The Russian Federation was formed after the collapse of the USSR. The collapse of the Soviet Union into republics was the biggest geopolitical catastrophe of the 21st century. As a result, the bipolar model of the world was broken, and the only superpower remained - the United States. Only by 2014-15, Russia began to reach such levels in key indicators that allowed us to talk again about a multipolar world, the center of which is becoming not only the United States, but also Russia and China.

The events of the recent history of Russia can be divided into 3 stages:

1. Until October 4, 1993. Until this year, the USSR formally existed with the old Constitution. Yeltsin's attempt to change it led to armed clashes and the storming of the White House.
2. The reign of Boris Yeltsin (1993-1999). Briefly, this period can be characterized as follows - economic decline, problems in all areas of the state's life, the war in Chechnya.
3. 2000 - present. The reign of Vladimir Putin, interrupted once by Dmitry Medvedev. This is a period of economic stabilization and its transition to the stage of growth, the solution of social problems, and the strengthening of Russia's position in the international arena.

federal treaty

The Federal Treaty of March 31, 1992 secured the creation of Russia as a state. Before that, there was a problem - the regions wanted more independence, and some even talked about secession from Russia. This became possible after Boris Yeltsin, in last years existence of the USSR, at a meeting with the leaders of the regions, he repeated the same phrase "Take as much sovereignty as you want." They took it.

The federal treaty was signed with all subjects of the federation except for Chechnya and Tatarstan. Both regions spoke of their independence. And if the case with Chechnya is known to everyone - the war began, then few people know that the Russian army was one step away from marching on Kazan. Subsequently, the issue of Tatarstan was resolved through diplomacy, and the Chechen issue - by force.

Events September-October 1993

Until October 1993, the history of the Russian Federation demonstrated dual power: the President of the RSFSR (Yeltsin) on the one hand and the Supreme Council on the other. On September 21, Yeltsin issues Decree No. 1400 "On the phased constitutional reform of the Russian Federation." It was an attempt to bring Russia to the current form of the Constitution, but the problem is that this directly violated the Constitution that was then in force! Formally, Yeltsin broke the law. This resulted in the fact that on the night of September 23, 1993, the Supreme Council recognized Yeltsin's actions as a coup d'état and removed him from the presidency. In response, troops are sent into the capital, the building of the Supreme Council is stormed on October 3-4, and Yeltsin takes power into his own hands.

According to all the laws and norms of that time, it was an armed coup that almost turned into a civil war (or rather, it turned into it, but only in one region - in the Caucasus).

December 12, 1993 adopted a new Constitution. According to it, Russia becomes a presidential republic, thereby all elements of the USSR were abolished.

• Declaration on State Sovereignty.
• The collapse of the USSR and the formation of the CIS.
• "Shock therapy"
• The rise of Yeltsin's authoritarian democracy

B.N. Yeltsin

This stage of Russian history can be described in one word - A CRISIS. Moreover, it was a widespread crisis: economic, political, social, geopolitical, and so on. In all areas of the life of the state there was a decline.

This led to a crisis of power in 1996-1999, as a result of which Boris Yeltsin voluntarily leaves the post of President of the Russian Federation on December 31, 1999, appointing his successor, Vladimir Putin. At that time, there was a real problem of maintaining the integrity of the state, and the new president had to solve it.

The main events of this time:

• Creation of a new economic and political system
• The emergence of the oligarchs
• Chechen War
• 1998 default

Board V.V. Putin

Vladimir Putin got a country with a huge number of problems, but he managed to overcome all of them. Key issues that required urgent intervention:

• The fall of the economy. Quite quickly it was possible to stop it and transfer it to the growth stage.
• distrust of authority. The population was driven to despair by the terrible living conditions.
• Social guarantees and obligations. Salaries, pensions, benefits - there were interruptions in almost everything.
• War. A new round of the Chechen conflict introduced significant problems in the governance of the country.
• NATO expansion to the East.

On all major issues, Putin managed to reform the country, directing it in a creative and positive direction. The best indicator of effectiveness is the support of the population, which is always extremely high for the president.

The main events of this period:

• Consolidation of power
• Solution of the Chechen problem
• The growth of the economic well-being of the country
• Extension of the presidential term
• Election for 4 years as President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev
• Conflict 08 08 08 (August 8, 2008).

Stages of state formation

Map of Russia

Interested in your opinion on this matter.

D e c o n t i o n s :
1. Terms and concepts
2. The banking system of the Russian Federation. No state treasury
3. Imaginary equality of subjects of the Russian Federation
4. Good job top managers from the Rothschilds (decrees, resolutions
governments, other laws)
5. Conclusions

Chapter 1. Terms and concepts.
State- these are people living in a certain territory with established boundaries, united in order to ensure their livelihoods, established, adopted laws and obey them. It can be rephrased: the state is a union, an association of people to ensure prosperity, life, protection, etc. The basis of this union (association) may have different legal, moral, organizational and labor, etc. forms.

indigenous peoples are the descendants of the people who inhabited the country or geographical area at the time when people of a different culture and ethnic group arrived there and claimed dominance through conquest, occupation, settlement or otherwise.

Russia- a geographical area, a country inhabited by people living within its borders. [The people do not live inside the organs state power, but within the country. The Constitution of the Russian Federation uses the concepts of "Russia" and "RF" as equivalent, introducing confusion (see Part 2 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), arguing that society = state. According to the terminology of Konst. RF, it turns out that public property, which actually belongs to the country, turns out to be the property of officials. ]

Russian Federation- a special kind of organization, system, subject of law, rules of law, operating in a limited area, having a management apparatus (legislative, executive and judicial authorities) according to the type of state.

Public Law, Law- this is what the people commanded and decreed. ("Roman private law")

Law, rules of law– coordination by the will of the participants, which includes two stages:
1, reaching agreement on rules of conduct.
2, an interdependent expression of will regarding the recognition of the rules of conduct as binding (signing, approval, ratification, acceptance).

Citizenship- a special status, which implies the legal recognition of the nationality of a person within the country and abroad and endowing him with a full range of rights and obligations provided for in the legislation of this state.
Lawful and illegal acts (acts) - Lawful acts produce an effect corresponding to the will of the person, an illegal act - the opposite effect, entailing a deterioration in the legal situation both for the person who committed it and for other participants in legal communication.

legal transactions- legal acts aimed at communication, having a communicative nature. A distinction is made between unilateral and multilateral transactions, depending on whether the participation of all parties to the legal relationship is required for the effect to occur. In multilateral transactions, it becomes necessary to coordinate expressions of will, i.e. reaching an agreement, all participants of the parties.

void transaction(including legal, to establish mutual rights and obligations, i.e. laws) does not entail legal consequences, except for those associated with its invalidity (including legal consequences), and is invalid from the moment it is committed.

legal facts- any legally significant phenomena that lead to the emergence and change in the rights and obligations of the subjects of turnover.

Concepts and interpretations of concepts are taken from the anthologies of the generally accepted world standard.

Brief information about the hierarchy of the legislation of the Russian Federation:

Constitution of the Russian Federation- a law that has the highest legal force, which must comply with all adopted regulatory legal acts.

Hierarchy of laws in descending order of legal force:
1 federal constitutional laws,
2 federal laws (including codes), international treaties laws of subjects of the Russian Federation
(in the event of a conflict between any regional legal act and federal law, the federal law will operate as having greater legal force, except for the case in part 6 of article 76 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation)

In order to enforce laws, executive authorities issue by-laws that have a similar hierarchical structure:
1. acts of the President of the Russian Federation (decrees, orders),
2. government acts (decrees, orders),
3. acts of federal executive authorities (orders, instructions),
4. acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

Chapter 2. The absence of the state treasury in the Russian Federation.

The treasury system of the state (state treasury) in the life of countries has great value. It is intended for the implementation by the state of the ability to manage the execution of the budget, or, in other words, for the life support of the country's population at all levels of life.

We are talking about the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Its second name in the terminology of the Russian Federation is the Bank of Russia. If the Bank of Russia advises the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, and does not submit to it, issues loans to the Government of the Russian Federation under various programs and various interest rates, and does not submit to it, and monitors the entire financial system in the Russian Federation.

The law on the Central Bank appeared when the USSR still existed. Legislation on the Central Bank was adopted when there was no Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The Charter of the Bank of Russia was approved by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on June 24, 1991.

