Biography

The future poet was born in the village of Kshen, Timsky district, Kursk province (now the Soviet district of the Kursk region) in the family of a landowner. The Borodaevsky family has been known for a long time. He is listed in genealogical books as an ancient Russian noble family. Valerian's grandfather Osip Osipovich was a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, father Valerian Osipovich was the director of the Kursk male gymnasium, a member of the Timsky district zemstvo assembly, and uncle Sergei Osipovich was an artist. Valerian had four brothers. All of them chose the military path and successfully advanced along it.

Valerian graduated from the Kursk real school, then in St. Petersburg (he studied in 1894-1900). He worked in the mines of Donbass, then as a factory inspector in Pabianice (now Poland) and in Samara.

In Samara, Borodaevsky met the writer Alexei Tolstoy, after which he decided to devote his life to literature.

In 1905, Borodaevsky married in Moscow a girl from a neighboring estate, the class lady of the Elisavetinskaya gymnasium, Margarita Andreevna Knyazeva. She played in the fate of her husband important role fully sharing his views.

From the end of 1908, Borodaevsky left engineering activities and settled in the estate of Petropavlovka, Timsky district. Kursk province(now the village of the Soviet district of the Kursk region).

Soon Borodaevsky left for St. Petersburg. There, in 1909, he published at his own expense a collection of poems, Passionate Candles. In the capital Russian Empire Borodaevsky met with the poet Vyacheslav Ivanov, a friendship with whom lasted for many years. In the same 1909, Vyacheslav Ivanov, in his own publishing house "Ory", with his foreword, published a collection of Borodaevsky's "Poems. Elegies. Odes. Idylls. Borodaevsky entered the circle of St. Petersburg poets, often visited the famous "tower" of Ivanov, where he met Anna Akhmatova, Nikolai Gumilyov, Andrei Bely, Fyodor Sologub, Alexander Blok and other poets.

In 1912-1914, Borodaevsky lived either in St. Petersburg, or in Petropavlovka (Vyacheslav Ivanov and Yuri Verkhovsky visited his estate), then abroad - in Italy, Germany. Abroad, the poet met the anthroposophist Rudolf Steiner and, apparently, accepted part of his views. It is possible that in the future Steiner's teaching had a negative effect on the character of Borodaevsky: in last years life, especially under Soviet rule, he became withdrawn, uncommunicative.

In 1914, the Moscow publishing house "Musaget" published a book of poems by Borodaevsky "Solitary Valley". In this collection, in the words of Sergei Gorodetsky, the poet "struggles with the school that created him - symbolism - and overcomes it."

In 1917, the poet develops in Kursk a stormy political activity, welcoming the February Revolution . But gradually his ardor fades: the soul of the poet does not accept the new power. This is also his reaction to the October Revolution, after which he left for Kyiv, where he worked as an official in various institutions. In April 1919, Borodaevsky returned to Kursk and from mid-May got a job as an engineer in the transport and material department of the Kursk Economic Council. The poet worked in different areas national economy, and even in May - June 1920 he was a clerk in the 2nd typhus infirmary, as they gave rations there.

Borodaevsky took part in the work of the Union of Poets, which was created in Kursk in March 1920. Valerian Valerianovich studied there with young poets the technique of versification. Poetry evenings were held with their participation, they were published in the local magazines "People's Education", "Culture and Art". Valery Bryusov spoke positively about the Kursk Union of Poets. In 1921, Borodaevsky performed in Kursk at an evening dedicated to the memory of Alexander Blok. In 1980, this speech was published by the Moscow almanac "Day of Poetry".

A severe mental illness complicated the last years of the poet. Valerian Borodaevsky died in Kursk. Buried at the Nikitsky cemetery. Later, an urn with the ashes of his wife was moved there.

The poet's grandson, Doctor of Economic Sciences Andrei Dmitrievich Borodaevsky, lives in Moscow.

In 2006, the publishing house of Kursk State University published a book by Kursk local historian, candidate of historical sciences Yuri Bugrov "To a secluded valley", which tells about the life and work of Valerian Borodaevsky. The collection of surviving poems by Borodaevsky saw the light in 2011 in Moscow.

Creation

The work of Borodaevsky belongs to the neoclassical trend that developed within the framework of symbolism in the era of its crisis and collapse, when the pathos of innovation was replaced by the pathos of continuity. The poet often turned to philosophical and religious searches. In post-October poems, he combined with symbolic vagueness and polysemy the elements of acmeist pictorialism - "thingness".

Poems from the cycle "Behind Bars", written by Borodaevsky in the early 1920s, are so devoid of signs of time that it is sometimes not clear what kind of life they are about. in question: about the Soviet or pre-revolutionary. Some of Borodaevsky's philosophical articles have been preserved in manuscripts.

Bibliography

Title page: Borodaevsky Valerian. Poems: Elegies. Odes. Idylls. St. Petersburg: Ory, 1909.

1. Passionate Candles: Stanzas. SPb.: Type. "Pec. art", 1909. - 72 p. - 100 copies.
2. Poems: Elegies. Odes. Idylls / Preface Vyach. Ivanova. St. Petersburg: Ory, 1909. - 87 p. - 500 copies.
3. Solitary Valley: The Second Book of Poems. M.: Musaget, 1914. - 144 p. - 500 copies. - Renamed on exit. It was originally called: In the bosom of the native land. With an engraving on the cover by V. Favorsky.
4. Staff in bloom: Collection of poems / Comp., prepared. text and notes. A. D. Borodaevsky, Yu. A. Bugrov, I. P. Mikhailova, V. A. Rezvoi; Afterword E. V. Glukhovoi. Moscow: Aquarius, 2011. - 400 p.

Literature

• Bugrov Yu. Singer of the Kursk Territory // Literary Russia. - 1983. - October 28.
• Gelperin Yu. M. Borodaevsky Valerian Valerianovich // Russian writers, 1800-1917: Biographical Dictionary. - T. 1. - M., 1989. - S. 314-315.
• Petrusenko N.V. V. V. Borodaevsky - a symbolist poet // New Historical Bulletin. - 2001. - No. 3 (5).
• Ryzhkov Pavel. The grave of the poet Valerian Borodaevsky is in desolation // Kursk Vestnik. - 2003. - No. 37. - May 16.
• Zubets Irina. Left the voice of a generation // Literary Russia. - 2007. - No. 52. - December 28.
• Bugrov Yu. A. To a secluded valley. The life and work of the poet Valerian Borodaevsky. - Kursk: Kursk State University, 2006. - 97 p.

Links

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• Borodaevsky, Sergei

See what "Borodayevsky, Valerian Valerianovich" is in other dictionaries:

Borodaevsky, Valerian Valerianovich- Borodaevsky Valerian Valerianovich (1875-1923) was a mining engineer (hence "oh, reasonable wheels!"), Then a landowner, died in Soviet service in Kursk. His poems, heavy and intense, were guided by the tradition of philosophical lyrics by F. Tyutchev and ... ... Russian poets of the Silver Age

Borodaevsky Valerian Valerianovich

BORODAEVSKII Valerian Valerianovich- Valerian Valerianovich (12/12/1874 (according to other sources, 01/1/1875), the village of Kshen Timsky near the Kursk province. 05/16/1923, Kursk), poet. From the nobility, he studied at the Kursk real school, in 1894-1900. in the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg. After graduating from inta, he worked ... Orthodox Encyclopedia

Valerian Valerianovich Borodaevsky- (December 12 (24), 1874, according to other sources January 1 (13), 1875 May 16, 1923) Russian poet. Contents 1 Biography 2 Creativity 3 Lifetime editions ... Wikipedia

Borodaevsky Valerian- Valerian Valerianovich Borodaevsky (December 12 (24), 1874, according to other sources January 1 (13), 1875 May 16, 1923) Russian poet. Contents 1 Biography 2 Creativity 3 Lifetime editions ... Wikipedia

Borodaevsky- Borodaevsky, Valerian Valerianovich poet. Borodaevsky, Sergey Vasilievich economist. Borodaevsky, Sergei Osipovich artist. See also Borodaevsky noble family ... Wikipedia

Valerian Borodaevsky- Valerian Valerianovich Borodaevsky (December 12 (24), 1874, according to other sources January 1 (13), 1875 May 16, 1923) Russian poet. Contents 1 Biography 2 Creativity 3 Lifetime editions ... Wikipedia

My father, Valerian Valerianovich Obolensky-Osinsky, having joined the Bolshevik Party in 1907, took the surname of the deceased on the gallows in the days of Alexander II populist Valerian Osinsky and was better known as N. Osinsky. It was also his literary pseudonym. He was born on April 6 (NS) 1887 in the village of Byki, Lgovsky district, Kursk province. There his father was a stud farm manager.

“There is an intelligent family of Obolenskys in Russia,” my father wrote in 1926, refuting the assurances that appeared in the American press that V.V. Obolensky was a prince, that the Bolsheviks managed to get themselves “Prince Valerian”. My grandfather Valerian Yegorovich Obolensky, the son of a small landowner in the Oryol province, who had become impoverished and left nothing to his children, nevertheless made his way into the people, graduated from the veterinary institute in Kharkov and became a well-known specialist. He loved his six children very much, he was attentive to their education. Thanks to his care, my father spoke German and French from childhood (then he knew - to varying degrees, of course - six languages).

My father studied in Moscow, at the gymnasium. In the autumn of 1905, he entered the Faculty of Law (Department of Economics) at Moscow University and immediately became involved in the activities of the student's Social Democratic club. During the December 1905 uprising in Moscow, he was a "flying reporter" for the Izvestia of the Moscow Soviet of Working People's Deputies, then emigrated to Germany, where he spent a year doing political economy. Returning to Moscow, he resumed his studies at the university. As one of the leaders of the student strike organized after the death of Leo Tolstoy, he was arrested. Only in 1916 did he manage to pass the final exam and receive a university diploma. By this time, he had already become an active figure in the RSDLP - the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.

