Science is one of the defining features of modern culture and perhaps its most dynamic component. Today it is impossible to discuss social, cultural, anthropological problems without taking into account the development of scientific thought. None of the major philosophical concepts of the XX century. could not bypass the phenomenon of science, not express her attitude to science as a whole and to the worldview problems that it poses. What is science? What is the main social role of science? Are there limits to scientific knowledge and knowledge in general? What is the place of science-based rationality in a system of other ways of relating to the world? Is extra-scientific knowledge possible, what is its status and prospects? Is it possible to scientifically answer the fundamental questions of the worldview: how did the Universe arise, how did life appear, how did man originate, what place does the phenomenon of man occupy in the universal cosmic evolution?

The discussion of all these and many other ideological and philosophical issues accompanied the formation and development of modern science and was a necessary form of understanding the features of both science itself and the civilization within which a scientific attitude to the world became possible. Today these questions are in a new and very acute form. This is primarily due to the situation in which modern civilization finds itself. On the one hand, unprecedented prospects for science and technology based on it have come to light. Modern society is entering the information stage of development, the rationalization of all social life becomes not only possible, but also vital. On the other hand, the limits of the development of civilization of a one-sided technological type were revealed: both in connection with the global ecological crisis, and as a result of the revealed impossibility of total control of social processes.

In recent years, attention to these issues in our country has noticeably decreased. It seems that one of the main reasons for this is the general sharp drop in the prestige of scientific knowledge in our society, in the catastrophe that Russian science has been experiencing in recent years. Meanwhile, it is quite clear that without developed science Russia has no future as a civilized country.

The task of the work is to characterize science as an element of technological culture. Consider the specific features, logic and methods of scientific knowledge.

The term technology appeared in the 18th century, although since the emergence of human society, people have used various technologies to ensure their livelihoods. The rapid development of world social production in the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries. was due, in particular, to the emergence of new technologies, including high ones. The term "technology" began to be applied not only to the description of material transformations, but also energy, information and social ones. No one is surprised by such concepts as "social technologies" and "pedagogical technologies". From modern positions, technology appears as a spider about the transformation of materials (substances), energy, information according to the plan and in the interests of man. In scientific terms, it is considered as a type of cognitive activity focused on the development of objective, systematically organized knowledge about the transforming function of a person, about goals, ways, stages, means, limitations, about the evolution and consequences of productive activity, trends in its improvement, as well as about methods all optimizations. Technique serves as an instrumental means of providing technologies, and the technosphere accumulates a set of technical means for the transformation of materials, energy and information. All technologies are implemented using material resources (equipment tools), however, they differ in terms of objects of transformation, and they can be divided into material, energy and information technologies, the latter include social and pedagogical ones.

Throughout its history, mankind has experienced two technological revolutions associated with a radical change in production technologies - agrarian (agricultural, Neolithic (10 thousand years BC), which was characterized by the creation of farming and cattle breeding technologies, and industrial (industrial - XVIII -XIX centuries), culminating in the advent of conveyor production technologies (A. Toffler).

The term technology has a number of meanings: it is used in industry, science, art and other areas of human activity. Obviously, technology means the intellectual processing of technically significant qualities and abilities. In essence, this is a cultural concept associated with human thinking and activity. It determines the place of man in nature, the scope of his possible intervention in natural processes.

Technological culture is the fourth universal culture. It defines the worldview and self-understanding of modern man. At the same time, by universal cultures we mean systems of epistemic principles that are characteristic of a certain era and certain levels of development of scientific knowledge and technical means.

The first universal culture, some features of which were restored during the study of archaeological finds and written evidence, was the mythological culture. It is inherent in all natural civilizations of antiquity. People of this culture explained the phenomena of nature, based on data from direct observations. In their lives they used functionally adapted natural products and materials.

The episteme of such a culture was reduced to the idea of ​​some hidden "secret" forces inherent in all objects of the surrounding world and determining their existence. These forces, according to the ideas of the ancients, determined the sequence of everything that happened; they gave meaning to everything in the world - the cosmos. Existence itself, in this approach, is Fate. People, like everything else, turn out to be only elements of a comprehensive harmony.

The second universal culture - cosmological - flourished during the period of the average natural civilization. Her episteme boiled down to the fact that in every phenomenon the action of the forces of nature is manifested in accordance with their inherent laws. Separate elements, components of a being form natural organisms, while multitudes of natural organisms, in turn, form a balance of natural order, the same "harmony" of mythological culture.

The episteme of the third anthropological culture is characteristic of a developed natural civilization. According to this culture, all the phenomena and patterns of the surrounding world are accessible to human understanding. Experience allows you to reveal the system essence of disparate facts and phenomena.

The qualities of such systems correspond to the qualities of their constituent elements. The planned organization of life turns out to be quite possible, its goal is the same mechanical balance that in other cultures acted as "harmony" or "the order of things."

Man - a researcher, systematizer and creator of the new - drew strength from his own strength and confidence. The human world gradually became the center of his attention, the sphere of his achievements. New ideas arose about the relationship to nature, new means of cognition, which ceased to be just intermediaries between thought and nature.

Active human intervention in natural processes began. Thus was the development of the fourth universal culture.

Here it is worth considering two points. The first is that human intervention in the course of natural processes is taking on an unprecedented scale, becoming permanent and, if we mean the results, irreversible. The second is the habitat of mankind - the Earth ceases to be an inexhaustible source of various resources, a kind of "cornucopia"; the consumer attitude to the world, rooted in the minds of the "king of nature", is increasingly becoming the cause of the disorder of the natural balance, as a result, it can lead to its final violation.

Since the second half of the XX century. humanity is experiencing the third technological revolution, when the transition from an industrial to a technological society is taking place. The emergence of new technologies in industry and agriculture contributed to a sharp increase in world social production (7 times from 1950 to 1990). This growth continues to the present. The creation of computers led to the emergence of the information world and high technology. The amount of information used by the population has increased dramatically. The information revolution of the last decades, which has turned the world into a single information space, has become one of the deepest upheavals in the history of mankind. The industrial society of conveyor production and blue collars is being replaced by the postindustrial society of white collars. Due to the widespread use of information and telecommunication technologies, their rapid change, the main condition for the development of modern production is working with new information and creative solutions to constantly emerging production problems. If in the USA in 1900 20% of workers worked in the sphere of material production, 44% in agriculture and 30% in services, then in 1994 3.1% of workers worked in agriculture, 15% in industry, ( 5%; 6% in some areas of the USA (New York, San Francisco, Boston) the latter figure reached 92% In Western Europe and Japan it varies from 71 to 78% In Russia in 1995 the number of commas in the service sector and In the literature, this change in the distribution of the labor force is called deindustrialization.In 1995, in the US, health care, scientific research, the service sector, and the production of intangible scientific products and software accounted for almost 43% of GDP. technologies and inf formations. According to forecasts, by 2010 the share of people employed in the field of information and telecommunications technologies in developed countries will be at least 50% of the total number of employees, and 5 to 10% of the population will remain in factories and factories. The main means of existence is the processing of information in one form or another.

In the 21st century the vast majority of the population work in the service sector, including education and health care, and in information, sciences and culture. Even on farms and in industry, more workers will be involved in information processing than in cultivating the land and working on production lines. An example is the US auto industry, where more people are involved in sales, insurance, advertising, design, and safety than in the actual assembly of cars. However, the transition to the information world does not detract from the importance of material production, including manual labor in the life support of society. Our world remains material, but information plays an ever-increasing role in it.

Countries that are able to improve the quality of education of the population, general culture, technological discipline of production and, of course, science, the main creative force of a post-industrial society, become leaders in world development. This is evidenced by the experience of the United States, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, etc. It is in the secondary school that the foundations of the humanitarian, natural science, and technological culture of young people are laid, it is this culture that determines the intellectual potential of the country - not the elite, but the mass of people with a fairly high and versatile education, the level of which determines the success of solving global problems of an environmental, energy, informatization and social nature. The quality of manufactured science-intensive products depends on the technological culture of the population.

The modern understanding of progress is changing in the direction of spiritual and cultural factors, which means deepening the originality of a person, expanding his spirituality. From this position, the human change of progress allows us to talk about the need to develop the technological culture of society and each individual member of it. Therefore, technological culture can be defined as an actual paradigm of modern and future education.

A feature of technological culture as a new culture that is being formed around us is a new attitude towards the world around us, based on scientific knowledge, creative attitude, and the transformative nature of activity. Its influence on the development of each member of society is so great that it makes it necessary to educate and educate young people on a qualitatively new basis, to provide new extraordinary approaches in education aimed at solving the problems of the technological environment.

