By official statements competent persons complete digitalization of the Moscow City telephone network ends. Therefore, analog communications will soon sink into oblivion. But behind these silent tons of "iron" is a giant layer of history and the fate of people. The Museum is called upon to preserve all this for posterity. history of MGTS, accepting everyone on excursions at st. Zorge, d. 27.
The museum was opened in 1982 as a gift to Muscovites on the centenary of the Moscow city telephone network on the initiative of the management of MGTS OJSC. Here you can see many interesting and even rare exhibits. For example, a telephone from 1890, an interesting old manual for telegraph lines, and a still functioning model of the very first automatic telephone exchange. She began working in 1930 and is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having worked the longest of all other automatic telephone exchanges that have ever existed.
At the very beginning of the exposition of the Museum of the History of MGTS there is a historical symbol - the banner of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the People's Commissariat of Communications, awarded during the Second World War to the winners in the socialist competition. Part of the hall is filled with rare communications equipment, which has been accumulated since 1882. Then on the Kuznetsky bridge, in the house of the wealthy merchant Popov, the first telephone exchange in Moscow was opened. She was manual, that is, she could not boast of the automation process - the telephone operator accepted the call, she connected with the desired subscriber when she was called by name and address.
The connection schedule of that time shows how few people in the capital could afford such an expensive device as a telephone: now the same number of subscribers in the most ordinary metropolitan office. And then all the numbers were four-digit, and the employee was able to remember them all by heart. Many artifact phones do not have a dial, but right side there is a special handle, turning which you could hear the voice of the "young lady". Among the old exhibits, it is surprising to see familiar logos - for example, on one of the first telephones, released in 1895, there is a sign of the Ericsson company, which is still popular today.
The Museum of the History of MGTS has the first payphones, which appeared in the center of Moscow in 1909. By 1917, communication was so well established that one of the primary tasks of the revolution was, as you know, "to take over the telephone and telegraph."
In the museum you can see a real telephone control point. The period after 1942 is well represented - then it was possible to completely abandon the services of "young ladies", and in the 60s the wholesale telephone installation began.
The museum also has pages that cause an involuntary smile. For example, a special stand that tells about the fight against various scammers who sold counterfeit coins for phones, and vandals who unsuccessfully tried to tear off the phone in a payphone.
Today, MGTS has completely different equipment and not such problems. And the Museum of the History of MGTS clearly demonstrates with what a small step a great deed begins - telephone communication, without which we now cannot live a single day.
We invite students in grades 4-7 to an excursion to the Museum of History telephone communication MGTS!
The museum of OJSC MGTS visually presents all stages of the development of telephone communications in Russia. It is considered one of the best corporate museums in its field, and its collections are comparable to the most famous expositions two Russian capitals.
The MGTS Museum was opened on July 8, 1982, on the eve of the 100th anniversary of the Moscow City Telephone Network. The initiators of its creation were the head of MGTS Viktor Vasiliev and deputy. chief engineer Evgeny Dubrovsky.
Here you can see collections of payphones and telephones, the oldest of which is Bell-Black's apparatus of 1890. Among the exhibits there are many real historical and technical values: this is Bell's handset of 1878, and the book "Guide to the Construction of Overhead Telegraph Lines" of 1878, and even a working model of the first automatic telephone exchange. It was put into operation in 1930 and entered the Guinness Book of Records as the longest operating automatic telephone exchange in the world.
Date: February 26, 2018
Time of the tour: from 15:00 to 16:00.
Address: Moscow, st. Zorge, d. 27 (4-storey yellow brick ATS building, opposite residential building No. 34)
Directions:
From m. "Sokol"(exit to the streets Peschany, Alabyan) behind the church stop trl. 19,59,61, bus 100,26,691. Get off at the bus stop "st. Levitan", go to the other side of the street and then walk to the street. Sorge towards railway. On st. Sorge go left along residential building number 36. Travel time from metro 15-20 min.;
From metro station "October field"(the last car from the center, when exiting to the left and again to the left) at the crossroads, turn right to the stop trl. 19.59.61, author 100.26. Exit to
2nd stop "st. Levitan", then walk to the street. Sorge in the direction of the railway. On st. Sorge go left along residential building number 36. Travel time from metro 15-20 min.
