Immensely oral folk art. It has been created for centuries, there are many varieties of it. Translated from in English"folklore" is "folk meaning, wisdom". That is, oral folk art is everything that is created by the spiritual culture of the population over the centuries of its historical life.

Features of Russian folklore

If you carefully read the works of Russian folklore, you will notice that it actually reflects a lot: the play of the people's imagination, and the history of the country, and laughter, and serious thoughts about a person's life. Listening to the songs and tales of their ancestors, people thought about many difficult issues of their family, social and working life, thought about how to fight for happiness, improve their lives, what a person should be like, what should be ridiculed and condemned.

Varieties of folklore

Varieties of folklore include fairy tales, epics, songs, proverbs, riddles, calendar refrains, greatness, sayings - everything that was repeated passed from generation to generation. At the same time, the performers often introduced something of their own into the text they liked, changing individual details, images, expressions, imperceptibly improving and honing the work.

Oral folk art for the most part exists in a poetic (poetic) form, since it was it that made it possible to memorize and pass these works from mouth to mouth for centuries.

Songs

The song is a special verbal-musical genre. It is a small lyric-narrative or lyrical work that was created specifically for singing. Their types are as follows: lyrical, dance, ritual, historical. Expressed in folk songs feelings of one person, but at the same time many people. They reflected love experiences, events of social and family life, reflections on the hard fate. In folk songs, the so-called parallelism technique is often used, when the mood of a given lyrical hero is transferred to the nature.

Historical songs are dedicated to various famous personalities and events: the conquest of Siberia by Yermak, the uprising of Stepan Razin, the peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev, the battle of Poltava with the Swedes, etc. The narrative in historical folk songs about some events is combined with the emotional sound of these works.

epics

The term "epic" was introduced by IP Sakharov in the 19th century. It is an oral folk art in the form of a song, heroic, epic in nature. The epic arose in the 9th century, it was an expression historical consciousness the people of our country. Bogatyrs are the main characters of this kind of folklore. They embody the national ideal of courage, strength, patriotism. Examples of heroes depicted in works of oral folk art: Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets, Mikula Selyaninovich, Alyosha Popovich, as well as the merchant Sadko, the giant Svyatogor, Vasily Buslaev and others. The vital basis, while enriched with some fantastic fiction, is the plot of these works. In them, heroes single-handedly overcome entire hordes of enemies, fight monsters, instantly overcome huge distances. This oral folk art is very interesting.

Fairy tales

Epics must be distinguished from fairy tales. These works of oral folk art are based on invented events. Fairy tales can be magical (in which fantastic forces participate), as well as everyday ones, where people are depicted - soldiers, peasants, kings, workers, princesses and princes - in everyday situations. This type of folklore differs from other works in its optimistic plot: in it, good always triumphs over evil, and the latter is either defeated or ridiculed.

legends

We continue to describe the genres of oral folk art. A legend, unlike a fairy tale, is a folk oral story. Its basis is an incredible event, fantastic image, a miracle that is perceived by the listener or narrator as reliable. There are legends about the origin of peoples, countries, seas, about the suffering and exploits of fictional or real-life heroes.

Puzzles

Oral folk art is represented by many mysteries. They are an allegorical image of some object, usually based on a metaphorical rapprochement with it. Riddles in volume are very small, have a certain rhythmic structure, often emphasized by the presence of rhyme. They are designed to develop ingenuity, ingenuity. Riddles are diverse in content and themes. There may be several of their variants about the same phenomenon, animal, object, each of which characterizes it from a certain point of view.

Proverbs and sayings

Genres of oral folk art also include sayings and proverbs. A proverb is a rhythmically organized, short, figurative saying, aphoristic folk saying. It usually has a two-part structure, which is reinforced by rhyme, rhythm, alliteration and assonance.

A proverb is a figurative expression that evaluates a certain phenomenon of life. She, unlike the proverb, is not a whole sentence, but only a part of the statement, which is part of oral folk art.

