The book, written in the genre of an intellectual diary, attempts to synthesize the key ideas and structure of thought that are characteristic of the natural and exact sciences, primarily physics, chemistry and mathematics, with a broadly understood humanitarian culture.

Artistically uninhibited, saturated with images, metaphors and associations, the style of presentation, as it were, highlights unexpected points of contact between the fundamental categories of natural science and the states of the soul, aesthetic and moral insights, with all the spontaneous flow of thoughts and feelings that form inner world personality.

How I taught in America

In the autumn-winter semester of 1991 (September-December), I taught at the University of Wessel in the USA.

I taught two courses: "National Images of the World" in English and "Russian Image of the World" for Slavists in Russian. It was my first visit to America, and I was surprised at many things. As usual, I kept a diary of my life there and thoughts about America in comparison with Russia and our situation.

When I opened these notes three years later, I realized that they might be of general interest.

Mathematics through the eyes of a humanist (diary of surprises in mathematics)

The book of a scientist with an outstanding name G. Gachev is a unique work demonstrating the high productivity of an interdisciplinary approach in Science XXI century.

The book substantiates and sets out an original view of mathematics as a field of universal knowledge necessary for any specialist of the 21st century.

Worlds of Europe. View from Russia. England, intellectual journey

Worlds of Europe. View from Russia” is a multi-volume series of comparative descriptions of cultures and worldviews of different peoples.

The challenge is to understand everyone. national peace as a cosmo-historical personality, an indispensable character in humanity. Just as a person is a trinity unity: body, soul, spirit, so every national integrity is considered as a kind of Cosmo-Psycho-Logos, i.e. the unity of local nature, the character of the people and its mental: England is the epilogue of the Old World and the prologue of the New. The island is a ship in the ocean in dialogue with the mainland of Eurasia. Dialogue between Germanic and Romanesque in ethnos, language and course of history. The "self-made man" Robinson, the gentleman and the sailor are the main types. Gulliver is a relativist. Pluralism, tolerance and compromise, humor. The principle of struggle: the drama of Shakespeare, the force in Newton's mechanics, the competition of Adam Smith, the struggle for the existence of Darwin, sports, football. Experience and experiment against speculations and abstract theories of thinkers of the continent. Specific archetypes, symbols, images, patterns of behavior are revealed from the proverbs of the language, folk ballads and literature.

In all respects there is a comparison with Russia. The author's intellectual journey to England is written in the genre of a diary of his life and thoughts and is an experience of existential cultural studies, where the treatise is interspersed with a confession, the concept is intertwined with the image. The book is a phenomenon of both scientific and philosophical, and literary and artistic thought, and is read as a "novel of thinking."

Science and national cultures

The national mind - does it exist, and if it does, then how to catch it not only in literature and art, but also in religion and in the sciences, even in physics and mathematics, which strive to be universal? - this is the problem that the scientist undertook to solve -culturologist and writer, Doctor of Philology G. D. Gachev.

The book continues his well-known series of national images of the world. Winking at the aesthetic and philological analysis of the works of Galileo, Pascal, Descartes, Newton, Kant and other philosophers and scientists, he demonstrates the links between natural science and humanitarian culture, reveals the peculiarities of national worldviews: French, German, Italian, English, Hellenic and others - in constant comparisons with Russian.

The book is written in the style of a thinker's and reader's diary, as a confession about the adventures of thought. Designed for readers involved in humanitarian culture and natural science, for philologists, historians, philosophers, culturologists, people interested in intellectual games.

National images of the world

What is the attraction of the national idea in our age of internationalism? Why do people of different nations often find it difficult to understand each other? Because their ideas about good and evil, about a man and a woman, about space and time, pictures of the world, customs are different.

The book is addressed to a wide range of readers interested in the history and culture of peoples.

National images of the world. Eurasia - the space of a nomad, a farmer and a highlander

Each national world is considered as a unity of local nature, the character of the people and their thinking. Nomadic, agricultural, mountainous lifestyles radiate special worldviews, marked by their own scale of values ​​and concepts. The book gives a philosophical interpretation of everyday life as Being, things are read as ideas. The hut, yurt, saklya is different models peace. National variants of space and time, body movements, Thais, games, music, food, the zodiac - all these are texts full of meaning. The book reveals a spectrum of pictures of the world, demonstrates the intellectual diversity with which the peoples, the inhabitants of the North of Eurasia, enrich each other.

National images of the world. Caucasus

Intellectual journeys from Russia to Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia.

The book of the famous cultural scientist and writer G.D. Gacheva continues his multi-volume series of comparative descriptions of cultures and worldviews of different peoples "National Images of the World". Each national integrity is considered as a kind of Cosmo-Psycho-Logos, i.e., the unity of local nature, the character of the people and its way of thinking. The landscape, the language, the way of life, the dance, the feasts, the song, the novel—everything serves the author as a text in which he witty reads the national system of values, the logic and psyche of each people. Present volume dedicated to the countries of the Caucasus. Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia appear as special worlds with your mind - "mentality".

The book teaches to understand and love the dissimilarity of each nation, to see in differences the addition and enrichment of one's worldview by the culture of a neighbor.

National images of the world. Lecture course

The book is devoted to the national characteristics of cultures and civilizations.

This course is based on a series of lectures given by the author in 1991 at the University of Wessel in the USA. Each national integrity is considered as a Cosmo-Psycho-Logos, i.e. the unity of local nature, the character of the people and their way of thinking. An interdisciplinary approach makes it possible to describe the national world and the national mind as a kind of invariant at different levels: in everyday life, language, religion, literature and arts, in natural science, etc.

The book contains "portraits": Germany, France, England, America, Russia, the Jewish image of the world, etc.

National eros and culture. In 2 volumes. Volume 1

Co-author: Titova L.N.

The collection examines the ratio of male and female principles in different national cultures at different stages of history.

Such a broad problem allows the authors of the book, referring to the most dissimilar works of literature and art and to questions of the psychology of creativity, to take a fresh approach to the coverage of a number of little-studied phenomena in the cultures of Europe and Russia.

Images of India: (Experience of existential cultural studies)

Georgy Gachev is a well-known Soviet literary critic and culturologist who has long been engaged in a comparative description of the national cultures of Eurasia and America.

In the published book, written in the genre of scientific fiction, the author explores the images of India in ancient Greek (Strabo), Russian (Afanasy Nikitin), French (Montesquieu) and German (Fr. Schlegel) pictures of the world. Reflecting on the poem of the ancient Indian poet Ashvaghoshi (Asvagoshi) "The Life of the Buddha", he compares the ideas and images of Buddhism with the corresponding Christian ideas.

Autumn with Kant. Imagery in the Critique of Pure Reason

But is “pure reason” so pure? – such a question was asked by the philologist Gachev, in jealousy of philosophy, embarking on a scrupulous re-reading of the philosophical “bible” – the classic work of Kant. It turns out that in the underbelly of the logical construction there lies a certain initial vision, a reverse apriorism, which is precisely the German image of the world. Kant digs the foundation for the house of reason. Reason (der Verstand - "riser"), a man, is focused on Experience (die Erfahrung - "trip"), a woman.

The “strict” terms of “exact” science are based on a metaphor, which especially comes through when comparing the German text and the Russian translation, which is not just from language to language, but from one national Cosmo-Psycho-Logos to another. The book is written in the genre of a diary of life and reflection, and their dialogue is expressed in two fonts.

King is intended for philosophers, philologists and all those interested in national characteristics in culture.

Russian Eros. "Romance" Thoughts with Life

The book of the famous writer and philosopher Georgy Gachev "Russian Eros" is a unique work in many respects.

The subtitle of the book - "the novel" Thoughts with Life" - emphasizes the essential feature of its content: it is, firstly, the study of those aspects of human culture in general and Russian culture in particular, which are associated with the concept of "eros", and, secondly, - this is a diary of the author's personal life, philosophically comprehended and thus included in the circle of ideas of the book

It is probably the first attempt in our literature to carry out a comprehensive cultural analysis of the problems of eros, to the discussion of which, and in general as such, a persistent prejudice has been brought up in us for a long time.

"Eros" is considered by Gachev as a kind of independent "cosmos", in which the most diverse forces and elements manifest and interact, and where there is nothing insignificant and insignificant. And where the originality of national life, character and self-consciousness plays a significant role.

Content of art forms. Epos. Lyrics. Theatre.

What is the meaning of the form itself artwork? Its genre and genre, this or that construction, plot, rhythm?

Why does a playwright perceive the world differently than a lyricist or an epic writer, while an elegy suggests a different content than an ode, a sonnet or a ballad? How does it determine what? Two eternal problems of culture—content and form, and the division of literature into genera and types—are pushed into each other in the book and mutually explain themselves. The author of the book, a famous literary critic, aesthetician and philosopher, doctor of philological sciences, with rare accuracy reveals the meanings given in this or that literary text already by the optics of their genres - tragedy, satire, detective story - even before we, the readers, are immersed into the objective world of a given tragic, satirical or detective story.

Having become a scientific event during its first edition, the study of G.D. Gacheva, who analyzes the classical works of ancient, Western European and Russian literature, is by no means limited by the value of a monument of Russian philological and aesthetic thought and fully retains its relevance to the present.

