General information
These paints are widely used and are used for drawing, coloring drawings, diagrams, posters, etc. Watercolor paints are produced in tiles, in porcelain or other cups, or in pewter tubes. Watercolor paints are diluted with water and are always ready to use. Diluted dried paint does not deteriorate and can be reused.
For the preparation of these paints, mineral, aniline and vegetable paints can be used. Aniline paints are rarely used, because, being absorbed into the paper, they stain it through, as a result of which it is impossible to wash them from the drawing and weaken the tone. They are also not washed off with a brush.
Recently, mineral paints have been almost exclusively used, since they are cheaper and stronger than vegetable ones. The preparation of watercolors comes down to the fact that crushed paints mixed with water are mixed with a binder and the resulting dough is placed in tubes, cups or molded into appropriate cakes.
As binder they use gum arabic, cherry glue, candy sugar, gelatin, fish glue and others. The best varieties of paints are prepared on pure gum Arabica, sometimes a small amount (from 20 to 40%) of candy sugar is added. A mixture of gum arabic with light wood glue or dextrin is also used, and these substances are taken in a wide variety of proportions.
Mineral paints used to make watercolors
white paint
Lead white is the best material. These grades contain a rather high percentage of heavy spar admixture. The highest grade of lead white - "Kremzerweis" - tiles of snow-white color. Zinc white is also suitable for making white watercolors. These whites are zinc oxide. The highest grade - "Schneweiss" - is distinguished by its lightness and whiteness. In addition to these materials, heavy spar and chalk can be included here, but these materials give paint of very poor quality.
yellow paint
Kron yellow - chrome-lead salt. These paints come in various shades: lemon, orange and others. They have a significant drawback: they change their shade in sunlight. With regard to krona, one must also remember that it cannot be mixed with paints containing sulfur (ultramarine, cinnabar). For yellow paints, yellow carmine, cadmium sulfide, ocher, etc. are also used.
brown paint
Siena land, Kassel land, Cologne land, iron minium, umber, etc.
red paint
Minium lead - red powder. The highest grade is "Mignorange". Cinnabar is mercury sulphide. Natural cinnabar of bright red color. Its shade depends on the degree of grinding; the finer the grinding, the lighter and brighter the paint. It is on sale in a variety of colors.
Carmine is an animal dye. It is insoluble in water, easily soluble in ammonia. In addition to these colors, Viennese cormorant, mummy, etc. are also used.
blue paint
Ultramarine. Recently, artificial ultramarine has been exclusively used. In trade it is in the form of a powder from dark blue to light blue. Fine grinding gives light tones.
Prussian blue blue. On sale it is found in the form of tiles or pieces of dark blue.
Indigo is a vegetable dye, but can also be obtained artificially. It is a mixture of several coloring substances, of which the main, giving blue color, - indigotin. On sale it happens in the form of dark blue pieces with a copper-red tint.
green paint
Green paints are obtained by mixing yellow and blue paints, or they use verdigris (the best is French; verdigris is poisonous), crown green, chrome green, cinnabar green, ultramarine green, etc.
black paint
Burnt ivory, lamp soot, etc.
General guidelines for the preparation of watercolors
To obtain paint of one color or another, as indicated above, mainly mineral paints are used. The desired shade can be selected when purchasing raw materials or you can get combinations of paints of various colors. Paints that have a very intense bright tint can be weakened by adding some white paint to them.
The main point in production is the careful grinding of paints. It must be borne in mind that most mineral paints are insoluble in water, and the dyeing process is, as it were, mechanical attachment of the smallest parts of paint to paper. Many varieties of commercial mineral paints come either in lumps or in insufficiently finely ground powder, and therefore require careful grinding to prepare watercolor paints.
Depending on the size of production, grinding into powder is carried out on runners, in ball mills, special paint grinders or manually in a stone mortar. The finer the grinding, the best quality get watercolors.
The binders are gum arabic, candy sugar, gelatin, fish glue, etc. The choice of binders can vary widely, but highest quality watercolors are made on pure gum arabic mixed with sugar or honey. Usually take 2 wt. hours of gum Arabica and 1 wt. hours of sugar. Often a candy solution and a dextrin solution are also used. For carmine paints, only a solution of candy is used, for chrome paints and emerald green - a solution of dextrin.