Earlier, at the end of 1990, elected on the third attempt with a small margin of 3 votes, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Yeltsin (Eltsin) B.N. signs three laws that turned the republican branch of the State Bank of the USSR into the main bank of the RSFSR - the Central Bank (Bank of Russia), which seems to be subordinate to the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. On the basis of these documents, Article 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation was written.

These are the laws:
Law of the RSFSR No. 394-1 dated December 2, 1990 "On the Central Bank of the RSFSR (Bank of Russia)"
Law of the RSFSR No. 395-1 of 02.12.1990 "On banks and banking activities in the RSFSR" Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR No. 396-1 of 02.12.1990 on the entry into force of the two previous laws.
Law of the RSFSR No. 394-1 dated December 2, 1990 “On the Central Bank of the RSFSR (Bank of Russia)” cancels the status of the state treasury and names the Central Bank of the RSFSR (Bank of Russia) as a legal entity, but not registered with the tax authorities, for whose obligations the state (it is not specified in the law which one) is not responsible and vice versa - the Central Bank is not liable for the obligations of the state (Article 2 of Law No. 394-1 dated 12/02/1990).
The most interesting thing is that after 9 (!) days, Gorbachev (Gerber) M.S., being the president of the entire USSR, signs three similar laws: the law of the USSR
No. 1828-1 of December 11, 1990 "On the State Bank of the USSR", Law No. 1829-1 of December 11, 1990 and Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR No. 1830-1 of December 11, 1990 on the entry into force of the two previous laws. On the basis of these enumerated laws, the State Bank of the USSR becomes a legal entity subordinate to who knows who, with an authorized capital of 1,500 million rubles. Let's return to the Russian republic - the RSFSR. Article 5 of the Law of the RSFSR No. 394-1 dated December 2, 1990 “On the Central Bank of the RSFSR (Bank of Russia)” states that “Bank 6 of Russia IS NOT DEPENDENT in its activities, state bodies and local governments do not have the right to interfere in the activities of the Bank of Russia.”
Article 6 of the same law endowed the Bank of Russia with the functions of legislative power: “The Bank of Russia issues regulations mandatory for the federal and state authorities ... "
Article 9 determined the authorized capital of this legal entity to be 2 times higher than the capital of the State Bank of the USSR approved by Gorbachev (Gerber):
"The authorized capital of the Bank of Russia is 3 billion rubles." Those. three billion paper candy wrappers denominated in the ruble. For reference, the authorized capital of the State Bank of the RSFSR in 1921 was equal to 2.000 billion rubles, tied to the color.

All states of the world have their own currency with distinctive symbols that belong only to this state, such as the national emblem. Just not RF.

In accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law "On the State Emblem of the Russian Federation", the image of the State Emblem is shown in Fig. 1:


Article 5 of the FKZ “On the state. coat of arms of the Russian Federation" indicates that National emblem The Russian Federation is located "... in the offices ... of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation."
There is no official coat of arms on the banknotes of the Russian Federation. Instead, the coat of arms of the Provisional Government of 1917-1918 enclosed in a circle is used. See Fig. 2

Based on international law, this is a desecration of the coat of arms of another state and entails liability. Paragraph 4 of Article 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states: “The generally recognized principles and norms of international law ... are an integral part of ... the legal system” of the Russian Federation.

Even on the US one dollar bill, where the state is not responsible for securing its money, the US coat of arms is depicted as a symbol of the fact that it is a US banknote.

What state prints Russian rubles for the Russian Federation?
In the ordinary consciousness of the population of Russia, the conviction prevails that the state is the issuer of money. But in the Russian Federation, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia) acts as an issuer of money as a legal entity separate from the state (see Article 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). A State Bank is a bank owned by the state and managed by state bodies. There are two types of state-owned banks in the countries of the world: central banks and state-owned commercial banks. The central banks of many countries are state banks and, accordingly, their capital, property belongs to the state, which allows them to carry out their policies and operations in accordance with the requirements of the national economy, and not for profit. Central banks regulate the economy, supervise the activities of commercial banks, influence international financial relations, and provide funding for government programs.

State commercial banks ensure the implementation of state policy in the field of lending to the economy, influence investment, intermediary and settlement operations, and through them the economic condition of the clientele. They serve the most important branches of the economy, which determine the country's position in the system of international economic relations, lending to which is not sufficiently profitable for private capital.

The Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Central Bank (Bank of Russia)" does not provide for the protection of the rights of depositors and shareholders as an obligation of the Bank of Russia. According to the law of the Russian Federation, risks in cash circulation are a private matter of a risky person. Imposing obligations on the Bank of Russia to protect the rights of depositors and shareholders would mean that the Bank of Russia would take over the functions of the state and turn it into a body of state power.

Article 89 of the Law of the RSFSR No. 394-1 of December 2, 1990 states that the Bank of Russia creates its own Pension Fund for its employees for their further provision.

On the basis of Article 3 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 119 dated 05.07.1995 "On Public Service" and amendments to the Federal Law No. 35 dated 01.27.1999, the salary of employees of the Central Bank is not paid from the budgets.

From these events follows the legal fact that the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is not a state body and does not exercise state supervision.

The Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Central Bank (Bank of Russia)" does not contain direct indications of which of the top managers of the Bank of Russia (on the Board of Directors) is an official. Then there follows a legal fact about the impossibility of a citizen to exercise the right to go to court within the legal framework of the Russian Federation, if, for example, the head of a territorial branch of the Bank of Russia or the head of a branch of the Bank of Russia violated his rights and freedoms by illegal actions. Article 239 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation provides for the right of a citizen to file a complaint with the court if he believes that the unlawful actions of a state body, public organization or official violated his rights and freedoms. For example, a citizen or organization wishes to file a complaint about the establishment of a 30-fold or more depreciation of the labor of the indigenous population of Russia by the extortionate exchange rate of the ruble against the US currency approved by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. In the Stalinist USSR, for example, the US dollar still backed by gold "weighed" 64 Soviet kopecks and the USSR State Bank was considered one of the largest and most authoritative lending institutions throughout the world. In addition, it was universal, because. performing the functions inherent in state and commercial banks, it was the emission and currency center of the country, pursued an active policy to protect its currency interests. Now the US dollar untied from gold "weighs" ± 3,000 Russian kopecks.

Then the questions arise: For what purpose are the funds of the federal budget, the budgets of the subjects of the Federation, state off-budget funds accumulated and stored on the accounts of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, if, getting into the accounts of this non-state legal entity, these funds instantly depreciate by 30 or more times, depending on the exchange rate of the Russian ruble against the US dollar or euro? What is the purpose of the Government of the Russian Federation and the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation - the President of the Russian Federation ensure that the Central Bank of the Russian Federation receives all the funds of the population of Russia and the Russian Federation, collected by all banks of the Russian Federation in the form of taxes, fees for paying utility bills and other fees?

The entire labor of the population of Russia, enclosed in ruble banknotes, falling into the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, immediately depreciates 30 times in relation to the American and 40 times in relation to the European standard of living. Another interesting question follows from the two previous questions: does the Russian Federation have gold and foreign exchange reserves if all monetary values ​​are concentrated in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation?

Considering that the property that creates services, goods, etc. - belong to the people, not to the state apparatus. Services, goods, etc. created by the people, not by the state apparatus. The source of money is the people, not the state. In short, people's property belongs to the country, not to the bureaucracy. Let's rephrase the last question: do the people of Russia have gold and foreign exchange reserves? ... You work, work, and all without pants. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation is not subordinate to the government bodies of the Russian Federation, but it does not serve the people of Russia either. legal fact. By all indications - a transcontinental corporation.

The author indirectly believes, but does not have supporting documents, that the founders and managers of the activities of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation are:
Banque Edmound Rothschild SA, Credit Lionnais, Barcays Bank PCL and Credit Suisse First Boston are banks that are part of the Rothschild corporation. In 1994, the Moscow branch of Credit Suisse First Boston owned shares in Lukoil, RAO UES of Russia, Rostelecom, and many others. It is known that with the capitalization of Gazprom at 87 billion dollars, its debt to foreign creditors is 60 billion. Lukoil, with a capitalization of 27 billion, has a debt of 26 billion, and so on. The total aggregate debt of all industry corporations in Russia eventually turns out to be equal to the entire gold and foreign exchange reserves of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. This information is given in case someone suddenly sets out to nationalize someone else's invention - the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, in other words, nationalize someone else's zero.

According to Professor of Moscow State University, Doctor of Economics M.M. Musin, over the years of the existence of the treasury system of the Russian Federation, in close friendship with the federal authorities of the Russian Federation, 10 federal budgets of the Russian Federation were stolen from the population of Russia and accumulated in Western accounts.