After the October coup, he was summoned by Lenin to Petrograd, appointed commissar of the state bank, and played leading role in mastering it. Then he became the first chairman of the Supreme Economic Council. In the 1920s he was Deputy People's Commissar for Agriculture, Plenipotentiary in Sweden. Twice traveled to America, where he studied agriculture, automotive and road construction. An educated and already experienced economist, at the end of the 1920s he headed the Central Statistical Bureau and fought there "for the right figure", for which he was dismissed in 1935. He was the first director of the Institute of National Economy (now the Institute of World Economy and International Relations), worked very actively in the editorial office of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

My father was passionately interested in the automotive business and was one of the first organizers of the automotive industry in our country. "American car or Russian cart" - that was the title of one of his books and a number of articles. He took a great part in the construction of the Gorky Automobile Plant, in one of his letters he proudly called it "my plant". He was the initiator of the creation of the Avtodor society, the first editor of the magazine "Behind the wheel", wrote many articles on the construction of roads, on traffic rules, he drove an excellent car and participated in car races more than once in the 20s-30s. According to rumors, when he left New York, after a second trip to America (he studied car building at Ford factories), Henry Ford himself came to see him off, got out of the car and gave it to his father. In the newspapers of the 1930s, I found dozens of articles by N. Osinsky on the automobile business, public utilities, and economic problems.

My father was closely associated with the industrial construction of the 30s, especially with the construction of car factories. In 1931, while being treated in Kislovodsk, he, unable to rest idle, began a serious study of Hegel's philosophy. “I’m very sorry,” he wrote from there in one of his letters, “when I read in the newspapers that ‘my’ factories are being launched, and I’m sitting on Hegel; it’s disgusting that they write a lot of jubilee lies. truck in the world (this is an ugly, "leavened-patriotic" lie, because "Avtokar" is a car of very average dignity), that the AMO has the best forge in the USSR and almost in the world, again a lie, because in Stalingrad it is better in Nizhny it would be better that the Amovites completed the task on time ... All this lies only spoil the impression of wonderful facts.

Work, work without end. "Like a miserly knight, I tremble over time," he said. The main thing that we, the children, knew about him: dad works, he should not be disturbed. But the circle of his interests was very wide. He wrote many articles on literature and theater. I would like to recall that Osinsky was the first party publicist who, in 1922, supported the published collection of poems by Anna Akhmatova. Akhmatova, even in her old age, remembered his review, which was so important to her, probably at that difficult time for her.

Literature, both domestic and foreign, my father loved and knew perfectly well. In February 1937, on the days when the centenary of Pushkin's death was celebrated, he spoke at the anniversary session of the Academy of Sciences with a report on the great poet. I then listened to his public speech for the first and last time.

Of course, he did not belong to Stalin's "inner circle" and, I believe, despised him, he was not friendly with anyone from this circle. They say that he was not at all afraid of Stalin. With disgust, he told his mother that swearing reigns at the meetings of the Politburo, and this was instituted by Stalin. Together with their mother at the dacha in Barvikha, they buried a tin box with the text of Lenin's "Testament" in the forest. In the mid-30s, my father tried with all his might to move away from the party and public work. But nothing could save him from the reprisal, which was already very close.

In June 1937, by order of Stalin, at a meeting of the Central Committee, it was suddenly announced that Osinsky had been removed from the list of candidates for membership in the Central Committee, and he left the meeting. It was, of course, a sign of impending trouble. He was arrested on the night of October 14, 1937, at the same time that his older brother Dima was taken away with him. That night I woke up because my mother sat on my bed and put her hand on my shoulder. There was a light in the room that seemed unusually bright and bare. My brothers watched the strangers rummaging through our children's books with dull attention. “Quiet,” my mother told me, “lie quietly, dad and Dima were arrested.” I froze, overwhelmed by the half-understandable words, sat down too and began to follow the search.

Mom told me many years later: at night, she, sleeping in her room, at the opposite end of the corridor from my father’s office, woke up from a bright light that flashed in the hallway. She ran out, half-dressed, not understanding what was happening. Father was led to the door. "Goodbye!" he shouted. "Sell books, sell everything!" There was no one to sell and nothing. Mom was arrested three days later, my father's office was sealed at the time of the arrest, it was forbidden to take anything out of the apartment. Those who came for the father entered the apartment without ringing, opening the door with their tool. Now they were in a hurry to take him to the elevator. Dima has already been taken away.

Before arrest October 17, 1937 Ekaterina Mikhailovna Obolenskaya-Osinskaya worked as a head. department of preschool literature in Detizdat (Children's publishing house) Her camp life is like this. At first I was in a camp in Potma, Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Then in Medvezhegorsk (Karelia) on general work (in the field), but she fell seriously ill and was sent to the infirmary. Then with the infirmary on the stage to Solikamsk. In Solikamsk, she spent most of her term. She passed the exam for a nurse and worked as a nurse in the infirmary in Solikamsk. This saved her. She was released in the fall of 1945.

: Teaches atfaculty : Automation and electronics
Works fordepartment : Department 26. Department of electronic measuring systems Schedule: Teacher's schedule Panin V.V. spokepearls : Information sent by: No data.

Lexxus
He teaches a lot of courses at the Department of Electronic Measuring Systems:
Fundamentals of Information Theory - 2 semesters,
Measurement of parameters of electromagnetic processes - 1 semester,
Introduction to coding theory - 1 semester.

This is not a person - this is a holiday.
They say that at one time I took out EVERYONE WITHOUT EXCEPTION from colloquia (some simply didn’t go to the first exam, but went straight to retake it), and from exams - up to half of the group.
Those days are gone, but not quite.
He considers several fundamental works to be the pinnacle of world literature:
- Fundamentals of information theory. Part 1;
- Fundamentals of information theory. Part 2;
- Measurement of impulse magnetic and electric fields.
As the reader may have already understood, all of them are the fruit of many years of work (further quote:)
"of the round and heavy walking old man, science-eater and bookish, delicious-smelling light-Valerian Valerianovich."
He gives lectures on the above-named disciplines. No, not in the conventional sense, as you might think. Not! He READS them verbatim from these most fundamental works.
At control events, it requires, essno, their letter-by-letter knowledge. At the very least, this is the only publicly known way to get anything beyond the proud "Satisfied."

For the sake of fairness, I must say that if we come to terms with the fact that "Measurement of the parameters of electromagnetic processes" is the queen of sciences, and, most importantly, keep quiet and (really very important!) Do not publish any extraneous sounds in lectures,
LET THE TRUTH BE REVEALED TO YOU!
AND MAY YOU KNOW THE POWER OF THE GREAT GODS
8TH SEMESTER OF PIMP, PIEP AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FRAME,
AND THEIR FAITHFUL COMPANIES FROM 6,7,9 SEMESTERS
ENTROPIES AND INFORMATION!!!

Feedback score:
+14 (18)

Voting results:
Character: -2.04 (voted: 70 )
Teaching quality: -1.59 (voted: 70 )
Acceptance of credits/exams: -1.55 (voted: 69 )

More reviews: he's quite a bastard))))

+2 (6)

(15.10.2006)

ARCHI IMPORTANT MAN!

+1 (5)

([email protected] 19.10.2006)

Nightmare horror!

+9 (13)

(Doc 12/20/2007)