House number 15. After the Rostopchins, the last owner of the estate is the princess Shcherbatova Sofia Stepanovna, nee Countess Apraksina(1798 - 1885), the widow of the former Moscow military governor-general, Prince Alexei Grigorievich Shcherbatov, a woman of extraordinary responsiveness and generosity, who left a good memory of herself in all sectors of society. She owned the estate from 1852 until her last days.
Sofia Stepanovna Shcherbatova, ur. Apraksina (1798 - 1885) belonged to the circle of the most noble nobility. Her father, Stepan Stepanovich Apraksin, was a cavalry general, an associate of Suvorov, and a godson of Catherine II. Apraksin was one of the richest landowners in Russia and was considered the first handsome man of his time. Her mother Ekaterina Vladimirovna is a maid of honor, a lady of state, a cavalry lady, a sister Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn, Governor-General of Moscow, who he and his wife lived for some time during cholera in this house on Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya during the time of ownership of the Nebolsina estate,. And her maternal grandmother was famous.
Sofya Stepanovna's parents are thin. Lampi Johann-Baptist the Elder "Portrait of Count Apraksin S.S.", art. Louise Vigée Lebrun "Portrait of Ekaterina Vladimirovna Apraksina".
The marriage of the parents was happy, the Apraksins usually spent the winter in their Moscow house on Znamenka 19, built according to the project of F. I. Camporesi, and in the summer in the luxurious estate of Olgovo.
In his house and estate, the rich philanthropist S. S. Apraksin constantly gave luxurious feasts for those invited, and on some days for everyone. His hospitality and hospitality were legendary even for hospitable and hospitable Moscow. Balls and evenings in Moscow gave way to festivities in Olgov.
In addition, Stepan Stepanovich had his own fortress theater, the troupe of the Moscow Imperial Theater played with him, the troupe of the Italian opera and many other guest performers performed here.
Prince I.M. Dolgoruky recalled - " In Moscow, Apraksin's house was a temple of all sensual pleasures ... Incessant balls, daily congresses the best people... I controlled this spectacle, as the head of the entire troupe". Who just has not been to this house.
st. Znamenka, 19. The former house of the Apraksins. Photo 1895 - 1910
The Apraksins had five children, two sons and three daughters, but one of the daughters died in early childhood. All the children received an excellent education, Ekaterina Vladimirovna was engaged in raising children herself. Her daughters studied languages and literature, they were taught music and art.
From the early childhood Apraksin children were surrounded by outstanding people of their time. Grandson of Sofia Stepanovna Shcherbatov S.A. in his book "The Artist in Inferior Russia" he wrote that his grandmother's album was kept in his house on Novinsky Boulevard - " Life can be judged by the following autographs, not collected, but personally inscribed in the album, under mostly unpublished poems, and handwritten whole pages of notes dedicated to my grandmother. The album was signed by: Alexander Pushkin, Zhukovsky, Prince Vyazemsky, Tyutchev, Boratynsky, Turgenev, Gogol, Mickiewicz, Gizo, Casimir de la Vigne, Barant, Liszt, Mayerbeer, Rubini, Rossini, Aubert Patti, Pauline Viardot and others. There were also two donated drawings by Bryulov and Kiprensky, who also made portraits of my grandmother, also lost". Here Shcherbatov S.A. is mistaken, the portrait of S.S. Shcherbatova, made by Kiprensky O.A. in 1819, has been preserved.
In 1817, Sofya Stepanovna married the widower Prince Alexei Grigoryevich Shcherbatov, who was twenty-two years older than the bride. His first wife Vyazemskaya Ekaterina Andreevna, the sister of the poet P. A. Vyazemsky, died in childbirth at the age of twenty.
