Each person has 23 pairs of chromosomes in which all the genetic information inherited from the parents is recorded. Chromosomes are formed at the time of conception by crossover (crossing), each takes half from the maternal chromosome and half from the paternal, what exactly will get from the mother, and what from the father is not known, everything is decided by chance.

Only one male chromosome, Y, does not participate in this lottery, it is completely transmitted from father to son like a baton. It should be noted that women do not have it at all.

With each new generation, mutations occur in some parts of the chromosome - loci, it is thanks to these mutations that it becomes possible to reconstruct the genus. There are hundreds of loci on a chromosome.

It is not yet clear why, but for some reason nature repeatedly duplicates the genetic information recorded in the loci. Repeats are from 5 to 40. Once every few generations, a mutation occurs in each locus, the number of repeats suddenly decreases by 1-2 repeats or increases.

What haplogroups are most common among Russians?

In various kinds of pseudo-historical arguments concerning the historical origin of Russians exclusively from the Slavs, it is now fashionable to interweave "haplogroups" as well. FROM light hand a certain "scientist" (not a biologist at all) Klesov, who lives (like the "academician" Levashov) in the USA (hence the ridiculously familiar trick - an appeal to the authority of "Western science" - "American scientists have proved that the Russians are 4500 years old!"), this one is quite the scientific method of determining paternity and dynasticity began to be used for constructions for which it was not at all intended. As a result, many posts contain monstrously distorted results of its use. The purpose of this post was to clarify the obvious points, so that the numerous references, cited by the authors to the place and out of place, to the fact that "haplogroups proved" were not perceived uncritically when reading some texts.

I will allow myself to clarify some common places in the form of popularly given answers to questions.

Question 1 Can a specific haplogroup indicate a certain nationality? In other words, is there a Russian or German (without quotes) haplogroup?

Answer: No. Why? Because any currently existing nation ethnos consists of people with at least two or three Y-chromosomal haplogroups. In other words, you can be Russian with the haplogroup and I1, and R1a1, and R1b, N3, I2, J2 and even E. The same applies to other peoples. for example, among Ashkenazi Jews - about 12% of the carriers of the allegedly "marker" haplogroup R1a1 for Russians - and it is emphasized that not among "half-breeds" and "goyim", but among the most real, typical representatives of their ethnic group. And so on.

Thus, the correlation of a certain haplogroup with modern nationalities and individual representatives of ethnic groups can only be of a statistical, relative nature. "Measuring skulls" according to haplogroups will not work in any way - it is likely that you will write down a Jew as Russian, and a Russian as a Jew. Whether it is possible to define peoples as "Aryans" by only one criterion - by the presence of a statistically marker haplogroup, is indicated by the presence of R1a among the Poles - 56.4%, and ... the Kyrgyz - as much as 63.5%. And the Volga Tatars are no different from the Russians in terms of the set of haplogroups. I hope that the conclusions are made? In other words, no ethnic community uniting people from the conditionally "Aryan" haplogroup R1a1 will come out. At the same time, there is no objective difference between classical Russians living in the same region, but with the conditionally “Finnish” haplogroup N, and the same classical Russians, carriers of the “Aryan” haplogroup R1a, does not exist. The rest of the gene pool (and in many ways more significant than the haplomarker) among the descendants of “ancestral Finn men” and “ancestral Aryan men” has long been mixed up.

Question 2. What do haplogroups actually talk about and what can they not talk about?

Answer: As follows from answer 1 and as the author of another detailed post on haplogroups correctly noted: "Those sections of the Y-chromosome that serve as markers for isolating haplogroups do not encode anything by themselves and have no biological meaning. These are markers in their purest form They can be compared to the orange and green LEDs in the film "Kin-dza-dza", which were used to identify chatlans and patsaks, and there was no other difference, except for the color of the light bulb, between these "races".

By haplogroup one can judge - statistically(!!! this is important - precisely statistically, i.e. with inevitable errors, but still possible) about the difference, dissimilarity in the origin of certain large ethnolinguistic arrays and the degree of closeness of their contacts (sexual and more). For example, all Turkic peoples are carriers of specific haplogroups. Even if some of the Türks do not have or very few of their "marker" C, O and Q that are absent from the Slavs, then D, R1b1b1 or N1b, which are less common among the Türks, are still statistically absent from Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. It can be concluded, therefore, that contacts with the Turks throughout history among the Eastern Slavs are statistically insignificant, and the statement that "we are Asians" is incorrect. Such conclusions are quite scientific. It can also be argued that the typical "Mongoloid" haplogroups C and Q are not found among Russians at all, and if so, the contacts of the population of Russia with the Mongols during the yoke were minimal. This, however, is clearly evidenced by all historical sources - 20 years after 1240, all the Mongolian military formations were withdrawn from the territory of Russia and the Russian princes carried the tribute collected in Russia to the Horde themselves. Thus, most likely the average Russian peasant of the late 13th and 14th-15th centuries has never seen a single living "Mongol" (Horde) in his life. And this is by no means a "discovery" - haplogroups only confirm what we already know (another thing is that in "popular" anti-historical literature, including textbooks, the content of which is now practically not controlled by scientists, about little is written about it).

