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MHK lesson for grade 8 at the rate of Danilova Teacher of history and MHK Geraskina E.V. GBOU "SCHOOL 1164" Moscow Musical instruments of different nations

What are musical instruments Musical instruments are instruments with which a person can make sounds. Thanks to the person, these sounds add up to music that is able to convey the feelings, emotions, moods of the performers. Sometimes playing the smallest and most nondescript instrument makes people's hearts beat in unison with the music, as if it had always lived there, just no one suspected it. There are several types of musical instruments: plucked strings, keyboards, bowed strings, reed wind instruments, brass wind instruments, woodwind drums. In scientific terms, the Hornbostel-Sachs system. Each country has its own folk musical instruments that have absorbed the history and traditions of each nation.

The Hornbostel–Sachs system is a classification system for musical instruments. First published in 1914 in the German journal Zeitschrift für Ethnologie and is still used in musicology. Instruments are divided according to two main features: the source of the sound and the way the sound is extracted. For example, according to the first feature, instruments are divided into self-sounding, membrane, string and wind instruments. Fragment of the classification: In self-sounding instruments (idiophones or autophones), the sound source is the material itself, from which the instrument or its part is made. This group includes most percussion instruments(excluding drums) and some others. According to the method of extracting sound, self-sounding instruments are divided into three groups: plucked (vargan); frictional (kraatspeel, nail and glass harmonics): the instrument vibrates due to friction with another object, for example, a bow; percussion (xylophone, cymbals, castanets); wind self-sounding (eg, Aeolian harp): the instrument vibrates as a result of the passage of air through it;

In membrane instruments (membranophones), the sound source is a tightly stretched membrane. Further subdivision includes: frictional (boogay): sound is achieved due to friction on the membrane; percussion (drum, timpani); Drums can have one or two sides (diaphragms). One-sided options can be cup-shaped (like an Arabic darbuka); standing on the ground; bowl-shaped, with handles. Double-sided drums are cylindrical, like the big and snare drums, as well as conical, barrel-shaped or hourglass-shaped. Tambourines have one or two membranes stretched over a narrow frame, usually in the form of a rim, they are held in the hand or by a special handle (for example, a shaman's tambourine). Bells are often attached to the frame

AT string instruments(chordophones) the sound source is one or more strings. This also includes some keyboard instruments(e.g. piano, harpsichord). Strings are further subdivided into groups: plucked (balalaika, harp, guitar, harpsichord); bowed (kemancha, violin); percussion (dulcimer, piano, clavichord); Most of them are played directly with the hands or with a certain object that is held in the hands, and some are controlled using the keyboard.

In wind instruments (aerophones) the sound source is a column of air. The following groups are distinguished: flute (flute): the sound is formed as a result of cutting the air flow on the edge of the instrument; Flute-shaped instruments, in which the air stream directed by the performer is cut against the sharp edge of the barrel wall; they may be globular, like an ocarina, but are usually tube-shaped. Tubular flutes are divided into whistle flutes, in which the air jet is directed to a sharp edge; longitudinal (including open, whistle and multi-barreled), which are held vertically, and transverse, which are held horizontally and blow air into a hole near one end of the tube. reed (zurna, oboe, clarinet, bassoon): the sound source is a vibrating tongue; Reed instruments, in which a stream of air causes vibrations of a small reed or metal plate, fall into three types: single beating reeds (reeds), as in a clarinet or saxophone, where the reed is located inside the mouthpiece; double beating reeds in the oboe and bassoon, where reeds mounted on a narrow metal tube, vibrating, hit each other; free slipping reeds, as in a Chinese sheng or harmonium, where a single reed moves back and forth within an exactly matching opening, like an opening door. Mouthpiece (trumpet): the sound is produced due to the vibration of the performer's lips.

Vibration of the lips + sound transformation in the tube - this effect is achieved ... Instruments, when played on which the vibration of the performer's tense lips is amplified, and the resulting sound is converted in a tube of different sizes and shapes, can be conditionally divided into two, not always clearly distinguishable groups: a) French horns and other instruments derived from the horn, in which the rounded tube is usually shorter and wider, with a conical bore; b) pipes, which are usually longer and straighter, with a narrower channel.