The European Central Bank (European Central Bank) - The Central Bank of the European Union and the euro area, for a long period, and even during the crisis, has been making a lot of intellectual efforts in conducting its monetary policy in such a way as to maintain, as required by its charter, a high level of welfare of Europeans based on low lending rates. He managed to keep the refinancing rate within 1%. For comparison, the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation for today is 8%. In the robbery 1990s, the rate was ± 200%. And the Russian Federation provides the European Union with people's oil and gas. But, unlike the Russian Federation, the banking system of the European Union works for society, not against it. The countries of the European Union have developed such a system of the central bank so that it is as independent as possible from the state (eliminating opportunities for corruption among state officials) and becomes dependent on the interests of civil society.

Chapter 3. Imaginary equality of subjects of the Russian Federation.

Following the start of the conflict between the union and the republican legislation after the adoption by the people's deputies of the RSFSR of the Declaration on the state sovereignty of the RSFSR, the August putsch of 1991, the Belovezhskaya agreement and other events that led to the paralysis of the state power of the USSR, the so-called Federal Treaty of March 31, 1992, which consisted of three parts, was signed. He divided into three types according to the status as three varieties of the territory of Russia (RSFSR). These are the first type - republics (=states), the second type - territories and regions, the third type - autonomous regions and autonomous regions. It is recommended to distinguish between the concepts of Russia and the Russian Federation as not identical (see Chapter 1).

We compare the positions of subjects in the Russian Federation. Quote from the Federal Treaty for subjects of the first type:

P1. Article III of the Treaty on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the federal government bodies of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the sovereign republics within the Russian Federation dated March 31, 1992: “The republics (states) within the Russian Federation have full state (legislative, executive, judicial) power on their territory, except for those powers that are transferred (assigned) to the jurisdiction of the federal government bodies of the Russian Federation in accordance with this Treaty. The territory and status of a republic within the Russian Federation cannot be changed without its consent.”
item 3. Article III of the same Treaty of March 31, 1992, quote: “The earth and its subsoil, water, vegetation and animal world are the property (property) of the peoples living on the territory of the respective republics. Issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources are regulated by the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the republics within the Russian Federation.

According to Article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the territory of the Russian Federation does not include the subsoil of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. However, the main income of the budget of the Russian Federation is replenished precisely from the sale of extracted from the bowels.

The cited Treaty was signed by plenipotentiaries:
1. Republic of Adygea
2. Republic of Bashkortostan
3. Republic of Buryatia
4. Republic of Gorny Altai
5. Republic of Dagestan
6. Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
7. Republic of Kalmykia - Khalmg Tangch
8. Karachay-Cherkess Soviet Socialist Republic
9. Republic of Karelia
10. Komi Soviet Socialist Republic
11. Mari Soviet Socialist Republic - 12. Republic of Mari El
13. Mordovian Soviet Socialist Republic
14. Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
15. North Ossetian Soviet Socialist Republic
16. Republic of Tuva
17. Udmurt Republic
18. Republic of Khakassia
19. Chuvash Republic - Chavash Republic
20. Russian Federation

Refrained from signing: Tatarstan, Chechnya (Ichkeria) and Ingushetia. Later, on February 15, 1994, Tatarstan signed with the Russian Federation its Agreement on the delimitation of subjects of jurisdiction and the mutual delegation of powers between state authorities of the Russian Federation. and public authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan.

For territories and regions that are “equal” (as stated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation) subjects of the Russian Federation, as a comparison with the situation of subjects of the first type, we quote the clauses of the Treaty on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the federal government bodies of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg of the Russian Federation dated March 31, 1992 (an integral part of the same Federal Treaty):

Clause 3 of Article III: “Issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water, forest and other natural resources are regulated by the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation and legal acts of the territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. By mutual agreement of the federal government bodies of the Russian Federation and the government bodies of the territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the status of federal natural resources is determined.

For the third grade (type) of subjects of the Russian Federation - autonomous regions and autonomous territories - the same conditions. Difference in status with position national republics obvious.

The text of the Federal Treaty of March 31 (the signing took place on the eve of the merry April 1) 1992 was not officially published.

A "parade of sovereignties" began among the autonomous republics. After 9 years, the federal authorities of the Russian Federation “woke up” and, according to the Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation N 249-O of December 6, 2001, the provisions of the cited Federal Treaty of March 31, 1992, which provided for the sovereignty of the republics and thereby allowed justifying restrictions on the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its constitutional legal status and powers, which was reflected in the constitutions of a number of republics, cannot act and are not subject to application as contradictory Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The leaders of para-constitutional formations, i.e. national republics with their constitutions, with great difficulty, the federals from the Russian Federation managed to take away the right to be called presidents.

In Article 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the republics are characterized as states, adopt their own constitutions and have the right to establish their own state languages. Other subjects do not have such a right (see Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

It turns out that Russian Federation- this is an asymmetric federation, trying to delimit what was previously united into "first-class" regions - national-territorial formations titularly belonging to non-Russian peoples, and "second-class" regions - regions and territories with a predominantly Russian population.

The former have full rights, their own constitutions, and conclude special agreements with the federal government on the division of powers. The latter have nothing of the kind, being nothing more than tools for the implementation of federal policy on the ground.

The heads of the former act as spokesmen for the will of their people before the federal government and the people of Russia and have the opportunity to impose the will of their people on all of Russia. The latter act primarily as representatives of the center in front of the practically voiceless population of the region.

From the point of view of the Russian Federation, there is no Russian nation, either as a civil or as an ethnic community. There is not a single constitutional document or law that would enshrine the fact of the existence of the Russian nation, or at least the Russian ethnic group.

The existence of national state autonomies within the Russian Federation reinforces the fact of the existence of small nations, while at the same time denying the right to existence of a large nation, the Russian nation. The right of Russians to statehood and self-determination is being swept under the rug by "multinationality" in the Russian Federation.

How can the statutes of territories and regions and other legal acts of territories and regions be compared in terms of legal force with the Constitutions of national Republics? How can the status of the territory of settlements be equated with the status of a state with a republican type of government, i.e. folk on mono-nationality? How can the governor of a territory or region apply for citizenship to a CIS refugee who previously lived in this territory, etc. and so on. Chechnya (Ichkeria) has been issuing its green national passports since 2011 indicating nationality.

The inequality of Russians is realized through the actual extraterritoriality (ie, in legal terminology, lack of jurisdiction of the local court) of a number of ethnic groups on the territory of Russia. Crimes committed by representatives of such an extraterritorial ethnic group are often not investigated. For some reason, representatives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the autonomous republic speak out about the representatives of the ethnic group who committed such crimes in Moscow or other large cities, and agreements are concluded on serving sentences by natives of autonomies on the territory of these autonomies.

Against this criminal background, the Russian population is being squeezed out of national-territorial formations (primarily in the North Caucasus, but, alas, not only there). In the schools of the autonomies, the Russian language is giving way to the “language of the titular nationality”, regardless of whether the students belong to this titular nationality or are Russians. Why, following the logic of the absence of the Russian ethnos in the constitutional laws of the Russian Federation, not use Russian as the second state language for Russians from the multinational cauldron instead of Russian?.. Will the intentions come out too clearly?

The policy of systematic humiliation of the national dignity of Russians, the lack of evidence - legal, constitutional, political - that this national state of Russians is the modern Russian Federation. The first persons of the Russian Federation, and the legislators of the Russian Federation, and the judges of the Russian Federation constantly emphasize that the Russian Federation is multinational state and is not the national state of the Russian people, in the sense in which Bashkortostan, for example, is the national state of the "Bashkir nation" mentioned in its constitution. None of the leaders of the Russian Federation has ever appealed to the “will of the Russian people” in the way that the head of the Chechen Republic R.A. Kadyrov.

In accordance with articles 1,2,6,7,17,20,21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948, ratified by the Russian Federation on May 5, 1998), all people are born free and equal in dignity and rights, have the right to recognition of their legal personality, have the right to own property both individually and jointly with others, no one can be compelled to join any association, a man has the right to take part directly in the government of his country...

According to articles 1,2,3,9,11,26,31,37,40,42,46 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, indigenous peoples are entitled, collectively and individually, to the full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized in the UN Charter and in international law relating to human rights and fundamental freedoms. This includes: the right to preserve, protect and develop past, present and future manifestations of their culture, such as archaeological and historical sites, monuments material culture, art etc., including the right to lands, territories and resources, as well as the right to own, use or control the lands and resources they possess, the right to control and protect their heritage, the right to access and resolve promptly through fair procedures for the resolution of conflicts and disputes with the state or other parties, as well as to effective remedies in case of violations of their individual or collective rights.