Proverbs, sayings and riddles are included in the so-called small genres of folklore. What is it? In addition to the above types, they include other oral folk art. The types of small genres are complemented by the following: lullabies, pestles, nursery rhymes, jokes, game refrains, incantations, sentences, riddles. Let's take a closer look at each of them.

Lullabies

Small genres of oral folk art include lullabies. People call them bikes. This name comes from the verb "bait" ("bait") - "to speak". given word has the following ancient meaning: to speak, to whisper. Lullabies got this name not by chance: the oldest of them are directly related to incantation poetry. Struggling with sleep, for example, the peasants said: "Dryomushka, get away from me."

Pestushki and nursery rhymes

Russian oral folk art is also represented by pestushki and nursery rhymes. In their center is the image of a growing child. The name "pestushki" comes from the word "nurture", that is, "follow someone, raise, nurse, carry, educate." They are short sentences that comment on the baby's movements in the first months of a baby's life.

Imperceptibly, the pestles turn into nursery rhymes - songs that accompany the baby's games with fingers and toes. This oral folk art is very diverse. Examples of nursery rhymes: "Magpie", "Okay". They often already have a "lesson", an instruction. For example, in "Magpie" the white-sided woman fed everyone with porridge, except for one lazy person, although the smallest one (the little finger corresponds to him).

jokes

In the first years of children's lives, nannies and mothers sang songs for them of a more complex content, not related to the game. All of them can be designated by a single term "jokes". Their content resembles small fairy tales in verse. For example, about a cockerel - a golden scallop that flew to the Kulikovo field for oats; about a hen ryaba, which "blew peas" and "sowed millet."

In a joke, as a rule, a picture of some bright event is given, or some swift action is depicted in it, corresponding to the active nature of the baby. They are characterized by a plot, but the child is not capable of long-term attention, so they are limited to only one episode.

Sentences, invocations

We continue to consider oral folk art. Its views are supplemented by invocations and sentences. Children on the street very early learn from their peers a variety of nicknames, which are an appeal to birds, rain, rainbows, and the sun. The children, on occasion, shout out the words in a sing-song voice. In addition to the incantations, in a peasant family, any child knew the sentences. They are most often spoken alone. Sentences - an appeal to a mouse, small bugs, a snail. This may be an imitation of various bird voices. Verbal sentences and song calls are filled with faith in the forces of water, heaven, earth (sometimes beneficial, sometimes destructive). Their pronunciation attached to the work and life of adult peasant children. Sentences and invocations are combined into a special department called "calendar children's folklore". This term emphasizes the existing connection between them and the season, the holiday, the weather, the whole way of life and the structure of life in the village.

Game sentences and refrains

Genres of folklore works include play sentences and refrains. They are no less ancient than invocations and sentences. They either connect parts of some game, or start it. They can also play the role of endings, determine the consequences that exist when conditions are violated.

The games are striking in their resemblance to serious peasant occupations: harvesting, hunting, sowing flax. The reproduction of these cases in strict sequence with the help of repeated repetition made it possible to instill with early years respect for the customs and the existing order, to teach the rules of behavior accepted in society. The names of the games - "Bear in the Forest", "Wolf and Geese", "Kite", "Wolf and Sheep" - speak of a connection with the life and life of the rural population.

Conclusion

IN folk epics, fairy tales, legends, songs live no less exciting colorful images than in works of art classical authors. Peculiar and surprisingly accurate rhymes and sounds, bizarre, beautiful poetic rhythms - like lace weave in the texts of ditties, nursery rhymes, jokes, riddles. And what vivid poetic comparisons we can find in lyrical songs! All this could be created only by the people - Great master words.

About the folklore of the Russian people

“The Russian people created a huge oral literature: wise proverbs and cunning riddles, funny and sad ritual songs, solemn epics, - spoken in a singsong voice, to the sound of strings, - about the glorious deeds of heroes, defenders of the land of the people - heroic, magical, everyday and funny tales.