At the end of the 20th century, when a new technological society (“knowledge society”) began to form, technological knowledge and skills become the most important value, a factor in economic transformations. Now technological culture has become a measure of literacy.

Today, the concept of culture covers all aspects of human activity and society. Therefore, there are political, economic, legal, moral, environmental, artistic, professional and other forks of culture. The fundamental component of the general culture is the technological culture.

Technological culture is the culture of a modern technologically saturated society. This is a new attitude to the world around us, based on the transformation and improvement, as well as the improvement of the human environment. Technological culture, being one of the types of universal culture, has an impact on all aspects of human life and society. It forms a technological worldview, which is based on a system of technological views on nature, society and man. Its integral part is technological thinking associated with the generalized reflection of the scientific and technological environment by the individual and the mental ability for transformative activity.

The manifestation of various human qualities that can transform the environment, improve the world around us - this is the multitude of cultures that are embodied in the concept of "technological culture". From the position of modern concepts of the development of human society, in whose field of vision the rational abilities of a person, his creative approach to everything that surrounds him, his creative self-expression, the concept of "technological culture" personifies a new layer of culture, indicating a high level of abilities and scientific knowledge in the implementation by a person of any technological process or project, both in the social and in the industrial spheres of activity.

At present, the technological stage of the development of society is designed to establish the priority of the method over the result of the activity. Therefore, society needs a comprehensive approach to the choice of methods (including material and intellectual means) of its activities from the mass of alternative options and to the assessment of its results. The main goal of human activity is to ensure that technological capabilities serve humans, that is, to change the social, economic and cultural life of our society in such a way that it stimulates human development.

2. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

Scientific knowledge is a system of knowledge about the laws of nature, society, and thinking. Scientific knowledge forms the basis of the scientific picture of the world and reflects the laws of its development.

Scientific Knowledge:

- is the result of comprehension of reality and the cognitive basis of human activity;

- socially conditioned; And

- has a different degree of reliability.

Scientific information about things merges with information about the opinions of others about these things. In a broad sense, both obtaining information about things and obtaining information about the opinions of others about these things can be called information activity. It is as old as science itself. In order to successfully fulfill his main social role (which is the production of new knowledge), the scientist must be informed about what was known before him. Otherwise, he may find himself in the position of a discoverer of already established truths.

The question of the structure of scientific knowledge deserves special consideration. It is necessary to distinguish three levels in it: empirical, theoretical, philosophical grounds.

At the empirical level of scientific knowledge, as a result of direct contact with reality, scientists gain knowledge about certain events, identify the properties of objects or processes of interest to them, fix relationships, and establish empirical patterns.

To clarify the specifics of theoretical knowledge, it is important to emphasize that the theory is built with a clear focus on explaining objective reality, but it directly describes not the surrounding reality, but ideal objects, which, unlike real objects, are characterized not by an infinite, but by a quite definite number of properties. For example, such ideal objects as material points, with which mechanics deals, have a very small number of properties, namely, mass and the ability to be in space and time. The ideal object is built in such a way that it is fully intellectually controlled.

The theoretical level of scientific knowledge is divided into two parts: fundamental theories, in which the scientist deals with the most abstract ideal objects, and theories that describe a specific area of ​​reality on the basis of fundamental theories.

The strength of a theory lies in the fact that it can develop, as it were, on its own, without direct contact with reality. Since in theory we are dealing with an intellectually controlled object, the theoretical object can, in principle, be described in any detail and obtain any far-reaching consequences from the initial ideas. If the original abstractions are true, then the consequences of them will be true.

In addition to the empirical and theoretical in the structure of scientific knowledge, one can single out another level containing general ideas about reality and the process of cognition - the level of philosophical premises, philosophical foundations.

For example, the well-known discussion between Bohr and Einstein on the problems of quantum mechanics was essentially conducted precisely at the level of the philosophical foundations of science, since it was discussed how to relate the apparatus of quantum mechanics to the world around us. Einstein believed that the probabilistic nature of predictions in quantum mechanics is due to the fact that quantum mechanics is incomplete, since reality is completely deterministic. And Bohr believed that quantum mechanics is complete and reflects the fundamentally irremovable probability characteristic of the microworld.

Certain ideas of a philosophical nature are woven into the fabric of scientific knowledge, embodied in theories.

A theory turns from an apparatus for describing and predicting empirical data into knowledge when all its concepts receive an ontological and epistemological interpretation.

Sometimes the philosophical foundations of science are clearly manifested and become the subject of heated discussions (for example, in quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, the theory of evolution, genetics, etc.).

At the same time, there are many theories in science that do not cause controversy about their philosophical foundations, since they are based on philosophical ideas that are close to generally accepted ones.

It should be noted that not only theoretical, but also empirical knowledge is associated with certain philosophical ideas.

At the empirical level of knowledge, there is a certain set of general ideas about the world (about causality, stability of events, etc.). These ideas are perceived as obvious and are not the subject of special studies. Nevertheless, they exist, and sooner or later they change at the empirical level as well.

The empirical and theoretical levels of scientific knowledge are organically linked. The theoretical level does not exist on its own, but is based on data from the empirical level. But it is essential that empirical knowledge is inseparable from theoretical ideas; it is necessarily immersed in a certain theoretical context.

British sociologist 3. Bauman names three types of such differences. Firstly, scientific knowledge is organized differently, it is subject to strict requirements and rules. These requirements include the following:

a) the certainty of the categorical apparatus;

b) developed and tested methods of cognition;

c) reinforcement of theoretical generalizations with real facts;

d) openness of the scientific concept for discussion, critical reflection. Ordinary knowledge is freer, it is devoid of rigid frameworks, it does not claim the right to "responsible statements" characteristic of scientists as a special status group in society, from which competent conclusions are expected.

Secondly, scientific knowledge always implies a wider field for collecting material for generalizations and judgments. Ordinary knowledge is formed in a more limited information space. In everyday life, we very rarely try (if at all) to rise above the level of our everyday interests, to expand the horizon of our experience, therefore ordinary knowledge is always fragmentary, it snatches out only individual events, episodes of the political process; the scientific, on the contrary, lays claim to the breadth of generalization and comprehensiveness of analysis.

Thirdly, scientific knowledge differs in the way it explains political events. In science, the explanation should be as depersonalized as possible, i.e. substantiation, interpretation are carried out on the basis of isolating many factors, interdependencies. Knowledge based on common sense is characterized by an explanation of certain events, actions of politicians based on pre-existing ideas and beliefs. A person usually ascribes to politicians those intentions that are known to him from previous experience.

Thus, scientific knowledge about politics is more complex, complex. It requires the researcher to have special skills in working with observed phenomena, mastery of the appropriate categorical apparatus, the ability to use special methodological tools for understanding the sphere of political relations and interactions, the ability to analytically comprehend relationships, dependence and modeling complex political processes. Scientific knowledge about politics is a system of theories, concepts that explain and describe politics, as well as a set of methods that allow deepening and expanding ideas about politics.

Let us note, firstly, the following points in the change in the image of science today:

a) of course, the advancement of fundamentally new ideas in science remains the work of relatively few of the most prominent scientists who manage to look beyond the "horizons" of knowledge, and often significantly expand them. But nevertheless, for scientific knowledge as a whole, collective forms of activity, carried out, as philosophers put it, by "scientific communities" are becoming more and more characteristic. Science is becoming more and more not just a system of abstract knowledge about the world, but also one of the manifestations of human activity, which has taken the form of a special social institution. The study of the social aspects of the natural, social, and technical sciences in connection with the problem of scientific creativity is an interesting but still largely open problem;

b) modern science is increasingly penetrating methods based on new technologies, and on the other hand, new mathematical methods that seriously change the previous methodology of scientific knowledge; therefore, philosophical adjustments are also required in this regard. A fundamentally new method of research has become, for example, a computational experiment, which is now the most widely used. What is its cognitive role in science? What are the specific features of this method? How does it affect the organization of science? All this is of great interest;

c) the scope of scientific knowledge is rapidly expanding, including previously inaccessible objects both in the microcosm, including the finest mechanisms of the living, and on a macroscopic scale. But it is no less important that modern science has moved to the study of objects of a fundamentally new type - super-complex, self-organizing systems. One of these objects is the biosphere. But the Universe can also be regarded in a certain sense as such a system;

d) Another characteristic feature of modern science is that it has moved to a comprehensive study of man by the methods of different sciences. The unification of the foundations of these methods is inconceivable without philosophy;

e) significant changes are taking place in the system of scientific knowledge. It becomes more and more complicated, the knowledge of different sciences intersects, mutually fertilizing each other in solving the key problems of modern science. It is of interest to build models of the dynamics of scientific knowledge, to identify the main factors influencing its growth, to clarify the role of philosophy in the progress of knowledge in various fields of studying the world and man. All these are also serious problems, the solution of which is unthinkable without philosophy.