How many classifications of musical instruments are there in the world? Among modern musical instruments, electric ones are distinguished into a special group, the sound source of which is the generators of sound frequency oscillations. They are further divided into electronic (synthesizers) and adapted, conventional type instruments equipped with sound amplifiers (electric guitar). Complete system classification includes more than 300 categories.

The oldest musical instrument Didgeridoo (English didjeridoo or English didgeridoo, original name The yidaki is an Australian Aboriginal wind instrument. One of the oldest wind instruments in the world. It is made from a piece of eucalyptus trunk 1-3 meters long, the core of which has been eaten away by termites. The mouthpiece can be treated with black beeswax. The instrument itself is often painted or decorated with tribal totems. When playing, the technique of continuous breathing (circular breathing) is used. Playing the didgeridoo accompanies corroboree rituals and promotes trance. The didgeridoo is intimately woven into mythology. Australian aborigines, symbolizing the image of the rainbow snake Yurlungur . The uniqueness of the didgeridoo as a musical instrument is that it usually sounds on one note (the so-called "drone", or drone). At the same time, the instrument has a very large range of timbre. Only a human voice, a jew's harp, and, in part, an organ can compare with it. Since the end of the 20th century, Western musicians have been experimenting with didgeridoo (for example, Sophie Lacaze, Jamiroquai). Didgeridoo has been widely used in electronic and ambient music. Steve Roach was one of the first to use the ambient didgeridoo and learned to play it during his many trips to Australia in the 80s.

The origin and spiritual significance of the didgeridoo In those times when there was nothing and not even time itself, the divine essences of the vanjin lived. They dreamed of this world (thus it was created) - the time of dreams. When the world was created, the Wanjina left Earth and moved into the spirit world. But as a gift to people, they left the didgeridoo. The hum of the didgeridoo creates a special space, a kind of window or corridor through which the Wanjina can visit the human world and vice versa. The time of dreams is both an aboriginal myth about the creation of the world and a special altered state of consciousness that occurs in the player who plays and listens to the game.

Balalaika For example, one of the primordially Russian folk instruments is the balalaika, so named due to the “strumming” and “balakan”. It is believed that the first mention of it dates back to the time of Peter the Great. When the tsar, in 1715, ordered a mock wedding, there were also balalaikas played by mummers. They differed significantly from modern balalaikas - they had a longer neck (4 times longer than modern ones), a narrower body and they had only two strings, extremely rarely three.

Bandura The Ukrainian folk instrument is considered to be the bandura, which appeared around the 12th century. It is believed that it originated from the ancient kobza. By the 15th year, it had become so popular that bandura players were invited to the court. Over time it has been modified and today the academic bandura has 60 strings, when it originally had 7-9 strings.

Brazilian folk instrument - agogo It is of African origin. The agogo is an instrument consisting of two or three bells of different colors without reeds, connected by a curved metal handle, and sometimes from sawn nuts, planted on a wooden handle. Despite its small size, it is indispensable in the Brazilian national music, for example, in the music of carnival samba and capoeira.

Indian sitar, Tajik setor ... In India, the folk instrument is the sitar. It appeared in the 13th century, when Muslim influence increased. He counted 7 main strings, and 9 - 13 resonant ones. Its progenitor is the Tajik setor. It is an important part of Indian culture.

Panflute - the oldest folk instrument The first discovered sample dates back to 1046 BC, probably created by the Shang dynasty, is now in the museum. Represents 12 bamboo trunks, providing a wide range of sound. Participated in the orchestra of Ancient China. The instrument was revived in the 20th century. However, the panflute is known both in Peru and in North America.

Fluer is an ancient instrument of shepherds... Fluer is a Moldavian folk instrument. It is made from precious woods. ancient instrument shepherds (shepherds), who with his help gathered cattle into a herd. It is also found in the Balkan countries.

Kora, a stringed plucked instrument In Africa, the folk instrument is the kora, a stringed plucked instrument made from a calabash cut in half, a fretboard and 21 strings. The master who plays the kora is called jali, and when he attains mastery, he must make the instrument himself. Its sound is similar to that of a harp, but the traditional playing is reminiscent of flamenco and blues guitar techniques.