The amount of binder required for various mineral paints varies widely. Parisian blue requires an amount of binders (gum arabic and sugar) equal to its weight, Prussian blue, Siena earth require smaller quantities. Lead white and black paints require even less of them. Small quantities require yellow and red ocher, red lead, cinnabar and zinc white, quite a bit - brown Kassel and Cologne land.
By kneading paint with an aqueous solution of a binder, a clay-like dough is obtained, which is laid out on a marble table or on a table covered with waxed paper. The mass should be rolled out to a thickness of 5-8 mm; leave it alone for 12 to 20 hours, after which it is molded with special molds. The stamp is lubricated with some kind of oil. Forming starts when the dough is dry enough. Molding can be done in two stages, i.e., first, using a stamp or a knife, cut the dough into the appropriate tiles, then, when the latter have hardened enough, press them with a copper stamp to give the appropriate shape and trademark. This last method is more commonly practiced.
Completely hardened and molded tiles or circles are glued onto the palette with light carpentry or fish glue. Glue in the form of a warm solution is applied with a small brush on the palette and immediately a circle of paint is applied to this place.
In mass production, it is possible to make a brush in the appropriate places of which there are tufts of hair. With the help of such a brush, with one touch on the palette, glue is applied according to the places where the circles of paints will be glued. When preparing watercolors in cups, the resulting dough is placed in appropriate porcelain or other cups. Their binder is the same substances, but honey or glycerin is added to them. These paints are easier to dilute with water.
For paints in tubes, gum arabic or dextrin is used as a binder with the addition of significant amounts of honey. For 1 wt. h. Arabica gum take 1 wt. hours of honey. Honey is used liquid and non-crystallizing. Instead of honey, glycerin is used to reduce the cost.
In the preparation of cheap children's paints, chalk or talc is used, tinted in the appropriate color with aniline paint and mixed with one of the above binders. Bricks or circles are formed in the usual way using copper stamps.
Below we give some sample recipes for the preparation of higher grades of watercolor paints, but we repeat that other coloring and binding substances can also be used to obtain paints.
Watercolor Recipes
Intense black
130% lamp black is boiled in 1 liter of water; taking the vessel from the fire, remove the foam that has floated to the top of the liquid and add 4 g of finely ground indigo. The resulting mixture is boiled with constant stirring until most of the water has evaporated, after which 4 g of gum arabic, 2 g of wood glue and 0.5 g of chicory extract (optional) are added.
The resulting mixture is boiled until it turns into a thick paste, which is then molded into tablets or tablets using oiled molds (the best oil for this is walnut or almond oil).
blue paint
33 wt. hours of finely ground Prussian blue are boiled for some time in soft water, to which a few drops are added of hydrochloric acid. When the paint settles, the liquid is drained, and the precipitate is mixed with 16.5 wt. hours of gum Arabica and 8.5 wt. including glue, previously dissolved in a small amount of water; evaporate the mixture with moderate heat until a thick paste is obtained, which is molded in the usual way. When preparing paint from indigo, a certain amount (depending on the shade) of white lead is added to the latter, the resulting mixture is rubbed very carefully, and then proceed as indicated above.
red paint
Rub 30 wt. hours of Viennese cormorant, carmine, cinnabar or red lead with 10 wt. hours of gum Arabica, 4 wt. hours of powdered sugar and 6 wt. hours of water into a homogeneous dense mass. If the mass is too thick, then add a small amount of water.
yellow paint
Prepare according to the recipe for red paint, using yellow mineral paints and slightly smaller amounts of binder.
White paint
White (Kremnitsky) is thoroughly rubbed first in a strong solution of gum arabic to the consistency of a soft homogeneous paste, and then a second time in a solution of gum arabic, condensed to the consistency of mucus. The resulting paste is dried in air and then molded. You can also dry the paste in molds.
green paint
8 wt. h. verdigris rubbed in milk and heated at a temperature close to boiling for 24 hours, adding here 2 wt. h of strong wine vinegar and 4 wt. hours of powdered cream of tartar. After settling, within 24 hours, pour the liquid into the bottle; mixing liquid with indigo, saffron, green paint from buckthorn berries, you can get paint of any shade. As a binder, gum arabic and glue are used, which are added until a thick dough is obtained.
