Which sounds with the help of pipes (metal, wooden, without reeds and with reeds) of various timbres, into which air is blown with the help of bellows.

Organ playing is carried out using several keyboards for hands (manuals) and a pedal keyboard.

In terms of sound richness and abundance of musical means, the organ ranks first among all instruments and is sometimes called the “king of instruments”. Due to its expressiveness, it has long been the property of the church.

A person who plays music on an organ is called organist.

Soldiers of the Third Reich called the Soviet multiple launch rocket systems BM-13 "Stalin's organ" because of the sound made by the plumage of the missiles.

History of the organ

The embryo of the organ can be seen in, as well as in. It is believed that the organ (hydraulos; also hydraulikon, hydraulis - “water organ”) was invented by the Greek Ktesibius, who lived in Alexandria of Egypt in 296-228. BC e. The image of a similar tool is available on one coin or token from the time of Nero.

Organs large sizes appeared in the 4th century, more or less improved organs - in the 7th and 8th centuries. Pope Vitalian (666) introduced the organ into the Catholic Church. In the 8th century, Byzantium was famous for its organs.

The art of building organs also developed in Italy, from where they were sent to France in the 9th century. Later this art developed in Germany. The organ began to receive the greatest and ubiquitous distribution in the XIV century. In the 14th century, a pedal appeared in the organ, that is, a keyboard for the feet.

medieval organs, in comparison with later ones, were of rough work; a manual keyboard, for example, consisted of keys with a width of 5 to 7 cm, the distance between the keys reached one and a half cm. They hit the keys not with fingers, as now, but with fists.

In the 15th century, the keys were reduced and the number of pipes increased.

Organ device

Improved organs reached a huge number of pipes and tubes; for example, the organ in Paris in the church of St. Sulpice has 7 thousand pipes and tubes. In the organ there are pipes and tubes of the following sizes: at 1 foot, notes sound three octaves higher than written, at 2 feet, notes sound two octaves higher than written, at 4 feet, notes sound an octave higher than written, at 8 feet, notes sound as they are written, at 16 feet - notes sound an octave below written, at 32 feet - notes sound two octaves below written. Closing the pipe from above leads to a decrease in the emitted sounds by an octave. Not all organs have large tubes.

There are from 1 to 7 keyboards in the organ (usually 2-4); they are called manuals. Although each organ keyboard has a volume of 4-5 octaves, thanks to the pipes sounding two octaves below or three octaves above the written notes, the volume of a large organ has 9.5 octaves. Each set of pipes of the same timbre is, as it were, a separate instrument and is called register.

Each of the retractable or retractable buttons or registers (located above the keyboard or on the sides of the instrument) actuates a corresponding row of tubes. Each button or register has its own name and a corresponding inscription, indicating the length of the largest pipe of this register. The composer can indicate the name of the register and the size of the pipes in the notes above the place where this register should be applied. (Selection of registers for execution piece of music called registration.) Registers in the organs are from 2 to 300 (most often found from 8 to 60).

All registers fall into two categories:

• Registers with pipes without reeds(labial registers). This category includes registers of open flutes, registers of closed flutes (bourdons), registers of overtones (potions), in which each note has several (weaker) harmonic overtones.
• Registers with pipes with reeds(reed registers). The combination of registers of both categories together with a potion is called plein jeu.

The keyboards or manuals are located in the terraced organs, one above the other. In addition to them, there is also a pedal keyboard (from 5 to 32 keys), mainly for low sounds. The part for the hands is written on two staves - in the keys and as for. The pedal part is often written separately on one musical staff. The pedal keyboard, simply called "pedal", is played with both feet, using the heel and toe alternately (until the 19th century, only the toe). An organ without a pedal is called positive, a small portable organ is called portable.

Manuals in organs have names that depend on the location of the pipes in the organ.

• The main manual (having the loudest registers) - in the German tradition is called Hauptwerk(French Grand orgue, Grand clavier) and is located closest to the performer, or on the second row;
• The second most important and loud manual in the German tradition is called Oberwerk(louder version) or Positive(light version) (fr. Positif), if the pipes of this manual are located ABOVE the Hauptwerk pipes, or Ruckpositiv, if the pipes of this manual are located separately from the rest of the pipes of the organ and are installed behind the back of the organist; The Oberwerk and Positiv keys on the game console are located one level above the Hauptwerk keys, and the Ruckpositiv keys are one level below the Hauptwerk keys, thereby reproducing the architectural structure of the instrument.
• The manual, the pipes of which are located inside a kind of box, which has vertical shutters in the front part of the blinds in the German tradition are called Schwellwerk(fr. Recit (expressif). Schwellwerk can be located both at the very top of the organ (more common), and on the same level as the Hauptwerk. Schwellwerka keys are located on the game console at a higher level than Hauptwerk, Oberwerk, Positiv, Ruckpositive.
• Existing types of manuals: Hinterwerk(pipes are located at the back of the organ), Brustwerk(pipes are located directly above the organist's seat), Solowerk(solo registers, very loud trumpets arranged in a separate group), Choir etc.