Biography
Born in Moscow in 1929. The son of a political emigrant from Bulgaria Gachev Dmitry Ivanovich, an esthetician and writer-westerner (1902-1954; since 1938 in Kolyma, from where he sent me a list of world literature, according to which I studied it since 1944) and musicologist Mirra Semyonovna Bruk (b. . in 1904). In 1952 he graduated from the philological faculty of Moscow State University in the departments of Romano-Germanic and Slavic philology. In 1952 -54. - teacher high school in Bryansk. Since 1954 - in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1954 -72 in the Institute of World Literature, 1972-85 - at the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies. In 1962-63. - the episode of "going to the people": he left the Academy of Sciences and worked as a sailor on the Black Sea for a year and a half. Married twice. Three kids. Doctor of Philology since 1983, member of the Writers' Union since 1965.

He began as a literary critic: he developed a theory of the accelerated development of literature, which is, as it were, the theory of relativity as applied to humanitarian culture. See in the books: “Accelerated Development of Literature (Based on Bulgarian Literature of the First Half — XIX Century) M.: Nauka, 1964; 2nd ed. "inevitable". M.: Fiction, 1989; as well as "Chingiz Aitmatov" (in the light of world culture). Frunze: Adabiyat, 1989. Then - books on literary theory and aesthetics: "Content art forms. Epos. Lyrics. Theatre". M., Education, 1968; “The Life of Artistic Consciousness. Essays on the history of the image "Part 1. M .: Art, 1972; "Image in Russian artistic culture". M.: Art, 1981; "Creativity, Life, Art". M.: Children's literature. 1980.

Then he began to build a bridge (to dig a tunnel?) between humanitarian culture and natural science. See the books: “The Book of Surprises, or Natural History through the Eyes of a Humanitarian, or Images in Science”, M .: Pedagogy, 1991 and “Science and National Cultures. Humanitarian commentary on natural science. Publishing House of Rostov University, 1992. But the main work is the series "National Images of the World" - 16 volumes of manuscripts over 30 years of work. See books: "National images of the world", M .: Soviet writer, 1988; Russian Duma. Portraits of Russian thinkers. M.: Novosti, 1981; "Images of India. Experience of existential culturology. M.: Nauka, 1993. Gachev's thinking is not abstract, but attracted: all treatises are inside the diary of life and thought, theoretical constructions are reflected - as a sublimation of the snags of personal life and in situations of behavior. That is why Gachev calls his culturology “existential”

List of works

* “Contentiousness of art forms. Epos. Lyrics. Theatre” (M., 1968; 2nd ed.: M., 2008)
* "The Life of Artistic Consciousness: Essays on the History of the Image" (M., 1972)
* "Creativity, life, art" (M., 1980)
* "Image in Russian artistic culture" (M., 1981)
* “National Images of the World: General Issues Russian. Bulgarian. Kyrgyz. Georgian. Armenian" (M.: Sov. writer, 1988; M.: Progress, 1995)
* Life Thoughts (M.: Pravda, 1989)
* "The Inevitable: The Accelerated Development of Literature" (M.: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 1989)
* "Russian Duma: portraits of Russian thinkers" (Moscow: News, 1991)
* "The Book of Surprises, or Natural History through the Eyes of a Humanist, or Images in Science" (M.: Pedagogy, 1991)
* "Science and national cultures: a humanitarian commentary on natural science" (Rostov: Publishing House of Rostov University, 1992)
* "Images of India: the experience of existential cultural studies" (M.: Nauka, 1993)
* "Russian Eros: a novel of Thought with Life" (M.: Interprint, 1994)
* "Life with Thought: a book of a happy person (so far ...): confession" (M .: Di-Dik-Tanais; MTRK "Mir", 1995)
* "Cosmo-Psycho-Logos" (M., 1995)
* "America in comparison with Russia and the Slavs" (M.: Raritet, 1997)
* "National images of the world: a course of lectures" (M.: Academia, 1998)
* "Imagination and Thinking" (M.: Vuzovskaya kniga, 1999)
* "National images of the world: Eurasia - the space of a nomad, farmer and highlander" (M.: DI-DIK, 1999)
* “Meeting with Tolstoy in a century: confession” (M.: Vuzovskaya kniga, 1999)
* "Music and Light Civilization" (M.: Vuzovskaya kniga, 1999)
* National images of the world. Russia's neighbors. - 2003.
* Mentality of the peoples of the world. - 2003.
* Humanitarian commentary on physics and chemistry. - 2003.
* Autumn with Kant. - 2004.
* Mathematics through the eyes of a humanist (diary of surprises in mathematics). - 2006.
* Sixty days in thinking. The origin of the genre. - 2006.
* Cosmo-Psycho-Logos. - 2007.
* Gachev G. D. Italy. Experience of existential cultural studies / In ed. editions. - M.: Sunday, 2007. - 416 p. - (Worlds of Europe. View from Russia). - 500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-88528-549-0
* Gachev G.D. Pluses and minuses of naive philosophizing // Philosophy of naivety / Comp. A. S. Migunov. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 2001. - S. 29-35. - ISBN 5-211-04000-7.
* Gachev G.D. Cosmos, Eros and Logos of Russia // Otechestvennye zapiski. - 2002. - No. 3 (4).
* Gachev G. D. National images of the world (Russian). Polit.ru (May 24, 2007). Retrieved May 26, 2009.

• "Accelerated development of literature" (M., 1964)
• “Content of art forms. Epos. Lyrics. Theatre” (M., 1968; 2nd ed.: M., 2008)
• "The Life of Artistic Consciousness: Essays on the History of the Image" (M., 1972)
• "Creativity, life, art" (M., 1980)
• "The image in Russian artistic culture" (M., 1981)
• “National Images of the World: General Issues Russian. Bulgarian. Kyrgyz. Georgian. Armenian" (M.: Sov. writer, 1988; M.: Progress, 1995)
• Life Thoughts (M.: Pravda, 1989)
• "The Inevitable: The Accelerated Development of Literature" (M.: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 1989)
• "Russian Duma: portraits of Russian thinkers" (Moscow: News, 1991)
• "The Book of Surprises, or Natural History through the Eyes of a Humanitarian, or Images in Science" (M.: Pedagogy, 1991)
• "Science and national cultures: a humanitarian commentary on natural science" (Rostov: Publishing House of Rostov University, 1992)
• "Images of India: the experience of existential cultural studies" (M.: Nauka, 1993)
• “Russian Eros: a novel of Thought with Life” (Moscow: Interprint, 1994)
• "Life with Thought: a book of a happy person (so far ...): confession" (M .: Di-Dik-Tanais; MTRK "Mir", 1995)
• "Cosmo-Psycho-Logos" (M., 1995)
• "America in comparison with Russia and the Slavs" (M.: Raritet, 1997)
• "National images of the world: a course of lectures" (M.: Academia, 1998)
• "Imagination and Thinking" (M.: Vuzovskaya kniga, 1999)
• "National images of the world: Eurasia - the space of a nomad, farmer and highlander" (M.: DI-DIK, 1999)
• “Meeting with Tolstoy in a century: confession” (M.: Vuzovskaya kniga, 1999)
• "Music and Light Civilization" (M.: Vuzovskaya kniga, 1999)
• National images of the world. Russia's neighbors. - 2003.
• Mentality of the peoples of the world. - 2003.
• Humanitarian commentary on physics and chemistry. - 2003.
• Autumn with Kant. - 2004.
• Mathematics through the eyes of a humanist (diary of surprises in mathematics). - 2006.
• Sixty days in thinking. The origin of the genre. - 2006.
• Cosmo-Psycho-Logos. - 2007.
• Gachev G. D. Italy. Experience of existential cultural studies / In ed. editions. - M.: Sunday, 2007. - 416 p. - (Worlds of Europe. View from Russia). - 500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-88528-549-0
• Gachev G. D. Pros and cons of naive philosophizing // Philosophy of naivety / Comp. A. S. Migunov. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 2001. - S. 29-35. - ISBN 5-211-04000-7.
• Gachev G. D. Cosmos, Eros and Logos of Russia // Domestic notes. - 2002. - № 3(4).
• Gachev G. D. National images of the world (Russian). Polit.ru (May 24, 2007). Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2009.

Literature

• Arzunyan E. Near the Writers' Creativity House (on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the poem "I") (Russian). Igrunov.Ru (October 28, 2004). Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2009.
• Rachina L. A. Philosophy of Gachev Georgy Dmitrievich // Sofia: Manuscript Journal of the Society of Zealots of Russian Philosophy. - 2005. - № 8.