Secondly, the analysis of the phenomenon of science should be carried out taking into account the enormous role that it plays in the modern world. Science has an impact on all aspects of life, both society as a whole and the individual. The achievements of modern science are refracted in one way or another in all spheres of culture. Science provides unprecedented technological progress, creating conditions for improving the level and quality of life. It also acts as a socio-political factor: a state that has a developed science and, on the basis of this, creates advanced technologies, provides itself with greater weight in the international community.

Thirdly, some dangers associated with the possible application of the achievements of modern science were also quickly discovered. For example, modern biology studies the subtle mechanisms of heredity, and physiology has penetrated so deeply into the structure of the brain that it is possible to effectively influence human consciousness and behavior. Today, rather significant negative consequences of the uncontrolled spread of advanced technologies have become obvious, indirectly creating even a threat to the very survival of mankind. Such threats are manifested, for example, in some global problems - resource depletion, environmental pollution, the threat of the genetic degeneration of mankind, etc.

These points, which characterize the sharp increase in the impact of science on technology, society and nature, make us analyze not only the cognitive side of scientific research, as it was before, but also the “human” dimension of science.

From our point of view, a detailed analysis of all the noted aspects of the phenomenon of science as a whole, that is, in the unity of its cognitive and human aspects, is now very important. The fact is that the changes in the image and status of science that are taking place now are causing its growing separation from everyday consciousness. As compensation, we have a “luxurious” flourishing of all kinds of pseudosciences, which are more understandable for ordinary consciousness, but have absolutely nothing to do with science. In modern conditions, pseudoscience is gaining such power in the minds of certain sections of people (including sometimes scientists) that it begins to pose a danger to the healthy development of science itself. That is why a deep analysis of the foundations of the scientific method, its differences from the methods of reasoning used by pseudoscience, is necessary.

Further, it is urgently necessary to continue the study of science in its connection with
the progress of modern technology and the change in its social role. Many of those who by no means refuse to use the achievements of science in their daily lives portray scientific and technological progress as a kind of "monster" that suppresses and enslaves a person, that is, as an unconditional "evil". Now, as if from a cornucopia, accusations are being poured against not only scientific and technological progress, but also science itself, which are considered to have broken with “human goals”. And although in this case the criticism largely misses the target - science is accused of "sins" of which it is not so much itself that is guilty, but the system of institutions within which it functions and develops - the critics of science are right in one thing: in an era when it was clearly revealed that the development of science can lead to socially negative consequences, the scientist's orientation towards obtaining objectively true knowledge, being an unconditionally necessary stimulus for his activity, is nevertheless not sufficient. The question of the social responsibility of a scientist for the possible use of his discoveries as the most important ethical norm of scientific activity acquires great relevance. This range of problems also requires unremitting attention.

3. DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION OF SCIENCES

The development of science is characterized by the dialectical interaction of two opposite processes - differentiation (singling out new scientific disciplines) and integration (synthesis of knowledge, unification of a number of sciences - most often into disciplines that are at their "junction"). At some stages of the development of science, differentiation prevails (especially during the period of the emergence of science as a whole and individual sciences), at others - their integration, this is typical of modern science.

The process of differentiation, branching off of sciences, the transformation of individual "rudiments" of scientific knowledge into independent (private) sciences and the intrascientific "branching" of the latter into scientific disciplines began already at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. During this period, previously unified knowledge (philosophy) splits into two main "trunks" - philosophy itself and science as an integral system of knowledge, spiritual education and a social institution. In turn, philosophy begins to be divided into a number of philosophical sciences (ontology, epistemology, ethics, dialectics, etc.), science as a whole is divided into separate private sciences (and within them into scientific disciplines), among which the classical (Newtonian) becomes the leader. ) mechanics, closely related to mathematics since its inception.

In the subsequent period, the process of differentiation of sciences continued to intensify. It was caused both by the needs of social production and by the internal needs of the development of scientific knowledge. The consequence of this process was the emergence and rapid development of frontier, "butt" sciences.

As soon as biologists delved into the study of living things to such an extent that they understood the enormous importance of chemical processes and transformations in cells, tissues, organisms, an intensified study of these processes began, the accumulation of results, which led to the emergence of a new science - biochemistry. In the same way, the need to study the physical processes in a living organism led to the interaction of biology and physics and the emergence of a frontier science - biophysics. Physical chemistry, chemical physics, geochemistry, etc. arose in a similar way. There are also such scientific disciplines that are at the junction of three sciences, such as, for example, biogeochemistry. The founder of biogeochemistry, V. I. Vernadsky, considered it to be a complex scientific discipline, since it is closely and completely connected with one specific earthly shell - the biosphere and with its biological processes in their chemical (atomic) manifestation. The “field of reference” of biogeochemistry is determined both by the geological manifestations of life and by the biochemical processes within organisms, the living population of the planet.

The differentiation of sciences is a natural consequence of the rapid increase and complication of knowledge. It inevitably leads to specialization and division of scientific labor. The latter have both positive sides (the possibility of in-depth study of phenomena, increased productivity of scientists) and negative ones (especially “loss of connection of the whole”, narrowing of horizons - sometimes to “professional cretinism”). Concerning this side of the problem, A. Einstein noted that in the course of the development of science, “the activities of individual researchers inevitably converge to an increasingly limited area of ​​​​general knowledge. This specialization, even worse, leads to the fact that a single common understanding of all science, without which the true depth of the research spirit is necessarily reduced, keeps up with the development of science with great difficulty ...; it threatens to deprive the researcher of a broad perspective, degrading him to the level of an artisan” 1 .

Simultaneously with the process of differentiation, there is also a process of integration - unification, interpenetration, synthesis of sciences and scientific disciplines, their unification (and their methods) into a single whole, erasing the boundaries between them. This is especially characteristic of modern science, where today such synthetic, general scientific areas of scientific knowledge as cybernetics, synergetics, etc. are rapidly developing, such integrative pictures of the world as natural science, general science, and philosophy are being built (because philosophy also performs an integrative function in scientific knowledge).

The trend of "connection of sciences", which has become a regularity of the current stage of their development and a manifestation of the paradigm of integrity, was clearly captured by V. I. Vernadsky. A great new phenomenon of scientific thought of the XX century. he believed that “for the first time, all the currents of human spiritual creativity that have hitherto gone in little dependence on each other, and sometimes quite independently, merge into a single whole. The turning point in the scientific understanding of the Cosmos coincides, therefore, with the profound change that is taking place simultaneously in the sciences of man. On the one hand, these sciences merge with the sciences of nature, on the other hand, their object is completely changed. The integration of the sciences convincingly and with increasing force proves the unity of nature. It is possible because such a unity objectively exists.

Thus, the development of science is a dialectical process in which differentiation is accompanied by integration, interpenetration and integration into a single whole of the most diverse areas of scientific knowledge of the world, the interaction of various methods and ideas.

In modern science, the unification of sciences to solve major problems and global problems put forward by practical needs is becoming more widespread. Thus, for example, the complex problem of cosmic exploration required the combined efforts of scientists from various specialties. The solution of the environmental problem, which is very urgent today, is impossible without close interaction between the natural and human sciences, without a synthesis of the ideas and methods developed by them.

One of the general patterns of the historical development of science is the dialectical unity of differentiation and integration of science. The formation of new scientific directions, individual sciences is combined with the erasure of sharp lines separating different branches of science, with the formation of integrating branches of science (cybernetics, systems theory, informatics, synergetics, etc.), mutual exchange of methods, principles, concepts, etc. Science as a whole is becoming an increasingly complex unified system with a rich internal division, where the qualitative originality of each specific science is preserved. Thus, not the confrontation of different "cultures in science", but their close unity, interaction, interpenetration is a natural trend of modern scientific knowledge.

CONCLUSION

One of the old mottos says: "knowledge is power." Science makes man powerful before the forces of nature. With the help of natural science, man exercises his dominance over the forces of nature, develops material production, and improves social relations. Only through knowledge of the laws of nature can a person change and adapt natural things and processes so that they satisfy his needs.

Natural science is both a product of civilization and a condition for its development. With the help of science, a person develops material production, improves social relations, educates and educates new generations of people, heals his body. The progress of natural science and technology significantly changes the way of life and well-being of a person, improves the living conditions of people.