The following devices serve as relief for the players and a means for amplifying or attenuating sonority:

copula- a mechanism by which two keyboards are connected, with the registers advanced on them acting simultaneously. The copula enables the player on one manual to use the extended registers of another.

4 footrests above pedal board(Pеdale de combinaison, Tritte), each of which acts on a certain combination of registers.

Blinds- a device consisting of doors that close and open the entire room with pipes of different registers, as a result of which the sound is strengthened or weakened. Doors are set in motion by a footboard (channel).

Since registers in different bodies different countries and eras are not the same, then in the organ part they are usually not indicated in detail: they write out only the manual, the designation of pipes with or without reeds, and the size of the pipes above this or that place in the organ part. The rest of the details are provided to the performer.

The organ is often combined with the orchestra and singing in oratorios, cantatas, psalms, and also in opera.

There are also electric (electronic) organs, for example, Hammond.

Composers who composed organ music

Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Adam Reinken
Johann Pachelbel
Dietrich Buxtehude
Girolamo Frescobaldi
Johann Jakob Froberger
Georg Friedrich Handel
Siegfried Karg-Elert
Henry Purcell
Max Reger
Vincent Lübeck
Johann Ludwig Krebs
Matthias Weckman
Domenico Zipoli
Cesar Frank

Video: Organ on video + sound

Thanks to these videos, you can get acquainted with the tool, see real game on it, listen to its sound, feel the specifics of the technique:

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History of the organ Organ (Latin organum) is the largest keyboard wind musical instrument that sounds with the help of pipes (metal, wooden, without reeds and with reeds) of various timbres, into which air is blown with the help of bellows.

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The germ of the organ can be seen in the Pan flute and also in the bagpipe. It is believed that the organ was invented by the Greek Ktesibius, who lived in Alexandria in Egypt in 296-228. BC e. The image of a similar tool is available on one coin or token from the time of Nero. The germ of the organ can be seen in the Pan flute and also in the bagpipe. It is believed that the organ was invented by the Greek Ktesibius, who lived in Alexandria in Egypt in 296-228. BC e. The image of a similar tool is available on one coin or token from the time of Nero. Large organs appeared in the 4th century, more or less improved organs in the 7th and 8th centuries. Pope Vitalian (666) introduced the organ into the Catholic Church. In the 8th century, Byzantium was famous for its organs.

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The organ is played using several hand keyboards (manuals) and a pedal keyboard. The organ is played using several hand keyboards (manuals) and a pedal keyboard. In terms of sound richness and abundance of musical means, the organ ranks first among all instruments and is sometimes called the “king of instruments”. Due to its expressiveness, it has long been the property of the church.

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The art of building organs also developed in Italy, from where they were sent to France in the 9th century. Later this art developed in Germany. The organ began to receive the greatest and ubiquitous distribution in the XIV century. In the 14th century, a pedal appeared in the organ, that is, a keyboard for the feet. The art of building organs also developed in Italy, from where they were sent to France in the 9th century. Later this art developed in Germany. The organ began to receive the greatest and ubiquitous distribution in the XIV century. In the 14th century, a pedal appeared in the organ, that is, a keyboard for the feet.

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Medieval organs, in comparison with later ones, were of crude workmanship; a manual keyboard, for example, consisted of keys with a width of 5 to 7 cm, the distance between the keys reached one and a half cm. They hit the keys not with fingers, as now, but with fists. Medieval organs, in comparison with later ones, were of crude workmanship; a manual keyboard, for example, consisted of keys with a width of 5 to 7 cm, the distance between the keys reached one and a half cm. They hit the keys not with fingers, as now, but with fists. In the 15th century, the keys were reduced and the number of pipes increased. Organ device

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Improved organs reached a huge number of pipes and tubes; for example, the organ in Paris in the church of St. Sulpice has 7 thousand pipes and tubes. In the organ there are pipes and tubes of the following sizes: at 1 foot, notes sound three octaves higher than written, at 2 feet, notes sound two octaves higher than written, at 4 feet, notes sound an octave higher than written, at 8 feet, notes sound as they are written, at 16 feet - notes sound an octave below written, at 32 feet - notes sound two octaves below written. Closing the pipe from above leads to a decrease in the emitted sounds by an octave. Not all organs have large tubes. Improved organs reached a huge number of pipes and tubes; for example, the organ in Paris in the church of St. Sulpice has 7 thousand pipes and tubes. In the organ there are pipes and tubes of the following sizes: at 1 foot, notes sound three octaves higher than written, at 2 feet, notes sound two octaves higher than written, at 4 feet, notes sound an octave higher than written, at 8 feet, notes sound as they are written, at 16 feet - notes sound an octave below written, at 32 feet - notes sound two octaves below written. Closing the pipe from above leads to a decrease in the emitted sounds by an octave. Not all organs have large tubes.