It is vain to think that this literature was only the fruit of popular leisure. She was the dignity and mind of the people. It formed and strengthened his moral image, was his historical memory, the festive clothes of his soul, and filled with deep content his whole measured life, flowing according to the customs and rituals associated with his work, nature and veneration of fathers and grandfathers.

The words of A. N. Tolstoy very clearly and accurately reflect the essence of folklore. Folklore is folk art, very necessary and important for the study of folk psychology today. Folklore includes works that convey the main important ideas of the people about the main values ​​of life: work, family, love, public duty, homeland. We are brought up on these works even now. Knowledge of folklore can give a person knowledge about the Russian people, and ultimately about himself

The word folklore literally translated from English means folk wisdom. Folklore is created by the people and existing in populace poetry in which he reflects his labor activity, social and everyday life, knowledge of life, nature, cults and beliefs. Folklore embodies the views, ideals and aspirations of the people, their poetic fantasy, the richest world of thoughts, feelings, experiences, protest against exploitation and oppression, dreams of justice and happiness. This is oral, artistic verbal creativity, which arose in the process of the formation of human speech.

Russian heroic epic(epics) - a wonderful heritage of the past, evidence ancient culture and art of the people. It has been preserved in living oral existence, perhaps in the original form of the plot content and the main principles of the form. The epic got its name from the word “reality” that is close in meaning. This means that the epic tells about what once actually happened, although not everything in the epic is true. Epics were written down from storytellers (often illiterate), who adopted them according to tradition from previous generations.

Bylina - old song, and not everything in it is clear, it is told in a leisurely, solemn tone. Many Russian epics speak of heroic deeds folk heroes. For example, epics about Volga Buslaevich, the winner of Tsar Saltan Beketovich; about the hero Sukhman, who defeated the enemies - nomads; about Dobryn Nikitich. Russian heroes never lie. Ready to die, but not leave their native land, they consider serving the fatherland their first and holy duty, although they are often offended by princes who do not trust them. Epics told to children teach them to respect human labor and love their homeland. They united the genius of the people.

Throughout life, folklore helps a person to live, work, relax, help make decisions, and also fight enemies, as shown above in the examples.

By its specificity, folklore is the most democratic form of art, and under any circumstances - whether peace on earth or war, happiness or sorrow, folklore remains stable and active.

1 page “Museum of folk art”

2 page “Treasures of folk art”

3 page “Fairy tales come to life”

4 page “Music is the soul of the people”

Introduction by the teacher.

Our oral magazine is dedicated to the art of the Russian people. The soul of every nation is manifested in a lyrical song, a perky ditty, a witty proverb. The skill and talent of the people in every craft that comes out of skillful hands.

The first page of the magazine is devoted to various crafts. Now we will get into the amazing museum of folk art. A guide, a student of our class, will lead us through the halls of this museum.

Speech by a student guide.

Dear guests! Today I invite you to the Museum of Folk Art, where we will tell you a lot of interesting things about the culture of the Russian people.

In the first hall there is an exhibition of works of applied art. At all times, people tried to decorate their life.

Here is a miracle of miracles - Khokhloma painting. Khokhloma is an ancient village, it was located among dense forests. Even under Ivan the Terrible, they knew about Khokhloma. Since ancient times, people have used wooden utensils: ladles and brackets, bowls and spoons. But it is inconvenient to use unpainted dishes: the wood absorbed liquid and quickly became dirty. And then we decided to paint the dishes. Wooden products were covered with liquid clay, dried, smeared with linseed oil, sprinkled with tin powder, and only then paint was applied. Tin powder protruded through the paints, and it seemed that this thing was gold. Hence the name "Golden Khokhloma".