good man

I wholeheartedly welcome you. Pavel, good afternoon. Good afternoon, Dmitry Yurievich. What do you have? We pass directly to the moment of the formation of the “Narodnaya Volya”. And today, I hope, we will devote the main story to the explosion that they staged in Moscow. I would like to remind you that I still try to build my narrative around certain geographical points, mainly in St. Petersburg and Moscow. So I will briefly talk about everything else. As I said, a lot and often, in previous issues... By the way, if we are watched by residents of Moscow who live near the metro station "Rimskaya" or "Ploshchad Ilyicha", then you will be surprised that literally not far from you the royal train. Then it was the backyard of Moscow. Can you imagine, it's a stone's throw from the Third transport. That is, it is now quite a comfortable lane. Almost the center. By Moscow standards, yes. Accordingly, a split was planned in the Land and Freedom party. This led to the fact that ... Well, that is, I talked about the assassination of Morozov when Alexander II was running from him. Even then, in fact, they almost rushed at each other with pistols. I talked about how they sat. And, in general, it was clear that something had to be done about it. The issue needs to be resolved. An all-Russian congress was announced, which they decided to hold in the city of Voronezh. But before coming to this congress, part of the landowners agreed to meet in Lipetsk in order to make a preliminary agreement and come there already prepared. And what was the point of meeting in Lipetsk, and not in Moscow? Conspiracy? Naturally. There was even such a play at the beginning of the 20th century, Lipetsk Waters, written. It was such a resort. Didn't even hear. Here, you can imagine. And now there is? Here was not in Lipetsk unfortunately. In general, I apologize to the audience from the city of Lipetsk and a number of other cities. Russia is an immense country, and, as it were, you don’t recognize everything. You see, we also have Polustrovo water. Good. Lately, I haven't seen it. Polustrovo, these are mineral springs. In theory, our resorts could also be. We have mineral springs, for example, in the resort itself, in Sestroretsk I go. There is the only mineral water pool in the area. And the mineral water itself flows from the taps. I will go there next week. With a sudden check. Here. This is a fairytale. This is one of the beauties of living in this resort area. But that's not the point. It was a resort. Why is it important? A large number of people came there. Accordingly, it was possible to meet imperceptibly. Gathered around the source with glasses of mineral water. Or how Peter I taught mineral water to drink. No one wanted to consume this stinking liquid. Therefore, he first offered a glass of vodka to anyone who drinks a glass of mineral water. And then the number of applicants increased significantly. These were the wellness procedures at that time. What were they going there for? First, it was necessary in principle to understand who these people are, what they are ready for. To work out some kind of at least a conditional, preliminary program so that when we meet with all members of the Land and Freedom party, we will make a ready decision and say: "Let's do it this way." For there was a certain balance, a monetary balance. There were finances in the pariah, there was technical support. Printing houses and more. There were connections. There was some farming. They wrote about it, but in passing. Actually it was important. Accordingly, such Mikhail Frolenko went to the south. And here, you know, "Ocean's 11," the classic scheme of the American action movie. When several people are going to rob a bank. And the man assembles the team. Exactly the same story happened here. For example, this Mikhail Frolenko went to the south. And here it is very interesting to say that both Perovskaya and Zhelyabov were in the south. He did not go to Perovskaya. He did not go because he knew her as a sworn populist who would never engage in terrorist activities in her life. Outside in 1879. Nothing remains before the assassination of Alexander II, in 1881 he was banged. That is, you can imagine how the views of people have evolved quite quickly. He came to Zhelyabov. People have strong convictions. Not just persistent, I would say reinforced concrete convictions. And this is just very important point . Because Narodnaya Volya is such a cornerstone in our revolutionary history. Again, once again I say because we will see on the example of the same Savinkov how beliefs can change slightly in the course of terrorist activities. He did not go to Perovskaya. He went, respectively, to Zhelyabov. He recruited Zhelyabov, so to speak. And after that he stopped by... In this wonderful book it is described, he stopped by Barannikov and Olovennikova. Barannikov, this is one of the participants in the murder of the chief of the gendarmes Mezentsov, and this is one of those who received Alexander Solovyov. They settled in the village with this Olovennikova and lived such a life ... Well, that is, he could no longer live under his last name, he had documents for the name Koshurnikov. And according to these documents, he was a seminarian who was expelled from his second year. In general, the neighbors somehow did not work out. He tried to hunt, but some local character told him: “Now is not the time for hunting, so you can pass for a poacher.” He first turned to Barannikov, and then in the evening they met for tea with his wife. And how here: “Olovennikova listened as if spellbound. This future was so tempting that Maria Nikolaevna could not imagine it without her participation. Pretty, pretty! Good things come in small packages! Frolenko realized that she would be in Lipetsk with her husband.” On the way back, Frolenko drove into the city of Orel. And the tsar arrived at the same time. Well, that is, in transit. But Frolenko had nothing with him, not even a revolver. Therefore ... But, there was an opportunity. A few words about who Mikhail Frolenko was. At one time, he managed to arrange an escape for three people from the Kyiv prison. How did he do it? He got a job there first as a security guard. Naturally, at first he was not allowed to see the political ones, he guarded the criminals. He was just a brutal Cerberus. He was the most hated guard. Thus, he achieved ... Career growth. Yes. And he was transferred directly to the political. Accordingly, he took out two soldier's suits. Stefanovich, Bokhanovsky, and, in my opinion, the third one there was Deutsch. He took out these two suits. Brought them. And the funny thing is that when he led them at night, one of these comrades caught on something, and a siren rang out. Frolenko did not lose his head, he told another guard that he had hooked it. It's nerves. It's not just nerves. These are some veins. Moreover, he changed clothes for two, but Deutsch had nothing to change into. That is, he walked like that in a prisoner's uniform. Accordingly, they penetrated outside the prison. Yes, there was a signal rope there. For signal rope. Stretching prison. Furthermore. New trouble after that. I lost the fugitives in the dark. That is, they went out into some room, he lost them. Sheep. But in the end he gathered himself, he found them. And when they reached the exit, it turned out that these two were in soldier's clothes, they were, as it were, escorting a third. Accordingly, they went to the Dnieper. There Valerian Osinsky was waiting for them in a boat and they sailed away. Here is a concrete story of how this could be done. And having notified this company, they went to Lipetsk. This book has... What is this picture? It's from this book, amazing picture. Plan where they were going. Very conditional, of course. There is woods and sand. They always tried to gather in the woods. They disguised themselves as a group of young people who are going to the forest for a picnic. They hired several cabs, went there with songs and dances. And there was a characteristic episode that many recalled. We talked about power and stuff. And Zhelyabov, he, having jumped off his cab, when the second one was driving, grabbed it by the rear axle, braked. And he slightly lifted this cart with people sitting on it with both hands. He even had a little cracked skin on his hands. This, of course, made an impression on everyone. I must say that many did not know Zhelyabov then. That is, it gathered people who someone knew someone, and someone was relatively new. It was already a certain reputation because the revolutionary environment is such a subculture. The news spreads fast there. Moreover, Zhelyabov was immediately elected secretary there, which says a lot. That is, he immediately showed himself in such a way that they understood ... That is, it was necessary to regulate because everyone came to express their opinion. When everyone starts to express an opinion, some kind of moderator is always needed. Round table - need a moderator. "And now the floor is given to Dmitry Puchkov." Here Zhelyabov was immediately chosen as such. And after that, respectively, they sat there for a long time. When they got out, the cabbies had already spat on them and left. Because how long can you wait. They went on foot. And after that, when they more or less agreed, they went to Voronezh. I must say that among their program installations was, for example, that: "The property of individuals or societies that do not take part in the government's struggle against us will be inviolable for us." Here's an interesting point, very important. And one more thing I would like to draw your attention to. Item 9, this is the “Preliminary Program”: “To manage current practical affairs, an administrative commission of 3 people and 2 candidates for it is selected in case any of the three is arrested before a new general congress. The commission must only strictly carry out the decisions of the congresses. Without deviating from the program and charter. That is, there was no actual leader in the party. There was an executive committee, there was this very administrative commission of 3 people. That is, everything was taken collectively. This is indeed a unique situation. We know very well that in order for the process to start, someone must lead. But here people are so well sung. They knew how, on the one hand, to suppress their ambitions, and on the other hand, they very competently accumulate their energy for the right thing, which is how they did it. The Executive Committee was a kind of living organism. That is, Vladimir Ilyich is the leader of the Bolshevik Party. And who was the leader of the People's Will party? There was no such thing. There were leading representatives. Zhelyabov, Perovskaya, ideologue Tikhomirov, Kibalchich technician, Morozov is another theoretician. And so on. But it is impossible to name just one person, boss, director, president, and so on. This is a significant moment. And they came to Voronezh. Here is their place of the Voronezh Congress, also such a scheme. In fact, I was in the city of Voronezh. Unfortunately, I was there for a very short time. I did not have enough time to get there, there is a memorial sign where they were going. Naturally, now it is already within the city of Voronezh, but then it was in the backyards. And there ... I was also in Voronezh, but I only visited the grave of Yuri Khoy from the Gaza Strip group. I did not get to the grave of Yuri Khoy. We were very lucky to have a guide there. She told us about this meat grinder during World War II. Just before that, I went to Rzhev. There I found out about the Rzhev meat grinder. And I did not know anything about Voronezh, what was happening there. I learned the most interesting thing there, in a nutshell I will say. It turns out that there were Hungarians standing there, and when Voronezh was taken back, there was an order not to take the Hungarians alive. The Germans, when they captured, they said: “You wait, now the Hungarians will come and you ...” What is the reason for this? I do not want to repeat absolutely terrible things. Here is such a situation. The Spaniards who stood near Leningrad were, on the contrary, such good-natured people. But the Hungarians were fierce there. And a very logical thought at this congress was expressed by Popov, who similarly opposed Solovyov’s attempt on Alexander II: “It is easy to reduce all the activities of our organization to political struggle, but it will hardly be just as easy to indicate the limit beyond which it is not permissible for the socialists to go.” This is completely on the surface, it would seem, lying thought. What is it expressed in? So, we set ourselves the goal of killing Alexander II, for example. We killed him, and then what? Well, that's all, killed and killed. We won't kill anyone else. But appetite comes with eating. We will see further that when Alexander II was assassinated, it was clear to those people who remained at liberty that something had to be done further. Somebody else. Someone else needs to be killed. And then, using the example of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, we will see that when Azef was exposed, it was necessary to undertake some central terrorist act in order to rehabilitate the honor and conscience of the party. But people, as usual, have fire in their eyes and an awl in their ass. And it was precisely at this Voronezh congress that Zhelyabov not only got along, but began to communicate closely with Sofya Perovskaya. He tried to convince her that she would join the terrorists. Well, we