretan.

Greece is considered the birthplace of mathematics, since it was the Greeks who first began to teach it.

In ancient Greece, myths and legends were born, opening the fabulous world of ancient monsters and gods.

Source of information: Internet.

There are many islands in Greece, and you can only get from one to another by boat. And the ancient Greeks preferred to travel by sea, even when it was possible to get from one city to another by land.

According to ancient Greek myths, the gods lived on top of Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. They constantly quarreled with each other and built intrigues on each other.

The ancient Greeks worshiped many gods. Each "god" had its own duties. Some gods were kind and fair, while others were treacherous and cruel. Homer, the famous poet of ancient Greece, recorded many stories from the life of the gods.

The Olympic Games were born in Greece. They were part of the festivities held in honor of the god Zeus. Only men participated in the competition. Athletes performed completely naked.

The world-famous mathematician Archimedes lived in Greece around 250 BC. One day, while taking a bath, he found a solution to a problem that he had been struggling with for a long time. He immediately jumped out of the bath with a cry of "Eureka!", which means "found".