Hood. Firmin Massot "Portrait of Princess Shcherbatova S.S.", art. J. Dow "Portrait of Prince Shcherbatov A.G."
Alexey Grigorievich Shcherbatov(1776 - 1848), infantry general, participant Patriotic War 1812, later from 1844 to 1848 Moscow military governor-general of Moscow.
Their wedding took place in their father's house on Znamenka, then the Shcherbatovs settled in house No. Tverskoy boulevard, in the parish of John the Theologian, which belonged to the wife of t.s. N.V. Golokhvastova.
Passage of Tverskoy Boulevard. On right - former home Golokhvastov. Photo 1903
The first years after the wedding, the Shcherbatovs traveled a lot around Europe. They lived in France in Paris, traveled all over Germany, Austria, Italy, and then proceeded further to England and Ireland. Upon their return, they lived in St. Petersburg and Moscow. In the summer they went to their estate near Moscow, Litvinovo.
In marriage, the Shcherbatovs had seven children, two of whom died in childhood. Sofya Stepanovna, like her mother, herself was engaged in raising children, attracted the best teachers for their education. All children received an excellent education.
It is usually written that the Shcherbatovs finally moved to Moscow in 1843, when Prince A.G. Shcherbatov was appointed military governor-general of Moscow, replacing Prince D.V. Golitsyn. However, already in the reference book of 1839. it is mentioned that the Shcherbatovs live in Moscow, on Vozdvizhenka, in the village of Kozlova.
Having become governor, Alexei Grigorievich took over from Golitsyn the concern for medical and charitable institutions in Moscow, began to fight the pollution of the city and child labor at night. In addition, Prince Shcherbatov took care of the implementation of the architectural and urban planning plan of the city, created by his predecessor. He was also one of the main donors for the construction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow, and having become the mayor of Moscow in 1844, he headed the commission for its construction.
His wife did not lag behind him. In 1844, Princess Shcherbatova founded the "Ladies' Guardianship of the Poor" in Moscow. The society existed at the expense of donors and the largest donations were made by the Shcherbatovs themselves, as well as their daughter Olga and son Alexander. Subsequently, since 1854, the "Ladies' Guardianship of the Poor" was included in the Department of Institutions of the Empress Maria Feodorovna.
Initially, the "Ladies' Guardianship of the Poor" included 17 branches, they were dispersed in different districts of Moscow and often bore the names of their donors. As needed, the number of branches increased. One of these branches was located at B. Predtechensky per., 10. Photo from 1895 (now in its place, a building built in 1902).
By the way, on the PastView website, this photo is out of place. And yes, it's the same house.
In addition, by 1855, there were four educational institutions for the children of poor nobles and officials under the guardianship: at the Prechistensky department. Petrovskoye educational institution, founded in 1846; at the Serpukhov department. in the same year, two shelters Ermolovsky and Fedorovsky shelters were founded, in memory of the deceased husband of Mrs. Yermolova;
Yermolovskaya vocational school for girls on Donskaya street. Later, this section of the street went to psychiatric hospital them. 3. P. Solovieva. Photo 1895
at the Khamovniki department, an educational institution for noble maidens, children of poor parents, established in 1851 and at the Lefortovo department. - a shelter for girls, daughters of nobles and officials, established in 1952 by V.E. Damn.
Under the jurisdiction of the Ladies' Guardianship were two educational institutions of the highest category ( first schools, then institutes): Mariinsky, created in 1851 by the wife of the Privy Councilor Talyzina Olga Nikolaevna and Alexandro-Mariinsky, founded in 1857 and transformed in 1861 by the widow of a senator, general of infantry Damn Varvara Evgrafovna.
In 1856, shelters were enlarged. In this regard, the Ermolaevsky and Fedorovsky shelters became part of the Mariinsky School, for which large building on Sofiyskaya embankment, 8.