In every peasant house one could see birch bark household items: baskets, caskets, tuesas, in which cereals, flour and water were stored. Birch bark has a bactericidal property, so it is very useful to keep food and water in such dishes. Yes, and it is useful to wear bast shoes made of birch bark. All birch bark products were decorated with carvings and drawings. Mostly depicted flowers and birds. Since ancient times, the bird has been a symbol of happiness and health. There is such a legend:

“A peasant's son became seriously ill. No one knew what kind of disease it was, no one could help the boy. The boy asked his father all the time: “Father, I really want summer to come and birds to fly!”. Father, out of desperation, did not know what to do, sat and whittled sticks. And suddenly he made a bird out of chips and hung it over the bed of his dying son. The boy woke up and shouted: “Father! The birds have arrived." And from that moment the boy began to get better. Since then, people began to believe that the bird brings health and happiness, and that birds should be in every home.”

In everyday life in Russia used and ceramics. So in the village of Gzhel they made ceramic dishes. In the nineteenth century began to produce porcelain. All Gzhel products are painted with blue and light blue paints. Sometimes gold colors were added. It turned out very beautiful, elegant.

How beautiful and different toys made in Russia! They were sculpted from clay, carved from wood. In each locality, clay toys had their own special look. Orlovsky and Tula were made from white clay, Gorodets and Dymkovo - from red. They represented wonderful world fantastic beasts, smartly dressed ladies and gentlemen, fabulous heroes and pets.

Wooden toys were carved from birch and linden. Linden is the most beautiful and soft tree. Many toys could be set in motion. Masters often worked with whole families. In modern times, manufacturing has become a decorative art.

TO decorative arts Palekhov miniature also applies. This is the finest painting on papier-mâché lacquerware: boxes, caskets, jewelry. Palekh is an ancient village in the center of Russia, where master icon painters have lived since the 14th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, they began to produce Palekhov miniatures there. In 1925, Palekh's products received the Grand Prix at an exhibition in Paris and won world fame. The themes of Palekh's works are varied: Russian songs, epics, fairy tales.

Everyone's favorite kind of folk art - fairy tales, proverbs, sayings. “Even those who are in a wheelchair, grandmothers love to tell fairy tales,” people say, thus emphasizing that this kind of creativity is available to any age.

We turn to the second page of our magazine. The students of our class introduce us to her.

Folk songs. Fairy tales, riddles and sayings are known and loved by both adults and children. They contain folk wisdom, knowledge, attitudes towards certain events occurring in nature and between people. We meet them at every turn and very often use them in conversation. The Russian language is especially rich in proverbs and sayings.

Proverb- this is an expression that very aptly notices a phenomenon in life, for example:

Seven Fridays in a week.

Put your teeth on the shelf.

Proverb- this is a saying that carries a generalizing and necessarily instructive meaning, for example:

What goes around comes around.

You love to ride, love to carry sleds.

We do not know the names of distant ancestors who composed riddles, wise sayings that have lived for many centuries and have come down to our days. But we know the names of people - collectors of works of oral folk art.

One of these collectors of proverbs and sayings is Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, whose portrait you see on the screen. He traveled a lot around the country and wrote down well-aimed folk words, proverbs, sayings, jokes, tongue twisters. There are a great many of them.

Some of them talk about work and laziness, about learning, diligence, friendship, for example:

Learning is light and ignorance is darkness;

friend is known in trouble;

patience and work will grind everything.

What proverbs do you guys know?

It seems that there is no such side of people's lives about which there would be no proverb or saying.

And what is mystery? A riddle is a description in other words of a phenomenon or object. The answer is based on the intelligence of the guesser.

Come on guys, let's make riddles that you know.

Previously, riddles were required for various ceremonies. For example, during the wedding, the groom was sure to ask riddles. Thus, they checked how smart he was, whether he could find a way out of a difficult situation. After all, he needs to become the head of the family.

Now no one can say when they started to sing epics and say fairy tales. At all times, the people composed amazing tales, legends, songs, epics. They passed from grandfathers to fathers, from fathers to children. It is called oral folk art.

Oral folk art is the language of the people, their observation, their mind.

Guys, name what Russians folk tales you know.

The great Russian writer A.S. Pushkin was brought up from childhood on folk tales that his nanny Arina Rodionovna told him. When he began to compose his own fairy tales, he borrowed many plots from them. Later he wrote: “What a charm these fairy tales are! Each is a poem!