Georgy Dmitrievich Gachev is an extraordinary person. It’s a joke to say: the largest Russian philosopher, art historian and cultural studies expert, he created his own original system, methodology (technology?) of asking questions not to some Intermediary, but directly to Cosmos, Chronos, Eros ... And what is most interesting - They answer correctly ( or better to say - recklessly) formulated questions. Are showing up. The result is a whole library of works by Georgy Gachev: national images of the world. Perhaps, since the time of Lev Gumilyov's humanitarian-natural-science experiments, there has been nothing like this in Russian culture did not have.The method invented by Gachev claims to be universal. Judge for yourself: there is already “Physics through the eyes of a humanist”, there is a “Humanitarian commentary on chemistry”┘ The completion of this triad suggests itself – a humanitarian commentary on mathematics.
Actually, Gachev has such a study: G.D. Gachev. "Diary of Surprises in Mathematics (Humanitarian-Mathematical Equations)". 344 pages of amazingly paradoxical reading have been lying in one of the Moscow publishing houses for three years already - there is no money to pay for the printing press. Georgy Dmitrievich kindly allowed NG to publish excerpts from this work of his.
“Modern knowledge is split into two areas - humanitarian and natural sciences,” Gachev is sure. - A student in a geometry lesson should forget about Pushkin - and vice versa. Meanwhile, the world is one, and man is one, and he is forced to live in a schizophrenic situation of bifurcation (at least!) of his abilities. How to acquire a holistic picture of the world, and how to assemble yourself as a holistic person? And like this...
Andrey Vaganov, editor-in-chief of the NG-science supplement

Georgy Gachev: "Infinitesimal calculus - the transition from Spirit to Matter." BikU
Photo by Fred Greenberg (NG photo)