Natural science is one of the most important engines of social progress. As the most important factor in material production, natural science is a powerful revolutionary force. Great scientific discoveries (and technical inventions closely related to them) have always had a tremendous (and sometimes completely unexpected) impact on the destinies of human history. Such discoveries were, for example, discoveries in the 17th century. the laws of mechanics that made it possible to create the entire machine technology of civilization; discovery in the nineteenth century. electromagnetic field and the creation of electrical engineering, radio engineering, and then radio electronics; the creation in the 20th century of the theory of the atomic nucleus, followed by the discovery of means for releasing nuclear energy; expansion in the middle of the twentieth century. molecular biology of the nature of heredity (DNA structure) and the possibilities of genetic engineering for the management of heredity that have opened up as a result; and others. Most of the modern material civilization would not be possible without the participation in its creation of scientific theories, scientific and design developments, technologies predicted by science, etc.

In the modern world, science causes people not only admiration and admiration, but also fears. You can often hear that science brings a person not only benefits, but also the greatest misfortunes. Atmospheric pollution, catastrophes at nuclear power plants, an increase in the radioactive background as a result of nuclear weapons tests, an “ozone hole” above the planet, a sharp reduction in plant and animal species - people tend to explain all these and other environmental problems by the very fact of the existence of science. But the point is not in science, but in whose hands it is, what social interests stand behind it, what public and state structures direct its development.

The growth of global problems of mankind increases the responsibility of scientists for the fate of mankind. The question of the historical destinies and the role of science in its relation to man, the prospects for its development has never been so sharply discussed as at present, in the context of the growing global crisis of civilization. The old problem of the humanistic content of cognitive activity (the so-called "Rousseau problem") has acquired a new concrete historical expression: can a person (and if so, to what extent) count on science in solving the global problems of our time? Is science able to help humanity in getting rid of the evil that modern civilization carries in itself with the technologization of people's way of life?

Science is a social institution, and it is closely connected with the development of the whole society. The complexity and inconsistency of the current situation is that science, of course, is involved in the generation of global, and, above all, environmental problems of civilization (not in itself, but as a part of society dependent on other structures); and at the same time, without science, without its further development, the solution of all these problems is in principle impossible. And this means that the role of science in the history of mankind is constantly increasing. And therefore, any belittling of the role of science, natural science is currently extremely dangerous, it disarms humanity in the face of the growing global problems of our time. And such derogation, unfortunately, sometimes takes place, it is represented by certain mindsets, tendencies in the system of spiritual culture.

Science is a component of spiritual culture, and therefore the processes that take place in the entire system of culture in one form or another are reflected in science.
PHENOMENON OF ARTISTIC CULTURE AND FACTORS AFFECTING ITS DEVELOPMENTFEATURES OF THE SPIRITUAL CULTURE OF RUSSIAN YOUTH

The concept of "culture" is ambiguous. Attempts to define it show that its content depends on the research position of the author. In one, researchers unanimously agree that culture arose along with the appearance of man on Earth and developed as he mastered the forces of nature, improved society and himself.

By changing the natural world, adapting it to his needs and requirements, a person creates a cultural environment, which includes technology, housing, means of communication, communications, messages, household items, works of art, etc. Culture determines the level of development of society, creative forces and human abilities, as well as the level of achievements in the material, social and spiritual spheres of activity.

One of the sides of the common culture is the technological culture. Its essence and content are connected with the concept of "technology". Technological culture is the result of modern scientific, technical and socio-economic achievements.

The development of the concept of "technological culture" is associated with the need to influence the negative consequences for a person and his environment of the ill-conceived, and sometimes barbaric use of technical means, new methods and technologies to achieve certain goals. Thus, the intensive use by man of the latest technical systems has led to the depletion of natural resources and disruption of natural balance. These destructive actions of man threaten the very existence of life on Earth. The influence of modern technological means (computers, industrial robots, controlled biological reactions, etc.) on the forces of nature not yet known to people has not yet been studied.

Thus, technological culture should be understood as such a transformative human activity in the material, spiritual and social spheres, when the main criterion for evaluating and applying new technologies and technological processes is their ability to ensure harmonious interaction between man and nature, man and society, man and man.

Technological culture is based on the transformational activity of a person, in which his knowledge, skills and creative abilities are manifested. Transformative activity today penetrates into all spheres of human life and work - from industry and agriculture to the social sphere: medicine, pedagogy, leisure and management.

Technological culture can be viewed in social and personal terms.

In social terms, this is the level of development of society based on the expedient and effective transformational activities of people, the totality of the technologies achieved in material production, social and spiritual life.

On a personal level, technological culture determines the level of a person's mastery of modern ways of knowing and improving himself and the world around him. Therefore, technological culture is a fundamental component of the general culture, as well as the basis and condition for the development of modern society and production.

Technological culture in the system of social work must be considered at three levels: the social sphere, the social work specialist and the client.

The technological culture of the social sphere is determined by the nature of the technological support for solving the social problems of its members.

The technological culture of a social work specialist is determined by the level of his mastery of researched and proven methods, methods, techniques and means, high-quality and effective solution or assistance in solving the problems of a client or group.

The technological culture of the client is determined by the degree of ownership of the technological means of society in solving social problems.

The technological culture of social work is part of the general technological culture of the social sphere - an integral part of the technological culture of society.

The formation of the technological culture of a social work specialist is primarily associated with professional education and the formation of technological competence, including familiarization with all the benefits of human culture, including science, technology, general culture, social and universal values.

This is an orientation towards a social specialist who knows, knows how and owns the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the interests of himself, the client and society as a whole.

On the one hand, this turn means "learning from the future", being able to apply knowledge for the development and application of new technologies, possessing the necessary skills in accordance with the needs of professional activity, considering clients from the point of view of a human personality; on the other hand, using the content value of the acquired knowledge, to show humane concern for the all-round development of the client, orienting him to independent social functioning so that he can receive satisfaction from life in his society.

Everything that happens to a person, his environment, is technological or carried out with the help of technology. In the production process, technology is a system of algorithms, methods and means proposed by science, the use of which leads to a predetermined result of activity, guarantees the production of products of a given quantity and quality. In the system of social work, the solution of many problems is not algorithmized. Therefore, if the technology is not created, then individual skill dominates in solving customer problems.

The technological culture of a social worker is defined as a transformative creative activity, including knowledge, skills, emotional and moral attitude of activity and readiness to act taking into account responsibility for one's actions.

The technological culture of a social worker includes the following components, which are manifested in activities and behavior. It's a work culture; culture of human relations; the culture of the institution, its aesthetics and condition; information culture; entrepreneurial culture; ecological culture; consumer culture; design culture.

Features of the technological culture of a social worker.

Technological culture helps to focus on what needs to be done and how. The "value dimension" is present in the form of an assessment of the parameters of the social worker's activity. Technological values ​​are customer satisfaction, accuracy, completeness, efficiency, timeliness, etc. These are also instrumental values ​​that act as a means of achieving fundamental values ​​set by spiritual and social culture - ensuring the safety of society, the value of a person in society, etc. d.

The technological culture of the social worker is utilitarian. It cannot act as something opposite to spiritual culture. If a specialist admits a “bias” in favor of technological culture, then this threatens to oblivion of spiritual values ​​and leads to the formation of consumer sentiment.

In relation to spiritual and social culture, the technological culture of a social worker plays a subordinate, service role. Methods and means of working with a client, introduced innovations and innovations should be evaluated and controlled from a universal value position, humanism.

The technological culture of a social specialist is an indispensable condition for his professional activity. In whatever area or category of clients he works, he must master the technology of his business.

The technological culture of the social sphere is part of the culture of a modern technologically saturated society. This is a new attitude towards a person, based on the transformation and improvement, as well as the improvement of his environment, the satisfaction of various needs. Standardization is an integral part of the technological culture of social work.

From the standpoint of modern concepts, the technological culture of a social worker includes:

• - creative approach to everything that surrounds him;
• - creative self-expression.

The concept of "technological culture of a social work specialist" personifies a new layer of professionals with a high level of scientific knowledge and professional skills in the implementation of the technological process.

The most important goal of the system of technological education in the formation of the technological culture of social work specialists is to nurture the need to master the system of scientific knowledge.

On the basis of scientific knowledge, new technologies are born, leading to the introduction into practice of effective tools for influencing the social processes of resource development, resource consumption and resource conservation, the improvement of society and its social protection.

Continuity of education, as a phenomenon of technologization of society and the dissemination of scientific knowledge, is becoming a leading factor in the development of the technological culture of social specialists.

Mastering the technological culture in terms of technological education means mastering the functional methods and ways of mastering the technological knowledge necessary in any activity, i.e., mastering the algorithm of transformative activity.

The formation of the technological culture of university students is defined in the requirements of the new state standard.