Folk tales are always witty and fair. In them, evil is punished and good triumphs. The story educates people.

Many statements of the heroes of fairy tales have become proverbs and sayings. Remember: “The beaten unbeaten one is lucky”, “I left my grandmother, I left my grandfather ..”, “You have roots, and I have tops”, “A bear stepped on his foot” and many others.

Let's check how you know folk tales. /Quiz/

My ears, my ears! What did you do?
- We all listened.
- And you, legs, what did you do?
- We all ran.
- And you, tail?
- And I prevented you from running.
- Oh, you interfered! Here I will ask you! / Chanterelle with a rolling pin /

Ku-ka-re-ku! I walk on my heels
I carry a scythe on my shoulders,
I want to cut the fox ... / The Fox and the Hare /

Are you warm girl?
Are you warm, red? /Morozko/

Red girl! Get into my ear, and get out into the other - everything will work out. /Tiny-Havroshechka/

Do not grieve Ivan Tsarevich! Go to sleep, rest, morning is wiser than evening! /Vasilisa the Wise/

Ah, my brother, Ivanushka,
A heavy stone pulls to the bottom,
Silk grass tangled my legs,
Yellow sands on the chest lay down! / Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka /

Fairy tales feed the imagination of many artists. The next page of our magazine is dedicated to the work of the great artist Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov.

A student of our class will tell us about it.

An ancient art that has long been known to man is painting. Unlike the writer, the artist cannot tell the plot of the work in such detail.

The author of the picture speaks to us not with words, but with the help of a brush. Instead of a word, he has a color, instead of sentences - all kinds of shades of colors. As in fairy tales, different characters live in the picture: a horse with two heads, mermaids, unprecedented flowers and trees. The Russian land is rich in talented artists: Repin, Surikov, Shishkin, Levitan, Kuindzhi, Vrubel /portraits or reproductions of paintings/.

Among the artists who “brought fairy tales to life” Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov is best known to us /portrait and reproductions of paintings/. With him, the world of Russian fairy tales entered Russian painting. In the artist’s paintings, we see both the resourceful and courageous Ivan Tsarevich, the Sad Princess Nesmeyana, courageous and kind heroes. Since childhood, Vasnetsov loved folk tales, becoming an artist, he painted many paintings on fairy tales, among them: “Flying Carpet”, “Ivan Tsarevich on gray wolf”, “The Knight at the Crossroads”, “Three Heroes” and others.

I love the picture “Alyonushka” very much and I want to tell you about it.

The picture is written on the plot of the famous Russian folk tale “Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka”. The image of a girl attracts attention, Alyonushka sits on a stone at the edge of the forest, on the shore of a deep pond. Her whole appearance expresses sadness: what a sad look she has.

Alyonushka - fairy tale character, but in the picture we see her as a simple peasant girl who thought about her difficult life. Here, as it were, both a fairy tale and a true story are intertwined.

See how nature "salters" the girl's grief. It is painted in dark gloomy colors, creating the impression of a dense autumn forest. The birch lowered its branches to the very water and, as it were, is trying to help Alyonushka to pull her brother out of the pond. There is not a single ray of sunlight in the picture, the sky is gray and dreary. Nevertheless, the picture is written brightly and juicy.

The whole picture is permeated with warmth, a sense of compassion. The picture is written with great love, like all the works of a talented artist. All the beautiful canvases of Vasnetsov will delight more than one generation of people.

Teacher:

We turned one more page of the magazine, we move on to the next one - the musical one.

The next student will introduce us to her.

Student presentation:

I will talk about Russian folk songs. Many folk songs were composed in that distant time, when no one studied music. Songs were composed by self-taught people - lovers of singing and playing folk musical instruments.

Songs were most often composed in the villages. People sang about what worried them, what was dear to them. These were dance, wedding, labor, soldier's songs. In music lessons we listened to and studied many folk songs.

Now let's listen to a few songs performed by the guys in our class.