Further - from answer 1 it is clear that if representatives of some ethnic group belong to several haplogroups, then this DOES NOT MEAN that this ethnic group is a kind of mechanical combination of populations with different gene pools. The rest of the gene pool, except for the Y-chromosomes, they will be mixed with no practical possibility of difference. 16% of haplogroup N among Russians in regions north of Moscow does not mean that 16% of them are supposedly "more Finns than Slavs" - both for the reason indicated above (mixing beyond recognition of everything else, much more important, the gene pool) and for reasons statistical - because among the population of Finland - only 60% of the population have this haplogroup, and among Estonians such in general - 40%.

I will quote again - “The peculiarity of the Y chromosome is that it is transmitted from father to son almost unchanged and does not experience “mixing” and “dilution” by maternal heredity. This allows it to be used as a mathematically accurate tool for determining paternal descent. If the term "dynasty" has any biological meaning, then this is precisely the inheritance of the Y-chromosome.The Y-chromosomal haplogroup defines the totality of men united by the presence of such a marker, i.e. descended from a common ancestor-patriarch, who had many thousands of years ago there was a specific mutation of the Y chromosome."

Modern science is inclined to believe that these mutations could have occurred between 50 and 10 thousand years ago, and the creationist version, which seems to me more truthful, speaks of the utter uncertainty of the results of using "biological clock" methods (they give completely different values) and says about the probable practical simultaneity of the appearance of these mutations associated with the legend of the Tower of Babel and the scattering of peoples. Whether one or the other is right, for us, living today, in principle, is not very important.

What matters is that Y - the chromosome does not determine the gene pool. It is not a carrier of some "ethnically defined" information in the genome. From over 20,000 genes human genome, the Y chromosome contains only about 100 pieces. They encode mainly the structure and functioning of the male genital organs. There is no other information there. Facial features, skin color, features of the psyche and thinking are spelled out on other chromosomes which, when inherited, pass through recombination (paternal and maternal parts of the chromosomes are mixed randomly). The carrier of the "Aryan chromosome" after hundreds of generations can be a typical Negro (if, say, a Negro mother flew in the 16th century from the Portuguese). And vice versa.

In this way. people who talk about "Aryan", "Semitic", "Russian", "Finnish", "Celtic" haplogroups not in their conditional marker value tied to MODERNITY, but literally understood, and even transfer these definitions to the distant past - are mistaken and confuse others. The phrase "4500 years ago in the Voronezh region they found a skeleton, defined as Russian by haplogroup, Russians began to exist 4500 years ago" - does not make any sense. Russians have several haplogroups, - once. Skeleton is not a statistically significant sample - that's two(maybe this is the same Ashkenazi Jew from 12% of the carriers of the "Aryan" haplogroup R1a1? or Kyrgyz?). Three: why on earth is it concluded that the mutation arose (and continued) exactly 4500 years ago? Were the skeletons of his father and grandfather, as well as the skeletons of offspring, examined? Why didn't it emerge 10,000 years ago? And so on.

Question 3: is R1a1 a Russian haplogroup, an "unconditional enic marker"? Is it true that Russians in terms of their purity (i.e., the frequency of occurrence of this haplogroup) are the most stable and pure among Europeans?

Answer: No. And not true. The stability of Russians as a people, its ethnic uniqueness is not determined by haplogroups, and haplogroup R1a1, too. We look at the data: if we make an average sample from several different studies with a fit to 100%. then (remember that haplogroups are named according to MODERN distribution among peoples):

47% of Russians have an "Aryan" haplogroup R1a1, which they inherited from the Proto-Slavs and other autochthons of Eastern Europe.

16% of Russians- conditionally "Finnish" haplogroup N3.

7% of Russians- conditionally "Celtic" haplogroup R1b, which dominates among many peoples of Western Europe. This is the legacy of the stay of the Proto-Slavs in Central Europe.

5% of Russians- "Northern European" haplogroup I1 (I1a according to the old classification), common in Scandinavia and Northern Europe. Apparently, these are the descendants of the notorious "Varangians".