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tools Research work of a 6A grade student Valeria Goffert

Why did I choose this topic? I wanted to learn more about such an unusual musical instrument and listen to live organ music.

Relevance of the topic The topic “The organ is the king of musical instruments”, in my opinion, is relevant in our time, since many schoolchildren do not know, or simply forgot about the existence of such a unique musical instrument as the organ.

About the organ...

The history of the organ The organ was invented by the Greek Ctesibius, who lived in Alexandria in Egypt. Large organs appeared in the 4th century. Pope Vitalian introduced the organ into the Catholic Church in 666. In the 8th century, Byzantium was famous for its organs.

Organ Building The art of building organs developed in Italy. In the 14th century, the pedal (foot keyboard) appeared in the organ. Medieval organs, in comparison with later ones, were of coarse workmanship. They struck the keys not with fingers, as now, but with fists.

The Loudest Organ in the World The loudest musical instrument in the world is the currently dormant organ of the Concord Hall in Atlantic City. It has the widest range of tones in the world, the largest and heaviest pipes and the highest working pressure in the air supply system. This organ has the world's most sophisticated game control system.

Wikipedia (organ) Article I worked with

Conclusions The organ is the largest and loudest musical instrument, and is rightly called the “King of musical instruments”. As a result of my research, I concluded that this statement is true.

Goals and tasks that I accomplished I found information about the organ, found out that there are organs in Tallinn and where they are located, visited these places, found out organ history, Compiled a catalog of places where you can listen to live organ music. Catalog Repeated, tested and expanded my knowledge in the use of different programs. It seems to me that I did everything that I wanted and as much as I wanted.

Brief description of the progress of the project Tasks of the project Gathering information Compilation of the catalog Consolidation of knowledge Summarizing

Terms that I needed Organ - a keyboard-wind musical instrument, the largest type of musical instruments. An organist is a person who plays the organ, the specialty of a musician is an instrumentalist, a position in the church. The organ console is a console with all the tools necessary for an organist, the set of which in each organ is individual, but common: game - manuals and a pedal keyboard and timbre - register switches. A manual is a keyboard for playing with your hands. The pedal keyboard is a keyboard with its own set of registers, mainly low sounds, for playing with your feet. Register - a series of pipes of the same timbre. There are several of them in the body. The organ tractura is a system of transmission devices that functionally connects the controls on the spike (remote control) with the air intake devices of the organ. The game tractor transmits the movement of the manual keys and the pedal to the valves of a particular pipe or group of pipes in a potion. The register tracture provides switching on or off of the whole register or a group of registers in response to pressing the toggle switch or moving the register handle.

Wikipedia (organ) Article about ORGAN Eesti Orelimuusika Google search (pictures for ORGAN) Wikipedia (orel) Wikipedia (Lutheran worship) Sources used

Thank you for your attention

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How did the organ come about?

The germ of the organ can be seen in the Pan flute and also in the bagpipe.

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Organ - wind keyboard musical instrument

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From the history

The art of building organs also developed in Italy, from where they were sent to France in the 9th century. Later this art developed in Germany. The organ began to receive the greatest and ubiquitous distribution in the XIV century. In the 14th century, a pedal appeared in the organ, that is, a keyboard for the feet. Medieval organs, in comparison with later ones, were of crude workmanship; a manual keyboard, for example, consisted of keys with a width of 5 to 7 cm, the distance between the keys reached 1.5 cm. The keys were struck not with fingers, as now, but with fists. In the 15th century, the keys were reduced and the number of pipes increased.

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Organ around the world

The largest organ in the world is located in Los Angeles. The largest existing organ in Europe is located in the Roman Catholic cathedral of the German city. The largest organ with a mechanical tractor is in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity in Liepaja (Latvia). The main organ of the Cathedral in Kaliningrad has 4 manuals, 90 registers, 8500 pipes.

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Organ structure

There are different types of pipes that create variety sound effects. Pipes are made of tin, lead, copper and various alloys (mainly lead and tin), in some cases wood is also used.

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Body management

The organ console is a console with all the tools necessary for an organist, the set of which in each organ is individual, but common: game - manuals and a pedal keyboard (or just a “pedal”) and timbre - register switches. There may also be dynamic ones - channels, various foot levers or buttons for turning on copulas and switching combinations from the memory bank of register combinations and a device for turning on the organ. At the console, on a bench, the organist sits during the performance.