Didgeridoo http://youtu.be/9g592I-p-dc Bandura Trio: http://youtu.be/LZpzgg8hbOA Arkhipov Balalaika http://youtu.be/lQZYzYEIgr0 Agogo http://youtu.be/_kQIk1jJb9c Anushka Shankar on Sitar http://youtu.be/O4RZaszNhB0 Panflute: http://youtu.be/YiXGPx01d-0 Flute: http://youtu.be/NqiKC4FSNKM Bark http://youtu.be/aayQsdzEk2s

The world is full of different, amazing and unusual sounds. Merging together, they turn into a melody: pacifying and cheerful, cheerful and sad, romantic and disturbing. Inspired by the sounds of nature, man has created musical instruments with which it is possible to recreate the most impressive, soulful melodies. And in addition to world-famous instruments, such as the piano, guitar, drum, saxophone, violin and others, there are musical instruments that are no less interesting in terms of appearance, as well as in sound. We offer you to get acquainted with the ten most interesting musical instruments in the world.

whistle

This musical instrument is the basis of Irish culture. Rarely does Irish music do without the sound of this authentic instrument: cheerful jig motifs, fast polkas, soulful airs - in each of the directions presented, the voice of the whistle is felt.

The instrument is an oblong flute with a whistle at one end and 6 holes on the front side. As a rule, whistles are made of tin, but instruments made of wood, plastic and silver also have a right to exist.

The history of the whistle goes far back to the 11th-12th century. It is these times that the first memories of this instrument date back. Whistle is easy to make from improvised materials, which is why the instrument was especially valued among the common people. Closer to the nineteenth century, it was established common standard for a whistle - an oblong shape and 6 holes used for playing. The Englishman Robert Clark made the greatest contribution to the development of the instrument: he proposed to make the instrument from light metal - tinplate. Thanks to the hoarse and perky sound, the whistle was very fond of the Irish people. Since then, this instrument has become the most recognizable folk instrument.

The principle of playing the whistle is very simple, so much so that even if you have never picked up this instrument, after 2-3 hours of hard training you will be able to play your first melody. Whistle is both simple and complex tool. The difficulty lies in its sensitivity to breathing, and the simplicity lies in its easy fingering.

Vargan

This ancient reed instrument over the centuries of its existence, practically did not change externally. From the Old Slavonic "vargi" means "mouth". It is in the name of the instrument that the method of extracting sounds from the instrument is hidden. The most common harps are among the peoples of the north: Eskimos, Yakuts, Bashkirs, Chukchi, Altaians, Tuvans and Buryats. With the help of this unusual instrument locals express their emotions, feelings and moods.

Vargans are made of wood, metal, bones and other exotic materials, which in their own way affect the sound of the instrument. The reliability and durability of the jew's harp also depends on the material used.

It is almost impossible to describe the sound of the instrument - it is better to hear its melody once than to read its description 10 times. But still, we can confidently say that the melody emanating from playing the jew's harp is velvety, soothing, setting you up for reflection. But learning to play the jew's harp is not so easy: in order to extract a melody from the instrument, you need to learn how to control your diaphragm, articulation and breathing. Indeed, in the process of playing, it is not the instrument itself that sounds, but the body of the musician.

glass harmonica

Perhaps one of the rarest musical instruments. It is a construction of glass hemispheres of different diameters strung on a metal rod. The structure is fixed in a resonator box. The glass harmonica is played with lightly moistened fingertips by rubbing or tapping.

The first information about the glass harmonica has been known since the middle of the 17th century. Then the instrument was a set of 30-40 glasses, which were played by gently touching their edges. During the game, the musicians produced such unusual, exciting sounds that it seemed as if hundreds of glass balls were falling to the ground.

After the grandiose tour of the Irishman Richard Pakrich in England in 1744, the instrument became so famous and desirable that other famous musicians began to learn to play it. Moreover, the great composers of that time Mozart, Beethoven and Richard Strauss, captivated by the beauty of the sound of the harmonica, wrote the best compositions especially for this instrument.

However, in those days it was believed that the sound of a glass harmonica had a negative effect on the human psyche: it disrupts the state of mind, causes premature birth in pregnant women, and leads to mental disorder. In this regard, in some German cities the instrument was banned at the legislative level. And at the beginning of the twentieth century, the art of playing the glass harmonica was forgotten. But everything well forgotten will ever return. This happened with this wonderful instrument: Viktor Kramer, director from St. Petersburg, in Glinka's opera, presented in Bolshoi Theater, successfully used the glass harmonica, returning it to its rightful place in contemporary art.