15% of Russians- "Balkan" haplogroup I2 (formerly - I1b), characteristic of the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula. This is an indirect consequence of the Slavic expansion in the Balkans in the 6th-9th centuries, when Slavic newcomers actively mixed with the local autochthonous population. Part of the Slavs subsequently left the Balkans to the north and northeast (see The Tale of Bygone Years).

4%- "Eastern Mediterranean" haplogroup J2, typical of the ancient Greeks and even more ancient representatives of the Minoan civilization. For Russians, this is most likely an integral part of the "Balkan heritage", and perhaps even the earlier Hellenic colonization of the Northern Black Sea region.

6% Russians are represented by the “Afrasian” haplogroup E, the frequency of which among Jews, Greeks, Balkan Slavs and southern Italians reaches 20% or more. This is again the "Balkan trace". Together, the descendants of the "Byzantine refugees" (migrants from the Balkans and the Black Sea region) make up more than 25% of Russians.

We thus see (as expected from the answer to the second question) that haplogroups DO NOT define "Russianness". The purely statistical "predominance" of R1a1 is 47 percent. 53 percent of Russians DO NOT HAVE this haplogroup and are still Russians. Therefore, if we do not fall into Russophobia and do not say that 53 percent of modern Russians are "unclean" (which we will not do), we will inevitably be forced to draw again the same conclusion that was made above - the haplogroup does not carry any specific ethno-determining features, and ethnos is indefinable through haplogroups.

Question 4: Is the reconstruction of ethnic migrations and processes justified based on the analysis of modern haplogroups?

Answer: No. There are several problems here.

With great skepticism and rather negatively, one can perceive reports about the "correspondence of the distribution of haplogroups to historical migrations", and all "haplogroup" conclusions about the time of the emergence of a particular people are likely to be considered at least unverifiable and strained. Why? Because it is necessary not to uncritically quote the "Klesovs" ("the scientist wrote!"), but to THINK. First of all - with your head, using logic and education.

Firstly, the historical migrations of certain peoples in pre-literate times are not an axiom. but the subject of scientific disputes and discussions - both in terms of whether the carriers of a particular archaeological culture were representatives of a certain ethno-linguistic unity (we will never be able to say this with accuracy - pots and axes do not speak), and in terms of accuracy of conformity of archaeological culture to a certain ethnos or ethno-cultural unity. Archaeological cultures are a complex of objects of material culture, things, their remains, or rather. From the point of view of an archaeologist of the 30th century, throughout Russia and Europe. The United States in the 21st century will have a single, with local variations, archaeological culture of "tires, plastic bags, bottles, cans and computers", in which the differences between nations in terms of their material culture will not be visible. Although there is little reason to imply such a globalization in antiquity, it is worth remembering. that the older the archaeological culture, the more blurred its ethnicity. Thus, the thesis "the skeleton is such and such, undoubtedly Indo-European .. has such and such a haplogroup" is immediately called into question. The fact that he is "undoubtedly" Indo-European, and not a foreigner who has crept in here, who has adopted the way of this tribe, still needs to be proven. With a highly unrepresentative sample(You must agree that a dozen or a hundred burials over a vast area is not a sample, or at least a sample that is incomparable in representativeness with a modern sample among living people) this becomes almost equally probable, i.e. uncertain.

Secondly, it is extremely problematic to trace such migrations by haplogroups due to the fact that (in the case of the Indo-Europeans, for example) among the many archaeological cultures Bronze Age - "kitchen of the ancestral ethnic groups", the funeral rite of cremation in its various variations is common, the same in some territories in the Iron Age. The DNA material of the carriers of these cultures is irretrievably lost, and we absolutely cannot say anything about their haplogroups. Thus, the "haplogroup" approach does not work here - vast territories and whole millennia fall out of its sphere completely, depriving us of the opportunity to build any kind of successive chain of material that is so extremely scarce and unrepresentative in essence.

Thirdly, mutations in the Y chromosome occur randomly and can both increase and "decrease" (or return to the original source code). This indicates that you cannot determine the time and place of the origin of a particular "group" due to both constant migrations, which could be by land or sea, and mutations that occur throughout the life of a particular historical human community.

Fourth, theoretically, the very accuracy of the study of the modern distribution of haplogroups can be questioned - i.e. that original, extrapolated to the past, material (difficulty in determining the ethnicity of persons passing the test - who prevents you from calling yourself Russian or Belarusian?). With relatively small samples and controversial questions like "Russian-Ukrainian" (actually a free question of self-name), this is extremely important and can decide everything.