Starting Mathematics Again═The following notes (fragments from a long-term diary) do not claim to be completely “correct” from the point of view of rigorous mathematics. They make sense as acts of artistic and psychological perception of mathematical concepts and operations by the mind of a person of a non-mathematical warehouse. However, these are not jokes, because mutual affinity between two colossal independent systems within culture is recognized, mathematics is driven and translated, its problems, tasks, language - on the plots of humanitarian culture, on the language of its images, symbols, myths, categories ... Behind each term used here: I, personality, Chaos, Eros, male - female, "the wheel of Samsara", predestination and free will, -urgy (creation by labor ) and -gonia (generated by nature), twists and turns and aporia, fate, mystery and truth, etc. – stands sometimes a multi-thousand-year tradition of thought. So, over a different line, you will have to break your head, as if thinking about the conditions of a mathematical problem. The text will get thick...
23.IV.1985.
═ Information and Energy = David and Goliath ═ 23.11.70.
I am reading "Signal" by I. Poletaev. Cybernetics in relation to energy - David and Goliath. Little energy - a lot of mind.Great Fedora, but a fool.Information and energy.En-erg-ia - “in-labor” (Greek), in-strength, in-deed.Information - “in-form-ing” (lat.), in-image-ing, imagining, that is, introducing into an image, staying in an image, form, stamping something into an image-ingot resistant and so the transfer is finished, unaltered.This means that the transfer of information involves the initial information, the introduction of something unformed into the form and image.
Information - in the zone and at the level of the Indian-Buddhist "namarupa" ("name-form").Information and Energy = Knowledge and Power (Life).Energy - the will, the power (k) of life, is indefatigable.Information is Kantian-a priori forms of pure reason, motionless...By the way, this is what my work can be practically useful for: for the operation of pattern recognition in cybernetics, in programming. After all, there must first be a living raw image of any real thing, matter, hooked, formalized. Consequently, my work of reverse imagination of scientific terminological formalisms into the whole being, in the raw material of its realities, can be useful as a school of imagination and establishing all kinds of connections between form and image.═ Infinitesimal calculus - the transition from Spirit to Matter ═ 14.V.70. What is infinitesimal calculus? This is the zone of the transition of the Father into the Mother, algebra into arithmetic, the act of coition of spirit with matter, the transformation of nothing into something - and therefore always bewitchingly attracts.For this is the closest touch to 0 - zero, creative emptiness, shunyata (Hindu) being.The magic of arising here and nullifying, birth and death.So reasoning over infinitesimals = thinking about the life and death of an individual, and it is not for nothing that they arose simultaneously: the calculus of the infinitesimal and the philosophy of the New Age (see Spengler about this: the Greek and modern European concept of number).And here - discreteness and continuity.Continuity is a property of nature, matter, darkness, content. Discreteness is a property of thought, ratio, light, form, idea, image: clarity, dissection.But this means that discreteness is based on the sin of falling away from the Whole, its splitting into parts, which are then connected. And the aporias of Zeno fixed this difficulty: how in the fallen state of the world of goals and aspirations to think about the innocent continuous stay in the eternal life of the Whole?There was a Whole - the goals became.How to collect the Whole from goals? - this is the meaning of the problem: how can discrete describe the continuous?How to express darkness with light?And the light itself is continuous. Like darkness itself (the realm of mothers, matter, nature). Discreteness entered the world from their split, and both light and darkness suffer from it: light, entangled in its definitions, dismemberments, as in pine trees, goes astray, despairs in the mind, its ability to understand the truth, to see the forest of the whole. And the mother, offended by the contempt of the light retreating into herself and her calculations, gloats over her continuity, elusive to the light and its divisions, insists, as an antiworld and antimatter.28.11.70. I read in Barsukov's textbook for school (p. 87):"the expression 2n is neither integer nor algebraic."This means that algebra is where the bases are letters, and the operations are numbers: it is clear what to do, but it is not clear with what. For example: n2, 2a2b - Zx2, etc.The opposite mathematical science: when actions are encrypted, and with what - it is known, arithmetic 2n + m.And finally, perhaps: an, where and with what and what to do - are conditional, derived from the account into logical divisions (set theory?).Next: why is 2n not an integer? Does this mean that the vagueness of n, its arbitrariness, free will (perhaps even 1/37) threatens to engulf the clarity and certainty of the whole number at the base - 2?Shatter the house with a whirlwind. 2n - like a barge in the wind.═ Division is the entelechy of mathematics ═ 3.III.70. Algebraic fractions. A fraction is the result of division. Division is the most difficult operation, since it deals with the whole (being) at the beginning, and at the end - uncertainty: what happens is unclear.Division is risk, responsibility, pride, because it has its own scale and measure: on what to divide - they rely a priori on being (Protagoras and Kant), but it is not known whether they are initially consistent with being and whether they correspond to each other.Division is the embodiment of the principle of Protagoras: “Man is the measure of all things: existing - that they exist; non-existent – ​​that they do not exist”; hence a negative result (number), i.e. the judgment not only about being, but also about non-being takes responsibility for itself, considering a person as a measure not only of being (which, no matter what, is simpler, because this is, “yes”, and a person is, “yes”) , but also to non-existence, which is not and about what, except for “no” for us, we know nothing.Addition and multiplication are easy. Subtraction and degree are types of addition and multiplication. Yes, and multiplication is a variant of addition.Here we take the world already divided into parts and units, the finished world of creatures.And when dividing, one must act as a God-demiurge, producing meaningful sections in being, relying on one's own measure.And therefore, all progress in mathematics is connected with thinking about division and its variant - extracting the root, in particular.For this is climbing into "God's" measures and prerogatives, into the core of things, from where the will and impulse to them and their creation and endowment with substances and properties come from.So, there are only two operations: addition and division.Well, yes: this is how it is in practice. Mathematics arose from the need of these two operations: how to divide something between people? Yes, perhaps that's all.And addition is already simpler, it deals with ready-made, divided parts, with already isolated parts.So division is the demiurge of mathematics (it stands in the beginning as its cause and looms ahead as its goal) and is the driving force of its progress.Division is the entelechy of mathematics.═ Coordinates and graphs ═ 14.III.70. When solving fractional equations (where the unknown is in the denominator), extraneous roots appear.By the way, here's another thing about the primacy of division: the denominator is the instrument of division, and it gives meaning to any taken wholeness, which they begin to divide-divide-saturate with mathematical values. And when in the denominator, which is a sign and already knowledge, they put a secret - the unknown (x) and begin to easily, familiarly, wield it, then this familiarity does not go unpunished: "foreign roots" appear - aliens and newcomers from the sphere of the unknown.The unknown (x) can be manipulated in such a way as to take it as a whole without affecting it (as in the operations of addition, multiplication). But as soon as it was touched (and in the operation of division into it it was turned into a tool, an ax of dissection), immediately it began to snarl and emit secret rays, which was reflected in the appearance of "foreign roots".The coordinate axes are the pincers of mathematics in order to capture matter, objectivity, body (point) - into a number, into the spirit, and vice versa: the gate through which from the orbits and spheres of the spirit to descend to the earth, into things.Coordinates are gateways, launch chambers between number and thing, mind and body. Here a preliminary mat (san) processing takes place in order to release further either a number into the world of things, or a thing into the world of numbers safely for both to walk. Here is their mutual grinding, matrimonial bed.Coordinates are not even geometry: it is also with geo, with the earth, it is also connected with the shapes of material bodies. The coordinates are the magical slashing of air, pure space. So also with regard to geometry, the coordinates are absolute, more abstract, and geometric figures and the shapes appear as derivatives in the grid of coordinates under them.And graphics (from the Greek - “I write”) are writing, writing of bodies, figures, phenomena, outside the word, logos; with its own alphabet and grammar.Graphs - with grammar ... Graphs, rather, a cryptogram, an ideogram (ie, the image of a thing, an idea, not with a letter sign alien to it, but through an image and likeness), hieroglyphics. For example, a sinusoid graph is an image of a wave, which corresponds to it, etc.And, looking at a graph, a diagram, you grasp the image of the whole thing at once, and do not have to collect, like a mosaic, from fragmented letters and, moreover, do this operation in your imagination, behind perception (for in the ruler of the alphabetic line “the east burns the dawn of a new "(Pushkin) no fire is visible. And in the schedule there would be his tongues, ups and downs, there is).Run axles. The axes are in the wheel, the unshakable supports of movement: something must be immovable, which makes it possible for movement to be; that non-action that allows action to arise. The axis is the path, dharma, tao: the inaction of the dao is compared by the ancient Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu with the axis of the wheel.The axes of coordinates are foundations, inviolability in the midst of the universal movement and configurations of the universe. This is the abiding eternal - they have a touch with it, they work with it, they aim to express and present it.Co-ordinates (co-ordo - “co-order”), which means two orders. Duality. Well, yes: there is already a split being - it must be put in order when the Two has already entered the world. The One does not need ordering: the idea of ​​order has not yet entered the world - it is for chaos and confusion, as a counterbalance to it arises.Why are they straight?Because this is an innate and developed line for society: right, truth, rightness, justice, government - everything is for straightening, straightening natural nature institutions and concepts.But in general, coordinates are equally pleasing to being, both like circles, and balls, and like a tree world life. Well, yes: the World Tree is also a coordinate system (the trunk is the ordinate, the branches are the abscissas, and there are many of them). Just a tree - a transitional structure between the thinking of nature and society; is taken as a ready-made body and model from nature, and only conjectured by us spiritually. The coordinates are directly ours, we are constructing on our territory, cantons, a priori.Why are they perpendicular?This is the image of a tree: the trunk is naturally perpendicular. This is also the image of a man: he is held vertically in the world. This is a connection, a nail between heaven and earth, a hairpin, a brace, a rivet between the disk of heaven and the disk of earth. If the nails of the trees-forests and the hairpins of the walking human bodies did not stick out, the sky would peel off the earth and they would scatter into the world space.And so these are conductors through which endless communication currents are from bottom to top, like rays and jets - from top to bottom.Man and tree are restored perpendiculars, words of love from the "black sun" of the bowels of the earth (from where the vertical of gravity, weight comes from) to a clear brother in the sky.So, the coordinate axes come out as a cross, four cardinal points. And the Quaternary is a number to designate the Whole being: a square, the Tetrad of the Pythagoreans; 4 elements of Empedocles: earth, water, air, fire; 4 forms in Aristotle; Four Gospels, etc.The coordinate axes are the crucifixion of the world, the cross on which the Universe is carried out, everything in it is pinned, nailed with nails of the corresponding perpendiculars, lines; knitted with cords of undulating serpentine patterns.It is no coincidence that the hierarchy of significance of the sides of the coordinates goes against the course of the sun.<┘>.
The order of society (spirit) has an opposite direction to the order of nature, in order to create together a mutually balanced existence on earth.The axis of the abscissa-segments (abscido - lat. "to cut")-steps (a person walks horizontally, here his movement in the world is indicated).
The axis of ordinates is orders-steps-floors: ladder, scale, hierarchy of levels, music spheres staff.The abscissa axis is empiricism, facts.Y-axis - organizing concepts, power, high abstraction, bosses.The abscissa axis is set, movement, feminine, matter.
The y-axis is one, peace, masculine, spirit.
(I use Pythagorean pairs.)
In general, all the divisions and rules of the game are conditionally contractual in the Pythagorean way: otherwise, why would the right and up be positive numbers, and to the left and down, where the feminine, are negative?The Semites write from right to left.Dependence (direct, inverse) = not FreedomDependency is not freedom. In the section of graphs and functions, dependencies-relationships are studied: mutual and one-sided, irreversible. That is, as legislation in society: what comes from what and to what.Directly proportional dependence is direct, i.e. the most socially understandable, socially unchanged: eternal order, the same thing, one straight truth, no surprises<┘>.
(We study mathematical law, jurisprudence.)
Inversely proportional dependence: xy=k. The result is one for two. There is a limit, a whole, a general, and inside - options are possible, but not all possible, because strictly within the limits of the result: increase the pressure - the volume will decrease, and their product is given.Inversely proportional dependence is the image of fate. Not without reason, and its schedule is a curve, the rim of the wheel of Fortune.
And it is inscrutable where it comes from - from secrets, abysses and infinities it enters us, into our world, approaches the final values ​​​​(but never to 0 - it means that only being, the world and the "wheel of Samsara" are expressed by this dependence and its schedule, then as charted right proportional dependence 0 is also captured - nothing, non-existence, the axis of Nirvana).So here we are at the mercy of being. Non-existence is in the power of our direct rightness and labor and directed efforts, as in a directly proportional relationship: y=kx, where being is butter, passive infinity, and we move freely along it, and everything in it depends on us.In an inversely proportional relationship, we are in a sphere, a limit: it is not without reason that in Greek speculation the world is Spheros, and fate (limit), Ananke, is omnipotent there.With an inversely proportional relationship, we are Oedipus: we run away from fate, developing and pulling the volume of fate in one direction (chopping, for example, forests to multiply arable land and pastures), and she, the border, lies in wait for us and jumps out from the other side (by erosion of the soil and its weathering without forests - and again hunger).Therefore, the category of measure is the main one, in the space of the ball, fate, inversely proportional dependence.And in the Russian flat-planar cosmologos, where there is distance, expanse and steppe (not like the mountains of the mountaineer Greeks, where Spheros is formed from the mutual complementarity of heights and depressions, basins - cf. Plato's "cave"), where givenness is infinite expanse ( “What does this endless expanse prophesy?” - Gogol), and our forests are unmeasured - they do not care about the measure; it seems that a directly proportional dependence will act without end.And when they suddenly run into feedback - like a bear on a horn - they are dumbfounded, as if meeting with a miracle. Feedback in this world, although it happens, but it happens: not as provided by logic, but as a miracle.May 25, 70. And a rarity, and an accident so far feedback in the Russian cosmos, its dottedness, flashes are rare and, conversely, the favorite here is the way-road (the main symbol of Russian life: in songs, in poetry, in literature - Gogol's Russia-troika), which is an image of a directly proportional dependence, one-sidedly directed, and not double-edged, as the dependence is inversely proportional, - also indicates that the cosmos of Russia is the cosmos of scattered being, par excellence, where being is not dense, but - being, more stirred by non-existence, fermented on non-existence.In the Greek cosmologos, the main thing is proportions and measure (in Heraclitus, fire is ignited by measures, and in Polykleitos, the canon). The interdependence of different parts and members is investigated with a common limit for their combination. And it turns out that the best (sk)cord and structure of all parts inside Spheros (the whole world in the aspect of limit and destiny) will be Cosmos.The line of inversely proportional dependence is a hyperbole, from the Greek. - “throw further, get ahead, exceed the measure, prevail, stand out; to throw - to throw (through the line, limit, measure).Hyperbole is not our (human) business (ours - that from 0 can be started, as in a directly proportional relationship), but a descent from the immeasurable to us, outlining the measure and its border for us: combine within it. If xy=600, then x=20 is possible, then y=30; it is possible x=1, then y=600, - everything will correspond to the measure.The coordinate system is for scooping up two secrets from being: the transition to equations of the first degree with two unknowns.A graph is a way to visually represent the measures of unknown x, y: we don’t know them, their matter, and we know their ratio.So we find a way to operate numbers with secrets in our house.We are pleased and reassured when something is reducible to a linear graph: for example, that a first-degree equation with two unknowns ax + by = c can be reducible to the form y = kx + b, to a linear graph, where, although the line is infinite and the values ​​\u200b\u200bare infinite, and all are ours, we understand (for in a straight line = in truth).═ space figures ═ 26.3.70. "The Pythagoreans discovered 5 regular polyhedra." Obviously: the tetrahedron has a minimum of sides in volume - 4, and therefore the number of the Whole is 4, and not 3. 3, the Trinity, the triangle is the epistemological-human projection of the Whole - according to the principle and scale of man. Therefore, 4 is the proper number of the Whole, and 3 is our number to designate the Whole. The cube is already a rectangular hexagon. A hexahedron is a rhomboid hexahedron made up of two tetrahedra. Octahedron - 8. Dodecahedron - 12.These are all models of the Whole, of varying degrees of detail. Or, on the contrary, lapidarity - like orders of columns, which are also types of space:tetrahedron - Doric order;cube - Ionian;dodecahedron - Corinthian = cosmos adorned with details.... Well, Evdem calls regular polyhedra "cosmic figures" - they were discovered by Pythagoras.Pythagoras seemed to establish a relationship between geometry (external space, light, form, father), arithmetic (the world pure ideas, abstraction) and music (time, inner, mystery, darkness, mother). Those. curbed chaos, established the cosmos, the connections in it are cross.