call them terrorists now. And then they were called differently. How? They were called administration. Such a name, in the memories it flashes. They rode on a boat with him. And he complained that nothing could be done with this woman. Such a phrase, which is also known in the memories. Nevertheless, this Voronezh congress was held. He led to the fact that it became clear to everyone that a split was planned, but no final decision was made there. The camps have been set up. When they returned to St. Petersburg, settled in Lesnoy, it already became clear there that they were together ... They decided: “Yes, we are separating. We still have some common ... Money and stuff.” But when they returned, it turned out that in practice it was impossible to implement. As a result, there was a division of inheritance. And I must say that this newly formed party "People's Will", they received the lion's share of all this. And printing equipment. And most importantly, the so-called “heavenly office”, this is the entire archive of fake seals, letterheads, passports, and so on. I recently took a tour here in the former Leshtukov Lane, now Dzhambul Lane. We will talk about this apartment separately. She is iconic. It is significant because it was there, in house number 15, along this Leshtukov Lane, that a meeting took place, where the name of the party was chosen. This happened through a secret ballot, everyone wrote their own options, folded and pulled. The name of the party "Narodnaya Volya" was recognized as the most successful. Accordingly, when this party was formed, as a result, Perovskaya joined it. Not only Perovskaya, but a number of other people. And they planned an assassination plan. The plan of the assassination was to blow up the royal train. They planned to blow up the royal train on the way of the sovereign from the Crimea. The sovereign from the Crimea traveled in two ways, as a rule. The most common way was, he sailed by steamer to Odessa, and then by steam locomotive to Moscow. The first explosion was to be prepared in Odessa. If I'm not confusing anything, Vera Figner just went there. The second way was supposed to be under the city of Aleksandrovsk. That's where Zhelyabov went with Anna Yakimova. Everything always happened according to the same pattern. Some supposedly married couple comes and organizes something. What was the city of Aleksandrovsk at that time? How to put it mildly, booty of the world. I mean, it's such a mess. Naturally, when Zhelyabov arrived there ... And he played such a rich merchant. He took a cab and on the way he said: “What kind of production do you have here?” - "Yes, what kind of production." “But I want to build a tannery.” The City Duma naturally perked up. Because it's always good when something like this appears. Jobs, money. Yes. Here in this book even an official petition is given, which he submitted: “I wish to arrange a tannery in the city of Aleksandrovsk. Rawhide, tanning and other leather production. I have the honor to ask the city government, first, to allow me to set up the above-mentioned plant. Second. To allocate for this, near the fortress, one thousand two hundred square sazhens on the terms of sale on the continuation of the lease. Timofey Cheremisov. Timofey Cheremisov, this is the name under which Zhelyabov performed. But he asked for a site that was not very successful from the point of view of the City Duma, near the very bed of the railway: “The vowels consoled themselves with the hope that the Lozovo-Sevastopol road would expand. Pull up another thread and railway they will lay it in the place claimed by Cheremisov. But the land belongs to the city, it will be possible to sell it profitably.” We decided to allocate another section, across the canvas, near the village of Voznesenki. In general, they settled there, fenced off everything and began to dig. How they undermined, I will now tell you in detail about Moscow history. Because it's not main topic our story today. But the bottom line is that everything was fine with them, they dug this hole. Not a pit, a tunnel, to be more precise. And when the train started, Zhelyabov had to close the wires. You say "fire" when we start, and he said "fry". Accordingly, the mine did not work. Why it didn't work is still unknown. There are different versions. Some say that Zhelyabov mixed up the wires. Others say that something else, some reasons. But, in general, it did not work. What was it? What are they there, dynamite, gunpowder? It was a special dynamite, which was just then already ... In general, it must be said that before this Zhelyabov was still in Simferopol, they went to test it. In general, the problem of explosives was relevant. They are not sold in fruit shops. For example, they went to test such projectiles that were ignited by a fickford cord, and it turned out that they could just as well throw a brick. Because it will explode when this cord burns out. You need to throw 8-10 of these pieces at once. It's unrealistic. Therefore, it was necessary to develop its own special system. This is exactly what Kibalchich did. We will talk about this further. Taking this opportunity, a professional sapper once visited me on excursions. I roughly know the device of these mines, and he planned to make a mock-up, really, how it all happened. And, perhaps, when we talk about the assassination of Alexander II, I will ask him. Taking this opportunity, I appeal, he will surely watch this issue. I will invite him, he will make this layout and from his professional sapper point of view he will clearly tell. Because the design of these projectiles was ingenious. Accordingly ... That is, Kibalchich developed not only rocket engines. Yes. Not only and not so much actually. Today we will talk about one person who actually participated in Hartmann's escape. Hartmann, this is the character we are now moving on to. This will be our main story. Jokhelson, he actually later became a well-known ethnographer. He received gold medal from the Russian Imperial Geographical Society. That is, again, we are faced with this eternal problem that people were worthy, everyone is talented in some area. Zhelyabov would make some statesman . Maybe they will throw hats on me now, but in reality, perhaps, on the level of Stolypin. Kibalchich is a forerunner of cosmic stories, but in the end he does it. This is the tragedy of our history, unfortunately. And, accordingly, all hope was on Moscow. Sophia Perovskaya is in Moscow together with Lev Hartmann, they... Excuse me, I'll interrupt a little more. How about digging a tunnel? Now I'll tell you. Everything is described in detail. By the way, some viewers believe that there are not so many of them, but, nevertheless, it is easier to listen to a professional historian or read a book. Please. But today I will tell you what is not written in any book. I specially printed articles from the New York Times of that time. Because we will talk about a unique story. How the West did not extradite a terrorist who made an attempt on the life of the Russian sovereign, with what it was connected, and so on. This moment is in line with my project “Russia: someone else’s view”, due to the media hype, I managed to defend this person. I would make some remark. If you want to watch historians who dig to the fullest, watch. Nobody interferes. This event of ours has other tasks: to state in a popular form what and how. I want to dig further - no one bothers. On the contrary, we only call for it. It's just a matter of formatting. Someone likes a different presentation, a different format. Yes please. We have the Internet, it is the most democratic resource. Whoever said anything. Everything's there. Please search. I'm already talking about literature. So, Sofya Perovskaya with this Lev Hartmann, as husband and wife, bought a house. Yes, by the way, I want to pay attention. The fact is that they bought these plots, houses ... There was money. There was money, and a lot of money. Because this house near Moscow, somewhere here was ... In my opinion, in the region of three thousand rubles. I recently read a book about our famous scientist Pavlov. At first, due to poverty, he received a student scholarship of 150 rubles a year. And then, for good success, he was assigned an imperial scholarship of 300 rubles a year. It was already possible to live decently on it. They bought the house for three thousand rubles. In fact, this is quite decent money, which suggests that they had them. Accordingly, Perovskaya was under the name of Marina Semyonovna Sukhorukova, the wife of this Sukhorukov himself. Here I would like to... Do you remember this Mr. Kravchinsky, our great writer, "Andrey Kozhukhov" novel. Here he will be very in topic with his high flight. Here is how he described it in his memoirs: “On one of the outskirts of the capital of the Russian capital, where this semi-Asiatic city, not inferior in size to ancient Babylon or Nineveh.” Nineveh was such a city in Assyria. There was also a temple of the goddess Ishtar. “Finally defeated by space, it merges with vegetable gardens, orchards and wastelands that surround Moscow from all sides - in this almost rural part of the city stands or at least once stood a dilapidated one-story house with a mezzanine, blackened by time and dilapidated . However, although we are in the capital, this squalid dwelling does not strike a striking contrast with the surrounding buildings. Indeed, in fact, I brought one book, I want to show you a panorama of Moscow, 1896. Look, this is the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. I mean, it's the center. This, apparently, was taken from Sparrow Hills. No stadium, nothing. Nothing at all. Although it is now one of the "criminal" parts of the capital. There are some barracks here. Accordingly, they bought this house there. For two thousand three hundred. The fact is that this house belonged to a peasant woman Tikhomirova, who mortgaged the house to the tradesman Kononov. Pledged, in the sense of a mortgage. When the laying deadline came, Kononov offered Tikhomirova to sell the house. That same Sukhorukov, Lev Hartman, came and bought him not for two thousand, but for two-three hundred. The purchase was notarized on September 13, 1879. There was a task, which consisted in the fact that they had to play out of themselves a kind of married couple, which they did with success. Moreover, Perovskaya played the wife of a merchant. With an "okay" accent. This is important, I'll tell you about one episode later. And there gathered a few more people who began to dig a tunnel. How did they dig the tunnel? This is all described in great detail. The gallery was next, it was like a prism. The height of this prism is 18 inches, the sides are 28 inches, the base is 22 inches. I mean, this is what she looked like. A vershok is about 0.044 meters. A small opening. How did they do it next? They first dug with a small English shovel, a notch was made in the rough. And with a garden scoop, used for finishing holes and representing a cylinder dissected in height, as our mistresses usually do, they called the "scoop" more regularity to the sides. On the day, when working from 7 o'clock in the morning to 9 o'clock in the evening, they managed to dig from two to three arshins. Arshin, we have about 7 meters. They pulled out about one and a half to two meters in one day. Alexander Mikhailov, nicknamed Dvornik, recalls, I think next time I’ll tell you more about him: “The work inside was tiring and hard due to the uncomfortable position of the body, lack of air and dampness of the soil, and I had to be there, for greater freedom of movement, only in two shirts , while work began only after October 1, and cold dampness made itself felt. Imagine this situation. It doesn't fit in my head. Raw earth. They, of course, somehow propped it all up with boards. You go up there in two shirts. It's October outside. You dig it all. Next was the task of excavating the earth. This was the most difficult topic, because they were pulling this earth either on matting or on a metal sheet. It was extremely difficult, they tried to improve this process, they made gates. On old engravings, which show the installation of columns for St. Isaac's Cathedral, this is such a cross that is pulled like this. Ship capstan. Yes. After this earth was taken out, it first fell off in the back room, and then at night, when no one was watching, it was scattered around the yard. Even layer. Such was the technology. Well, I want to point out that no one followed them. Otherwise, they would have seen everything at once. Yes. Naturally, no one followed them. This is first. Secondly, there was an amazing conspiracy. Because in appearance it was just a house near the railroad tracks. Moreover ... And how many meters did they have to dig? About. Listen, somewhere it was said how much they... They first dug 15 fathoms. A sazhen is two and a half meters. That is, they have already dug 30 meters. And, moreover, when it was already 30 meters, they tried to use this gate. Moreover, you can imagine pulling 30 meters. There are no rails, no trolleys. And then they began to get close to the railroad tracks. And imagine, you are lying, digging and the train is going. It's all shaking, noisy, buzzing. In fact, Alexander Mikhailov recalled that, having climbed into this tunnel, for the first time he looked into the eyes of death and was not afraid. Well, I can believe him because I'd probably pee in my pants there. They stuffed you into the pressure chamber, they did it to me a couple of times, I deliberately close my eyes and don’t