The Russian Federation is not a spokesman for the interests of the Indigenous Russian People, who make up more than 80% of the population of Russia, and, accordingly, is not a state for them (see Chapter 5). The overwhelming majority of the inhabitants of Russia, i.e. The Russian People, the Russian Federation is DENIED in the RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION as part of this federation, so that the Russians cannot ensure their economic, social and cultural development, as well as freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources. According to the norms of international law, this qualifies as GENOCIDE (deliberate creation for any national group of such living conditions that are calculated for its complete or partial physical destruction)

Clause 1 of part 1 of article 1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted by resolution 2200 A (XXI) of the UN General Assembly on December 16, 1966 (entered into force on March 23, 1976), was violated.

Russia is a common fatherland for 174 indigenous nations, peoples and ethnic groups that have settled this territory since ancient times. However, in 1992, 21 peoples of Russia sealed a federal union - the Russian Federation. This is their right. The remaining 153 peoples, including the Russian People, were not accepted into the Russian Federation, but are used as legal slaves, having usurped power throughout Russia.

In fact, the International Laws "On Human Rights" and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the legal territory of the Russian Federation is enclosed within the administrative boundaries of the 21st national republic located on the territory of Russia. See picture:


1. Republic of Adygea 2. Republic of Altai 3. Republic of Bashkortostan 4. Republic of Buryatia 5. Republic of Dagestan 6. Republic of Ingushetia 7. Kabardino-Balkarian Republic 8. Republic of Kalmykia 9. Karachay-Cherkess Republic 10. Republic of Karelia 11. Republic of Komi 12. Republic of Mari El 13. Republic of Mordovia 14. Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 15. Republic of North Ossetia - Alania 16. Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan) 17. Republic of Tuva 18. Republic of Udmurtia 19. Republic of Khakassia 20. Chechen Republic 21. Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia

The territory of the RSFSR (Soviet Socialist Russian Federation) changed in favor of the newly minted union republics and decreased by 1/3 during the existence of the USSR. The existence of the RSFSR was the only obstacle on the path from the collapse of the USSR to the total genocide of Russians and the cessation of the existence of the Russian nation.

The current Russian Federation proclaimed itself the successor of the USSR in the international arena on the basis of the denunciation by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on December 12, 1991 of the 1922 Treaty on the Formation of the USSR. However, the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR on December 29-30, 1922 was neither signed nor approved. The USSR received international recognition and status only in 1944 with the expulsion of the aggressor from its territory. European countries do not recognize the Russian Federation and consider us residents of the post-Soviet space.

The general passport of the Russian Federation is not a legal document. legal fact. Because in the legislation of the Russian Federation there is no law on the approved sample of the form of the passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation. The USSR passport as a legal act preceding the current illegal act is legally significant and has the right to be presented as an identity card. Photo, full name, date of birth, even nationality - everything that is needed is present.

Possession of a notebook with the name “passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation” does not guarantee citizenship in the Russian Federation to a person, because. The Russian Federation is not a state (see Chap. 5 below), and the inhabitants of the national republics already have their own citizenship according to the provisions of the constitutions of these national republics.

According to the situation in which the indigenous peoples inhabiting the territory of Russia found themselves, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in the amount of 46 countries adopted Resolution No. 1481 of January 25, 2006 “On the need for the international community to condemn the crimes of totalitarian communist regimes”, in which we are recognized as the population that suffered from totalitarian regimes in the post-Soviet space and continues to suffer from it to this day.

The European Parliament, progressively minded people reject and rightly do not want to recognize R.F. The Russian Federation only with the submission by the European Parliament of the Resolution "On the rule of law in the Russian Federation", the provisions of which were discussed long before its signing on February 17, 2011, adopted the Federal Constitutional Law of February 7, 2011. No. 1 "On courts of general jurisdiction in the Russian Federation".

State power, as a rule, functions by adopting laws, other legal acts, ensures their implementation - and these are normal legal forms of exercising state power. Where state power functions without this legal form, arbitrariness, personal discretion, and bureaucracy reign, and great social misfortunes arise for the population.

The Russian Empire, then the USSR, with its arbitrarily established totalitarian form of government in Russia, was illegally and forcibly formed. In the case of the formation of the Russian Empire - in Novgorod with the involvement of Rurik with his retinue due to forced measures to ensure the safety of the lives of citizens of the northern part of Russia from war (terror, robbery and violence), in Kiev as a result of the commission of a criminal offense by Prince Oleg - the murder of princes Askold and Dir (who had previously captured a peaceful settlement - Kiev) and the establishment of autocracy and oppression of the state-forming indigenous Russian and Russian peoples. In the case of the formation of the USSR - by means of an armed rebellion in October 1917, the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly on January 5-6, 1918, the subsequent illegal creation with the use of violence and weapons, physically destroying dissident people, on the basis of the RSDLP faction in the Constituent Assembly - RSDLP (hereinafter RSDLP, SNK, All-Russian Central Executive Committee, CPSU) with the assignment of state, legislative, power and punitive powers to the party ( punitive body - the structure of the Cheka (hereinafter referred to as the OGPU, NKVD, KGB) and other structures of the Cheka (GPU, MVD, MGB, FSB, court, GULAG)) by issuing (in order to give legitimacy) internal "legal" acts by Vl. Ulyanov-Lenin (Blank).

Chapter 4

Folk joke:
Announcement on the Kremlin fence:
Family estate with stupid lackeys for sale.
The total area is 17075.4 thousand square meters. km., 140,000,000 fortress souls.
The plot has water, gas, electricity. Deposits of oil, coal, gold, silver, large deposits of iron ore and other minerals.
Extensive forests and agricultural land, huge reserves of fresh water.
Infrastructure and small-scale production are partially present (requires repair). There are nuclear weapons and energy.
The neighbors are calm. The population, the army, the FSB and law enforcement agencies are demoralized and ready to be evicted.
Details: Moscow, Red Square. Ask Dima. Trade is appropriate. Retail sale is possible.

Do not "wash" the laws of the Russian Federation. Because in the “state” of the Russian Federation there is legally no basic law - the Constitution, and the subsequent Codes and Laws formed on it, endowing a person and a citizen with rights and burdening duties, are void and not subject to execution. On December 12, 1993, there was an attempt to adopt the Draft Constitution of the Russian Federation, and not the Constitution itself. No one has ever voted for the Constitution of the Russian Federation from December 12, 1993 to the present. The Draft Constitution of the Russian Federation itself was also not adopted, since for its adoption, according to the law, 3/4 of the votes of those who have the right to vote, and those who did not come to the polls, are required. The Constitution of the RSFSR has not been repealed.

(The attempt was made on the basis of the Law of the RSFSR 241-1 of 06.10.1990 “On the Referendum of the RSFSR”. Article 35 states: “During a referendum on the adoption, amendment and addition of the Constitution of the RSFSR, decisions are considered adopted if more than half of the citizens of the RSFSR voted for them, included in the lists for participation in the referendum.” 5 voted for the “new Constitution” 8.43% of the number of those who took part in the voting, which was 54.8% of the number of registered voters, i.e. 32%.

According to the provisions of the law higher in the legal hierarchy - the Constitution, in Chapter IX on "the operation of the Constitution of the RSFSR and the procedure for changing it" in the text of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 (as amended by Law 2708-I of April 21, 1992 and the last edition of 4071-I of December 10, 1992), Article 185: deputies of the Russian Federation by a law adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of elected people's deputies of the Russian Federation. In the same manner, the temporary suspension of the operation of certain articles of the Constitution, as well as the delegation of the powers of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation to the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation, is carried out. Changes and additions to the articles of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia, relating to the federal structure of the Russian Federation, cannot be carried out unilaterally and are made in agreement with the republics within the Russian Federation, territories, regions, autonomous regions, autonomous regions, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg represented by their Councils of People's Deputies.")

And yet, to reflect the intentions of the "helmsmen" from the Russian Federation, let us dwell on some characteristic and "hushed up" "laws".