Georgy Dmitrievich Gachev - Russian philosopher, doctor of philological sciences, culturologist, literary critic and esthetician; Leading Researcher at the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences; put forward the concept of accelerated development of literature. Date of birth: May 1, 1929
Place of birth: Moscow, USSR
Date of death: March 3, 2008 (aged 78)

Born in the family of a Bulgarian communist and political emigrant, musicologist Dmitry Ivanovich Gachev and musicologist Mirra Semyonovna Bruk. In 1952 he graduated from the philological faculty of Moscow State University in the departments of Romano-Germanic and Slavic philology. In 1952-1954. - A teacher at a secondary school in Bryansk. From 1954 he worked in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (RAS): at the Institute of World Literature (1954-1972), the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology (1972-1985); since 1985 - leading researcher at the Institute of Slavic and Balkan studies. Doctoral dissertation - "Development of the artistic image in literature" (1983). In 1962-1963 he worked as a sailor on the Black Sea for a year and a half. Married twice, three children.

The vertical of life and thought

MEMORY (May 1, 1929, Moscow - March 23, 2008, Moscow)
These two dates are like ends and beginnings, touching points of eternity. Between them is Life, lived in unity with Thought, in rejoicing at the Diversity of Being, which he passed through the Word. An outstanding philologist, the author of the idea of ​​"accelerated development of literature" (he himself called it "the theory of relativity in humanitarian culture"), the concept of the content of artistic forms, research in the field of history and image theory. The creator of the multi-volume series "National Images of the World", who comprehended the "beloved otherness" of the peoples of the earth. A philosopher who sought to "build a bridge" between the humanities and natural sciences, between the sciences of nature and man. A writer who worked in his own genre of "is-story" ... Such is Gachev in his various guises. Today's selection is a creative offering to his memory from his brothers in Culture and Spirit. On the death of G. GachevScreams and tears, and the rattle of wheels ...
Who says we're off-road?
Just now the train took Gacheva away
from Peredelkino to the Kingdom of God. Inna KABYSH If you want to be free, be it One of his more than forty books is called The Russian Duma. Gachev served in it for a deceased friend, the artist Yuri Seliverstov. The artist left us a complete and coherent series of graphic portraits of national thinkers - from Pushkin to Losev and Bakhtin. Gachev expanded each of these portraits into extensive verbal and philosophical portraits. Both authors of this book are no longer there, and there is no artist to continue the series with a portrait of Georgy Gachev himself. And today we have to supplement his own book. And it even seems that we have a portrait for this. True, not a portrait, but a photo, but surprisingly related to Seliverstov's portraits in the book, as if taken according to their model. In focus, as well as there, the face and hands, large, raised in relief and crossed with a tense knot. And the look, under the glasses, withdrawing into itself.Gachev was among us - who was he? A philologist, a philosopher of a special cut, a thinker in general, maybe a culturologist? But I really don't want to call it this last title. Gachev was an extraordinary human thinking being. The creature is out of line and out of comparison and, of course, out of a separate professional workshop. Once, in 1973, he sent Yu.M. Lotman in Tartu an article about Dostoevsky's space for publication in their famous "Semiotics". Lotman refused, but in support he sweetened the pill and asked about the work: “It is undoubtedly a very significant phenomenon. But here's what? Indeed, perhaps the “Russian Duma” was his correct self-determination? But it is very broad and poetically free. However, Lotman, refusing to scientific character of the article, recognized it as "a fact of artistic prose to a greater extent than scientific".Gachev - George, a farmer, a ripper, a turner of layers both in thought and in language, a worker in their bowels. He is like that in his travels through national cosmos, undertaken in thought, without leaving home, in the facts of foreign literature, thought and language, and simply in friendly jokes: “I came to the Bocharovs - in my own way, and there was thought between us crossroads ”(on the book“ Russian Duma ”, inscription February 13, 1992).Gachev is my oldest friend (it’s true, we came to each other “in our own way”), sixty years behind him, a common life. The memory is deep, old, dearest. Shared memories of, say, 1953, 1961 and 1965. March 53rd - I have an essay with the same title about how Gena rushed from Bryansk, where he was serving something like a production exile due to the inability to go to graduate school for the son of an enemy of the people (whose memory he later served for so long and cultivated, restored), rushed from Bryansk, and we went to bury the leader, the very one who ruined the father. And when they later asked us why we went, we answered that it was such an event in our life that we had to see. June 1961 - a trip of three (with Vadim Kozhinov) to Saransk to Bakhtin, which turned out to be a turning point not only for the three of us, but also for Bakhtin himself, in some way, let's say, a historical event. Gachev either stood up there, or still did not kneel before him (general memories, including his own, diverged), but, in any case, he bowed.Finally, in December 1965, Andrey Sinyavsky was arrested, when an investigator from the authorities came to our institute before the court, and the whole institute was driven to meet with him. They called everyone, I didn’t go, but Gachev went and asked the question: “Where is the presumption of innocence?” We recently heard this word from the Twentieth Congress, and Gachev presented it to the investigation. And our chiefs opened their mouths. It was an act completely unprecedented in those days, an act - Gachev's one act (after him, the behavior of the heroes themselves at the trial was unprecedented, like the act of V.D. Duvakin).In the book about Sinyavsky, Gachev remembers what he had learned by heart: to live in society and be free from society ... And he speaks for Sinyavsky and for himself: I will try. If you want to be free, be it. Like an experimental setting for a free life. The experiment on life was part of his biography and to a large extent built it.Even earlier, there was a decisive experimental moment on his way - in the autumn of 61, when he left the Institute (and his family), he went to the Navy. The monument to this event was the book "60 Days in Thinking" - "a book of a desperate genre", as the author calls it. It took 45 years for it to be published only in 2006, before its death. For the first time there, he so mixed up and mixed up, and thus combined, theory and human life, thought and life, the birth of the real Gachev. Adventurous-everyday scientific novel, theoretical detective story. Also a book-deed. Adventure in thought as a Gachev genre.A year ago, on the fresh trail of the tragedy, Litgazeta commemorated him by publishing the last diary texts, which included the most recent entry, on the morning or afternoon of March 23: “Cloudy. The will is not kindled - to live. At least I got close to someone else's life - through music: variations for the clarinet by Rossini ... - flooded with the joy of youth - and beauty. He kept a diary continuously, every day, these are the last lines. A dramatic recording, but the cloudiness is filled with music, which meant so much in his life, so that we read, feel, listen to his very thought - philosophical, theoretical - as a musical thought. After listening to Rossini's clarinet and writing it down, I went to the station on business. In his 80s, he died not from these years. He didn't die, he died. Chance awaits us all. The case is crazy, like an electric train. Sergey BOCHAROV He was happy man Once - it was in Egypt - Gachev disappeared from the sight of our tourist group. We were already boarding the bus when Georgy Dmitrievich suddenly rushed to the farthest of the observed pyramids (I think it was Djoser). I caught up with him at the moment when he was thoughtfully touching the five-thousand-year-old boulders. He needed personal contact - with history, with geography, with the earth and with the vault of heaven. With his beloved cosmo-psycho-logos. "God, how good!" he often exhaled, stopping in the middle of the Peredelkino forest or simply in the middle of the street. He must have been a happy man.For decades, day after day, he kept diaries, from which he later formed his books, unlike anything and anyone else. I do not know of another author (not excluding Rousseau and Tolstoy) who would be as fearless and imprudent in his confessional notes. Reading Georgy Gachev, one can admire or be indignant, but one cannot get rid of the impression that it is here and now, right in front of your eyes, that a vital action is taking place. Gachev comprehended the meaning of being and himself in it not in the hours specially allotted for such reflections, but every second. He was existence in its purest form - and the "other" existed for him only insofar as he could think of it as his own. And in those national images of the world that he so selflessly erected, first of all, his own - unique - image is imprinted. Nature, as if on purpose, created it as an organ of self-knowledge ("You were the living organ of the gods," in the words of Tyutchev). Talking to him (as a rule, not without jokes and laughter) was a high pleasure. The sadder his departure.He once remarked: “the word is for the servant of my life, and not life is the servant of the word.” Meanwhile, he felt literature (“text”!) physically, with his skin: that is, like everything else. Maybe that's why he didn't want to be bound by the fetters of the genre.He was a happy man, for he was a free man. Igor VOLGIN abundance of being What Georgy Gachev was original and free man! He was extremely alien to what the French call pudibonderie (a kind of excessively cutesy bashfulness), he was not ashamed of anything in himself, he could drag everything out into the light. He treated himself, his body, the processes in it as a natural philosopher and even as a poet, like Whitman and Mayakovsky, who enthusiastically discovered in themselves both the “five-pointed arms” and the “smell of the armpits”, which is “more fragrant than any prayer” ... True, Gachev with with even greater corrosiveness he delved into the physiology of bodily functioning, down to its lowest manifestations - and what a luxury of similitudes he has here! That is why he was not afraid of death, he was ready to go into natural metamorphoses and nomad camps.In general, there was a strong natural-pagan beginning in him, his favorite expression of the ideal for a long time was “the abundance of being”, the abundance of everything in it, condensed, materialized, but also oozing with spiritual meanings and entelechies. This inseparability of the material and the spiritual, their inseparable embrace made him in fact a Christian thinker. After all, the main value, metaphysical feature of Christianity in the circle of other religions is not the annihilation of the flesh, not its evaporation in the crucible of pure spirit, but the salvation and transformation of matter, pulling it up to the heights of the spirit, the salvation of a personally formed spirit-corporeal unique individuality. True, he could from time to time grumble in a Rozanovian way against the deficiencies of life in the Christian view, but nevertheless he was moving towards an understanding of the radical difference between the “Platonizing”, spiritual deviation in Christianity and its deep principles.Svetlana SEMYONOVAImmortal example Let's put aside his powerful mind. Let us put aside no less (and perhaps even more) powerful intuition, which allowed him to penetrate into the depths of things with the help of a poetic word. Let's take hard work. The window of his dacha looked into my windows day and night. At night I saw the light of a lamp, a bowed head and guessed the outline of a typewriter. When the window was closed, it was not heard, but when it was thrown open, its sound reached me like a soldier's horn.It was embarrassing not to answer him. Gachev woke up and called to work. He gave me an example of self-sacrifice for the sake of truth. And - for the sake of love for everything that his lofty thought pinpointed.An immortal example, I must say.