Mariinsky School. Photo 1895
And for the Alexander-Mariinsky School, which included the Petrovsky and Prechistensky Schools, they rented the estate of Lieutenant N.P. Voeikova, on Prechistenka, 19\11.
Alexander-Mariinsky School. Photo 1895
Together with Dr. F. P. Gaaz, Sofya Stepanovna, during the cholera epidemic in 1848, founded the Nikolsky community of sisters of mercy in Moscow at the Sushchevsky department of guardianship. At first, the community was located on Dolgorukovskaya Street, near the Butyrskaya prison.
In 1851, having received the estate as a gift, bequeathed E.V. Novosiltseva (she is the daughter of a big man statesman the second half of the 18th century, the youngest of the five famous Catherine's "eagles" - V. G. Orlov. Novosiltseva in 1825 lost her only son Vladimir, after his death, she completely went into charity), the Nikolskaya community moved to Vorontsovskaya Street, not far from the Novospassky Monastery. Photo 1895
It was a large area between the modern. st. Gvozdev, Vorontsovskaya st. and Vorontsovsky per. With funds donated by the princes Shcherbatovs and other benefactors, a whole complex of charitable institutions was built here, which included: an orphanage, a school, an almshouse for elderly women and a hospital for visiting patients.
Hospital of St. Sophia in Moscow, founded in 1860 by Prince. Shcherbatova S.S. Photo 1895
The sisters cared for the sick in the First City Hospital and in the hospital established by Dr. F.P. Haas hospital for laborers, later named after the emperor Alexander III. At the request of private individuals, the sisters were released to care for the sick at home. In 1855-1856, during the Crimean War, the sisters of the Nikolskaya community, together with the compassionate widows and sisters of the St. Petersburg Holy Cross community, assisted the wounded in the hospitals of the Crimea.
In 1886, after the death of Sofya Stepanovna, institutions on Vorontsovskaya Street. awarded the title of "Institutions of Princess Sophia Shcherbatova".
Part of the buildings of this complex has been preserved. House No. 2 on Vorontsovsky Lane, where the almshouse and the orphanage were located, was built on, now it belongs to the Institute for Advanced Training of Executive Workers, one of the buildings of this complex has also been preserved, presumably, this is the building of a shelter for terminally ill children on Vorontsovskaya Street, 30a, however , it was built after the departure of the chairman Sofya Stepanovna, in 1880. Inside the building, an old cast-iron staircase and the layout of halls and classrooms have been preserved.
Vorontsovskaya st., 30a. Photo 1987
Princess Shcherbatova was also among the founders of the Moscow Department of the Society for the Care of the Wounded and Sick Soldiers, created in 1867 ( at the end of the 19th century. renamed to Moscow Society Red Cross) to organize hospitals for the wounded during hostilities, to provide assistance to victims of natural disasters, refugees and to train nurses.
In 1866, the "Ladies' Guardianship of the Poor" created a completely new institution for Russia - an orphanage in the name of St. Mary Magdalene for women, girls and young girls who were engaged in prostitution and wished to stand up for the righteous life path. The shelter was arranged on Dolgorukovskaya street. in the house number 24, which belonged to the guardianship. The first head of the orphanage was the princess Olga Alekseevna Golitsyna, daughter of Princess S. S. Shcherbatova.
Dolgorukovskaya st., 26, 24. Photo taken in 1986 (Presumably, in this two-storey house, there was a shelter of St. Magdalene).
Not without the participation of Sofya Stepanovna, the Komissarov Technical School was also created, because. Initially, it was a craft school under the Arbat Guardianship of the Poor, and in memory of the miraculous rescue of Emperor Alexander II by Komissarov, it was named the Komissarov Technical School, which was transferred to another department.
Komissarovskoe Technical School. B. Sadovaya, 14.