Hang

An amazing musical instrument, one of the newest inventions of our time. Hang was invented in Switzerland in 2000 by Felix Rohner and Sabina Scherer. The creators of the instruments claim that the basis of playing an exotic percussion instrument is the feeling, feeling of the music and the instrument itself. Yes and ear for music the owner of the hang must be perfect.

Hang consists of a pair of metal hemispheres, together forming a disc, similar to a flying saucer. The upper part (it is also the front) of the hanga is called DING, it contains 7-8 keys enclosed in a musical circle. They are marked with small depressions, and in order to get a certain tonality of the melody, you need to hit one or another depression.

The lower part of the instrument is called the GU. It has a deep hole in which the musician's fist should be located. The structure of this disk acts as a resonance and modulation of the sound.

Bonang

Bonang is an Indonesian percussion instrument. It consists of a set of bronze gongs, which are fixed with cords and placed horizontally on a wooden stand. On top in the central part of each gong there is a bulge - pencha. It is she who makes a sound if you knock on it with a wooden stick with a winding on its end made of cotton fabric or rope. Burnt clay balls suspended under the gongs often act as resonators. Bonang sounds soft and melodious, its sound fades slowly.

Kazoo

The kazoo is an American folk instrument. Used in skiffle style music. It is a small cylinder, tapering towards the end, made of metal or plastic. A metal cork with a membrane made of tissue paper is inserted into the middle of the instrument. It is very easy to play the kazoo: it is enough to sing in the kazoo, and tissue paper will do its job - it will change the musician's voice beyond recognition.

Erhu

Erhu is a stringed bowed musical instrument, it is also an ancient Chinese two-stringed violin that uses metal strings.

Scientists cannot say exactly where and when the first erhu instrument was created, since it is a nomadic instrument, which means that it changed its geographical location along with nomadic tribes. It is established that the approximate age of the erhu is 1000 years. The instrument became popular during the Tang Dynasty, which fell on the 7th-10th century AD.

The first erhus were somewhat shorter than modern ones: their length was 50-60 cm, and today it is 81 cm. The instrument consists of a body (resonator) of a hexagonal or cylindrical shape. The body is made of high quality wood and snakeskin membrane. The neck of an erhu is where the strings are attached. At the top of the neck is a curved head with a pair of pegs. Erhu strings are usually made of metal or animal veins. The bow is made in a curved shape. The string for the bow is made from horse hair, and the rest is made from bamboo.

The main difference between the erhu and other violins is that the bow should be fixed between two strings. Thus, the bow becomes one and inseparable from the base of the instrument. During the game, the erhu is held in a horizontal position, resting the leg of the instrument on your knee. The bow is played with the right hand, and at this time the strings are pressed with the fingers of the left hand so that they do not touch the neck of the instrument.

Nikelharpa

Nickelharpa is a Swedish folk musical instrument from the category of bowed strings. Due to the fact that its development lasted more than 600 years, the instrument has several modifications. The first mention of the existence of the nikelharpa is on the gate leading to the Shchelunge church on the island of Gotland: they depict two musicians playing this instrument. This image was created back in 1350.

The modern modification of the nikelharpa has 16 strings and about 37 wooden keys that slide under the strings during the game. Each key moves up the slide, where, reaching its top, it clamps the string, changing its sound. The player with a short bow draws along the strings, and presses the keys with his left hand. Nickelharpa allows you to play melodies in the range of 3 octaves. Its sound is similar to a regular violin, but it sounds with much more resonance.

Ukulele

One of the most interesting musical instruments is the ukulele, a string instrument. The ukulele is a miniature ukulele with 4 strings. It appeared back in 1880 thanks to three Portuguese who arrived in Hawaii in 1879 (so the legend says). In general, the ukulele is a consequence of the development of the Portuguese plucked instrument cavaquinho. Outwardly, it resembles a guitar, with the only difference being a reduced shape and the presence of only 4 strings.

There are 4 types of ukulele:

• soprano - instrument length 53 cm, the most common type;
• concert instrument - 58 cm long, slightly larger, sounds louder;
• tenor - relatively new model(created in the 20s of the last century) 66 cm long;
• baritone - the largest model with a length of 76 cm, appeared in the 40s of the last century.