Something happened to Georgy Dmitrievich Gachev on Sunday, March 23, 2008 - he left his house in Peredelkino for a walk, died on the road (hit either by a car or by a train). I haven't phoned his daughter Anastasia yet, I don't know the details. I made friends with him in 1964 on Mokhovaya in the Communist auditorium of Moscow State University at meetings of our UMM (Young Marxist University). The last time I saw him was four months ago at the seminar "Russian Philosophy (Tradition and Modernity)" in the House-Library of Alexei Fyodorovich Losev on Stary Arbat. He shared not so much creative as publishing plans and asked for help with grants for the publication of several books on the national images of the world of the peoples of Europe - the French, the British, the Spaniards and others. I was eagerly undertook, however, due to overtime pressure, I could not even go to the French embassy and the Cervantes House. On the other hand, I read his book “Autumn with Kant” with great satisfaction, because I found in it a number of consonances with my work “Comprehension of Heidegger”, where, in particular, the Heideggerian treatise “Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics” is closely interpreted. It is a pity that he did not master LJ and did not use the Internet and e-mail at all.

On May 1, he would have turned 79 years old. He was born in Moscow to Dmitry Gachev, a Bulgarian communist émigré, and Mirra Brook, a musicologist. When we met, he introduced himself to me as a “Judeo-Bulgarian”. I consider him the brightest genius of modern Russian culture, and his numerous published and unpublished works will be studied by our followers. And I myself intend to reflect on them and use them in my texts.

About himself, he writes on November 29, 1993 in the Treasured List:

“I was born in Moscow in 1929. The son of a political emigrant from Bulgaria Gachev Dmitry Ivanovich, an esthetician and Western writer (1902-1954; from 1938 in Kolyma, from where he sent me a list of world literature, according to which I studied it since 1944) and musicologist Mirra Semyonovna Bruk (b. . in 1904). In 1952 he graduated from the philological faculty of Moscow State University in the departments of Romano-Germanic and Slavic philology.

In 1952 -54. - A teacher at a secondary school in Bryansk. Since 1954 - in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1954 -72 at the Institute of World Literature, 1972 -85 - at the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies. In 1962-63. - the episode of "going to the people": he left the Academy of Sciences and worked as a sailor on the Black Sea for a year and a half. Married twice. Three kids. Doctor of Philology since 1983, member of the Writers' Union since 1965.

He began as a literary critic: he developed a theory of the accelerated development of literature, which is, as it were, the theory of relativity as applied to humanitarian culture. See in the books: "Accelerated Development of Literature (On the Material of Bulgarian Literature of the First Half - XIX Century) M.: Nauka, 1964; 2nd ed. "Inevitable". M.: Fiction, 1989; and also" Chingiz Aitmatov " (in the light of world culture) Frunze: Adabiyat, 1989. Then - books on the theory of literature and aesthetics: "Content of art forms. Epos. Lyrics. Theater". M., Enlightenment, 1968; "The Life of Artistic Consciousness. Essays on the history of the image "Part 1. M .: Art, 1972; "Image in Russian artistic culture". M .: Art, 1981; "Creativity, life, art". M .: Children's literature. 1980.

Then he began to build a bridge (to dig a tunnel?) between humanitarian culture and natural science. See the books: "The Book of Surprises, or Natural History through the Eyes of a Humanist, or Images in Science", Moscow: Pedagogy, 1991 and "Science and National Cultures. Humanitarian Commentary on Natural Science". Publishing House of Rostov University, 1992. But the main work is the series "National Images of the World" - 16 volumes of manuscripts for 30 years of work. See books: "National images of the world", M.: Soviet writer, 1988; "Russian Duma. Portraits of Russian thinkers". M.: News, 1981; "Images of India. Experience of existential cultural studies". Moscow: Nauka, 1993.

The thinking with which Gachev works is not abstract, but attracted: all treatises are inside the diary of life and thought, theoretical constructions are reflected - as a sublimation of the snags of personal life and in situations of behavior. That is why Gachev calls his cultural studies "existential" See Zhizne-mysl' (M.: Pravda, M., 1989).

"Golden list" confessional-testamentary of 30 books. I arrange in the sequence of influence in the course of life.

1. Tales of the Brothers Grimm.
2. Tales of a Thousand and One Nights
3. Seton-Thompson. "Animal Stories".
4. Walter Scott. "Ivanhoe".
5. Dumas. "Three Musketeers".
6. Hugo. "The Outcasts".
7. Stendhal. "Parma monastery".
8. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
9. Derzhavin. Odes.
10. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin".
11. Lermontov. "Hero of our time".
12. Gogol. "Inspector".
13. Goncharov. "Oblomov".
14. Homer. "Odyssey".
15. Sophocles. "Oedipus Rex".
16. Shakespeare. King Lear, Hamlet.
17. Goethe. "Faust".
18. Dostoevsky. "Moron".
19. Bible: Genesis, Ecclesiastes, Gospels.
20. Fourier. "The theory of four movements and universal destinies".
21. Hegel. "Phenomenology of Spirit".
22. Plato. "Apology of Socrates", "Feast", "Phaedrus", "Phaedo", "Timaeus".
23. Bakhtin. Francois Rabelais.
24. Tyutchev. Poetry.
25. "Bhagavad Gita".
26. "Tao-te-ching".
27. Montesquieu. "On the Spirit of Laws".
28. Descartes. "Discourse on Method".
29. N. Fedorov. "Philosophy of the common cause".
30. Svetlana Semenova. "Secrets of the Kingdom of Heaven"

“In Peredelkino, at the age of 79, the remarkable Russian thinker Georgy Gachev died. I left the house for a short time. There was a refilled sheet in the old typewriter.

In the spiritual history of Russia in the twentieth century, the names of our contemporaries - Solzhenitsyn, Averintsev, Mamardashvili, Gasparov, Toporov - mean a lot. Gachev, the dervish of Russian philosophy, has a special place.

He put forward many ideas and wrote many works: here are “Portraits of Russian Thinkers”, and “Russian Eros”, and “humanitarian comments” on natural science, physics and chemistry, and the multi-volume “National Images of the World”, where any national integrity is understood as "cosmo-psycho-logos", that is, as a unity of the local "nature", the nature of the people and the way of thinking, where the description is carried out in the "metal-language of the four elements" (Earth, Water, Air, Fire), covering and material culture, and spiritual symbolism.

But his main discovery is the genre of "life thoughts", a philosophical diary, in which scientific reflection is boldly combined with a shocking confession - and this invention of his does not lend itself to literary replication.

The fact is that the lifestyle of a peculiar philosopher is identical to the image of his texts.

Naive, simple-hearted, omniscient, free, disinterested, spiritual, existential, excessively greedy for the word, thought, co-existence, for history, time, space and God, for love, family (wife - famous philosopher Svetlana Semenova, daughters: Anastasia Gacheva - literary critic, Larisa Gacheva - artist, icon painter).

His very life and origins are a metaphor for the Russian soul.

“Father is a Bulgarian from Thrace, mother is Jewish. (Bulgaria + Judea) = Hellas comes out. So naturally I feel like a Platonist, I even feel like a Pre-Socratic and I express everything in the language of the four elements, ”Gachev wrote, adding that he was born in Russia, and native language his is Russian.

Just as the Russian land for one and a half thousand years in its free non-state spaces has collected all faiths, languages ​​and blood, so Georgy Gachev is a vessel that has contained and mixed these faiths, languages ​​and blood in equality, love and spiritual movement.

Among Gachev's many metaphors, there is a discussion about the vertical Earth - Sky, passing through the "heart -" I "of the creative vessel." This metaphor brought to life the lines in a poem dedicated to Georgy Gachev, written a quarter of a century ago:

Cut me down and there will be a hole in the sky
With roots not killed in depth.

Rushing indifferently past the great man who stood on the edge of the railway, the iron car cut down his life, but the roots of his thought and soul remained forever in the sky of Russian spiritual history.

He graduated from the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University (1952) and postgraduate studies at the Institute of World Literature (1957). Since 1957 he has been working in the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS): at the Institute of World Literature (1957-1972), the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology (1972-1985); since 1985 - Leading Researcher at the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies. Doctoral dissertation - "Development of the artistic image in literature" (1983). Developed problems and topics: stages, types and forms of consciousness (artistic and scientific) - historical, national, individual. Gachev's works put forward the ideas of the accelerated development of culture, national images of the world, humanitarian commentary on natural science, existential cultural studies and attracted thinking.