open them so as not to imagine anything. Because if you don’t let your thoughts go in the right direction, some things begin to seem to you. They say that in India there is such a technique of burying alive in a coffin for a while. We also practice at business trainings. You can freak out. They say it helps a lot. Here in the coffin I saw these trainings literally. I don't know why this is being done. Well, that is, if you also consider that they are not miners, how to put these supports so that you don’t collapse. And this is not rock, where you gouged a drift and everything is fine, but everything crumbles. And the locomotive knocks, and pours from the ceiling. Scary. Yes. characteristic detail. The campaign, however, lived quite cohesively. People were minding their own business. In the evenings they dined with jokes and jokes. At the same time, each had a revolver. There was a jar of nitroglycerin in the corner. Not everyone, Perovskaya had a revolver. If anything, she should have shot the can. To kill everyone? To kill everyone. And everyone knew it. This is how these people lived. Tin. How to deal with these? Man is everything... There are ways. There is, but then the tsarist government did not have these methods at all. They didn't understand who they were dealing with. They dealt with ideologically savvy, convinced people with a strong will. And let's speak frankly, with fairly firm principles. Which caused respect, and still causes respect, among many researchers. That's it about the members of the "Narodnaya Volya". Apparently, excuse me, interrupt, a class society does not imply knowledge by the higher strata of what is happening in the lower ones. This is of no interest to anyone. For a thousand years they lived like this, no one killed the kings. And you don't have to kill anymore. And then they tried to deepen the mine gallery with an earth drill. It was about three inches in diameter. Such a thick enough drill. And through the hole formed, move the mine under the rail. A drill was ordered seven and a half arshins long. I wonder how they measured, with a rope at the bottom and a rope at the top? Arshin, it's almost two meters. It was such a drill, it turns out, fifteen meters. With insert knees. “And he was put into action. To work with them, we climbed into the resulting crypt and, lying chest-deep in water, drilled with our necks against the dam, and our feet in the mud. The work was slow, uncomfortable and... But for a complete description, I can not find words. I readily believe that this is all Mikhailov recalls: “The work with a drill lasted for a week. Despite the conditions, we drilled seven arshins.” When they realized that it was useless to dig further, they drilled with this drill and pushed the mine directly into it. Well, that's probably the reason it didn't explode. No no. This is the third story. This mine exploded. It was in Aleksandrovsk that it was not blown up. And so Zhelyabov sends a telegram from Simferopol addressed to Sukhorukov on November 17: “Moscow. Dog playground. Silantiev". The dog playground is a place in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bmodern Arbat, which no longer exists because Novy Arbat was laid there. And these skyscrapers were built, which Muscovites call "Mishkin's Books". It was Mikhail Posokhin who invented them. Accordingly, this dog playground disappeared. Cinema "October", House of Books. Excellent, by the way, the Book House in Moscow. So. “Grandma was seen off in the morning, meet. The price of wheat is 2 rubles, our price is 4”. That is, the royal train will be the second, and the carriage will be the fourth. While they were digging, at some point it started to snow. Accordingly, it began to cover the traces of the scattered land. And at some point, the thaw began. They go out and see that a recess has been formed there above their gallery. But it filled with water. The next morning, a water carrier was supposed to pass along this road. And they sat and guarded with horror that he would now fall into it. Luckily for them, he didn't. There was also another episode. A house caught fire nearby. In the sense that a depression was formed above this underground passage? Yes. A depression has formed. They set up badly. Apparently. Well, as they could, they did. So the house was on fire. From what? Houses were on fire from a lot of things. In general, that Moscow, that Petersburg, that other cities, they burned perfectly because everything was wooden. The people fled, they decided to get into the house of the Sukhorukovs in order to save them, pull out all the good, help. And Perovskaya understands that if they run in now, and there it is. There is such a decent front, and then just a mine. A hole in the wall and this whole earth. She didn't get lost. That's how smart and resourceful people were. She grabbed the icon, jumped out to this people and said: “For all the will of God, we will not have enough fire!” That is, the people believed and did not go. And she has such a talk of her own. At some point, when they did not get enough money, they decided to mortgage this house and began to look for a buyer. Moreover, the buyer was found. A certain merchant who came there when Perovskaya was alone. He came to look at the house, she could not let him go any further. More precisely, she was not alone, but they were just digging. He came and she: “Oh, I can’t do something, what are you talking about?” In general, she talked to him there that: “I don’t have a husband, I can’t do anything without him.” The merchant is gone. And these, Hartmann and Mikhailov, holding their bellies, laughing, played this role so masterfully. And, in general, the train went. They should have blown up and they did. Perovskaya gave a signal. Shiryaev had to close the wires. Because they received a telegram that “grandmother was sent”, that the royal train was the second, fourth car. Accordingly, they missed the first train. There were always two trains. Suite train, where all this junk was traveling, well, and all the servants. And, accordingly, the royal train. And they changed places. The royal train went first, and the retinue went second. They blew up the retinue train. Accordingly, a very interesting detail is given in the report on this terrorist attack, that: “As a result, both locomotives unharmed broke away from the train. And having passed ... ”This is also an indicative moment. Both locomotives. You remember, I talked about Koni and about Witte. Witte said that two steam locomotives must not be allowed in, it is dangerous. Up until that moment, they had traveled with two more steam locomotives. The Svitsky train consisted of three baggage and four passenger cars of the second class, two passenger cars of the first class, a master and service cars. The mine exploded as the first two baggage cars passed. As a result, both locomotives unharmed broke away from the train and, after passing 200 fathoms, stopped at the bridge over the Yauza. That is, the explosion occurred 200 sazhens from the bridge over the Yauza. Andronikov Monastery is there now. It's just not even one station from the Kursk railway station. This is me on a bike 5, well, 10 minutes from the Kursk railway station. Why didn't they mine the bridge? How do you mine the bridge? Why did they dig, it can be done unnoticed. But the bridge was still guarded. There was a special gendarmerie, which was engaged in the protection of railways. They weren't idiots. If it was possible to mine the bridge, they would mine the bridge. Naturally, they took the path of least resistance. AT this case , for the purpose of conspiracy and other things, they laid a mine, the mine was blown up. And what is the result? And here is the result, Prince Obolensky writes: “The baggage car with Crimean fruits was blown up. There were no human casualties." And the car fell, did not fall, what happened? It just shattered them. That's just what happened to them: "Marmalade remained from two carriages of the retinue's train." That is, they were completely torn apart by these two cars. And the power of the charge, how much did they put, what kind of explosive was it, in what quantity? It was such a cylinder, I'm not a sapper, so I won't tell you the power. Considering they blew two wagons to smithereens, you can imagine. Has a funnel formed? Of course. Diameter? This data is not here. I will prepare the data on the funnel that formed after the royal train, I will prepare it especially for you, these data are available. I have a special book where all the testimony is collected, everything is described in detail. From the magazines that were kept there. There everything is up to meters, up to millimeters, everything is scheduled by the minute. The explosion was powerful enough. A very interesting reaction followed. Moskovskie Vedomosti: “Let's not talk about the amazing nature of this news. It managed to fly around all of Moscow even earlier printed. One assumption is heard from all mouths: this villainy was arranged not by the hands of a Muscovite, but by alien and dark forces. That is, again, everyone thought that they were some kind of Turks, Poles. A Muscovite is not capable of such a thing. A Muscovite is not capable of such a thing. Yes. Petersburg. In part, this was true. Sofya Lvovna Perovskaya was there, she is ours, from St. Petersburg. The daughter of the former governor after all. Both laughter and sin, as they say. Tsarevich Alexander wrote in his diary on November 22: “The Pope returned from Livadia, having spent two days in Moscow, where there was again an attempt on his life. And the track under the railway train was blown up. But, fortunately, not his train, but the second one behind him. Just awful, what a lovely time.” Written by an heir. And here to the question of conspiracy and everything else. Novoye Vremya once wrote an article, and Narodnaya Volya in its Sheet No. 3 trolled this Novoye Vremya very coolly. What they wrote: New Times, for example, were terribly indignant at the fact that the conspirators were conducting their work in secret, with the expectation that they would light a lamp in front of the Icon, have a portrait of the king on the wall, and so on. This is true. Then, when they came to this house, they began to make searches, they found out everything. "New time", it would be desirable that the conspirators squeeze out some material sign of their aspiration in their house. Something, for example, like a red flag. On the walls, for example, they hung portraits of famous Communards. Pictures of revolutionary content that would catch the eye of every passer-by. And, finally, getting down to business, they would have shouted “La Marseillaise” throughout Ivanovo. The conspirators did not act like that, that's why they are conspirators. And Novoye Vremya, in its stupidity, is seriously offended by them for this.” I think it's really cool trolling. Just five points. Naturally, after that, Sofya Perovskaya appeared at the safe house on this same dog site. There, such Galina Chernyavskaya, a Narodnaya Volka, was waiting for her. And of course, a search was announced, relatively speaking. Perovskaya had to go to Petersburg. Again, the scheme is the same, we will also see on the example of Hartmann. She has completely changed. Before that, she was such a merchant's wife, but here she is such a secular lady, in a hat. He always comes to the station with last third call, sits in the car and goes to St. Petersburg. But on the train, there is, accordingly, an escort that leads Nikita Timofeevich. This is the same merchant who came to see this house, in order to recognize the mistress. That's the meeting. Yes. But he did not recognize her, she was so transformed. Therefore, she safely reached St. Petersburg. And in the search documents it was stated that: “The owner of the house is a young man of about 25 years old, blond. And the woman who lived with him is also blonde, 18 years old and very pretty.” That is, again I want to draw your attention to the fact that everyone mowed down Perovskaya for 5 years, or even 10. Everyone took her for a girl and everyone wrote that she was very pretty, pretty, and sometimes even beautiful. “Later, the Third Division established that the attackers, before moving to the house, lived in Krivoy Lane, on Chistye Prudy. And they interrogated the owner of the apartment, Alexandra Vasilievna Kuzmina. She explained that her tenants were respected people, quiet, non-drinkers. She confirmed that Maria Semyonovna, that is, Perovskaya, is just a girl. The face has a beautiful, pink, blond hair. About Sukhorukov himself, she said that his hair and beard are blond, but they fall into a red head and he has scars on his neck. That was the problem for Hartmann. Accordingly, both Hartmann and Perovskaya came to St. Petersburg. And then the question arose: what to do? They are looked for everywhere. It was decided to send Hartmann abroad. Why? His nerves began to fail. That is, Perovskaya, she is an iron woman, although they gave her 18 years. But this eighteen-year-old girl would then give odds to many tenacious spies. And Hartmann's nerves began to fail. Just Vladimir Yokhelson, about whom I spoke, is a Narodnaya Volya, who, when trying to return to Russia in 1884, was arrested, convicted, sent into exile. There, in this exile, he became an ethnographer. He joined the Russian Imperial Geographical Society and became a well-known scientist in this field. And then he was a member of the people. And here he writes about Hartmann: “He was seized by one thought: not to surrender into the hands of the authorities