The graduate must have the following professional competencies (PC):

• o socio-technological:
  • - be ready for the development and implementation of social technologies that take into account the features of the modern combination of global, national and regional, the specifics of the socio-cultural development of society (PC-1);
  • - be able to provide a high level of social culture of technologies for social protection of the weaker segments of the population, medical and social support, well-being of citizens (PC-2);
  • - be ready for intermediary, socio-prophylactic, consulting and socio-psychological activities on the problems of socialization, habilitation and rehabilitation (PC-3);
  • - be ready to provide social protection, assistance and support, provision of social services to individuals and social groups (PC-4);
  • - be capable of creating a socially and psychologically favorable environment in social organizations and services (PC-5);
  • - be capable of innovative activities in the social sphere, optimizing its combination with the traditional culture of personal and public life (PC-6);
  • - be ready to solve the client's problems by attracting relevant specialists, mobilizing one's own forces, physical, mental and social resources of the client (PC-7);
  • - be prepared to prevent and prevent personal professional deformation, professional fatigue, professional "burnout" (PC-8);
  • - be able to purposefully and effectively implement modern technologies of psychosocial, structural and complex-oriented social work, medical and social assistance to the population (PC-9);
  • - be able to assess the quality of social services based on the achievements of modern qualimetry and standardization (PC-10);
  • - be capable of competent use of legislative and other regulations of the federal and regional levels (PC-11);
  • - be ready to comply with professional and ethical requirements in the process of professional activities (PC-12);
• o research:
• - be able to explore the characteristics of the culture of social life, well-being, behavior in the social sphere of various national-ethnic and gender-age, as well as social-class groups (PC-13);
• - have the ability to analyze the specifics of the socio-cultural space, the infrastructure for ensuring the social well-being of representatives of various social groups (PC-14);
• - be able to identify, formulate and resolve problems in the field of psychosocial, structural and complex-oriented social work, medical and social assistance (PC-15);
• - be able to determine the scientific and practical value of the research tasks to be solved in the process of ensuring social well-being (PC-16);
• - be ready for the systematic use of the results of scientific research to ensure the effectiveness of social workers, professional support for the well-being of various segments of the population, ensuring their physical, mental and social health (PC-17).

The formation of the technological culture of a social work specialist is also connected with the ethical problem of his responsibility for his actions in technological situations and relationships, when much depends on his morality, rationality and responsibility.

The technological culture of the social sphere is also ethics, it is a new philosophy, a philosophy of a new vision of a person in society and ways and means of solving his social problems.

At present, the technological stage in the development of the social sphere is designed to establish the priority of the method over the result of the activity. Therefore, specialists need to take a comprehensive approach to the choice of methods (including material and intellectual means) of their activities from the mass of alternative options and to the evaluation of its results.

The main goal of the activity of specialists is to ensure that technological capabilities improve the quality of human service, that is, the change in the social, economic and cultural life of society is carried out in such a way that it stimulates human development.

Technological culture is based on the idea formulated by the Bulgarian scientist N. Stefanov: “the real problem is not whether it is possible in principle to technologize social processes, but how to do it” .

As noted above, at the present stage it is impossible only to rely on the practical experience accumulated by mankind, peoples or individuals in solving specific life issues.

Technological culture implies not so much the very possession of information as the rationalization of its flow, its carriers and the ability to effectively, timely and promptly broadcast it in the management process. In real practice, the problem of information often comes down to an increase in the flow of papers that cover up the imperfection of management, the inability to manage. At the end of the 1980s, there were 100 billion documents in circulation, and about 600 million man-hours were spent on filling them out. For example, a metallurgical plant with 25-30 thousand employees received 130-140 thousand documents per year.

But the lack of rationalization of the flow of information is also inherent in Russia in the 1990s. Separate islands of this rationalization within the framework of specific production organizations do not yet form the integrity of information flows throughout society. It remains only to hope that the number of rationally functioning organizations will grow and at a certain stage the quantity will develop into quality. Therefore, the process of assimilation of the basics of technological culture goes, as it were, “from below”, from specific leaders, their ability to organize scientifically based information flows and put them at the service of the cause.

Technological culture largely depends on the ability to implement a comprehensive, systematic approach. In the meantime, for objective and subjective reasons, administrative voluntarism continues to dominate. Management is faced with a recurring misfortune, vices that do not go away: lack of professionalism, amateurism, superficiality and haste in making decisions, or, in other words, inability or ignorance of the algorithm of management procedures.

The possibilities of technological culture are limited not only by miscalculations in the management process. Science and empiricism continue to oppose each other: practice is very little, more often spontaneously uses scientific recommendations, conclusions and proposals of scientists. Independently of each other, two directions coexist, which are implemented by scientists and practitioners. The former write, research, offer something, the latter do very well without their scientific calculations. In this case, management technology loses its bearings, and management is struck by pragmatism, superficiality, fuss and errors arise.

In addition, there are not so rare cases when the necessary information is collected in a biased way, without taking into account all the characteristics that both speak for making a decision and warn against hasty conclusions. Psychologically, one can understand people who, seeking just such and no other decision, try to find information that confirms precisely their point of view, and often ignore everything that contradicts it. But if this is to some extent understandable for behavior in everyday life, then at the official level this approach cannot be regarded otherwise than as tendentious, because it leads to negative consequences in management practice. Therefore, one of the first requirements for a technological culture is to obtain complete, comprehensive, most representative information that allows you to make more informed recommendations.

The social aspect of technological culture is especially evident in the extent to which the management process constantly takes into account the interests of workers and coordinates them with the interests of production and society. The labor force today is no longer just a resource, but, above all, as a subject of production. Therefore, where, not in words, but in deeds, they abandoned the analysis of the development and functioning of production only from the point of view of the availability of material and financial resources, but take into account the interests and needs of people, a successful solution of socio-economic problems is ensured. It is impossible to equate the labor force in terms of its functions with other resources. People cannot be approached with the same standards as material and financial reserves. With an insufficiently thought out and effective solution, one can ultimately write off (and justify) both material and financial losses. To do this to people is to deliberately cause negative social consequences.

Such functions of technology as regulation, preservation, maintenance and improvement of the management system are important. In each system, there are tendencies towards organization and disorganization, which implies the maintenance and observance of a certain algorithm, the sequence of operations. Procedures and operations may include the use of both economic levers (profit, price, wages, etc.) and the legal mechanism. But in any case, they are always associated with an impact on the consciousness and behavior of people, ensuring the stability of the organization.

The technologization of culture as an element of human culture arises in two ways: it “grows” in culture evolutionarily, gradually, or it is built as an artificial formation, the main function of which is the combination of science and practice.

In this sense, social technologies take into account, on the one hand, the nature and indicators of the development of global processes in the modern world (the development of means of communication, information, computerization, the internationalization of scientific, cultural, educational practices, the growth of the interdependence of production, economic and spiritual life, etc.), and on the other hand, the specifics of the national and cultural development of the population, regional features of the way of life of people, their social organization, traditions of interaction in historically defined sociocultural conditions. Technological culture is impossible without identifying patterns of self-organization and disorganization of socio-economic processes, using them to create favorable conditions for people's life. In technological culture, it is important to take into account socio-psychological phenomena, which often combine contradictory and sometimes mutually exclusive features. Therefore, management involves the identification of these limiting or impeding factors and provides for their consideration, elimination or at least neutralization. All of the above can be attributed to such phenomena as, for example, national and group survivals, human prejudice, often based on random factors.

Technological culture manifests itself in the management of economic, social, political and spiritual processes, in the process of improving research work, intellectual activity, in education, upbringing, and artistic creativity. But technological culture, being a part of culture, an element of creativity, is to a greater extent a product of management science, its integral element. Therefore, the novelty of social technology is primarily determined by its knowledge intensity.

Technological culture should also be responsible for what is realized in the process of its implementation. The scientific literature discusses the idea of ​​management by results and expresses dissatisfaction with the American system of management by goals (income, profit, capital).

The concept of result increasingly includes the human factor, creativity, developed thinking, organizational development, self-management, strengthening interpersonal contacts, and, most importantly, the mechanism for obtaining the social part of the result is being worked out. This mechanism does not include the management of people, but the creation of conditions for the free development of the mental and physical powers of a person, raising the level of organization of the social system, the quality of life, stimulating labor not by decrees, instructions, but by labor itself, its creative content, material and moral factors. Moreover, universal human values ​​are woven into this system very flexibly, to a certain extent smoothing out the contradictions of capital.

The systems of social management implemented in the West, including those based on results (Finnish experience), are not only aimed at achieving a social result, but also provide managerial and organizational support for its achievement, have a technological elaboration that implies trust in the employee, respect for his creative potential , readiness for cooperation and contributes to their manifestation and development by means of planning, regulatory documents. Technological culture ensures the practical implementation of social reserves, the development of social situations through the adoption and implementation of specific social decisions that correspond to the level of solutions to technical and technological problems.