According to the concept developed by Gachev, the accelerated development of culture in the countries of Eastern Europe of the 19th century (Bulgaria) and Asia of the 20th century (the works of Chingiz Aitmatov) in a constricted form reproduces the stages of world spiritual development.

Main labor Gacheva - multi-volume series "National Images of the World". Any national integrity is understood as Cosmo-Psycho-Logos, i.e., as the unity of the local "nature", the character of the people and the way of thinking. The description is based on the "metal-language of the 4 elements" ("earth", "water", "air", "fire"), covering both material culture and spiritual symbolism (imagery in art, the language of science, metaphors in terms of philosophy). Having asked the question "How does the national mentality affect the "exact" sciences?", Gachev seeks to "build a bridge" between natural science and humanitarian culture in an effort to achieve an integral picture of the world.

At the same time, he believes, integrity is preserved both in the style of thinking (it contains a synthesis of figurative and rational, metaphor and concept), and in personality: the author in reflection discovers that his theoretical constructions sublimate the situations of his personal life, so that his thinking he calls "attracted", and cultural studies - existential; his treatises are inside the diary of "life thoughts".

His main works:

National pictures of the world // Peoples of Asia and Africa, Moscow, 1967, No. 1;
Content of art forms. Epos. Lyrics. Theatre. - Moscow, 1968;
Creativity, life, art. - Moscow, 1980;
Image in Russian artistic culture. - Moscow, 1981;
European Images of Space and Time // Culture, Man and the Picture of the World. - Moscow, 1987;
National images of the world. - Moscow, 1988;
Life-thought. - Moscow, 1989;
Russian Eros // Experiments. - Moscow, 1990;
Russian Duma: Portraits of Russian thinkers. - Moscow, 1991;
The Book of Surprises, or Natural History through the Eyes of a Humanitarian, or Images in Science. - Moscow, 1991;
Science and National Cultures: A Humanitarian Commentary on Natural Science. - Rostov-on-Don, 1992;
The Logic of Things and Man: The Debate about Truth and Lies in "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky. - Moscow, 1992;
Images of India: Experience of existential cultural studies. - Moscow, 1993;
National cosmo-psycho-logos // Questions of Philosophy, Moscow, 1994, No. 12;
Russian Eros. - Moscow, 1994;
Life with Thought (Confession). - Moscow, 1995;
Cosmo-Psycho-Logos. - Moscow, 1995;
America in comparison with Russia and the Slavs. - Moscow, 1997;
National images of the world: a course of lectures. - Moscow, 1998;
Imagination and thinking. - Moscow, 1999;
Music and light civilization. - Moscow, 1999;
National images of the world: Eurasia is the space of a nomad, a farmer and a highlander. - Moscow, 1999;
Broadcast things, think images. - Moscow, 2000;
Autumn with Kant: Imagery in the Critique of Pure Reason - Moscow, 2004.

- (May 1, 1929, Moscow March 23, 2008, ibid.), Russian scientist (literary critic, philosopher, culturologist), Doctor of Philology. The main works of the scientist are devoted to the theory of literature, national artistic images of the world, Russian philosophical ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

GACHEV Georgy Dmitrievich- (b. 1929) Russian critic, literary critic, philosopher. The main works are devoted to the theory of literature, national artistic images of the world, Russian philosophical thought. Books: Content of art forms. Epos, lyrics, drama (1968), Life ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Gachev, Georgy Dmitrievich- (b. 05/01/1929) special. in the region cultural studies, aesthetics, problems of nat. mentality; Dr. philol. Sciences. Genus. in Moscow. Graduated from philosophy. f t MSU (1952) and Ph.D. Inta World Literature (1957). Since 1957 he has been working in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (RAS): in the Institute of the World ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia

Gachev Georgy Dmitrievich- ... Wikipedia

GACHEV Georgy Dmitrievich- (b. 1.5.1929, Moscow), literary critic, culturologist, writer; Dr. philol. Sciences (1983). Genus. Bulgarian family. philosopher, political emigrant in the USSR. Graduated from philosophy. f t MGU (1952). He worked as a teacher (Russian and Literature; English) in Bryansk. Since 1954 scientific. contributor… … Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

GACHEV Georgy Dmitrievich- (05/1/1929, Moscow) philosopher, culturologist, esthetician, doctor of philological sciences, leading researcher at the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the works of G., ideas are put forward for the accelerated development of culture, national images of the world, humanitarian ... Russian Philosophy. Encyclopedia

Georgy Dmitrievich Gachev- ... Wikipedia

Gachev (surname)- Gachev Bulgarian surname. Notable bearers Gachev, Avram Petkov (1871-1941) Bulgarian politician. Gachev, Georgy Dmitrievich (1929-2008) Soviet and Russian philosopher, culturologist, literary critic and esthete. Gachev, Dmitry Ivanovich ... ... Wikipedia

Gachev- Gachev is a Bulgarian surname. Gachev, Avram Petkov (1871-1941) Bulgarian politician. Gachev, Georgy Dmitrievich (1929-2008) Soviet and Russian philosopher, culturologist, literary critic and esthete. Gachev, Dmitry Ivanovich (1902 1946) ... ... Wikipedia

GACHEV- Georgy Dmitrievich (born 1929), writer, culturologist. Member of the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1985. Theoretical studies of literature, typology of artistic consciousness. A look at natural science from the position of an artist (Book ... ... Russian history

Books

• Images of the Deity in culture. National variants, Gachev Georgy Dmitrievich. The book of the philosopher, literary critic, culturologist Georgy Dmitrievich Gachev (1929-2008) is the final work of the unique series "National Images of the World". The author offers a cultural and heuristic ... Buy for 1611 rubles
• German image of the world. Germany in comparison with Russia, Gachev Georgy Dmitrievich. The book "The German Image of the World. Germany in Comparison with Russia" continues the series "National Images of the World" by the famous Russian philosopher, literary critic, culturologist Georgy Dmitrievich ...

PAGE IN MEMORY OF GEORGY DMITRIEVICH GACHEV Gachev Georgy Dmitrievich(May 1, 1929, Moscow - March 23, 2008, Peredelkino) philosopher, culturologist, literary critic and esthetician.

Graduated from the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University (1952). He worked as a teacher of Russian, English, Russian literature in Bryansk (1952–1954). Postgraduate student (1954–1957), junior research fellow (1957–1961, 1963–1971) at the Institute of World Literature named after A.M. Gorky RAS. In 1961 he left the institute, worked as a mechanic and car mechanic in the village. Tvarditsa, in 1962-1963 - a sailor of the Black Sea Shipping Company. At the end of 1963 he returned to IMLI and resumed his scientific work. In 1965 he was admitted to the Writers' Union. In 1972–1985, he was a junior researcher at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1986–2008 he was a senior, then a leading researcher at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (1994). He was awarded the Order of Paisius of Hilendarsky by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1980). In 1983 he defended his doctoral dissertation. Doctor honoris causa of the University of Veliko Tarnovo (2004), Sofia University (2006).

Views and creativity

Georgy Gachev developed the theory of the accelerated development of culture, according to which peoples, cultural development which were inhibited by historical circumstances, entering the arena of culture, in a short time go through the main stages of world spiritual development, "catching up" with Europe, in which these stages sometimes took centuries (he called his theory "the theory of relativity in humanitarian culture"). Based on Hegel, he sought to comprehend the “phenomenology of the spirit” of the people, to understand how the universal manifests itself in the national, “ontogeny”, the individual experience of the spiritual growth of the national whole, repeats “phylogeny”, the experience of the development of mankind, developed by him in this development forms of life, statehood, culture. The Hegelian principle of the unity of the historical and the logical formed the basis of Gachev's works devoted to the development of figurative consciousness in Russian. and world literature (Life of artistic consciousness. M., 1972; Image in Russian artistic culture. M., 1981). Georgy Gachev emphasized that Rus. literature in the 19th century was a synthetic form national identity, “fulfilled the role of the national Russian. philosophy." Turning to the problem of the relationship between tradition and innovation in culture, he put forward the idea of ​​the content of artistic forms, arguing that "form is a hardened content", literary structures at the moment of their emergence absorb the life and spiritual experience of their time and then radiate it to each subsequent era, so that the creation of a literary text is a complex interaction of a new creative idea and a genre structure that carries an archetypal content. Types, styles, genres of art - options for understanding the world, prisms that refract life in different ways.