Federal Law No. 99-FZ of June 7, 2007 “On Ratification of the Agreement between the States Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty and Other States Participating in the Partnership for Peace Program, on the Status of Their Forces of June 19, 1995, and the Additional Protocol to It” (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on May 23, 2007)

In 2007, the President of the Russian Federation signed Federal Law 99-FZ of 07.06.2007, ratifying the 1995 Agreement specified in the law, in which, from the very first article, there is a reference to the 1951 Agreement - NATO-SOFA. All who sign this Agreement (1995) undertake to accept the provisions of the agreement of June 19, 1951 - "Agreement between the Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty on the status of their Forces" or simply NATO-SOFA.

By ratifying the 1995 Agreement, the Russian Federation accepted the 1951 Agreement. In other words, through the 1995 Agreement, the Russian Federation can be considered as a full member of NATO, having signed the 1951 Agreement

The NATO-SOFA Agreement defines the legal status of the armed forces of the NATO countries during their stay on the territory of the countries that have signed this agreement. The Agreement states that the troops of one side can be sent by agreement to serve on the territory of another country. The Agreement also states that this agreement does not establish the reasons and conditions for which this may occur. Either the parties make a separate decision in each specific case, or there are some secret (or not secret) agreements or additional protocols that these conditions can designate. On the one hand, these motives are understandable for NATO member countries: American bases are located in almost every one of them, and the legal status of these forces must be specified. On the other hand, why is it necessary for third countries that participate in this agreement through another agreement (from 1995), participating in the Partnership for Peace program. According to Article 19 of the Agreement, it can be denounced only 4 years after it enters into force. And the denunciation takes effect one year after the notification is received by the US Government.

It turns out that US troops on our territory will have the same legal status as, for example, in Great Britain or Germany, where they have large bases. But until recently, we were very indignant at the passage of NATO troops across Red Square at the May 9 parade. That was just the visible part of what was happening. Much deeper and more terrible things are hidden just in such imperceptible, not entirely clear agreements.

Since the signing of the law of the Russian Federation No. 99-FZ, NATO has been transporting goods to Afghanistan through the territory of Russia by land transit and using airspace. First, humanitarian ones were transported, then military ones began. Every day, up to 12 American military transport aircraft fly through Russia to Afghanistan without an intermediate stop. (see Federal Law No. 36-FZ of March 9, 2011 “On Ratification of the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the United States on the Transit of Arms, military equipment, military property and personnel through the territory of the Russian Federation in connection with the participation of the United States in efforts to ensure the security, stabilization and restoration of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan”). When transiting, military transport aircraft and other US government transport aircraft performing transit flights in accordance with the Agreement are exempt from air navigation dues; also, the passage of weapons, military equipment, military property and personnel of the American Party is carried out without the collection of customs duties, fees, taxes and other restrictions. In accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 23, 2009 No. 1077 “On the mechanism for implementing the Agreement ...”: “Financing the costs of air navigation services for aircraft flights of airspace users performed in accordance with the Agreement, to be carried out within the budget allocations provided for Federal Agency air transport in the federal budget for the corresponding year and planning period for the specified purposes. That is, the Russian Federation sponsors these transit flights. Is it not from these NATO aircraft that the population is being persecuted by spraying chemical reagents (chemtrails, Chemtrail - a chemical trail in the form of an aerosol that appears after the spraying of chemical and biological weapons) ...

The regional newspaper “Kolsky Mayak” No. 17 (182) of October 2010 in the article “The Collapse of Russia” wrote: “... This year, the admission of applicants to higher military educational institutions was unexpectedly stopped. Involuntarily, everyone has questions: who will form the Russian army, and how to command it without officers? And then it suddenly turns out that several tens of thousands of officers have already been planned to enter our military units ... from Israeli army. They will be granted citizenship and a full social package. Our Minister of Defense met with the Minister of Israel to sign a long-term agreement on military cooperation between Russia and Israel, which Leonid Ivashov called a geopolitical betrayal of the Kremlin. And none of the Russian people, presumably, knows this, but everyone knows (although this is not emphasized) that in the conflict between Georgia and Abkhazia, the attack was prepared by Israeli officers - specialists, and the Georgian troops were only executors That is, in fact, Israel fought against our peacekeepers. However, they forgave everything, "did not notice." Moreover, we signed an agreement on visa-free regime and we are discussing the issue of military-technical cooperation ... "

The agreement on military cooperation between Russia and Israel was signed on September 6, 2010 by Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak and Russian Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov. The content of this document has not been disclosed.

Under Putin (Shalomov) and Medvedev (Mendel), Russia completely sided with Israel, opposing itself to the entire Arab and Muslim world.

Israeli officers in the Russian army... Russian-speaking Jews who once left for Israel, trained in the Israeli army and fought on its side, swore allegiance to him, completely converted to Jewishness, are returning to Russia to command the Russian army.

Now it becomes clear why in 2008 Berl Lazar insisted so insistently on the introduction of a military rabbinate in the Russian army. Russian society then showed undisguised surprise. Indeed, in the Russian army, the Jews could be counted on the fingers. But the "chief military rabbi of Russia" said that he hoped to find 40 thousand (almost four divisions!) Jews in the Russian army ... And the last example of the "lawmaking" of the Russian Federation:
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 25, 2010 N1874-r technological development of the economy, it approves a list of legal entities for organizing, on behalf of the Russian Federation, the sale of privatized federal property and (or) performing the functions of a seller.

The list of companies is impressive.
1. CJSC Bank Credit Suisse (Moscow). 2. CJSC VTB Capital. 3. OOO "Deutsche Bank". 4. Vnesheconombank Investment Company (VEB Capital) LLC. 5. LLC Commercial Bank “J. P. Morgan Bank International. 6. Merrill Lynch Securities LLC. 7. Morgan Stanley Bank LLC. 8. Renaissance Broker LLC. 9. OOO Rossiyskiy auction house". 10. Branch of a private company with unlimited liability "GOLDMAN SAKS (Russia)".

This list was published only 5 months later - March 18, 2011 in Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Six Western banks and companies, including the organizer and permanent member of the US Federal Reserve, GOLDMAN SACKS, have been appointed sellers of Russian property on behalf of and at the "tearful request" of the Russian Federation. Even in the US, this bank is considered the culprit of all the last six crises and is often referred to as the epithet "gangster".

The circle is closed. The Cabinet of Ministers of the Russian Federation, without much publicity, on the sly, offers the gentlemen from the FRS to “comrades” to buy the remnants of Russian property.

On December 20, 2010, the government of the Russian Federation, which Dm. Medvedev, added another 13 sellers of federal property on behalf of the Russian Federation. The algorithm is the same. Of the 13 sellers, 8 are foreign banks, including Barclay Capital LLC, UBS Bank LLC, etc.

The list of what is being sold is easy to find in the government's plan for the privatization of 10 large companies for 2011-2013. Here is Sovcomflot, and Russian Railways, and part of Sberbank, and much more. Of the 10 companies, only one is sold completely, all 100% of the shares. It is easy to guess which one: United Grain Company. So already from January 1, 2012 our grain will most likely be disposed of by Goldman Sachs.

Chapter 5. Conclusions

Any state is based not so much on the Constitution, but on the territory, power and sovereignty that originally belong to the indigenous peoples living on them. Documents confirming the fact of holding a referendum of specific peoples on the election of their authorities, as well as entrusting such powers with the right to sign documents on behalf of the peoples on newly created states with the subsequent transfer of control or ownership of territory, power and sovereignty, have never been. Consequently, the Russian Federation cannot present treaties for the administration or ownership of a specific territory, power and sovereignty. There are no such documents with the indigenous inhabitants of this territory.

The Russian Federation is not a state of any people. First of all, for the Russian ethnic group. For residents of the republics within the Russian Federation, so as not to be seduced by dual citizenship, it is also not.
Signs of the state according to the Yudo-Internet encyclopedia - "Wikipedia":
? Availability of organizational documents (which set out the purpose of the creation and tasks of the state):
o constitution,
o military doctrine,
o Legislation.
? Availability of manual (control apparatus):
o president (government),
o parliament, o court.
? Management and planning:
o regulation of the life of society (system of law
o state (political and foreign policy) activity, economic activity (economy),
? own monetary system
? tax fees.
? Ownership (resources):
o territory,
o population,
o the state treasury,
o borders, etc.
? Presence of subordinate organizations:
o law enforcement,
o armed forces,
o peripheral administrative organizations.
? Availability of the state language (languages).
? Sovereignty (the ability of a state to act in the international legal field as a legal entity recognized by other states).
? public authority.
? Citizenship.
? State symbols.