alive.” By the way, when Hartmann dug a trench, he always took poison with him. Just in case. That is, he thought that if he fell asleep there, he would not die a painful death, but immediately discard the skates. However. This is such a characteristic of people. “So he got nervous. According to Alexander Mikhailov, who visited him, Hartmann, at the slightest noise in the hotel corridor, barricaded his door from the inside with tables and chairs. With such precautions, he could easily draw attention to himself and give himself away. That is why it was decided to send him abroad.” If I'm not confusing anything, they had a secret apartment on Gorokhovaya Street. And, in my opinion, it was Yokhelson, who returned after the revolution, went to find this apartment and did not find it. The street has changed so much. It was built up with houses. So, Hartmann and all the others gathered in this safe house. And before seeing off abroad, a party was arranged for him, at which, as Yokhelson recalls, they danced in socks and stockings. To not stomp. Yes, not to stomp. But, in his words: "The fun was on the volcano." Because everyone was armed. Accordingly, at the slightest danger, this batch would begin there, just tough. Because I have already explained what kind of people they were, they will not go into their pocket for a word. But everything worked out the next day, right in the morning, from this Hartmann ... In my opinion, Presnyakov was such a master of make-up. They began to turn him from a blond. They made him such black tanks, he was painted. He's got these scars from childhood, from scrofula or something. Here is such a muffler. They made him an English dandy. Completely transformed. And it was just another Vladimir Ilyich who was supposed to send him abroad, but this time Jokhelson. It was all invented by Alexander Mikhailov, the genius of conspiracy, he thought everything through simply to the smallest detail. Jochelson was given clear instructions. Moreover, Yokhelson left his passport there, on Gorokhovaya Street, so that this document would not be snatched out at his reception. Because abroad, from the Varshavsky railway station. This is the same station where Konstantin Viktorovich Plehve, the Minister of the Interior, will later be killed. We will talk about this separately. Railway station. There, again, three calls. First call, second call. Yokhelson is already starting to get nervous because by the third call the entire platform has already resolved. There is not anyone. And literally two seconds before the third bell, Hartmann, not the platform, quickly escapes. He practically did not recognize him, he was really transformed. They get on the train. In the dressing room, Hartmann changes his clothes. He puts on a different hat. He enters the car and sits in a different place than Yokhelson, they sit on opposite sides. There were several checks during the train journey. Nevertheless, they safely reached Kovno. There, they could more or less exhale because they were approaching ... I want to remind you that Warsaw at that time was part of the Russian Empire. Yes, just in case. And Kovno and even more so. Yokhelson described this very coolly: “In a pulled-down old hat, with his shaved face, he already looked more like a Finn than an Englishman.” This is when he changed. That is, at first he was an Englishman, and then he became a Chukhonian. “Everything was quiet in the car. The time was hard, and the passengers were reluctant to talk among themselves. Some kind of chuyka started a disapproving conversation about the “skubens” guilty of causing disturbance to an honest public, but the neighbors did not respond. In Dvinsk, I went to the ticket office to get two tickets further, to Kovna. After Dvinsk, I sat down closer to Hartmann, and we were already driving to Kovna, like passengers who had met on the train. Hartmann did not get out of the car at all. Before Dvinsk, he used the services of a conductor, and then I myself bought provisions for both of us. We calmed down, and in general there was more freedom and peaceful animation in the carriage. Here. In Kovno, they accordingly went to the inn, where Yokhelson had already stopped a couple of times, and the hostess knew him very well. They occupied a certain cell, saying that tomorrow they would go back to Petersburg. “After dinner, we settled down on hard bunks. Hartmann, as usual, put a table against the hooked door. I didn't bother him. From the tavern came the noise and singing of walking recruits. Recruitment took place in Kovna then. The owners and servants were busy and no one paid any attention to us.” And then some noise and stuff. A fight started there. Because recruits, when they are escorted, how could it be without it? Someone was sent to the police station, and the hostess asked us through the door to become witnesses. “I replied that we would come, but instead we got dressed and backed out into the street. There, under the cover of the assembled crowd, we stood until the brawlers were taken to the police. When everything was quiet, we returned to our closet. In general, after that he had to go to the smuggler Zalman. Jews were mainly engaged in this, transporting back and forth abroad. “But the incident with the recruits forced me to change the plan a little. At that time, the former Mogilev rabbi Soloveichik lived in Kovna in his own wooden house. His daughter Marianne received a German upbringing and sympathized with German socialism. She was married to a local merchant and lived with her father and married brother. All were excellent people.” It's about the technology, how they were transported. “I went alone first. As usual, Marianne willingly agreed to host my friend for the day, without asking who he was. And then they waited for this same Zalman and had to cross with him. “I was instructed to escort Hartmann to Berlin, but Zalman finally protested, saying that it was more difficult to get two people across the border, that it was superfluous, and that he himself would take care of everything. I had to agree with him. In the evening of the same day, Hartmann, again wrapped in his colorful scarf, went with me to the station to the third-class hall, again just before the train left, and I pointed out to him Zalman, whom he was to follow into the carriage. This ended my duties in relation to the Hartmann crossing. Accordingly, it was Zalman who sent him across the border. Hartmann ended up in Paris. And in Paris, he began to perform a certain function of a foreign representative of the "Narodnaya Volya". Well, once I went. He himself wanted to be of some use there. But he was arrested. On the eve of the explosion in the Winter Palace, on February 4, he was arrested. And then there was an explosion winter palace . By whom? Who arrested? Parisian police. There was an explosion in the Winter Palace, which we will talk about later, arranged by Stepan Khalturin. The government sent Muravyov to Paris. Muravyov, this is the future prosecutor at the March 1 trial. This is a childhood friend of Sofya Perovskaya, whom they met in the Pskov region. This is how fate brings them together. This same Muravyov went there to hand over Hartmann to the Russian government. “In order to influence French public opinion and thus influence the French government, which was ready to satisfy Russia's demand, the Executive Committee decided to appeal to the French people. Mikhailov told me that it was decided that I should go to the first large German city and from there send out an appeal to the indicated addresses. Here it is very interesting to say that the mission that was entrusted with negotiating with the French government belonged to Mr. Orlov. And here is Yevgeny Mikhailovich Feoktistov, this is such a writer, a very famous journalist, we had a pre-revolutionary one. And he was even the head of the main department for press affairs at the Ministry of the Interior. He recalled: “Arriving a few months later in St. Petersburg, he frankly told me and my wife how he tried to fulfill his task. The fact is that he did not want to succeed at all. “If Hartmann were extradited,” he said, “it is not difficult to guess what fate would have befallen him; in any other country you can completely trust the court, and I know what our court is when it comes to a political crime; the unfortunate one would have been sentenced to death without even hearing him decently.” That is, a statesman who goes abroad. Well, replace Hartmann, I don't know, with some 1990s Chechen warlord in London. Akhmed Zakaev. Yes. And so he goes there, but such a veil around this is created by means of printing, which is somehow inconvenient for Hartmann to return. That's what will become of him with the unfortunate? This is on the one hand. On the other hand, everyone fit in with Hartmann, for example, Victor Hugo: “You cannot betray this person. Extradition laws stop at political action. All nations observe this law. And France will respect it. You will not betray this man!” Giuseppe Garibaldi: “Hartmann is a brave young man, to whom all honest people should have respect and gratitude. Minister Freycinet and President Grevy will not retain the name of honest republicans if they hand over a political exile. It would be worthy of the Versailles hyenas.” Deutsch, the same one who was released by Frolenko from the Kyiv prison, recalled: “Agitation in favor of the release of Hartmann took on incredible proportions. Several times a day, newspapers published special supplements on the Hartmann case. His name was constantly shouted out by peddlers, and for a time he became the most popular person not only in Paris, but throughout the civilized world. Well, that is, I see, the tsar-priest in Europe was hated with fierce hatred, since this was promoted. Here we are faced with an eternal problem, which is the subject of my project “Russia: Another's View”. This is the power of the media in, so to speak, politics, diplomacy and everything else. Those who are not very familiar with my project, after watching one or two episodes, and deciding that I am such an “ultra-worthy” character: “Here are the damned Pindos that they filmed about us again.” But in fact, all this affects many aspects, for example, the flow of tourists to a particular country. That is, if you are constantly shown that Russia is the Gulag, the mafia, prostitutes and everything else, then, naturally, you will get such an impression. The average American doesn't give a damn about Russia, or Zimbabwe, or France. He lives, as it were, in his own world. I'm talking about the average American. And he doesn't go anywhere. And he won't go. And he doesn't go anywhere. And if he goes, then with such very vague ideas of what awaits him. So, of course, I don't mean that the Hollywood Machine brainwashed them right to their buttocks. Although washed. She contributes to all this, you know? And here's a specific example. Let's put aside all the emotions, the historical context, just look at the bare facts. A very worthy character. Yes, I have no doubt, both Perovskaya and Zhelyabov, they are all very worthy people, but, nevertheless, this worthy person was puzzled by killing the head of state. I want to remind you that this head of state liberated Russia from serfdom. With his filing, the most important reforms were carried out, in the judicial, military, anywhere sphere. Well, yes, as they said “one step forward, two steps back”, but, nevertheless, at least he took it. Others didn't. Yes. Daddy did not dare to free the peasants. Although he knew that sooner or later this moment would come. They are trying on his life. It is good that in this case the civilian population did not suffer. Although if it had exploded elsewhere, this train could have had casualties. Collateral damage. Yes. And so he goes abroad, he is arrested there. Not us, but the French police. And the French government, in principle, it is ready to extradite. This is where the media frenzy begins. Like this? We are in this terrible Russia, where even the state official Orlov says: “How can Hartmann be handed over, he will be hanged here.” This is just a typical example of state hypocrisy: “We will arrest, we have everything according to the law. But wait. Wait a minute...” Recently there was such a Feature Film, “Johnny D” was called at the box office. About the villain Dillinger, who robbed banks in the USA. Court scene, lawyer jumps up and yells, what does Dillinger have to do with Russia in the 1930s? And the lawyer yells: “Here you don’t royal Russia , this is a free country.” If people think that no one has this in their head, I will disappoint, just this is what remains in the head. When you are deftly and subtly vparivayut in works of art. In general, like this, yes. More than me, of course... Orlov was a messenger. He was a Russian envoy, ambassador, in short. The behavior of this ambassador struck me the most. And through this hype, Hartmann managed to defend. He was not released. Excellent. You can imagine what damage was done to the image of Russia in general. That is, she is all like that, but we will not give you a terrorist. Kingslayer. Kingslayer, yes. He managed to defend. This reminds me right away, maybe you remember how two Lithuanian relatives, the Brazinskas, hijacked a plane to Turkey, killed the flight attendant Nadezhda Kurchenko. They were immediately sheltered by the USA because they were breaking out of this realm of unfreedom. And so on. Totalitarian Scoop and all that. Hypocrites. Now we are moving on to English-language sources of information. First, I want to read one quote. I'm