Honey paints
Mix 6 wt. hours of gum Arabica, 3 wt. hours of powdered sugar, 30 wt. hours of mineral paint of any color, 6 wt. hours of honey and 5 wt. hours of water. Everything is thoroughly ground and mixed.
vegetable paints
Purple. The juice of ripe blueberries, squeezed from the berries, is boiled in a clean vessel, a glass of vinegar and 20 g of alum are added, filtered and the filtered liquid is evaporated in a porcelain cup to the proper consistency.
yellow
Burn yellow plantain berries are boiled in 0.5 liters of water, a small amount of alum and 10-15 grains of table salt (rock) are added, after which the resulting mixture is evaporated to one quarter of the volume, filtered through a canvas and gum arabic is added to obtain a thick mass, which is being shaped.
Myshanskaya Veronica
XVI Scientific and Practical Conference " Project activity as a means of forming an information and educational environment "
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municipal budgetary educational institution secondary comprehensive school No. 60 named after the Fifth Guards Don Cossack Cavalry Red Banner Budapest Corps of the Soviet District of the city of Rostov-on-Don
(MBOU secondary school No. 60)
ESSAY
"HOW PAINTS ARE MADE"
Performed:
2nd grade student "B"
Myshanskaya Veronica
Teacher:
Khramtsova Elena Anatolievna
Rostov-on-Don
year 2014
Introduction………………………………………………………………………….page 3
Part 1. The history of paints
1.1 First paints ………………………………………………………… p. 4-5
1.2 Paints of great artists. Icon paints …………………. page 5 1.3 The history of modern paints.................................................................. page 5-6
Part 2. Making modern paints
2.1 Technology for the production of artistic paints………………………p.6 2.2 Natural pigments ………………………………………..….. … ……p.7
2.3 Food colorings ……………………………………………………..... page 7
2.4 Composition of paints ………………………………………………………………p. 7-8
2.5 ……………………………page 8
Conclusion……………………………………………………… p.
Literature …………………………………………………………. page Appendix ………………………………………………………… page
Introduction
All children love to draw. And I am no exception. Creativity is a reflection of spiritual work. Feelings, mind, eyes and hands are the instruments of the soul. Faced with the beauty and harmony of the world, having experienced a feeling of delight and admiration, I feel a desire to “stop beautiful moment”, displaying their attitude to reality on a piece of paper. This activity allows me to relax and unwind after school lessons. I get so carried away that I forget about everything in the world.
I love to paint with different colors: watercolor, gouache, oil paints. These paints can be bought at any store. stationery. AND contemporary artists that's how they do it.
Before the first of September, my mother and I went shopping. In the store, I was struck by the variety of paints for drawing. I thought. A long time ago, when there were no shops and paints were not made in factories, where did the artists get them? I was wondering: how did the colors appear? What paint was the very first and who was the first artist? Is it possible to make eco-friendly paints at home? I decided to find answers to these questions. Determined the topic of my research: "How are paints made?" charted goal research: learn how dyes came about and get natural dyes at home. Has set itself the following tasks:
1. To study the history of the appearance of paints;
2. Empirically determine the most suitable products for making paint at home;
3. Conduct experiments and formulate conclusions.
Object of studyin this work is paint for drawing.
Hypothesis: Are some methods of extracting paints from natural materials preserved and used at home today?
Practical significance:work can be used in the classroom visual arts, during extracurricular activities, for writing essays and as additional material for the curious.
1. History of paints
Do you like to draw or are you a fan of painting? In any case, everyone had a chance to attend art classes at school. Some even went to art school and made painting his profession. But where do the colors come from? How and from what are they made?
1.1 First paints
Mankind has been drawing for more than one hundred years. This is quite convincingly evidenced by the expositions of museums of fine arts and rock paintings that can be seen in some caves.
In general, there are drawings, but where did the paints come from, especially from our distant ancestors, who left images of hunting scenes and many other images that are not always clear - the question is. Moreover, the answer to it, at least the first part of it, is quite simple.