There are also non-standard ukuleles, in which 8 strings are paired and tuned in unison. The result is a full, surround sound of the instrument.

Harp

Perhaps the most amazing, interesting and melodic instrument is the harp. The harp itself is large in size, but its sound is so exciting that sometimes you just don’t understand how it can be so amazing. So that the instrument does not seem sloppy, its frame is decorated with carvings, making it elegant. Strings of different lengths and thicknesses are pulled onto the frame so that they form a grid.

In ancient times, the harp was considered an instrument of the gods, in the Middle Ages - theologians and monks, then it was considered an aristocratic passion, and today it is considered a magnificent instrument on which absolutely any melodies can be played.

The sound of the harp cannot be compared with anything: it is deep, exciting, unearthly. Thanks to the capabilities of the instrument, the harp is an indispensable member of symphony orchestras.

There are many amazing musical instruments in the world. And they all sound special, creating melodies that touch the soul. Each of the tools presented above certainly deserves attention. But still, we should not forget about the well-known violins, guitars, pianos, flutes and other no less beautiful and interesting instruments. After all, they are the basis of human culture and the best way to express feelings and emotions.

Of course, that with only one singing music various peoples is not limited. All ethnic groups on earth created their own instruments for extracting sound. The sounds of such instruments contribute to the onset of a meditative state. Stress, anxiety and bad thoughts recede while listening to ethnic music or playing ethnic instruments.

There are a lot of ethnic musical instruments and it is impossible to cover them even in an overview in one article. We suggest you familiarize yourself with the most famous and common. Moreover, many of these tools you can purchase in our store.

One of the most ancient musical instruments are jew's harps. Vargan is present in almost every nationality on earth. Vargans can differ significantly in their appearance and way of playing, but the very essence of the instrument does not change. The sound of this instrument has a beneficial effect on a person and the world.

Didgeridoo

Another of the oldest ethnic instruments is the didgeridoo. It was invented by the indigenous people of the Australian continent. The main feature of this instrument is that only one note can be played on it. Meanwhile, the timbre range of the extracted sound is very wide. Since the technique of playing this instrument involves continuous breathing in a certain rhythm, it is quite easy to enter a trance state. That is why this instrument is used in various ritual ceremonies. The pattern that covers the tool is also of great importance.

Sitar

This instrument has its roots in South Asia. It was in Hindustan that the first prototypes of sitars were made. The instrument undoubtedly has a deep history and is of a very advanced age. The sitar is a plucked instrument with a rich orchestral sound. It has seven main strings and auxiliary ones. If you look at the sitar, you get the impression that this is a very complex instrument and this impression is not deceptive.

Kalimba is an ethnic instrument of the African continent, which is very common today. Very strong in Africa folk traditions and related to public and religious life rituals, so the use of ethnic instruments has not lost its relevance. Meanwhile, the kalimba is a fairly common instrument among modern musicians, especially those who gravitate towards ethnic motifs. Kalimbas are very diverse in size and tone of sound. Larger instruments emphasize bass notes, while miniature ones produce sounds of crystal clearness. Of course, this kalimba belongs to the accompanying instruments.

Russian folk instruments

Like many peoples of the world, Russian ethnic instruments are represented by a very wide range. Gaining former popularity psaltery, traditional balalaikas, various horns, whistles, flutes and many other instruments. Traditional Russian instruments can be used to play any music, from folk to classical.

The positive impact of ethnic music

Ethnic instruments, as mentioned above, have a beneficial effect on the human body. Created in close connection with nature, ethnic instruments help us to better understand the world around us and find our harmony.

If you are engaged in ethnic music or simply decided to join a huge layer of world culture, then in our store you can buy a variety of ethnic instruments. The proposed choice will not leave you indifferent and is able to satisfy the most refined taste.

No wonder the largest American online store MusiciansFriend.com calls itself a friend of a musician. It offers an unrivaled selection of musical instruments and equipment, including guitars, amplifiers, keyboards and MIDI, drums and percussion, DJ gear, microphones, folk instruments, accessories, and more. Here you can really find everything a musician needs. And you can even get lost in all this diversity. Percussion, string and wind musical instruments of the peoples of the world in our today's review for everyone who is friends with music.