sorry, I didn't have time to write down the translation. So I will translate right here. This is the book "The Life of Friedrich Engels". All this you can find on the Internet. In this book, on page 708, there is a wonderful paragraph dedicated to Hartmann, as well as to the revolutionaries who were known as "Narodnaya Volya". Leo Hartmann, we have him Leo, and there he is Leo. Leo Hartmann arrived in London. Does it start with "H" or "G"? They wrote like Hartmann. After that, he arrived in London. Because it was already uncomfortable for him to stay in France. “In 1880, at the age of 30. He was welcomed by Marx and Engels, who were very sympathetic to the heroic nihilists.” In general, this word is “nihilist”, I already said, “Faith, or Nihilists”, an amazing work by Oscar Wilde. That was the official term, and that's what the New York Times called them, "nihilists." Here he was welcomed by Marx and Engels. But, naturally, it was very difficult for Hartmann to live in England, and Engels complained that he was faced with constant difficulties. Hartmann was a chemist and knew a little about electricity. Engels, after consulting with a certain friend of his, Schorlemmer, made sure that Hartmann was indeed a good chemist. But, unfortunately... It's amazing, in a book about Friedrich Engels. Engels became convinced that Hartmann was no businessman. This is how it is written in this book. It would seem that business and the ideas of communist stories have to do with it, but, nevertheless. In September 1882, Engels wrote to Marx that Hartmann had patented some new type of electric battery. And he even sold his invention for three thousand pounds, a very decent amount for those times, to some strange subject. “I doubt very much that he will get his money for this patent.” On December 15, Engels declared that: “Hartmann's battery actually turned out to be incapable of illumination. But perhaps it will be useful ... ”In the mine-blasting business. "... In the electric telegraph." A few days later, Engels wrote with relief that Hartmann had left England for the United States. And that this, in general, is for the best for all of us. That is, you see, Hartmann arrived as such an unexpected surprise. On the one hand, he needs help because he is a Russian nihilist. But on the other hand, here he is neither in business, nor here nor there ... I think it was a little bit the other way around, that he immediately turned to Engels with some business proposals. Engels, being a capitalist, listened and said: "Not a businessman." That is, you can't make money with it. And now Hartmann arrives in the USA. Here, please, this is a “screen” from the New York Times. Here, it is directly visible: “Leo Hartmann, Nihilist”. So it's titled... What is "Nihilist"? In Russian, is it “negative”? Well negative, yes. And here it is told in detail about the fact that Hartmann came here. How she and Sofia Perovskaya staged this explosion near Moscow. Moreover, here is a very interesting terminology about his biography. And so he, for example, was a member of a certain "Red Terror", propaganda. This is a kind of extremist section of nihilism. Red terror? Red terror propaganda. An extremist sect of nihilism, that's how it was presented. Naturally, the police pursued him. I can leave it all to you, I have it all. And how do they know about Sofya Perovskaya? And he told this, it's all from his words. Conspirator, damn it. It was already, in my opinion, in 1881, when everything was clear there. Here it is written in great detail how they dug the tunnel. Described in great detail... Did you want to know how they made the bomb? It's all well written here in English. Glycerin and more. detailed instructions how they made that bomb. Here it is said about Aleksandrovsk, and about Odessa. But, most importantly, the finale of this whole story, which was published, is that Hartmann arrived in a beautiful, free country. And even here he was in danger, but the United States will not extradite him, and thanks to them for that. I have a publication for 1886. Here is about his arrival. This is from Philadelphia. Philadelphia is a stone's throw from New York. “Leo Hartmann, the Russian nihilist who arrived in the city...” I still can't learn the names of the days in English. “In the company of six more people...” “They rented a room in which they arranged the production of dynamite, which was made 40 kilograms.” Not bad. Accordingly, he arrived, with him six more people. And in an interview, he just said that he had come to receive citizenship. And somewhere here I had a note... That's it, I guess. October 25, 1886, New York Times. The note is called “Citizen Anarchist”: “Leo Hartmann, who was accused of intending to kill the Russian Emperor Alexander II six years ago by blowing up a train ...” I don’t want to translate all this because I told it all. “He failed to kill. He was in London. He was welcomed in London.” Received with honors. Yes. Moreover, he was received there by a certain John Most, experts in the anarchist movement, perhaps they know who he is, I am not an expert. The anarchist, John Most, who hailed him, is now serving time for mob calls for murder, arson and robbery. That is, they are imprisoned for this. And from Russia they support them. Why did Hartmann openly declare about Perovskaya? Because he arrived in July 1881. In March 1881, the king was killed, then everyone knew about Perovskaya. And one month later, on August 18, 1881, he expressed his intention to become a US citizen. He was beautifully dressed, he loved to talk about his adventures in his homeland. How he laid a mine. Did you tell me about money? Yes. How the train exploded. How he was greeted by socialists, anarchists and other colleagues. That is, he arrived in 1881, in 1886 he became a US citizen. He looked somewhat sullen, which did not fit his image of an electrician, which is what he currently does. Accordingly, here is a story from our Russian reality. The king was not killed this time, and in general, from that moment on, he began to believe in his lucky star. That there were so many assassination attempts on him, and everyone does not take him either by bullets or anything else. But this is all for the time being. What do we see? Instead of strengthening the special services. Yes. First, we see that the special services are a complete failure. That is, in general. Nearby did not lie, did not lie at that time, nothing else. They will then begin to catch up by 1881, and then, well, just ... If you rewind the tape, in broad daylight in the capital of the Russian Empire, the chief of the gendarmes is killed with a dagger. It probably says something. Firstly, the special services are a complete zero. No international influence. A terrorist who attempted to... Oh, and one more thing. Hartmann arrived in the USA, and before that Greenfield was shot, what was the name of this president? Sorry, flew out of the head. And Hartmann comes, somehow it was not very good for him in this situation at first. Nothing, time has passed, became a citizen of America. No international influence. That is, it's just a flick on the nose: “We have a terrorist. In principle, we are ready to give it away, but we have public opinion here, which we cannot disregard.” which we create ourselves. Then he develops an active, stormy activity there, he tells everywhere how he did it. And he tells what a wonderful Executive Committee. Moreover, here in one of the notes there is that when the tsar was killed, and the coronation of Alexander III was planned, Hartmann stated that the tsar would not be crowned because Narodnaya Volya would take certain steps. That is, he gave out history in such a way that Narodnaya Volya was not defeated, although in fact it was defeated, and now it will explode. That is, it supported a certain surge. That's it, I came to a foreign country, received a passport there and lived on quietly. Russia could not do anything about it. It should be noted that she did not even send assassins. Don't reach out to anyone. The assassins were sent, but not by the government. When I was talking about Sergei Yulievich Witte, I was talking about the "Holy Squad". This "Holy Squad", it set itself the goal of just fighting these terrorists. Because everyone saw that the special services could not cope. Guys, we need to do something, why are we worse than them? Accordingly, Witte was sent to Paris, just in time to kill this Hartmann. And a certain Polyansky went there. That is, Witte recalls that Polyansky had a mission to kill Hartmann. The same Hartmann. “Despite this failure, there was still a rumor that Hartmann wanted to again make an attempt on the new emperor, so Polyansky was given the mission to kill Hartmann.” Witte met with this Polyansky the next day: “On the third day, he made me a sign, such a sign that in our society of the “Holy squad” was given to recognize each other. I, in turn, answered him with a sign. Then he came up to me and asked: “You probably came to kill me, if I don’t kill Hartmann? I must warn you that if I haven't killed Hartmann by now, it's only because I was detained. Tomorrow we will get up at 5 o'clock in the morning and go together. I will prove to you that it is entirely up to me to kill Hartmann; I can kill him every day, but only from Petersburg I was given an order not to do this for the time being, until the order. Probably, this happened due to the fact that they expected your arrival. The organization is just great. Witte was sent there to find out that this Polyansky was calving there. “In the morning we went with him. I saw (it was in the Quartier Latin) how Hartmann came out, and two Apaches or hooligans were standing near the gate from which he came out. They followed him, then these hooligans approached Polyansky and started making a scene for him. That for the third day they are ready to start a fight with Hartmann (their plan was this: start a fight with him and kill him during the fight) and that they do not do this only because Polyansky does not allow it. Then they said that although Polyansky paid them a hundred francs each time, they were tired of all this. And if he doesn't allow them to kill Hartmann tomorrow, then we, they say, will drop the matter. I went to the Voisin restaurant. There really was Zografo, I showed him a sign, he immediately answered me, and the three of us sat down at a table. “When I returned back to Kyiv, it was because of this stupid story with Hartmann, as well as the story with the owner of the office for hiring. Which, apparently, was also listed in this society. Since, in addition, a lot of rumors spread throughout Russia about the existence of this society, and that all sorts of rubbish headed there who wanted to make a career on it; this society in the shortest possible time became "the talk of the town." As a result of all this, I felt the need to get out of this nasty, in the end, at least funny, if not dirty and vile business. That is, in fact, Hartmann Witte left this “Holy Squad”. This is what Witte was, the same one? Yes. The same Sergei Yulievich Witte. He joined there... According to his memoirs, he even created it. Doesn't matter. Created, not created, he was a member. Indeed, they wanted to somehow counteract this terrorism. Of course, when the king is killed, and they are all statesmen and monarchists. Witte, a statesman, we remember what heights he then reached. By the way, when I told you, I had not yet said about one of his greatest achievements, he once again introduced a wine monopoly in our state. And by the First World War, in my opinion, up to 25 percent of the state budget revenues came from vodka. That is why the great, wisest emperor Nicholas II during the First World War declared prohibition. Thus, he, firstly, deprived the state of revenues. Secondly, it stimulated bootlegging. development of organized crime. Yes. I mean, we all remember Chicago in the 1930s. Accordingly, he saw how all this was happening and said: “Well, go to the bathhouse. Take care of it yourself. You cannot humanly kill Hartmann.” As we say: "Neither steal nor guard." Yes. Here is such a marvelous story with Russia, which we have lost. November 7 is approaching. Everyone should remember this before starting any squabbles, disputes and so on. Because it didn't happen from scratch. This is in short. I think that's enough for today. Next time we will be transported to St. Petersburg. And I think that next time I will talk about Alexander Mikhailov. About the activities of agent Kletochnikov in the Third Section. They managed to introduce, roughly speaking, their spy into the tsarist FSB, who even received an order there. Well done. Yes, he was a diligent worker. All leaked. Well, and, accordingly, about the rest of the planned assassination attempts. And most importantly, I will already begin to talk about some specific points in the city of St. Petersburg, which are connected with the history of the Narodnaya Volya party. And you will be able to walk around the city and look at certain buildings in a different way. This is in short. I want to remind you that I still have tours. Although I think everything, next time the last one, but people come. In Moscow, in general, people do not let me go for two hours. Then they bombard me with more questions. So it usually happens on weekends. Links are in the description below this video. Well, or just type “Pavel Peretz” in the search engine. And there I will be all, in all beauties. Watch videos, put likes. Let's like guys. Subscribe to the channel. Thanks, Pavel. And that's all for today. See you again.