You have probably noticed that some plants (berries or beets) can stain both the skin of the hands and other surfaces. Our ancestors noticed this too. In addition to vegetable paints, they had soot, various clays and some mineral pigments, in particular ocher, in their arsenal. The dyes used by cave artists were chemicals found in the ground (iron oxide of all shades - from light yellow to bright orange) and manganese (a metallic element). These substances were ground into a fine powder and mixed with fat (possibly animal fat). This is how the first colors appeared. I painted with them ancient man wild animals that he saw around him.
Primitive drawings made with charcoal and sanguine (clay) have survived to our time. The cave dwellers painted on the stones what surrounded them: running animals and hunters with spears.
Colored images of animals dated to about 30,000-10,000 years ago have been found on cave walls in southern France and Spain. Many of these drawings are surprisingly well preserved because these caves have not been accessed for many centuries.
For rock painting in the cave of Lascaux (France), a natural mixture of minerals was used as paints - ocher (from the Greek. ochros - "yellow"), which was often found in nature in the form of clay or lumps crumbling into dust. It was of different colors: yellow, brown, reddish.
To give the drawings more vivid colors, our distant ancestors used both red cinnabar and orange minium. Embers, soot and soot gave black paint.
Medieval artists prepared their own paints, but such paints could not be stored for more than one day, as they oxidized and hardened when exposed to air.
1.2 Paints of great artists. icon paints
In Russia, the history of colors is studied from icons. Most early paints in the icon-painting and manuscript work of the 11th-13th centuries there were various ochers and soots - “smoked ink”, blue azure and cinnabar, green yari obtained from copper, white, which was prepared from lead, “created” gold.
At the time of Andrei Rublev, artists had only 30-40 types of paints at their disposal, and many of them were close in chemical composition and color. If we return to more ancient times - Rome, then the Roman artists used approximately the same amount of colors. Over the past fifteen centuries, nature has given us two or three more colors. Throughout the history of paints, binders have changed. The dyes themselves (pigments) have been used for centuries almost the same.
1. 3 The history of modern paints
Millennia passed. Man needed other colors, more persistent and bright. Those that could be used to paint shields, dressed leather, paint headdresses and weapons, and then the first fabrics.
yellow they learned how to make paint from the bark of barberry, alder, milkweed and mulberry.
Brown - from a decoction of onion peel, walnut shells, oak bark, henna leaves.
To get red some berries came in handy about the colors.
In a word, each of the paints that both adults and children use today has its own long and amazing story.
Purple. IN Ancient Rome only the emperor could wear crimson, purple clothes. The fact is that purple paint was very expensive. It was mined with great difficulty from the shells of Mediterranean snails - purple. Ten thousand shells gave a little more than a gram of paint. And this paint was discovered about 4 thousand years ago.
In our paint sets you can see one more color - indigo . This is the name of one of the shades of dark blue paint. He is even older than purple. Indigo-dyed fabrics were found in the tombs of pharaohs who ruled ancient Egypt several thousand years ago. The very word "indigo" suggests that the birthplace of paint is India. For a long time, no one knew the secret of its manufacture. But the shrub, from the leaves of which indigo was obtained, grew not only in India, but also in many other countries.
Carmine . This paint has its own interesting history. If purple owes its origin to a sea snail, indigo to a shrub, then carmine originates from ... insects. From tiny tropical insects that
called "cochineal". Imagine how much you need to catch this same cochineal, the size of ladybug to provide at least one dye house! But in those days, countless caravans with precious red silks and the finest wool dyed with carmine left the East to all corners of the world.
So if good paints were mined with great difficulty and were very expensive, then why are there so many colors now and they are very cheap?
Chemistry. Now paints are made from coal tar and other substances. It turned out that in black coal you can find all the color richness of mother nature. Of the old paints, only sonorous names and amazing stories have survived today.
2. Making modern paints
2.1 Technology for the manufacture of art paints
It is simply impossible to describe in detail all the stages of preparing paints within the framework of the article, but we will try to briefly describe the process of creating various paints. Let's start with tempera. These paints were originally made on a water-soluble basis, the components of which included just egg yolk. Today for making tempera paints on an industrial scale, casein or PVA (synthetic polyvinyl acetate resin) is used.
Watercolor paintskneaded on the basis of natural gum arabic - these are resins of plant origin, and honey, glycerin or sugar are used as plasticizers. That's why they write on the packages "Watercolor honey". Despite the harmlessness of the composition, you should not try watercolor: some antiseptics, in particular phenol, are also included in the composition. If it enters the body, it can cause serious poisoning. Watercolors come from China, just like paper.