None, except for state symbols, the Russian Federation shows signs of a full-fledged state.
At first glance, Russia is being controlled in whose interests it is not clear, the “state” itself does not know what it wants. At first glance, the Russian Federation does not seem to be a successful structure. On the contrary, it is a well-managed and successful structure. Only success is very specific, because this structure pursues specific goals. If “ordinary” states set as their goals the achievement of the well-being of the population, its security, external economic power, and the like, then the goals of the Russian Federation are of a completely different nature.

First of all, the Russian Federation wants to survive, and it can survive only if it keeps the system of government in its hands. However, the current Russian federal government by its nature is such that it cannot govern a European-style country with any developed civic consciousness, with an educated and cultured population. And the current government cannot evolve either. Because she does not have the time, resources and, most importantly, desire to turn herself into an elite of the appropriate level. The ghouls will remain who they are and intend to continue to rule forever. This power will never allow anyone to replace itself. Rather, she will destroy the entire country than give up her position. Rather, this power will replace the internal structure of the country, the qualitative level and national composition of the population, will make it an Asian country, and an underdeveloped one at that. What is being done. Consciously, systematically, consistently. There is a replacement of the country - Russia with "Aziopa" - dirty, slavish, smelly and quite deserving of the elite that is now in the power of the Russian Federation.

Therefore, the government of the Russian Federation leads the country's economy, its political system, etc. into a state that is adequate for oneself, for oneself.

Why is there no legal Constitution, legal legislation for the entire population of the country, an equipped army, its own treasury, fair courts, clearly defined borders, etc. etc., because this is not necessary for an ordinary firm or mechanism.

The Russian Federation, the Russian Federation is a trademark of a raw materials corporation with occupying manners.
RF - Trademark of a machine to replace the people who live in this territory.
The brand name is written in the language of the occupied people to enhance the ecstatic effect of the owners.

What to do? the reader will ask.
The best remedy is sabotage and stop supporting the criminal community financially, since it is so greedy for currency.

Moreover, according to world legal standards, this criminal community does not have documents on the ownership of people's property and the right to dispose of people's property. The material benefit from contracts for the sale of natural resources and other wealth of indigenous peoples, signed by a group of persons not delegated by the peoples, without their consent and without taking into account their legitimate interests, is appropriated by a narrow circle of people and their employers.

No system reforms are possible. Only a bad system can be reformed, and the system of the Russian Federation is approaching an ideal one. She superbly fulfills her tasks of destroying the indigenous peoples and, above all, the Russians.

All the beginnings of a developed country and the initial opportunities for the development of public institutions have been completely destroyed.

The last obstacle remains - the population, which is increasingly difficult for the system to manage, primarily the Russian population. For the Russian Federation, it would be ideal if the Russians disappear due to the systematic replacement by a more suitable population - more manageable, uneducated, submissive, unable to govern themselves independently and feeling like a stranger in the territory. Therefore, the extinction of Russians is encouraged in every possible way, therefore Russians are deprived of their presence in power, they are deprived of their property, they are strangling businesses, and they are replacing representatives of other peoples in all at least significant social positions.

And the ideal option for the population to control the Russian system will be human waste produced by the countries of the Central Asian underbelly.

There are facts of the multi-thousand-year legacy of Russia, when a great many uninvited guests appeared on OUR, RUSSIAN EARTH. They stayed here forever... as fertilizer for the RUSSIAN EARTH.

Compiled by Artyom Tarasov, Pskov

according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993, a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government. The names Russian Federation and Russia are equivalent (Article 1 of the Constitution).

The former name of the state is the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic). The name "Russian Federation (Russia)" was introduced by the Law of the RSFSR of December 25, 1991; April 21, 1992 - Incorporated into the Constitution.

Russia as a federation consists of equal subjects of the Russian Federation (Article 5 of the Constitution): republics (21), territories (6), regions (49), federal cities (2), autonomous regions (1), autonomous regions (10). The status of the subject of the Russian Federation is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and, accordingly, the constitution, the charter of the subject; may be changed by mutual agreement of the Russian Federation and the subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the federal constitutional law (Article 66 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

As a state of the Russian Federation, it has all the necessary attributes (symbols) - the state flag, coat of arms, anthem. State language RF throughout its territory is the Russian language. The capital is Moscow.

The Russian Federation has a single citizenship. It is acquired and terminated in accordance with federal law (1991 Law on Citizenship of the Russian Federation, as amended in 1993 and 1995). The territory of the Russian Federation includes the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, internal waters and the territorial sea, and the airspace above them. The sovereignty of the Russian Federation extends to all its territory.

The Russian Federation also has all the other features of the state:

The presence of the Constitution and legislation of the Russian Federation, the operation of the principle of supremacy (priority) of federal acts, i.e., as a general rule, they have a higher legal force than acts of subjects of the Federation;

The federal system of state bodies - the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly (Parliament) of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, ministries, state committees and departments of the Russian Federation, the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Arbitration Court - in general, a unified judicial system of the Russian Federation, the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation;

Unified internal and foreign policy the Russian Federation, formed with the participation of the subjects of the Russian Federation and carried out by the bodies of the Russian Federation; international recognition of the Russian Federation and its international legal personality, i.e. participation in international relations;

Unified Federal Armed Forces, headed by the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (who is the President of the Russian Federation);

Unified system of internal affairs and security services;

The monetary and financial system of the state (with a single monetary unit - the ruble, a tax system, monetary circulation, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, etc.);

The presence of a single economic system built on pluralism of forms of ownership, freedom of economic activity and competition.

The Russian Federation has a diverse competence, i.e., the authority to manage state, economic and socio-cultural life throughout the territory. The Constitution of the Russian Federation divides the competence of the Russian Federation into two groups: the first group includes issues of the exclusive jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, i.e., issues that can only be resolved by federal bodies (albeit taking into account the proposals of the subjects); the second group - the powers of the Russian Federation in the areas of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects. In other words, in these areas the Russian Federation decides on issues within its jurisdiction, while other issues are decided by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, of course, on the basis of and in development of federal legislation.

Issues of the exclusive competence of the Russian Federation can be divided into the following subgroups. In the field of state building: adoption and amendment of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, control over their observance; federal structure and territory of the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms; citizenship in the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of the rights of national minorities; establishment of a system of federal bodies of legislative, executive and judicial power, the procedure for their organization and activities; the formation of these organs; state awards and honorary titles of the Russian Federation; federal public service; federal programs in the field of state building and national development of the Russian Federation.

In the field of economic, social and cultural policy: federal state property and its management; establishing the foundations of federal policy and federal programs in the field of economic, environmental, social and cultural development of the Russian Federation; establishing the legal framework for the single market; financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, money issue, bases of price policy; federal economic services, including federal banks; federal energy systems, nuclear power, fissile materials; federal transport, means of communication, information and communications; activities in space; meteorological service, standards, standards, metric system and timekeeping; geodesy and cartography; names of geographical objects; official statistics and accounting.

In the field of foreign relations, defense and security: foreign policy and international relations of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation; issues of war and peace; foreign economic relations of the Russian Federation; defense and security; defense production; determining the procedure for the sale and purchase of weapons, ammunition, military equipment and other military property; production of toxic substances, narcotic drugs and the procedure for their use; determination of the status and protection of the state border, territorial sea, airspace, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Russian Federation.

In the field of public order, civil rights and justice: judiciary; prosecutor's office; criminal, criminal procedural and criminal executive legislation; amnesty and pardon; civil, civil procedural and arbitration procedural legislation; legal regulation of intellectual property.

In the areas of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects, the powers of the Russian Federation can also be conditionally divided into several subgroups.

In the field of state building: ensuring the conformity of the constitutions and laws of the republics, charters, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws; protection of human and civil rights and freedoms; protection of the rights of national minorities; protection of the original habitat and traditional way of life of small ethnic communities; establishment of general principles for organizing the system of state authorities and local self-government.

In the field of economic, social and cultural policy: issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources; delimitation of state property; nature management; security environment and ensuring environmental safety; specially protected natural areas; protection of historical and cultural monuments; general issues of upbringing, education, science, culture, physical culture and sports; health coordination; protection of motherhood, fatherhood and childhood; social protection, including social security; implementation of measures to combat catastrophes, natural disasters, epidemics, liquidation of their consequences; establishment of general principles of taxation and fees in the Russian Federation.

In the field of external relations: coordination of international and foreign economic relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, implementation of international treaties of the Russian Federation.