Not a single holiday was complete without dancing, fervent dances. They are daring and cheerful, there are smooth and round dances.

Watch the round dance “There was a birch in the field” performed by our students.

Teacher:

And so we turned the last page of our oral journal. If your heart was not indifferent, there was no boredom, if you learned and saw something new, showed interest in folk art, then we have completed our task.

In memory of our meeting, let me give our guests souvenirs made by the hands of the guys.

Thanks everyone! See you soon!

Throughout our lives we are surrounded miscellaneous items and things. These are clothes, utensils, furniture... They represent our second, man-made nature, reflecting the level social development influencing spirituality. Therefore, it has great importance what toys our children play with and what things serve us in everyday life. In the old days, people surrounded themselves with objects that today appear to us as Russian folk art - a towel embroidered with flowers, colorful matryoshkas, woven bright scarves, ornamented wooden and earthenware, dolls sewn from cloth.

Today we are surrounded by household items made on the conveyor. We don’t carve out a kitchen as a gift for mom and decorate it with scorched ornaments, we don’t embroider towels, we don’t knit socks, because all this can be bought ready-made, beautiful and new. But for some reason our spiritual beginning is dull and joyless. We don’t sing songs to our children before going to bed and more and more often suffer from depression, having forgotten how to create and craft for the joy of our loved ones. But at the same time, we vaguely remember that Russian was once the basis for educating the younger generation.

Today we are making money. Coming back from work, we buy food along the way. We come home and hurry to turn on the TV as soon as possible. Everything seems to be fine, but some kind of emptiness oppresses us. We lack spirituality and aesthetics in life, so handicrafts are again becoming very fashionable in all developed countries. The higher the level of human development, the dearer our Russian folk art is to him.

Foreigners go to Russia to get acquainted with the decorative and applied wealth of our people. Ceramics, lace, Khokhloma, Palekh, painted caskets and painted eggs - this is just a small list of the wealth that Russian folk art- man-made, cheerful, with a colorful character. Nature itself chose the best of these nuggets and preserved them for centuries, passing on unique traditions to us.

Even handicrafts made by a not very skillful hand, drawings on popular prints or birch bark have amazing power and convey a miraculous feeling of beauty, because unknown masters made these items with love in order to please their relatives, to decorate their difficult life in a harsh northern country.

Gives us images formed by the worldview of people. Even having peeped somewhere the plot for his product, the master adds his vision and soul to it. For example, in the 18th century, nobles began to decorate their palaces with lions, and Nizhny Novgorod woodcarvers peeped at the appearance of these wonderful animals and decorated their huts with them, carving very good-natured lions on the windowsills, reminiscent of domestic cats in their faces.

Is this not a confirmation of the rule that Russian folk art does not copy anything? This is always a separate and unique art, which has roots in ancient times. While creating, our Russian people believed in good forces and cajoled them. So, embroidering a towel or an undershirt, a woman depicted among bright flowers. According to popular belief, when this bird sings, people long years live in happiness and do not know grief. Sitting at embroidery or at a loom, a woman sang soulful songs, attracting goodness and happiness to the house.

Medvedev M, Skosyreva A, Vodintsev V, Azizov S

Students of 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th grades become participants of the project. The tasks are divided into groups. Each group carries out various project products and also searches for information in different types art. Materials were collected by Anastasia Skosyreva (grade 9), Maxim Medvedev (grade 5), Viktor Vodintsev (grade 8). In the preparation of products were involved: Anastasia Skosyreva (grade 9), Maxim Medvedev (grade 5), Sergey Azizov (grade 7), Viktor Vodintsev (grade 8).

The preparation of the project products took place at the lessons of literature and visual arts. Teachers: Chasova Elena Yuryevna - teacher of Russian language and literature and Bilokhvost Alla Yuryevna - teacher of fine arts.

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State educational institution

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra

"Special Educational School No. 2"

research project

on literature

"Reflection of images of Slavic mythology

in oral folk art

and Russian art XIX- XX centuries.

Members: Medvedev M., Skosyreva A.,