Gouache close in composition to watercolor paints. However, when dried, gouache paints lighten significantly and their surface becomes velvety. This is due to the fact that white is added to gouache, giving such an effect.
Oily paints are most often made on the basis of linseed oil, less often alkyd resins are used. For the first time these paints began to be made in Europe in the 15th century, but who exactly invented them is unknown. When dry, oil paints do not change their color, allowing you to achieve amazingly deep tones and shades.
2.2 Natural pigments
Any palette is, first of all, primary colors. They are obtained thanks to the following pigments:
Red : cinnabar, hematite, red ocher.
Orange: realgar, vanadinite.
Yellow: orpiment, jarosite, wulfenite, goethite, light ochers, light limonite.
Green: glauconite, volkonskoite, chlorites, aegirine, augite, malachite, kerchenite.
Blue: azurite (finely ground).
Blue: lapis lazuli, azurite (coarsely ground), vivianite (mineral indigo), riebeckite.
Violet: lapis lazuli (natural ultramarine, after moderate roasting).
Red-brown: hematite, dark ocher, dark limonite.
Brown-black: manganese oxides (psilomelane, vad).
Black: coal, anthracite, magnetite.
2.3 Food coloring
Of all the methods of obtaining paints from natural materials from ancient times, some have survived to this day. We all practically use them at least once a year. For example, we paint eggs with onion peel.
From my mother and grandmother, I learned that the easiest way to get food coloring is to chop, rub food (fruits, vegetables) and squeeze out the juice.Red and pinkpaints are obtained from raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, dogwood, lingonberries, currants, cherries, red syrups, jams.
purple paint is made from juice red cabbage or beets.
Orange the dye is obtained from a mixture of red and yellow paint, as well as carrot juice.
yellow the paint is obtained from the pulp and zest of lemon, orange.
Green paint can be obtained from kiwi juice or parsley leaves, which are rubbed and squeezed out.
brown the paint is obtained from strong coffee, and the ocher from tea leaves.
2.4 Composition of paints
In any paint, 4 components can be distinguished: coloring pigment, binders, solvent, filler. Each of these components affects the properties of the paint.
Adhesives of animal or vegetable origin, resins, hydrocarbons that can be dissolved in water or oils, hardening oils, various polymers are used as binding elements.
In paints, these substances play the role of film formers. That is, when the paint dries, it is thanks to the binders that they form a strong film on the surface that retains pigments and fillers in its composition.
Solvents are needed so that the paints are less viscous, it is easier to pick them up on a brush and apply them to the surface to be painted. The choice of solvent depends on which binder is used in the paint, as a rule, water, oils, alcohols, ketones, ethers and other hydrocarbons act in this role.
Fillers are introduced into the composition of paints in order to modify their texture and dullness. Also, one cannot do without fillers in the manufacture of heat-resistant paints, including those used in pottery for painting products.
2. 5 Making paints at home
Currently, almost all paints are made in laboratories and factories from chemical elements. Therefore, some paints are even poisonous, for example, red cinnabar from mercury.
3 cups water, 1 cup cornstarch, food coloring. Cooking in the following way. Boil water in a small saucepan. Dissolve the cornstarch in a separate bowl of water first. Remove boiling water from heat and add cornstarch mixture. Return to the heat and stir until the mixture is smooth and thick (about 1 minute). Remove from fire. When the mixture has cooled, divide it into containers and add food coloring (easter coloring kit). The colors are ready. You can start drawing.
Conclusion
Drawing is an amazing and fascinating process, especially if you paint with paints created with your own hands from what you can eat ...
Thus, in the course of my research, I studied the history of the emergence of paints; empirically determined the most suitable products for obtaining paints at home; I drew pictures with my paints and made a bookmark.
During the experiments, I managed to get natural paints of different colors and shades.
The hypothesis that some methods of extracting paints from natural material have been preserved and used at home in our time has been confirmed.
I shared my research with my classmates.