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Percussion musical instruments

Musical instruments differ in the way they produce sound. So, percussion musical instruments - it means that the sound from them is extracted by hitting (or tapping) hammers, mallets or sticks on any sounding object. It is difficult to even list them all, since this is the most numerous family. Among percussion musical instruments, one can single out well-known drums, tambourines and bells, as well as not very popular castanets, vibraphones, beats, tambourines or cowbells.

Interestingly, it is percussion musical instruments that accompany the ritual holidays of some tribal peoples of the world. Usually, music of this kind is needed to introduce listeners into a trance state before any ritual events.

Wind musical instruments

Wind musical instruments produce musical sounds due to the vibration of the air enclosed in them. They have been known to man since ancient times. This is confirmed by numerous excavations of archaeologists. At first, the musicians used a variety of flutes and pipes for their work, with the development of culture, the horn, cornet and viola, trombone and trumpet appeared in their hands. By the way, the pipe was used as a signal in ancient times. Notify about the appearance of uninvited guests.

It is also interesting that modern Symphony Orchestra almost a third consists of wind percussion instruments. They are absolutely irreplaceable. Many musical instruments of the peoples of the world are known far beyond the borders of their homeland. These are, for example, the Russian zhaleyka, the Ukrainian sopilka, the Chinese panflute Paixao or the Moldavian fluer.

String musical instruments

Stringed musical instruments appeared by chance. Someone drew attention to the sound that appears when pulling the bowstring of a hunting bow. As a result of experiments, the ancient Greek cithara first appeared. Then the bowstring was changed to a hollow box, and then the masters went wild. As a result, a whole family of stringed musical instruments appeared, the sound of which appears due to the vibration stretched strings. This is the main similarity between such different musical instruments as the Russian balalaika, the African kora, the American banjo and the Indian sitar!

Russian folk musical instruments (lesson of the MHK 8th grade "Musical instruments of the peoples of the world" according to the textbook by Danilova G.I.) Author: Korshikov Alexander student of the 8th grade of the MOU Sidorovskaya school Samara Region Head: Korshikov V.A. teacher MHK MOU Sidorovskaya OOSh

The name "balalaika", sometimes found in the form "balabayka", is a folk name, probably given to the instrument in imitation of the strumming, "balakan" of the strings during the game. "Balagat", "joke" in the folk dialect means to chat, empty calls. Russian origin can only be attributed to the triangular outline of the body or body of the balalaika, which replaced the round shape of the domra.

At first, the balalaika spread mainly in the northern and eastern provinces of Russia, usually accompanying folk dance songs. But already in mid-nineteenth century balalaika was very popular in many places in Russia. It was played not only by village boys, but also by serious court musicians, such as Ivan Khandoshkin, I.F. Yablochkin, N.V. Lavrov. However, by the middle of the 19th century, an harmonica was found almost everywhere next to it, which gradually replaced the balalaika.

Domra is an ancient Russian musical instrument. Scientists suggest that the ancient ancestor of our Russian domra was an Egyptian instrument, which received the name "pandura" from Greek historians, and was in use already several millennia before our time. This instrument, called "tanbur", probably came to us through Persia, which traded with the Transcaucasus.

Due to their performance capabilities, domras in the orchestra constitute the main melodic group. In addition, domra finds its application as a solo instrument. Concert pieces and works are written for her. Unfortunately, domra is not very popular as a folk instrument in Russia; it is almost never found in villages.

Gusli Gusli, Russian plucked instrument. Known in two varieties. The first has a pterygoid (triangular in later samples) shape, from 5 to 14 strings tuned in steps of the diatonic scale, the second has a helmet shape and 1030 strings of the same tuning.

The harmonica originated from an Asian instrument called the shen. Shen in Russia was known for a very long time in the X-XIII centuries during the period of the Tatar-Mongol rule. Some researchers argue that the shen traveled from Asia to Russia, and then to Europe, where it was improved and became a widespread, truly popular musical instrument throughout Europe - the harmonica.

Contrary to the opinion that the accordion is an invention of German masters, Academician A. M. Mirek managed to prove its Russian origin. Harmonica in modern form- with sliding bellows (pneuma) and with a large number of notched metal tongues inside two side bars - appeared in St. Petersburg. Her father, Czech engineer Frantisek Kirshnik, then lived in Russia, and his new tool, with a much greater sound power than sheng, demonstrated to St. Petersburg in 1783. He also gave a Czech name to his brainchild: harmonica. But now this name, like "accordion", has become colloquial in Russian. The official name of this musical instrument is accordion.