And this is only part of the good deeds committed by the book. S.S. Shcherbatova. Even after leaving the post of chairman of the "Ladies' Care of the Poor" Sofya Stepanovna remained an active participant in it. To late XIX in. 33 charitable institutions were part of the Ladies' Guardianship.
But back to the estate on Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya Street. Sofya Stepanovna buys a house and an estate here, already being a widow. Together with the house from Rostoprichna A.F. she gets antique ebony furniture with gilding, which served as an adornment of the Rostopchins' mansion on Lubyanka, later this furniture will move to the house of Shcherbatova's grandson on Novinsky Boulevard. Shcherbatova owned this estate from 1952 to 1885.
For more than 30 years this house has been the center of all of Moscow, a well-born secular and charitable one; it preserved for a long time all the old Moscow traditions described by Tolstoy in War and Peace, and the patriarchal life of pre-fire Moscow. Princess Shcherbatova, very smart and educated, was the personification of "grande dame", she spoke the truth in the eyes of the sovereign and mere mortals; brought up in luxury and wealth, she was distinguished by simplicity in life, she liked to get up early, sit with her legs crossed, saying that she was a "Tatar", hinting at the Tatar origin of the Apraksins.
The plan of the estate for 1881, made by the architect V.P. Desyatov, who carried out repair work in the estate, has been preserved. It is known from this plan that by this time there were 12 buildings here - "a two-story stone residential building, two-story residential extensions, in which the bottom is stone, and the upper part is wooden with non-residential basements, a two-story residential building, a stone bottom, a wooden top, wooden porches, a one-story non-residential an extension on a stone non-residential basement, stone descents to the basement, a stone one-story passage, a stone one-story non-residential, a wooden one-story gazebo, a wooden one-story gatehouse, a garbage dump, a well.
Sofya Stepanovna was an active and energetic person, ready to help the suffering even in last years of her life, the princess monthly in the house of the Barykovskaya almshouse received poor visitors, asked them about their needs and helped with personal means.
Princess Shcherbatova S.S. in the last years of life.
A week before her death, she wrote a will with her own hand, by which she signed off her estate to her children. Princess Shcherbatova died of pneumonia on February 3, 1885 at the age of 88 and was buried next to her husband in the Donskoy Monastery.
In memory of the late mother, her children at the family council decided to donate this estate to the city to house the children's hospital in it, which bears the name of Sofia, in honor of their mother. More about the new purpose of this estate in the next part.
Today we propose to go to the museum of the Moscow city telephone network.
The MGTS Museum opened in the building of a telephone exchange on Zorge St. back in 1982 and during this time has accumulated quite large collection interesting exhibits. It's great that there were caring people and everything that was simply written off and should have been sent to a landfill was carried to the museum. Now there are many rare samples of telephone equipment here.
Walk around the museum, see the exhibits and read their interesting history —>
To begin with, very briefly about the history of the phone:
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented in the United States "a method and apparatus for transmitting speech and other sounds by telegraph using electric waves." By the irony of history, Bell's wife was deaf, so he was not destined to talk to her on the phone. Yes, and he invented the telephone almost by accident, dealing with the problems of the hearing impaired and trying to make their lives easier with the help of his inventions.
But Bell's phone could only connect two people, switching numbers was not thought of until two years later. In 1878, the first telephone exchange with 200 numbers appeared in the city of New Haven.
The first call in Russia took place in Moscow on July 1 (13), 1882 from Popov's house (now Kuznetsky Most, 12). Switchboards were installed in rented premises on the 5th floor of the house. The telephone operator girls sat on the switches and connected the subscribers to each other.
General view of the museum
Until the beginning of the 20th century, telephone communication in Moscow was available only to the richest people. At first, only 26 people connected to the phone, since the monthly fee was 250 thousand rubles a year (the most expensive fur coat - 60-85 rubles, a loaf of bread - 2 kopecks), "telephone ladies" knew subscribers by voice. The network, despite the high cost, grew rapidly and by 1901, 3,000 people had already connected to it.