Literature
1. Alekseeva V.V. What is art? – M.: Soviet artist, 1973.
2.A. Dietrich "Why". Moscow 1991
3. Orlova N. G. Icon painting - M .: White City, 2004.
4. Encyclopedia for children: Art. Part 2.- M.: Avanta+, 2005.
Appendix
slide 2
The purpose of the study: to find out how paints appeared and how to get natural dyes at home. Tasks: 1. To study the history of the appearance of paints; 2.Experimentally determine the most suitable products for making paint at home; 3. Conduct experiments and formulate conclusions. The object of study in this work is paint for drawing.
First paints Rock paintings in the cave of Lascaux in France 14000 BC.
Icon Paints In Russia, the history of paints is studied from icons. The earliest paints in icon painting and handwriting of the 11th-13th centuries were various ochers and soots - “smoked ink”, blue azure and cinnabar, green yari obtained from copper, white, which was prepared from lead, “created” gold.
Purple In ancient Rome, only the emperor could wear purple clothes. The fact is that purple paint was very expensive. It was mined with great difficulty from the shells of Mediterranean snails - purple. Ten thousand shells gave a little more than a gram of paint. And this paint was discovered about 4 thousand years ago.
Indigo Indigo. This is the name of one of the shades of dark blue paint. He is even older than purple. Indigo-dyed fabrics were found in the tombs of pharaohs who ruled ancient Egypt several thousand years ago. The very word "indigo" suggests that the birthplace of paint is India.
Modern paints
Making paints at home
Making paints at home
Thanks for attention!
If you, as a responsible and caring parent, want happy childhood your child - add more bright colors to it. And start the comprehensive development of your child, study science from the cradle, read useful books, walk and travel. On the pages Merry Science you will find a lot useful information.
And today I will tell you how to make safe ECO paints for your child at home. I assure you that the paints according to my recipes are no worse than branded, expensive counterparts. And do not even doubt the safety and environmental friendliness: the basis is only natural ingredients that you can buy in your favorite store. Well, are you ready, then meet.
The largest selection of homemade ECO paint recipes for your child
How to make finger paint for your child in 10 minutes
And let's talk, for starters, about paints for the smallest - FINGER
Prepare at home safe and bright colors simply.
Save the recipe so you don't lose it.
DIY bathroom paint recipe
Paints for drawing in the bathroom today are decently expensive and not everyone can afford. And from paintings painted with paints, for example, of Chinese origin, you will have to get rid of for a long time and purchase expensive cleaning products for this. So, if your child loves to paint in the bathroom, I invite you to write down a simple recipe and make DIY paints with your own hands.
For thicker paints that your child can use with their fingers instead of a brush, put all the ingredients except the dyes into a saucepan. Bring to a boil over low heat and turn off immediately. Such paints do not spread.
How to make volumetric paints for children (Puffy Paints) with your own hands
Have you already painted with Puffy Paints with your child? I hope you and your child enjoyed this intumescent paint. If you still don’t know how to make these push-up paints from simple ingredients and delight everyone interesting drawings… Welcome to my mini master class.
To draw with these paints will turn out only with cotton swabs. And this is a new, unique experience. Draw and color large coloring pages. And in order for the colors to rise, send your work of art for 30 seconds in a microwave oven at power. Or 2 minutes in the oven. Set the temperature controller to 180 degrees. Be careful, make sure that the sheet does not turn over and the paint warms up on all sides and swells well. And after a couple of minutes after cooling, the paints will become solid, voluminous and will not crack.
Let me tell you how to make do-it-yourself body art paints
An interesting, bright, exciting and mega creative activity for your children for even five minutes is body art. Don't be surprised big eyes, they say "HOW?" Easy, fun and creative, friends. Children love to draw. And they will like to paint themselves no less. Believe me. And better at the first opportunity, give your child the opportunity to rejoice, indulge and have fun from the heart. And now I will tell you a simple recipe for a miracle of paints for drawing on the body. I advise you to draw with them when you play in the children's pool or in the bathroom. Great for kids body art.
Our readers will likely notice that this recipe looks like a non-Newtonian fluid. Maybe, but we will apply paint on the body, so get ready for color mixing.
For kneading, you can use any convenient container with a wide neck. And for the brightest game, a drawer is perfect, paints from which you can scoop with a cotton swab or brush.