Georgy Gachev's main work is the multi-volume series "National Images of the World" (1960s-2007), dedicated to the analysis of national mentalities. The philosopher developed a methodology that allows us to see any national organism as an integrity, to understand its entelechy, its idea, which manifests itself at various levels: nature, life, language, culture, scientific and philosophical theories. Introduced the concept of national Cosmo-Psycho-Logos: the unity of nature in which the people live, national character and way of thinking. Describing the national Cosmos, he used the natural-philosophical language of the four elements developed in the philosophy of the pre-Socratics: "earth", "water", "air", "fire". He determined the differences of national cultures by the ratio of space and time, vertical and horizontal, -gonia (birth) and -urgy (labor), male and female, plant and animal imagery, variants of religious feeling. Studying national logics, he emphasized the figurative apriorism that is present in the depths of the philosopher's language and refers to the primary intuitions that are inherent in all representatives of this national culture. He developed his own algorithm for reading national objectivity (housing, cuisine, music, dance, clothing) and corporeality (“the human body is a “reference body” in the national space”). He wrote “the philosophy of life as being”, revealing the meanings of things, giving an aesthetic understanding of everyday life (Things are broadcasting, images are thinking. M., 2000). He dealt with the problem of dialogue between natural science and humanitarian culture, demonstrating how the same segment of being is reflected in the sciences of nature and in the sciences of man. He affirmed the integrity of knowledge (the synthesis of figurative and rational, metaphors and concepts), the interweaving of thought and life. He called his type of thinking "attractive", he tried to show how the inner, personal experience of the cognizing subject is reflected in the course of analysis. He worked in the genre of a life-philosophical diary, “life thought”, within which he wrote his treatises and research.

Several articles and thoughts

In connection with the world year of Mozart: 250 years since birth - we have a reason to rethink the powerful myth introduced into the public and artistic consciousness of Russia by Pushkin in his "little drama" "Mozart and Salieri". She is from that prominence, a flash of his genius, that took place in the Boldin autumn of 1830 ... Georgy Gachev. // NG-Exlibris. - April 30, 2009.

And if you look general view panorama of modernity, then a clear tilt from the complex towards simplification and primitiveness in everything. From the symphony and timbres of the orchestra - pop and tam-tam, noise rattling from decibels deafening with the repetition of one motive - and this is in the mass - at the stadium under the throwing up of hands of the crazed. ... Georgy Gachev. // NG-Exlibris.

On the radio - "Why do people write a diary?". We double life, its moments - we make stronger through the Word, we enlarge. Such a powerful tool as the Word, the world Logos, Culture - we instill in ourselves - to understand, to help: we irradiate ourselves and everything around.

Olesha is being discussed on the radio - “Not a day without a line” - this has given rise to a crowd of graphomaniacs as a precedent. He - finished every line - like literature ... And the question to myself: what am I? ..

Now, after the collapse of the USSR and Yugoslavia, you understand how the idea of ​​​​Socialism Communism as a secular super-idea was life-giving and useful and civilizing - in regions where diverse ethnic groups with the potential of animal-animal claws, as well as different faiths - also with murderous fanaticism. // Literary newspaper. - April 30, 2014. - No. 17 (6460).

About George Gachev

Gachev and it is necessary to read in some special conditions. Let's say, between digging beds in the garden, in the garden. Like himself, making notes. Daughter Larisa, still a crumb, perfectly understood: “Daddy, go and write it all down - you just have to write it down.” Vladimir Polyakov. Borscht in Gachev

Gachev was among us - who was he? A philologist, a philosopher of a special cut, a thinker in general, maybe a culturologist? But I really don't want to call it this last title. Gachev was an extraordinary human thinking being. A creature out of line and out of comparison...

His room, already small, is filled with cabinets and shelves, everything is crammed with manuscripts, which - for the most part - have not yet seen the light of day. The dwelling, the external environment of a person, always reflects his insides, his personality ...

Thanks to our Time for the fact that we had the honor to live in the era when Georgy Dmitrievich GACHEV created - this MAN was and remains with us, continuing to expand the scope of our worldview, illuminate our life, making it more conscious and worthy.

Meeting for twenty years in the club "Free Word" at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences with many famous people and bright personalities, I can confidently say that Georgy Dmitrievich Gachev was one of the most original minds of our time.

In 2011, the Logos publishing house (Serbia, Belgrade) published a translation of the book by G.D. Gachev "Mentality of the peoples of the world". We offer an article Anastasia Gacheva““The Admired Mind” by Georgy Gachev, placed in this book as .

George Gachev. Poems

Leonid Latynin. G. Gachev (I)

The power of the vertical is too great,
So that the creature likes us a burden
Worries and troubles than slow time
It oppresses us to the ground for many centuries.

I grow up, and the roots are not in the ground -
They go there - behind the cloud and the blizzard -
They slide like a screw in a gloomy circle,
And the truth disappears in the darkness.

You destroy the tree with your hand
And pull it out with the roots - the pit will look.
Cut me down and there will be a hole in the sky
With roots unkilled in the depths.

Leonid Latynin. G. Gachev (II)

There is an empty craft in the world -
Blind your way out of flat words
And thoughts of a careful wheel
Let go in the direction of God.

And whatever the world around is busy with,
Wherever I swim around you successfully,
The wheel will not get tired of rolling,
As long as you're alive and not tired, of course.

Right is south, left is north
A, Back road - to return to the house,
Something, but a vowel good
Excessively released to anyone.

Until the stars burn out their rays,
And death is not exhausted anxiety,
You still hope and keep quiet
That the wheel will roll to God.

Valentin Berestov. Philosophical conversation (Georgy Gachev)

I am on the stump. Philosopher upside down
It stands on its head in front of me.
Two pupils over black eyebrows,
Like mice hiding in the leaves.

Descartes' world formula
He connected with French soil.
Say, "I think, therefore I exist" -
The Anglo-Saxon would never say.

And she would have turned out differently
In Tokyo, Baghdad or Moscow.
Autumn. Leaf fall. Georgy Gachev
It stands on its head in front of me.

Inna Kabyshch. On the death of G. Gachev

Screams and tears, and the rattle of wheels.
Who says we're off-road?
Just now the train took Gacheva away
From Peredelkino to the Kingdom of God.

Events and activities

May 16–18, 2019
International scientific conference
"Creativity in life and culture: the phenomenon of Georgy Gachev (To the 90th anniversary of his birth)"

16th of May Institute of World Literature. A.M. Gorky Russian Academy of Sciences in cooperation with the Museum of the History of Russian Literature. IN AND. Dal and the Bulgarian Cultural Institute opens a commemorative program dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding philosopher, literary critic, culturologist Georgy Gachev (1929–2008), who left a noticeable mark on Russian and world humanitarian culture.
May 16 at 16-00 in State Museum History of Russian Literature (Trubnikovsky per., 17) will host the opening of the exhibition “Missing Time, Lived Happily…”: Georgy Gachev’s Life Thought” with the participation of cultural figures from Russia and Bulgaria.
After the opening of the exhibition at 17-30 at the Institute of World Literature. A.M. Gorky of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Povarskaya, 25a) there will be an evening in memory of Georgy Gachev and the presentation of his books "The German image of the world. Germany in comparison with Russia" and "The French image of the world. In winter with Descartes (a novel of thinking)", published by the publishing house "Academic Project".
Writers, scientists, cultural figures Igor Volgin, Igor Zolotussky, Anatoly Kim, Viktor Erofeev, Andrei Zolotov, Ivan Granitsky, Viktor Kulle, Yuri Kublanovskiy, Olesya Nikolaeva, prot. Vladimir Vigilyansky, Inna Kabysh, Nikolay Anastasyev, Sergey Fedyakin, Boris Tarasov, Veniamin Balyasny and others.

May 17 at the Institute of World Literature. A.M. Gorky RAS will host the International Scientific Conference "Creativity in Life and Culture. Georgy Gachev's Phenomenon". Conference time: 11-00 -19-30.

May 18 at 16:00 in Library No. 180, as part of the "Night at the Museum" campaign, the exhibition "The Worlds of Yordan Radichkov and Georgy Gachev" will open, dedicated to the famous journey through Siberia of the classic of Bulgarian literature and Russian culturologist. There will be a dialogue about Gachev and Radichkov.

• Thursday, March 29, 2018 at 6:00 pm. Library of the History of Russian Philosophy and Culture (House of A.F. Losev, Arbat St., 33). Seminar "Russian Philosophy: Traditions and Modernity". Discussion of Georgy Gachev's latest book "Images of the Deity in Culture. National Variants" (Moscow: Academic Project, 2016). Speakers: V.P. Vizgin (IP RAS), V.V. Varava (MPI St. John the Theologian), A.G. Gacheva (IMLI RAS), A.A. Zolotov (RAH), M.A. Maslin (Moscow State University), B.N. Tarasov (Literary Institute), V.P. Troitsky ("House of A.F. Losev"), etc.

• March 24, 2018, the house-museum of Bulat Okudzhava. "Losing time, lived happily ...". Evening in memory of Georgy Gachev.

• October 24-27, 2014 International scientific conference "National images of the world in artistic culture", October 24-27, 2014
• May 17, 2014 7-45 pm, in the Museum-Library of N.F. Fedorov, within the framework of the international action “Night at the Museum”, the opening of the exhibition “Creativity in Life and Culture. Father and son of Gacheva".
• May 13-14. Conference "Creative heritage of Georgy Gachev" (to the 85th anniversary of his birth).
• May 12-13, 2014, 20-40 TV channel "Culture". Documentary film “Family comedy. Georgy Gachev and Svetlana Semenova” (1-2 episodes). Director - Elena Laskari, scriptwriter - Aleksandrina Vigilyanskaya.
• May 11, 2014 Program of the philosopher Alexei Kozyrev "Philosophical Club" on the radio "Russian News Service", dedicated to the philosophical legacy of Georgy Gachev.
• April 8, 2014 Sofia, National Library.