All this allows us to conclude that technological culture is an organic part of the general culture, which seeks in its content to integrate the achievements of technical and humanitarian sciences, to apply integrated principles not only to the study of social space, but also to its active arrangement in accordance with the goals of developing social systems, the meaning of human existence. An important component of this culture is an innovative type of thinking, which is characterized by constructive thinking. The emphasis in thinking, behavior and practical action is shifting to how to get the final social result, by what methods and means to optimize social actions, how to properly use creative opportunities, existing potentials (society, social organization, personality, etc.). The 21st century, according to experts, should become a humanitarian one. The mechanism of formation of technological culture opens the way for the organic entry of humanity into the natural science space, into the economic life of society, management structures and ensures the mutual enrichment of different types of culture. The most important component of this mechanism is a change in the style of thinking, which gradually becomes conceptual (humanitarian), strategic and constructive, technological, finding ways and means to solve increasingly complex social problems.

Literature

1. Encyclopedic sociological dictionary. M., 1995. S. 823.

2. Ivanov V.N. Social technologies in the modern world. M., 1996. P.21.

3. See: Utkin E.A. Human factor and intensification of production. M., 1986. P.4; Labor, contacts, emotions. L., 1980. P.28.

4. Afanasiev V.G. Man in the management of society. M., 1977. S.235.

5. Markov M. Technology and efficiency of social management. M., 1983. P.48.

6. Zaitsev A.K. Introduction of social technologies into management practice // Social development of the enterprise and work with personnel. M., 1989. P.95.

7. See: Patrushev V.I. Informatization and technologization of social space: Sat. M., 1994.

8. Dictionary of social technologies. M., 1994. P. 211.

9. Stefanov N. Social sciences and social technology. M., 1976. P. 183.

10. See more: Dudchenko B . C. Innovative games. Tallinn, 1989.

11. Social technologies. Dictionary. M. - Belgrade, 1995. S. 218.

“Technological culture of production, unfortunately, is unacceptably low. And you have to pay for this not only with money, but, unfortunately, with human lives.” V.V. Putin

Whether it concerns the memorable Chernobyl tragedy, the collapse of the water park building in Moscow, the accident at the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station and (or) other man-made disasters - all these are stones in the garden of the Russian construction complex.

Necessary Introduction

The concept of "technological culture in construction" has become fashionable in Russia just recently - since joining the World Trade Organization (WTO), and with the light hand of the leader of our state, it is used everywhere and everywhere, and why in vain.

Recently, the head of the huge construction holding SU-155 was accused of "low technological culture of construction." Firstly, it is not clear how you can blame a person for something that does not exist? Secondly, do the detractors themselves know what “technological culture” is, what is its meaning and essence, and what are its requirements?

It is not uncommon for the concepts of engineering and technology to cause even “pundits” to have divergent views, a variety of judgments and definitions. To date, Chinese researchers have counted more than 300 definitions, or, more simply, interpretations of the concept of "technological culture of construction".

What does this indicate?

First of all, it should be said that the range of phenomena covered by this concept is extremely wide. Chinese scientists belonging to the philosophical school of engineering Lee Bo-Tsuna, suggested using this, quite reasonable and, of course, acceptable interpretation of the term:

"Technological culture of construction" is a pragmatic level of development of construction activities based on:

• rationalization of the flow of communication information about construction, its carriers and methods of bringing it to the performers;
• formation of criteria for technological outlook, priorities of technological thinking and standards of technological discipline;
• introduction of scientific organization of design, production and labor;
• effective application of promising technologies, innovative materials, modern machinery and equipment;
• comprehensive engineering support for construction, covering all phases of the implementation of investment and construction projects, in order to reduce the cost, reduce the time and improve the quality of construction.

Origin of the term "culture" and its popular structure

The very word culture has been known since ancient Rome and translated from Latin means cultivation, processing, care, improvement.

In the modern everyday consciousness, culture is not particularly ceremonial. It is identified with education: educated means cultured and vice versa. Try it on for a lifestyle - urban or rural. Evaluated by behavior: boor - the antipode of a cultured person. The top of the concept of culture is creativity and creative personalities.

In scientific use, the concept of "culture" is one of those whose meaning seems obvious, but is difficult to explain accurately. In the broadest sense, culture is often understood as all the achievements of mankind, everything created by it. Culture then appears as a “second nature”, created by man himself, forming a proper human world, in contrast to wild nature.

In this case, culture is usually divided into material and spiritual. This division goes back to Cicero, who was the first to note that along with culture, which means the cultivation of the earth, there is also a culture, which means "cultivation of the soul."

Material culture covers, first of all, the sphere of material production and its products - equipment, technology, means of communication and communication, industrial buildings and structures, roads and transport, dwellings, household items, clothing, etc.

Spiritual culture includes the sphere of spiritual production and its results - religion, philosophy, morality, art, science, etc. Within the spiritual culture, artistic culture is often specially distinguished, including works of art and literature. Science, in turn, is considered as the basis of intellectual, scientific and technical culture.

The triune essence of approaches to the definition of culture

The first approach lies in the very system of Russian education and upbringing. Culture is often presented as an area of ​​human spiritual freedom, the sphere of creativity of poets, musicians and artists, but very rarely - as a transformative activity of society and man.

Such an understanding is very popular and in the everyday mass consciousness home cultura (a cultured person) is a measure of the level of education, enlightenment and upbringing of a person.

Very common and popular in Europe and America is the idea of ​​culture as a set of positive values ​​created by mankind in the process of development. Simply speaking about all the useful, necessary, good things that have been done both in the spiritual and material spheres. This approach to understanding culture is called axiological (from the Greek axios - valuable + logos - word, doctrine) - the theory of values.

However, the values ​​of the concept are relative. In our era, English is becoming the "new Latin", "the alphabet of education." As an international language, English acts as a “poppy language” (English McLanguage - reduced, standardized), without hidden connotations and grammatical subtleties. All computers "speak" English and this is 80% of information on electronic media.

More than 1.6 billion people communicate on it daily. The bulk of English texts are created by those for whom English is not their native language at all. Some linguists predict that by the beginning of the XXII century. up to 9/10 of the existing languages ​​will fall out of use.

Fundamentals of understanding culture which we will be guided by in our work, is in the original meaning of the very word "culture" (lat. cultura - cultivation).

This is the third, so-called technological or active approach: it is based on an understanding of culture as human activity and its results. Everything that is created by man, in contrast to that donated by nature, and the process of creation itself, we will call culture.

The technological approach is good because it makes it easy to determine what belongs to the world of culture and what does not. For example: a naturally grown wheat ear is a natural phenomenon, and a grain field, which a peasant worked to create, is an agricultural phenomenon; the natural ravine is nature, and the excavated foundation pit for the erection of the building is a manifestation of the geotechnical culture of the builders.

Summarizing the existing points of view on culture, we can say that the word "culture" has three main meanings:

• cultivation, creativity and production, cultivation, including cultivation of the land;
• education, upbringing, development;
• worship, veneration, meaning the worship of a religious cult.

Technology as the basis of technological culture

Today, the concept of culture covers all aspects of human activity and society. Therefore, there are political, economic, legal, moral, environmental, artistic, professional and other types of culture.

The fundamental component of the general culture is the technological culture. First of all, it is necessary to find out what is the essence of technological culture? To do this, it is necessary to define the content of the concept of "technology".

Technology is an ambiguous concept

The term technology appeared in the 18th century, although since the emergence of the human community, people have used various technologies to ensure their livelihoods. It is easy to establish what the word "technology" means, derived from the Latin word techne - art, craftsmanship, craft and logos - science. Therefore, technology, on the one hand, can be considered as a practical activity of a person and society, and on the other hand, as a science.

The term "technology" has a number of meanings: it is used in industry, science, art and other areas of human activity. Obviously, "technology" means the intellectual processing of technically significant qualities and abilities. In essence, this is a cultural concept associated with human thinking and activities. It determines the place of man in nature, the scope of his possible intervention in natural processes.

The modern concept of "technology" is considered in three single guises.

• Firstly, it is an integrated field of practical knowledge about the ways of transforming matter, energy and information in the interests of man.
• Secondly, it is the science of the transformation of materials, raw materials, energy and information into a product necessary for a person, i.e. the science of the ways of human transformative activity.
• Thirdly, it is the science of production methods in specific areas and types of human activity (Table 1).