Valerian Valerianovich Osinsky (Obolensky)

Osinsky (Obolensky) Valerian Valerianovich (03/25/1887, village Byki Lgovsky near Kursk province - 09/1/1938, Moscow). Ryazan region. No. 5 - Bolsheviks.

Moscow. From the nobility, the son of an official. He graduated from the 3rd year of the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. Statistician and writer. In the revolutionary movement since 1905. In the RSDLP since 1907, a Bolshevik. In 1911 he was exiled to Tver, in 1913 - to Kharkov with a replacement for traveling abroad. In 1916 he was drafted into the army as a military quartermaster. In 1917, a delegate to the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b). Elected to the Constituent Assembly from the Voronezh and Ryazan districts, participant in the meeting on January 5. The first chairman of the Supreme Economic Council (1917-1918), one of the leaders of the "Left Communists". In 1921-1923 Deputy People's Commissar for Agriculture. In 1923-1924 plenipotentiary in Sweden. From 1926 he was the head of the Central Statistical Administration, from 1929 he was deputy chairman of the Supreme Economic Council. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and VASKhNIL. Arrested in October 1937, September 1, 1938 sentenced to death by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. Rehabilitated in 1957.

Source: I-2, on. 31, d. 640; I-19, f. 272, on. 1, file 1807; IV-12; IV-66; VII-11; VII-20.

Used materials book. L.G. Protasov. People of the Constituent Assembly: a portrait in the interior of the era. M., ROSPEN, 2008.

February-March Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1937,
author V.I. Mezhlauk.
Osinsky N., Bukharin N.I., Radek K.
Drawing, pencil, notepad sheet, b/d.
Author's inscription: "T. Osinsky according to Plato.
F. 74. Op. 2. D. 170. L. 88.
Drawing from the site http://www.idf.ru/ - Cartoons V.Mezhlauka .

Osinsky N. (real name and surname - Valerian Valerianovich Obolensky) (March 25, 1887, the village of Beklemishevy Byki, Lgovsky district, Kursk province - September 1, 1938), party and statesman, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1932), academician of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1935). The son of a stud farm manager. Educated at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University (1916). In 1907 he joined the RSDLP, a Bolshevik. Conducted party work in Moscow, Tver and Kharkov. In 1908-09 he was an otzovist. He was arrested three times, but was not seriously persecuted. From 1916 he served in the army as a military official. In 1917 he was a member of the Moscow Regional Bureau of the RSDLP(b). Oct. 1917 Member of the Kharkov Military Revolutionary Committee. In November - December 1917 chief commissioner - manager of the State Bank of the RSFSR. Dec. 1917 - March 1918 first prev. Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR. One of the leaders and authors of the "platform of forty-six" - the program document of the "left communists". From March 1918 he worked in the metal department of the Supreme Council of National Economy, the editorial office of the newspaper Pravda, the department of Soviet propaganda of the Supreme Council of National Economy. In 1919 authorized by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the Penza and Tula provinces. In 1920 before. Tula provincial executive committee, from Aug. 1920 Member of the Board of the People's Commissariat of Food. In 1920-21 one of the leaders of the "democratic centralism" group. Since March 1921, deputy. People's Commissar of Agriculture, Deputy prev. VSNKh. In 1921-22 and Dec. 1925 - June 1937 candidate member of the Central Committee of the party. In 1923-24 he joined L.D. Trotsky, then broke with him and repented. In March - October 1924, the plenipotentiary in Sweden, then in 1924-1925 - on a business trip to the United States. From July 1925 he was a member of the Presidium of the State Planning Committee of the USSR. From February 4, 1926 to March 3, 1928, he was the head of the Central Statistical Office of the USSR. In 1928-1929 he was a member of the Presidium of the Communist Academy. In May - December 1929 he was a member of the Presidium of the State Planning Committee of the USSR. Dec. 1929 - Dec. 1930 Deputy prev. Supreme Economic Council of the USSR. From Apr. 1931 Member of the editorial board of the newspaper Izvestia. From Jan. 1932 to August 1935 head of the Central Administration of National Economic Accounting and deputy. prev. State Planning Committee of the USSR. In December 1932 - March 1937 before. State Commission for determining the yield and size of the gross harvest of grain crops under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Based on party decisions, he directively appointed planting rates in various provinces, often disregarding local tradition and the suitability of soils. Since 1935 director of the Institute of the History of Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 10/13/1937 arrested. Sentenced to death. shot. In 1957 he was rehabilitated and reinstated in the party.

Used materials from the book: Zalessky K.A. Empire of Stalin. Biographical encyclopedic dictionary. Moscow, Veche, 2000

Obolensky Valerian Valerianovich (party pseudonym N. Osinsky; March 25 (April 6), 1887, Bykakh village, Lgovsky district, Kursk province - September 1, 1938) - Soviet economist, statesman and party leader, publicist.

He graduated from three courses at Moscow University (1908).

In 1917, together with G. L. Pyatakov, he was sent to "suppress the sabotage of officials" of the State Bank.

After victory October revolution 1917 was appointed the first manager of the State Bank of Soviet Russia, then, in December 1917, the first chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh) - resigned in March 1918 (together with N. I. Bukharin and several other prominent members Soviet leadership, who belonged to the group of left communists). He worked in the Supreme Council of National Economy in ordinary positions, authorized by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the Penza and Tula provinces.

1920 Chairman of the Tula provincial executive committee.

In August 1920 he became a member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat for Food.

From March 1921 Deputy People's Commissar of Agriculture:

In 1923-1924 the plenipotentiary of Soviet Russia in Sweden

From July 1925 member of the Presidium of the State Planning Committee of the USSR

Since February 1926, the head of the Central Statistical Office

1932-1935 - Head of the TsUNKhU of the State Planning Committee of the USSR - Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR

1932-1937 Chairman of the Central Committee of the Commission for determining the yield

In 1935-1937. Director of the Institute of the History of Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1932), Academician of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1935).

Participated in the organization of the All-Union population census of 1937

Party and public life

Since 1907, a member of the Bolshevik Party. Conducted party work in Moscow, Tver, Kharkov.

Having joined the Bolshevik Party, he took the name of Valerian Osinsky, a Narodnaya Volya member who was hanged during the time of Alexander II, as a party nickname, and was better known precisely as Osinsky, and N. Osinsky was a literary pseudonym.

In 1920-1921 one of the leaders of the "democratic centralism" group.

In 1923-1924 he joined L. D. Trotsky, then broke with him and repented.

He worked in the editorial office of the Pravda newspaper.

Candidate member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in 1921-1922 and 1925-1937.

Wife - Ekaterina Mikhailovna Smirnova

Vadim Valerianovich Obolensky (born 1912) - graduated from the Military Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army

Valeryan Valerianovich Obolensky (1922-1941)

Daughter - Svetlana Valerianovna Obolenskaya (born 1925)

Until 1917 he was arrested three times.

October 13, 1937 arrested. At the same time, his son Vadim Osinsky, born in 1912, a design engineer at NII-20 of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense Industry, who lived with him, was arrested.

In March 1938 he was brought as a witness to the Bukharin-Rykov trial. September 1, 1938 sentenced to capital punishment, shot on the same day. Rehabilitated in 1957

Used materials from the site http://dic.academic.ru