They are easy to wash off, thanks to the baby shampoo and the skin does not dry out, because the composition of the paints contains a baby cream. The child will like to wash himself and wash the bathroom after a mass mud.
A simple recipe on how to make stained glass paints with your own hands
Allowing children to show imagination and paint on glass is possible not only on New Year. And yes, draw stained glass paints It is possible on any glass surface and even on transparent files. And it is absolutely not necessary to buy expensive kits, because you can make paints yourself, at home.
Glitter gives a special piquancy to paints. You know, the ones they use for manicures. Paints can also be drawn on a stencil. And if you draw on a file, then after complete drying, peel off the drawing from the file and glue the stained glass on any smooth surface- glass, mirror, tile, etc.
For fans of large-scale projects, I have a special offer: to make gel paints for drawing at home.
Making these paints will not give you trouble and will not take much time. Just prepare larger containers. Because it will be possible to draw on huge Whatman paper. For painting in the bathroom, these paints are also suitable, and it will be easy to wash them off. But first, paints need to be made. This is what we will do with you now.
How do you like this color option for super-scale drawing? It is so popular with us. You can add glitter and put glitter in the gel paints. Such as use the masters of nail design. Drawing begins with a finger, then the palms come into play, and then multi-colored heels sparkle on whatman paper. But our journey into the fascinating world of colors does not end there. And I made the best for last.
Do you want to write down the recipe for yogurt finger paints in your piggy bank?
The most difficult and interesting thing about this recipe is that there are no exact proportions. And these paints are the simplest, natural and safe. They are made quickly, easily and simply.
These colors are great for early development. And the drawings, of course, will be real masterpieces.
What is the use of colors? They help develop:
- fine motor skills,
- hand coordination,
- dexterity and strength of fingers,
- color perception,
- imagination,
- speech.
They also help your child develop:
- artistic taste,
- creative thinking,
- independence.
Merry Science wishes you exciting creative activities with your child. work out various techniques drawing, teach your child to mix colors, distinguish between shades and calmly create your first artistic masterpieces.
annotation
The history of colors probably began with the advent of man. Primitive drawings made with charcoal and sanguine (clay) have survived to our time. The cave dwellers painted on the stones what surrounded them: running animals and hunters with spears. Medieval artists also prepared their own paints by mixing pigment powders and fats. Such paints could not be stored for more than one day, as they oxidized and hardened when exposed to air.
For 3 years I have been painting at the art studio with different colors: watercolor, gouache, oil paints, pastels. These paints can be purchased at any office supply store. And contemporary artists do just that. But a long time ago, when there were no shops and paints were not made in factories, where did the artists get their paints? Currently, paints are made from chemical elements. Is it possible to make environmentally friendly paints?
Purpose of the study:
Find out what substances paints consist of, determine the advantages and disadvantages of “home-made” paints.
Research objectives:
1. Familiarize yourself with popular science, educational literature and periodicals on the research topic;
2. Study what substances paints consist of.
3. Conduct an experiment: make your own paints at home.
4. Compare paints made at home and bought in a store.
5. Draw a picture from the received paints.
Hypothesis: I assume that the paints can be made independently at home, but they will be different from the store ones.
THEORETICAL PART
Composition of paints
Paint is a material used to impart color.
Paints are made up of a pigment and a binder.
The pigment is a dry dye.
The world around us is colorful.
Ancient artists looked for material for paints right under their feet. From red and yellow clay, finely rubbed, you can get a red and yellow dye, or, as the artists say, a pigment. Pigment black gives coal, white - chalk, azure - blue or green gives malachite and lapis lazuli. Metal oxides also give a green pigment.
First blue paint from lapis lazuli was sold 1 kg for 600 francs. Paints from natural pigments were not only of various shades, but also of amazing durability. The Pskov icon of Dmitry Solu has survived to our time. This icon is over 600 years old and is still in good condition. The Pskov master himself made these paints. Still known: Pskov greens, red cinnabar and yellow Pskov.
Currently, almost all paints are made in laboratories and factories from chemical elements. Therefore, some paints are even poisonous, for example, red cinnabar from mercury. purple paint can be made from peach pits or grape skins.