Table 1. Types of technologies

Technological revolutions and technological structures

Throughout its history, mankind has experienced two technological revolutions associated with a radical change in production technologies. The first is agrarian (agricultural for 9.5–6 thousand years BC), which was characterized by the creation of farming and cattle breeding technologies. The second is industrial (industrial in the 19th century), culminating in the advent of conveyor production technology.

Second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the XXI century. characterized by a sharp increase in the volume of social production in the world, the emergence of computer technology and new, including high, science-intensive, material-saving and energy-efficient technologies.

The third technological revolution in the history of mankind has begun, a post-industrial society with a high level of intellectual component of labor has appeared - a society of "white collars", which has replaced the industrial society of conveyor production - a society of "blue collars".

The term "technology" began to be applied not only to the description of material transformations, but also energy, information and social ones. No one is surprised by such concepts as "social technologies" and "pedagogical technologies".

The emergence of new technologies in industry and agriculture contributed to a sharp increase in world social production (3 times from 1990 to 2010). This growth continues to the present.

The creation of computers led to the emergence of the information world and high technology. The amount of information used by the population has increased dramatically.

According to forecasts, by 2020 the share of people employed in the field of information and telecommunication technologies in developed countries will be at least 50% of the total number of employees, and from 5% to 10% of the population will remain in factories and factories. The main means of existence is the processing of information in one form or another.

In the 21st century the vast majority of the population will work in the service sector, including education and health care, and in the field of information, science and culture. Even on farms and in industry, more workers will be processing information than cultivating the land and working on production lines.

Economists believe that advanced developed countries have entered phase VI of the technological order. The simplest definition of the technological mode (TU) was given by Yu.V. Yakovets: "These are several interrelated and successive generations of technology, evolutionarily implementing a common technological principle."

What does this mean?

Starting with the industrial revolution in England, in the world technical and economic development, periods of dominance of 6 consecutively replacing each other TS can be distinguished, including the information TS, which has now entered the growth phase.

I way (1785–1835) arose on the basis of the development of technologies in the textile industry and the widespread use of water energy. Although at that time there were already steam engines, they were not yet widely used.

II order (1830–1890) refers to the era of accelerated development of transport (construction of railways, steam navigation) and the emergence of mechanical production in all industries based on a steam engine.

III order (1880–1940) is based on the use of electrical energy in industrial production, the development of heavy engineering and the electrical industry based on the use of rolled steel, and new discoveries in the field of chemistry.

IV order (1930-1990) appeared as a result of further development of energy using oil and oil products, gas, communications, new synthetic materials. This is the era of mass production of cars, tractors, aircraft, various types of weapons, consumer goods. Computers and software for them, radars appeared and became widespread. The atom is used for military and then for peaceful purposes. Organized mass production based on conveyor technology.

V way (1985-2035) is based on achievements in the field of microelectronics, computer science, biotechnology, genetic engineering, new types of energy, materials, space exploration, satellite communications, etc. There is a transition from disparate firms to a single network of large and small companies connected by an electronic network based on the Internet, carrying out close interaction in the field of technology, product quality control, and innovation planning.

VI technological order will be characterized by the development of robotics, biotechnologies based on the achievements of molecular biology and genetic engineering, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence systems, global information networks, integrated high-speed transport systems.

Within the framework of the VI technological order, flexible automation of production, space technologies, the production of structural materials with predetermined properties, the nuclear industry, air transportation will be further developed, nuclear energy will be improved, the consumption of natural gas will be supplemented by the expansion of the use of hydrogen as an environmentally friendly energy carrier, the application of renewable energy sources.

The concept of critical technologies

Speaking at the XIX Economic Forum in St. Petersburg, the President of our state V.V. Putin has repeatedly raised the issue of technology, the technological development of the country and the formation of the technological structure of the economy. Among the “technologies important for the future”, our leader usually includes technologies used in energy, computer science and telecommunications, in basic production processes and in the field of environmental protection, in transport, in management processes.

In the US, EU countries and Japan, such technologies are called "critical". The main ones are listed in the table below:

№	Name of the technological direction	Country-leader of the technological direction
1.	Technologies of new materials	USA
2.	Microelectronic technologies	Japan
3.	Optoelectronic technologies	USA, France
4.	Laser technologies	USA
5.	Radioelectronic technologies	USA
6.	Computer techologies	USA, Japan
7.	Information Technology	USA, Japan
8.	Nuclear technologies	Russia, USA, Japan
9.	Industrial equipment technologies	Germany
8.	Space systems propulsion technologies	Russia, USA
9.	Energy and Energy Saving Technologies	Germany
10.	Technologies of special chemistry and energy-rich materials	USA
11.	Biotechnology	Japan
12.	Unique experimental base	USA
13.	Technologies for providing an ecologically clean living environment	Japan

*The table was compiled based on the analytical review of the Association for Business, Scientific and Technical Cooperation in the Field of Mechanical Engineering, High Technologies and Conversion (MVTK Association).

As we can see, the process of development of critical technologies in different countries is different and uneven.

Some countries are advanced in technological development, hold the main technologies in their hands and secure a stable position in the international markets for finished products, both civil and military. This gives them the opportunity to dominate the world. Others are seeking to give more momentum to their national technology programs to catch up.

Being technologically advanced states, the USA and the EU countries have priority state programs for the development of "critical technologies", with the help of which the state's regulatory functions in the field of high technology development are carried out, and state financing of conceptual, basic technologies is provided.

For example, in the United States, a list of “critical technologies” is regularly formed at the level of consideration by the Congress of the country and subsequent approval by the president, and then the necessary funds are allocated from the federal budget for their development.

In accordance with the “Concept of National Technological Security” adopted in 1976 in the United States, a country must occupy a leading position in the field of a sufficiently large number of “critical technologies” in order to maintain the ability to advance to the undisputed leaders in critical areas that ensure the achievement of national strategic interests.

To carry out the necessary research in the United States, the Institute of Critical Technologies has been established and, in addition, a large-scale analytical work is carried out every two years to refine the list of selected priorities, but the main choice remains with the departments of the Ministry of Defense (Pentagon) and the Department of Commerce.

The US Congress has defined the following gradation of the importance of military critical technology systems:

• - part one "Technologies of systems of important military technologies";
• -part two "Technology for weapons of mass destruction";
• -part three "Technologies under development".

For reference: in 2013, more than 1.5 thousand developments were planned for part three. Visually, it looks like 24 solid books published by the US Congress.

In science, the United States is the undisputed leader, and no one will be able to challenge them in the coming years. However, in the field of technology development and application of their results, the United States is only one of the leaders, along with Japan and the European Union, and does not have the same margin of safety as in science.

To lag behind in the development of critical technologies, which are the basis of the technological base of countries, means to lag behind in universal human progress. This is exactly what the United States and its partners are counting on when introducing a policy of technological sanctions against Russia.

General principles of technological culture

Technological culture determines the worldview, self-understanding and self-organization of modern man. After all, by universal cultures we mean systems of generally understood principles that are characteristic of a certain era and certain levels of development of scientific knowledge and technical means.

Technological culture - the fourth universal culture

The first universal culture, some features of which were restored during the study of archaeological finds and written evidence, was the mythological culture. It is inherent in all natural civilizations of antiquity. People of this culture explained the phenomena of nature, based on data from direct observations. In their lives they used functionally adapted natural products and materials.

The second universal culture, cosmological, flourished during the period of the average natural civilization. Its concept was reduced to the fact that in every phenomenon the action of the forces of nature is manifested in accordance with their inherent laws.

The concepts and definitions of the third anthropological culture are characteristic of a developed natural civilization. According to this culture, all the phenomena and patterns of the surrounding world are accessible to human understanding. Experience allows you to reveal the system essence of disparate facts and phenomena.

Active human intervention in natural processes begins. Thus was the development of the fourth universal culture. There are two factors to consider here.

The first is that human intervention in the course of natural processes takes on unprecedented proportions, becomes permanent and, if we mean the results, irreversible.

The second is the habitat of mankind - the Earth ceases to be an inexhaustible source of various resources, a kind of "horn of plenty"; the consumer attitude to the world, rooted in the minds of the "king of nature", is increasingly becoming the cause of the disorder of the natural balance, as a result, it can lead to its final violation.

Features of technological culture

Descartes' statement: "I think, therefore I am"(Cogito Ergo Sum) became evidence of progress in the European philosophy of modern times. But at the end of the XX century. the center of cultural dynamics gradually acquired a tendency to slide from spiritual culture into technological culture. This process continues to this day.

The ideologue of technological culture, Li Bo-Tsung, gives new meaning to Descartes' statement - under his influence, the statement was formulated in Chinese philosophy:

"I create, I use things and therefore I exist."

This is expressed in the fact that technology is becoming the most important factor determining the development of all spheres of culture and society as a whole - from art and mass communications to business and politics.