In the field of protection of public order, the rights of citizens, legislation and the activities of law enforcement agencies: ensuring the rule of law, law and order, public safety; regime of border zones; administrative, administrative-procedural, labor, family, housing, land, water, forest legislation, subsoil legislation, environmental protection; personnel of judicial and law enforcement agencies; lawyer, notary. (S.A.)

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Traditionally, the date of the beginning of Russian statehood is considered to be 862, to which the Tale of Bygone Years refers the calling of the Varangians-Rus (there are various versions) to Veliky Novgorod by tribal unions of the eastern Baltic and the upper Volga region: East Slavic Slovenes and Krivichi and Finno-Ugric Chuds, Meri and Vesi. In 882, the Rurik dynasty captured Kyiv and also took possession of the lands of the Polyans, Drevlyans, Severyans, Radimichi, Ulichi and Tivertsy, which together formed the main territory of the Old Russian state.

Old Russian state

Also Rus', Russian land. IN Western Europe- "Russia" and Rusia (Russia, Ruscia, Rusca, Rutigia). Since the 11th century, the name "prince of the Russians" has been used. And at the beginning of the XII century (in papal letters) the name "Russia" appears. In Byzantium - Ρως, "Ros", Name "Rosia"(Greek Ρωσα) was first used in Ser. X century by Constantine Porphyrogenitus.

During the period of maximum expansion of the borders, the Old Russian state also included the lands of the Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Volhynians, White Croats, Yotvingians, Muroms, Meshchers, possessions at the mouth of the Dnieper (Oleshye), on the lower Don (Sarkel) and on the banks of the Kerch Strait (Tmutarakan Principality). Gradually, the tribal nobility was supplanted by the Rurikovich, who already at the beginning of the 11th century reigned throughout the territory of Rus'. Tribal names gradually ceased to be mentioned during the 11th-12th centuries (with the exception of tribal names in the territories of the eastern Baltic and the middle Volga basin dependent on Russian princes). At the same time, starting from the end of the 10th century, each generation of Rurikovich divided Rus' among themselves, but the consequences of the first two sections (972 and 1015) were gradually overcome through a fierce struggle for power, as well as the suppression of individual lines of the Rurikovich (1036). Section of 1054, after which the so-called. The “triumvirate of the Yaroslavichs”, despite the long-term concentration of power in the hands of the younger Yaroslavich Vsevolod (1078-1093), was never completely overcome. After the struggle for power after his death, complicated by the intervention of the Polovtsy, in 1097, at the Lyubech Congress of Princes, the principle "everyone keeps his fatherland" was established.

After the allied actions of the princes, the fight against the Polovtsy was transferred from the southern Russian borders deep into the steppes, the new Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh and his eldest son Mstislav, after a series of internal wars, managed to achieve recognition by part of the Russian princes of their power, others were deprived of their possessions. At the same time, the Rurikovichs began to enter into intra-dynastic marriages.

Russian principalities

In the 1130s, the principalities began to gradually come out of the power of the Kyiv princes, although the prince who owned Kiev was still considered the eldest in Rus'. With the beginning of the fragmentation of the Russian lands, the names "Rus", "Russian land" in most cases are applied to the Kyiv principality.

With the collapse of the Old Russian state, the Volyn principality, the Galician principality, the Kiev principality proper, the Muromo-Ryazan principality, the Novgorod land, the Pereyaslav principality, the Polotsk principality, the Rostov-Suzdal principality, the Turov-Pinsk principality, and the Chernigov principality were formed. In each of them, the process of formation of appanages began.

On March 12, 1169, the troops of ten Russian princes, acting on the initiative of Andrei Bogolyubsky, plundered Kiev for the first time in the practice of inter-princely strife, after which Andrei gave Kiev to his younger brother without leaving Vladimir, thereby, in the words of Klyuchevsky V.O., "teared seniority from the place." Andrei himself, and later his younger brother Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176-1212) sought (temporarily) recognition of their seniority by the majority of Russian princes.

By the beginning of the 13th century, unifying trends were also emerging. The Pereyaslav principality passed into the possession of the Vladimir princes, and the united Galicia-Volyn principality arose under the rule of the senior branch of the descendants of Vladimir Monomakh. In 1201, Roman Mstislavich Galitsky, being invited by the Kyiv boyars to reign, also gave the city to his younger cousin. In the annals under 1205, Roman is called "the autocrat of all Rus'." By the 13th century, in addition to the Kyiv princes, Ryazan, Vladimir, Galician and Chernigov also began to be titled.

After the Mongol invasion, the institution of "participles in the Russian land" disappeared, when the Kyiv lands were considered as the common property of the Rurik family, and the name "Rus" was assigned to all East Slavic lands.

The strengthening of the positions of the Grand Dukes of Vladimir after the Mongol invasion was facilitated by the fact that they did not participate in the large-scale South Russian civil strife in front of him, that the principality, until the turn of the XIV-XV centuries, did not have common borders with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which expanded into Russian lands, and also that the Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, and then his son Alexander Nevsky were recognized in the Golden Horde the oldest in Russia. In fact, all the great princes were directly subordinate to the khans, first of the Mongol Empire, and from 1266 of the Golden Horde, independently collected tribute in their possessions and forwarded it to the khan. From the middle of the 13th century, the Bryansk princes almost constantly owned the title of Grand Dukes of Chernigov. Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tverskoy (1305-1318) was the first of the great princes of Vladimir to be called the "prince of all Rus'."

Since 1254, the Galician princes bore the title of "Kings of Rus'". In the 1320s, the Galicia-Volyn principality entered a period of decline (which some researchers associate with the new onslaught of the Golden Horde) and in 1392 ceased to exist, its lands were divided between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (full name - Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russian, Zhemoytsky and others) and the Kingdom of Poland. A little earlier, the main part of the South Russian lands was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Bryansk 1356, Kyiv 1362).

In the XIV century, the great principalities of Tver and Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod were also formed in the north-east of Rus', the Smolensk princes also began to be titled great. Since 1363, the label for the great reign of Vladimir, which meant seniority within North-Eastern Rus' and Novgorod, was issued only to Moscow princes, who from that time began to be titled great. In 1383, Khan Tokhtamysh recognized the Grand Duchy of Vladimir as the hereditary possession of the Moscow princes, while at the same time sanctioning the independence of the Grand Duchy of Tver. The Grand Duchy of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod was annexed to Moscow in 1392. In 1405, Lithuania captured Smolensk. Finally, all Russian lands were divided between the great principalities of Moscow and Lithuania by the end of the 15th century.

Russian state

Since the 15th century, the terms “Russia”, “Russian” appear in Russian sources and spread more and more until they are finally approved in the Russian language. The period from the end of the 15th to the beginning of the 18th century is referred to in modern Russian historiography as the "Russian State".

Grand Duchy of Moscow

In 1478 Novgorod land was annexed to Moscow, in 1480 the Mongol-Tatar yoke was thrown off. In 1487, after a successful campaign against the Kazan Khanate Grand Duke Moscow Ivan III proclaimed himself the "prince of Bulgaria", which was one of the reasons for the beginning of the transition of specific princes from the eastern outskirts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Moscow service along with the lands. As a result of five Russo-Lithuanian wars, Lithuania lost the Verkhovsky principalities, Smolensk and Bryansk. Other major territorial acquisitions were the Tver (1485) and Ryazan Grand Duchies (1521). In addition to independence from the Golden Horde and territorial integrity, the Grand Duchy of Moscow in last period its existence in the status of a grand duchy was also distinguished by a common code of laws (Sudebnik of 1497), the elimination of appanages and the introduction of a local system.

Russian kingdom

From January 16, 1547, after the Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich accepted the title of tsar. Also Rus', Russia, Russia, the Russian kingdom, the Russian kingdom, the Moscow kingdom. In the middle of the 16th century, the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates were annexed, which additionally substantiated the royal title of the Moscow monarch.

In 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania accepted the Union of Lublin with Poland, which united the two states into a confederation, while transferring the southern Russian lands to Poland and generally returning to the borders of the middle of the 13th century.

In 1613, in the title of the metropolitan, the term "Rusiya", and the title of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich - "Rosiya". "Muscovy" is the name of the Russian state in foreign sources of the 16th-17th centuries. The term "Russia" is finally fixed by Peter the Great (1689-1725). On the coins of Peter I, before the adoption of the title of emperor, it was written “Tsar Peter Alekseevich, Ruler of All Russia” and “Moscow ruble” on the back. (“Overlord of All Russia” was abbreviated in “V.R.P.”, but sometimes it was written in full). On May 19, 1712, the capital was moved to St. Petersburg.