Dry dye cannot stick to the canvas, so you need a binder that sticks together, binds particles of dry dye into a single colored paint-mass. Artists took what was at hand: oil, honey, egg, glue, wax. How closer friend to the other particles of pigment, the thicker the paint. The density of the paint can be determined by looking at how a drop of honey, an egg, spreads on a long-drying drop of oil, which does not even combine with water, and leaves a greasy mark when it dries.
Different binders give different paints with different names.
Glue is part of the watercolor and gouache. Watercolor is a light, translucent paint that requires dilution with water. The name itself says it.
Oil is included oil paints, they are the most durable and fall on paper with bold strokes. They are stored in tubes and diluted with a solvent, kerosene or turpentine.
One of the ancient painting techniques is tempera. These are egg paints, sometimes referred to as "egg paints". More than two thousand years ago, tempera was obtained by mixing the pigment with egg yolk, and eight hundred or five hundred years ago with egg white, to which fig juice, honey, or other substances unknown to us were added at the same time.
There was another paint, very resistant, but the recipe for its preparation has been lost. This is encaustic - paint mixed with wax. Figure 1 shows the Fayum portrait. This painting is about two thousand years old, it was found in a grave, we see an expressive and bright look.
At present, it has not been possible to prepare a wax-based paint.
So, I found out that paints consist of a pigment and a binder.
The process of making paints.
After analyzing the literature and articles on the Internet, it is possible to describe how paints are prepared. First, they look for raw materials. It can be coal, chalk, clay, lapis lazuli, malachite. Raw materials must be cleaned of foreign impurities. The materials must then be ground to a powder.
Coal, chalk and clay can be ground at home, but malachite and lapis lazuli are very hard stones, special tools are needed to grind them. Ancient artists ground the powder in a mortar with a pestle. The resulting powder is the pigment.
Then the pigment must be mixed with a binder. As a binder, you can use: egg, oil, water, wax, glue, honey. The paint must be mixed well so that there are no lumps. The resulting paint can be used for painting.
After finding out the composition of paints, learning about the process of making paints, I realized that I could make some paints myself.
PRACTICAL PART
Description of experiments
To conduct experiments, I had to get natural pigments and binders. At my disposal were clay, chalk and coal. I made a plan of three experiments.
Experiment plan 1
1. Purify coal from impurities.
2. Grind coal into powder.
3. Sift the powder.
4. Mix coal with water.
Experiment plan 2
1. Clean the clay from impurities.
2. Grind clay into powder.
3. Sift the powder.
4. Mix clay with oil.
Experiment Plan 3
1. Clean the chalk from impurities.
2. Grind the chalk into powder.
3. Sift the powder.
4. Mix the chalk with the egg.
All experiments were successful, and I received black, brown and white paint. brown paint I drew a drawing.
After conducting these experiments, I wanted to try other raw materials, so I conducted a few more experiments. I mixed each type of raw material with water, oil and egg, resulting in paints of different colors and consistency.
Experimental results
Now I know what paints are made of. You can prepare some paints at home.
The resulting paints differed in consistency and quality:
Charcoal with water gave the paint a metallic hue, it was easy to pick up on a brush and left a bright mark on the paper, it dried quickly
Clay with oil gave a dirty brown paint, did not mix well with oil, was difficult to pick up on a brush, left a greasy mark on paper and dried for a long time.
Chalk with an egg gave white paint, which was easily picked up on a brush, left a thick mark on paper, dried for a long time, but turned out to be the most durable
The results of other experiments can be seen in the table.
The resulting paints have advantages and disadvantages: environmentally friendly, free, have natural colors, but are labor intensive, there are no bright colors and they are inconvenient to store.
In addition, I drew a drawing with my own paints.
So, to prepare the paint, you need to mix the pigment (chalk, coal, clay, malachite, lapis lazuli) with a binder (oil, egg, water).
conclusions
* The history of colors began with the advent of man.
* Paints for drawing consist of a pigment and a binder.
* Initially, earth, clay, coal, chalk, malachite, lapis lazuli were used as pigments.
* Eggs, oil, water, wax were used as a binder.
* Now paints are made in laboratories and factories from chemical elements.
* During the experiments, I managed to get paints of different colors and shades, draw a picture.
Supervisor: Tarasova Natalia Gennadievna
MOU “Primary comprehensive school No. 5”
Russia, Nefteyugansk