If the spiritual and social culture is aimed at creating ideals and values, then the technological culture focuses on what needs to be done and how.

Modern technological culture is purely rational and brings rationality to all branches of culture that use its services.

Technological culture is mostly utilitarian. Its main principle is usefulness.

Three Essential Components of Tech Culture

Technological culture consists of three main components: technology, science and engineering.

What do we know about the role of technology in technological culture?

On the one hand, technology is generated by culture and constantly receives incentives for development from the space of culture. First, culture determines the goals for which people turn to technology, apply and improve it, and, therefore, influences the choice of directions for the development of technology. Secondly, culture stores and accumulates the knowledge necessary to create and improve technology. Thirdly, culture determines the attitude of people to technology, the nature and ways of its use by people.

On the other hand, technology is a force that actively influences the entire cultural space. What is the potential of the scientific component in technological culture?

Modern technologies and their objects are very complex, which determines their high scientific and information capacity, the impossibility of their formation and development without a solid scientific base, without scientific and information search.

These technologies are usually based on the latest achievements of fundamental sciences, and interact with them. Often they pose complex problems for science, which can be solved only on the basis of the integration of a number of natural, mathematical, technical and social sciences.

When they are formed, new links are established between science and technology. If earlier sciences that were adjacent in a hierarchical series interacted, now sciences that are far from each other have begun to interact.

What is the position of engineering in technological culture?

The term "engineering" is borrowed from the French (ingénierie), which in turn goes back to the Latin ingenium - mind, ability, ingenuity. In history, engineers were originally called military engineers. The concept of "civil engineer" appeared in the XVI century. in the Netherlands in relation to the builders of bridges and roads and distinguished them from military engineers.

Already from this combination came the term "civil (construction) engineering", currently common in many languages ​​of the world. It is understood as a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and operation of construction projects.

The historically traditional field of engineering culture is the invention, manufacture and operation of mechanisms, machines, building structures.

From the beginning of this profession until now, an engineer has dealt with structures, the calculation of which is based mainly on the laws of mechanics, physics, and chemistry.

However, in the second half of the XX century. the cultural "niche" of engineering is gradually going beyond its traditional scope. One of the manifestations of this trend in modern conditions is the design of large technical systems, covering various aspects of their functioning: organizational, economic, psychological, cultural, etc. (the so-called systems engineering).

Systems engineering finally destroys the barriers that separate the engineer from other specialists - geologists, geographers, economists, cultural scientists, psychologists, physicians, etc. They are included in the development of engineering projects and, thus, begin to engage in engineering, which is increasingly becoming a means of solving problems arising in different areas of practice.

Engineering culture is also becoming necessary in the life sciences. A new area of ​​engineering is the management of environmental processes.

Structure or 5 pillars of technological culture

Concepts	Definitions
Technological outlook	An integral part of the scientific worldview, which is based on a system of technological views on the world (nature, society and man)
technological thinking	The mental ability of a person to transformative activity to create material and spiritual values
Technology education	Organized process and result of training and education in order to form readiness for transformative activities
Technological aesthetics	Aesthetic attitude to the means, process and results of transformational activity
Technology Ethics	The ability to assess the compliance of the created technosystems with the norms of ethical partnership
Let's take a quick look at each of these structural components. Technological outlook is a system of technological views on the world, nature, society and man. The main provisions of the technological worldview are the following postulates. It is necessary to look at the modern world comprehensively, perceiving it in the interconnection of the biosphere, technosphere, noosphere. Each person must be aware of the responsibility for the consequences of their actions against nature and society, and the technologies used in production should not harm a person and the natural environment. Each person must be prepared for a harmonious existence and behavior in an information and technologically saturated world, because living in the world and not knowing it is dangerous and even criminal, and the choice of a production method should be determined not by the results of activity, but by social, economic, environmental, psychological , ethical and other factors and consequences of its application. Technological thinking is a person's focus on transformative activities to create material and spiritual values. Technological thinking involves the search for optimal means of converting matter, energy and information into a product that people need. It implies a complex, multidimensional nature of knowledge. The purpose of technological thinking is to cognize and change the surrounding reality in the interests of man. Goal setting is associated with the search for an answer to the question "how?", and not "what?" when creating a new object or giving it new qualities. Technological education implies the organization of the process of education and upbringing, the result of which is the formation of a person's readiness for transformative activity. The structure of technological education is organically made up of three modules: -technological knowledge is the main indicator of a person's readiness for successful professional activity. They are based on common basic concepts of technology and in-depth study of industry technologies; -technological skills are methods of transformative activity mastered by a person based on acquired technological knowledge. Technological skills must be flexible, mobile. They are formed and developed through exercises and selection of various technological operations and creative projects. -technologically important qualities are the personal capabilities of a person necessary for the successful mastery of transformative activities. The desire for constant self-education, self-organization and self-improvement is especially highly valued. Technological ethics is an assessment of the created technosystems from the standpoint of their compliance with the norms of ethical partnership. Technological ethics, in accordance with the areas of human activity, is divided into sections: bioethics, information and communication ethics, economic ethics, engineering ethics, demographic (or demological) ethics. Technological ethics as a whole forms a comprehensive mutual responsibility for the preservation of the natural environment and man. Technological aesthetics or design determines the aesthetic attitude of a person to the means, process and results of transformative activity, which is expressed in design knowledge, skills and abilities to transform the technological environment according to the laws of beauty. Knowledge in the field of technological aesthetics (design) is of a purely specific nature. At present, a whole scientific direction of design has emerged, and the profession of a designer is very, very prestigious. intermediate output The development of the concept of "technological culture" is directly related to the need to study, analyze and influence the many negative consequences for a person and his environment of the ill-conceived, or, in other words, the barbaric use of technical means, new methods and technologies to achieve certain goals. Thus, the intensive use by man of the latest technical systems has led to the depletion of natural resources and disruption of natural balance. These destructive actions of man threaten the very existence of life on Earth. The influence of modern technological means, that is, computers, industrial robots, controlled biological reactions and other "children" of the scientific and technological revolution, on the forces of nature not yet known to people has not yet been studied. Thus, technological culture should be understood as such a transformative human activity in the material, spiritual and social spheres, when the main criterion for evaluating and applying new technologies and technological processes is their ability to ensure harmonious interaction between man and nature, man and society, man and man. Conclusion All of the above allows us to conclude that technological culture is an organic part of a general culture that seeks to combine the achievements of technical and human sciences, as well as to apply integrated principles not only to study the economic, social and public space, but also to solve the problems of its active arrangement in accordance with the goals of social development and the very meaning of human existence. Technological culture must be evaluated and analyzed as a result of modern scientific, technical and socio-economic achievements. Unfortunately, there is nothing to boast about here. Suffice it to say that the production of one food calorie in the United States consumes 10 thermal calories, and in our country - more than 23 calories. With huge strategic resources of raw materials and energy, Russia faces an inevitable technological restructuring, which is due to the low level of modern technological culture, which makes it difficult to use these resources. Technological culture is based on human transformative activity. It is on our knowledge, skills and creative abilities that our well-being and the further prosperity of our Motherland depend. To be continued

What is technological culture.

Culture is a certain level of development of society and a person, expressed in the types and forms of organizing the life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values ​​​​created by them. Today, the concept of culture covers all aspects of human activity and society.
Usually, the material and spiritual spheres of culture are distinguished. The first includes the totality of material goods, objects and means of their production. The second is a collection of knowledge, forms of social consciousness and spiritual values. All elements of culture are inextricably linked.

One of the sides of a common culture is a technological culture, the basis of which is technology. In a generalized form, technological culture can be understood as the level of development of human transformative activity, expressed in the totality of the achieved technologies of material and spiritual production.

The concept of "technology".

The word "technology" from the ancient Greek "techne" - art, skill, skill and "logos" - teaching. Therefore, technology can be viewed from two sides: as a science and practical human activity.

Types of industrial technologies.

Technology is usually considered in connection with a specific industry (engineering, construction, etc.) or depending on the subject of labor (material, energy, information, etc.).

What problems does any production technology solve?

Any production technology, modern or archaic, solves three fundamental technological problems, which we formulate in the form of questions:

- how to process?
- on what to process?
- what to process?

Three components of technology.

What is the technosphere?
"... Technosphere: a part of the biosphere, radically transformed by man into technical and man-made objects (resources, buildings, roads, mechanisms, structures, etc.), which become part of the noosphere in order to meet socio-economic needs..."

Source: "RESOURCE SAVING. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS. GOST R 52104-2003"
(approved by the Decree of the State Standard of the Russian Federation of 03.07.2003 N 235-st) Official terminology. Akademik.ru. 2012

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