Bayan is also a Russian invention. In 1907, it was made by Pyotr Sterligov. The master himself did not boast that he had invented a new instrument. And he gave the name of the famous storyteller-musician to the new four-row chromatic accordion Ancient Russia Bayan. This name was inherited by all instruments of this type. The keyboard, invented by the master and located on right side tool, was called the Sterligov system.

In our time, composers write original works for the button accordion, up to compositions of large forms of sonatas and concertos. In musical educational institutions there are bayan classes that train qualified accordionists. Bayan remains a folk instrument that has been and continues to be played in folk music.

The first written evidence of the horn appears in the second half of the 18th century. In them, the horn appears as a widespread, primordially Russian instrument: “This tool was almost invented by the Russians themselves.” The horn is a straight conical tube with five playing holes at the top and one at the bottom. There is a small bell at the lower end, and a glued mouthpiece at the upper end. The total length of the horn ranges from 320 to 830 mm

The word "zhaleyka" is not found in any ancient Russian written monument. The first mention of a zhaleyka is in the notes of A. Tuchkov dating back to the end of the 18th century. There is reason to believe that the zhaleyka was present before that in the zhaleyka, which is a small tube of willow or elderberry, 10 to 20 cm long, at the upper end of which is inserted a beeper with a single tongue of reed or goose feather, and at the lower end there is a bell made of cow horn or from birch. The tongue is sometimes incised on the tube itself. There are from 3 to 7 playing holes on the barrel, so you can change the pitch of the sound. form of another instrument.

Svirel is a Russian instrument of the longitudinal flute type. Flutes are mentioned in ancient Greek myths and legends. This type of instrument has existed among different peoples since ancient times. In Europe, in court music-making (XVIII century), its name “longitudinal flute” was strengthened. The flute is a simple wooden (sometimes metal) pipe. It has a beak-shaped whistle device at one end, and a different number of playing holes (usually six) are carved in the middle of the front side. The tool is made of buckthorn, hazel, maple, ash or bird cherry.

Kugikly (kuvikly) or tsevnitsa is a wind musical instrument, a Russian variety of a multi-barreled flute. As a rule, it consists of three to five hollow tubes of the same diameter, but different lengths from 100 to 160 mm. The upper ends of the tubes are open and the lower ends are closed. Kuvikly are not distributed throughout Russia, but only in the Kursk, Bryansk and Kaluga regions. The sound is extracted by blowing on the edges of the cuts of the open ends located on the same line. Usually flute tubes are firmly fastened together, but cuvikles have distinguishing feature in them, the pipes are not fastened, but freely held in the hand. Use from 2 to 5 tubes. A set of five pipes is called a "pair". A performer playing a “pair” must not only be able to blow into the pipes, but also reproduce the missing notes with his voice.
The time of occurrence in Russia of spoons as a musical instrument has not yet been established. The first fairly detailed information about them appears in late XVIII century and testify to their wide distribution among the peasants. Musical spoons in appearance are not much different from ordinary table wooden spoons, only they are made from harder woods.

A tambourine is a percussion musical instrument of indefinite pitch, consisting of a leather membrane stretched over a wooden rim. Some varieties of tambourines have metal bells suspended from them, which begin to ring when the performer strikes the membrane of the tambourine, rubs it, or shakes the entire instrument.

Ratchet is a folk musical instrument, an idiophone that replaces handclaps. Ratchets consist of a set of thin boards (usually oak) cm long. They are interconnected by a dense rope threaded through the holes in the upper part of the boards. To separate the boards between them, small wooden plates about 2 cm wide are inserted at the top. There is no written evidence of whether this instrument was used in Ancient Russia as a musical instrument. During archaeological excavations in Novgorod in 1992, 2 tablets were found, which, according to V. I. Povetkin, were included in the set of ancient Novgorod rattles in the 12th century.

Russian Birches – Ensemble of Folk Instruments Accent Sentimentos - duet "Bayan-Mix" Einsamer-Hirte - Gheorghe-Zamfir log.nl/etherpiraat/piraten_muziek_2040/index.html V.Vlasov – If the harmonica could do Dmitry Kuznetsov - Svirel. Zhaleyka Rattles Audio Encyclopedia (Folk Instruments)

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