Russian empire

After the adoption by Tsar Peter Alekseevich of the title of Emperor.

August 18 (31), 1914 in connection with the war with Germany, the name of the capital was changed from German to Russian - Petrograd.

Russian Republic

After a special legal meeting. In fact - after the abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich, brother of Nicholas II from March 3, 1917

Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic- this name was first mentioned on January 21 (February 3), 1918 in the Decree on the annulment of state loans, the decree was signed by the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Ya. Sverdlov. This name of the state was introduced after the transformation of the Russian Republic into a "federation of Soviet national republics" at the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets on January 10-18 (23-31), 1918 in the Tauride Palace in Petrograd.

Before the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the name Russian Republic was used.

Federation Declaration:

• January 3 (16), 1918 - the text of the Declaration was written.
• January 5 (18), 1918 - announced by Sverdlov at the All-Russian Constituent Assembly (dissolved on January 6 (19)).
• January 12 (25), 1918 - by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies in the adopted Declaration.
• January 18 (31), 1918 - at the united III Congress of Soviets (after the unification of the III Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies with the III Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies) in the re-adopted Declaration.
• January 28 (15), 1918 - in the Resolution of the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets "On Federal Institutions of the Russian Republic".
• On March 6-8, 1918, at the VII Congress of the RCP (b), a decision was once again made to transform the country into a federation.
• July 10, 1918 - in the Constitution at a meeting of the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

Variation in the name of the Republic In the period between the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the adoption of the first Constitution (at the V Congress), in which the name of the state was finally fixed, the documents contained variants of the still unsettled name of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic:

The words have changed places:

• Russian Federative Socialist Soviet Republic,
• Russian Socialist Soviet Federative Republic,
• Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic;

Incomplete name with different word order (4 words):

• Russian Federative Soviet Republic,
• Russian Soviet Federative Republic,
• Russian Socialist Federative Republic,
• Russian Socialist Soviet Republic,
• Russian Soviet Socialist Republic;

Incomplete name with different word order (3 words):

• Russian Soviet Republic,
• Soviet Russian Republic
• Russian Federative Republic
• Russian Federation of Soviets

Other names:

• Russian Republic,
• Soviet Republic,
• Republic of Soviets.

Note: the new power did not immediately spread to the territory of the former Russian Empire (republic).

Note: Already, being part of the USSR, on December 5, 1936, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was renamed the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, i.e. two words have been swapped.

In everyday life and semi-officially, the abbreviated form was often applied to the RSFSR - Russian Federation, but this name was not officially enshrined in the constitution until 1992 (it is worth noting that since 1990 this name was supposed to be approved as the official name of the country)

Formed by the unification of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the ZSFSR.

On December 5, 1936 (according to the new constitution), in the name of the RSFSR, the order of the words "socialist" and "Soviet" was brought into line with the order of these words in the name of the USSR.

Russian Federation

Russian Federation- On December 25, 1991, by law No. 2094-I, the state of the RSFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (the modern name is enshrined in the constitution along with the name Russia). On April 21, 1992, appropriate amendments were made to the 1978 Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR that was then in force.

Also until the adoption of the new constitution in 1993, a new coat of arms was in development. De facto, on the territory of the Russian Federation in the first half of the 1990s, letterheads and seals of institutions with the old coat of arms and the name of the state of the RSFSR were still used, although they were supposed to be replaced during 1992.

The use of the name "Russian Federation" before the collapse of the USSR

• 1918 - in paragraph e) of Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 (as a variant of the name).
• 1966 - in the title of the book "Chistyakov O.I., Formation of the Russian Federation (1917-1922), M., 1966".
• 1978 - in the preamble to the 1978 Constitution of the RSFSR.

IN modern Russia some documents are still in force in which the old name "RSFSR" remains:

• Law of the RSFSR of December 15, 1978 (as amended on June 25, 2002) "On the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments"
• Law of the RSFSR dated 07/08/1981 (as amended on 05/07/2009) "On the judiciary of the RSFSR"
• Declaration of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of June 12, 1990 N 22-1 "On State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
• Law of the RSFSR of October 24, 1990 N 263-1 "On the operation of acts of the bodies of the Union of the SSR on the territory of the RSFSR"
• Law of the RSFSR of October 31, 1990 N 293-1 "On ensuring the economic basis of the sovereignty of the RSFSR"
• Law of the RSFSR of March 22, 1991 N 948-1 (as amended on July 26, 2006) “On Competition and Restriction of Monopoly Activities in Commodity Markets”
• Law of the RSFSR of 04/26/1991 N 1107-1 (as amended on 07/01/1993) "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples"
• Law of the RSFSR dated 06/26/1991 N 1488-1 (as amended on 12/30/2008) "On investment activity in the RSFSR"
• Law of the RSFSR dated 06/26/1991 N 1490-1 (as amended on 02/02/2006) "On the priority provision of the agro-industrial complex with material and technical resources"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 15, 1991 N 211 (as amended on June 26, 1992) “On increasing wages employees of budgetary organizations and institutions"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 21, 1991 N 228 "On the organization Russian Academy Sciences"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 25, 1991 N 232 (as amended on October 21, 2002) "On the commercialization of the activities of trade enterprises in the RSFSR"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 28, 1991 N 240 (as amended on October 21, 2002) "On the commercialization of the activities of public service enterprises in the RSFSR"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of December 3, 1991 N 255 "On priority measures for organizing the work of the industry of the RSFSR"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of December 3, 1991 N 256 "On measures to stabilize the work of the industrial complex of the RSFSR in the context of economic reform"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of December 3, 1991 N 297 (as amended on February 28, 1995) "On measures to liberalize prices"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of December 12, 1991 N 269 (as amended on October 21, 2002) "On the Common Economic Space of the RSFSR"
• Law of the RSFSR of December 25, 1991 N 2094-1 "On changing the name of the state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
• Decree of the Government of the RSFSR of December 24, 1991 N 62 (as amended on November 13, 2010) "On approval of the lists of federal roads in the RSFSR"

Russians live in a country where there are no clear and unambiguous answers to the simplest questions. To say how old Russia is, you need to randomly choose one of the many options or ask a lot of clarifying questions.

There is no other country in the world that several times in its history started from scratch, then completely denied its past, then again returned to its roots. It is customary for Russia to be a young country with a thousand-year history.

Reference point selection

Through the efforts of famous historians of the past, N.M. Karamzin - the author of 12 volumes of "History of the Russian State", S.M. Solovyov, who wrote "The History of Russia from Ancient Times", V.O. Klyuchevsky and many others, as well as thanks to later studies and the works of modern scientists, several points have been identified from which one can count the course of Russian history. Often these are sharp boundaries between state entities that have very little in common with each other. At the same time, the understanding of Russian history as a continuous process lasting a thousand years seems natural.

The choice of the origin of coordinates often depends in our country on philosophical or ideological convictions. Their own scale for measuring historical time, their own answer to the question of how old Russia is, the Westerner and the Slavophile, the conservative and the progressive, the communist and the liberal, etc. We can assume several answers about the age of our state, and for each one will be found convinced supporters and no less fierce opponents.

prehistoric times

The earliest traces of primitive man were found in Russia in the Caucasus and Kuban. Paleoanthropologists determine the beginning of the settlement of our territory by the first hominids 2 million years ago. fully developed species Homo sapiens appeared in our region about 45 thousand years ago. Fortunately, there are no people who want to start counting Russian identity from blond Neanderthals with blue eyes.

On the other hand, the time of the appearance of individual Slavic tribes in the European part of present-day Russia (around the 5th century BC) is considered by some to be quite suitable for the beginning of Russian history. Among such tribal associations with poetic names: Slovenes, Krivichi, Merya, Chud, etc. - they are trying to choose one or more around which the future power is formed, the consonant name of the Ross tribe, or Rusichi, is especially attractive.

Some say that the first education is about the same age as the years of the cities of Russia from among the most became the residence of Rurik and was already Great.

And yet, the first logically justified reference point will appear later.

The calling of the Varangians (882) - 1134

It is this time mark that is considered the earliest for a more or less correct answer to the question of how many years Russia has existed. According to ancient chronicles, several Slavic, Baltic and Finno-Ugric clans sent their representatives to the warlike tribe of the Varangians with a request to single out a ruler from their ranks who could lead such an intertribal union and turn it into a single state. Such a person was the legendary Varangian prince Rurik, the founder of the first ruling dynasty in Rus'.