In 1901, a Russian people's "honest tender" was arranged for the modernization of the telephone network with the main requirement that the subscription fee be no more than 125 rubles per year. The “fair tender” was won by the newly created Swedish-Danish-Russian joint-stock company, which offered a subscription fee of 79 rubles per year.
The concessionaires knew which companies to bring in to win the tender. Empress Dowager Maria Feodorovna, mother of Emperor Nicholas II, nee Danish princess Dagmar, was very fond of Danish companies, and Danes, unknown to anyone in Europe, suddenly became suppliers of the Russian court and incredibly enriched. The technical part was carried out by the Swedish company of the notorious Lars Magnus Eriksson.
Manholes of cable collectors before the revolution (in some places of the capital they still lie). The logo of the pre-revolutionary society is not at all embarrassed in Soviet time took over the People's Commissariat for Communications (later the Ministry of Communications), and already the Soviet plug with lightning can still be seen on almost every Moscow street.
They didn’t clog the air with an uncountable number of wires on poles and pulled lines in cable collectors
Bell's telephone, outdated at the beginning of the 20th century
Cruel, cruel rules
Ericsson's replacement apparatus for Bell
In 1903 they held a telephone to the Kremlin. The event was timed to coincide with the next visit of Nicholas II to the Mother See. The emperor was presented with an apparatus inlaid with gold and ivory as a gift. Newspapers wrote that the sovereign was quite upset and generously thanked the donors.
By 1904, a Gothic-looking telephone exchange was built and launched in Milyutinsky Lane.
The central entrance of the building is still decorated with two cute sculptural images:
Angry Caller
And a nice "telephone lady"
And here is the switchboard, behind which the "young ladies" worked, connecting subscribers using such cords-wires:
Interestingly, at the dawn of the telephone era, men were hired to work on the switches, but since the connection was far from ideal, and breaks were generally common, there were enough angry subscribers, and it soon became clear that subscribers behave more calmly when communicating with a nice girl and, in addition, the girls held out longer and did not break down at the callers in response.
Although the work was hellish. At the same time, they paid 30 rubles per month (the salary of a skilled worker is 12 rubles / month), but the selection was cruel. Firstly, married people were not hired to work at the station, it was believed that the character of the married deteriorates and at the same time thoughts are always busy with the house, which leads to errors in the connection. Secondly, there were purely physical limitations: they measured height (at least 165 cm) and height in a sitting position with arms extended upwards (at least 128 cm), the young lady had to be able to quickly reach the most distant nests. At the same time, all the young ladies had to have impeccable speech and be, in general, well-bred. Among subscribers, it's all the same before the revolution ordinary people there were few, and rumors kept circulating among the young ladies about how one or another telephone operator had successfully met a profitable representative gentleman.
Headphones, plugs, switches - everything had to be handled quickly and accurately. And not a moment of peace.
Collection of telephone special devices
And only in the 1930s, telephone exchanges were gradually transferred to automatic
The current model of the first machine exchange
Proprietary insulators
Collection of payphones:
Payphone 1930s
Experimental anti-vandal phone
Experimental sphere for a telephone booth. Inside, amazing soundproofing and echo. It was made at the Sukhoi Aviation Plant using appropriate high technologies, but did not go into series.
Another pay phone from the 1950s
A small collection extracted from payphones
Virtually Skype
Telephone equipment of stations
There is a concrete payphone booth in the yard, for some time it was tense with metal in the country and a few booths were made in this form
In a separate pavilion, a collection of payphone booths
A modern copy of a pre-revolutionary booth
This is how it looked in the original
Useful information:
Zorge st., 27 (metro station Sokol, metro station Oktyabrskoye Pole)
The museum is free (with a guided tour!), but, alas, only by prior request from groups and only on weekdays from 10:00 to 16:00
With applications (at least from 5 people) please contact here:
Tel.: +7 499 198-05-63
Fax: +7 499 943-86-68
Email mail: [email protected]