In other words, the transfer of the modern distribution of sets of haplogroups to the past is unjustified, and if so, then it is impossible to draw conclusions about the ethnicity of certain human remains, passing them off only on this basis as someone's ancestors. It's tight and superficial.

Summing up everything described.

References to haplogroups as "an absolute indicator of ethnicity" are untenable.
- Haplogroups are research tools, statistically significant markers. Real - objectively observed Y-chromosomes do not carry significant ethnic information in the gene code.
- Russians (like Germans, Finns and Turks, etc.) exist and are unique not due to haplogroups.
- Any nation has not one but two or three or more haplogroups in its set, while there is no reason to make some "less pure" and others "more pure", for the reason described by the thesis above.
- A priori, we cannot reconstruct reliable migrations based on haplogroups. and even more so - the date of origin (emergence_ of one or another modern ethnic group.

Thus, you can safely throw Klesov's writings and fairy tales into the same garbage heap where we have Fomenko, Levashov and Chudinov.

Y-DNA Famous historical and contemporary personalities. Due to the almost unchanged lineage of Y-DNA, passed down from father to son for generations, this article contains analyzes of both the carriers themselves and their ancestors / descendants.

celebrity DNA

Cao Cao and the Japanese clan Takamuko

Y-DNA: O2*-M268

Chinese commander, author of essays on military affairs and poet, first minister of the Han Dynasty. The actual ruler of the Han Empire at the beginning of the III century AD. e. Haplogroup O2* was determined from analyzes of descendants. Analysis of older DNA taken from the tooth of Cao Cao's ancestor, Cao Ding's great-uncle, showed O2*-M268.

The Japanese clan Takamuko originates from the eldest son of Cao Cao named Cao Pi and, accordingly, belongs to the same haplogroup.

Zia Long

Y-DNA: O2a

Gia Long, aka Nguyen Phuc Anh, aka Nguyen The To, is the last of the Nguyen Princes and he is also the first emperor of Vietnam from the Nguyen dynasty. Haplogroup O2a was determined from analyzes of some descendants, but additional data are required for a final decision.

Somerled and the Scottish clans MacDougalls, MacDonalds and MacAlisters

Y-DNA: R1a-L448

Somerled (Gaelic Somhairle) - Gaelic-Norwegian commander, founder and first ruler (1156-1164) of the kingdom of the Isles in the Hebrides and the west coast of Scotland. Somerled's son King Dougal is the founder of the MacDougall clan, which dominated the west coast of Scotland until the middle of the 14th century. Somerled is also a male ancestor of the Donald, MacDonald and MacAlister clans. A study of the DNA of documented relatives of Somerled revealed the Norwegian variant R1a-L448 of the subclade L176.1. In 2005 geneticist Bryan Sykes analyzed the clan chiefs (Lord Godfrey Macdonald, Sir Ian Macdonald of Sleat, Ranald MacDonald of Clan Ranald, William McAlester of Loup and Ranald MacDonnell of Glengary) and the results confirmed R1a-L448. At the same time, not all members of the listed clans are descendants of Somerled and, according to the general results, 70% belong to the Celtic R1b.

Ottomans

Y-DNA: R1a-Z93

A dynasty of Turkish sultans and caliphs that ruled from 1299-1924. The R1a-Z93 haplogroup has been determined from analyzes of some descendants, but additional data are required for a final decision.

Stuarts

Y-DNA: R1b-L21

Dynasties of the kings of Scotland (in 1371-1651, 1660-1707), England (in 1603-1649, 1660-1694, 1702-1707), Ireland (in 1603-1649, 1660-1694, 1702-1714). ) and Great Britain (in 1707-1714).

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty

Y-DNA: R1b-U106

A branch of the Ernestine line of the ancient Saxon Wettin dynasty, which ruled in some states of Europe and is the ruling dynasty in Belgium and Great Britain.

Romanovs from Peter III

Y-DNA: R1b

The line of the Oldenburg dynasty (XI century), separated from its Holstein-Gottorp branch, and due to inheritance through the female line, took the name of the Romanovs, and from 1762 the crown Russian Empire. Duke Karl Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp and Anna Petrovna, parents of Peter III, the founder of the Holstein-Gottorp branch of the Romanovs.

Habsburgs

Y-DNA: R1b-U152 (L2+)

One of the most powerful dynasties in Europe. Representatives of the dynasty are known as the rulers of Austria (since 1282), which later transformed into the multinational Austro-Hungarian Empire (until 1918), which was one of the leading European powers, as well as the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, whose throne the Habsburgs occupied from 1438 to 1806 (with a brief break in 1742-1745). According to the Habsburg Family Project, the Habsburgs belong to R1b-U152 (L2+).

George Washington

Y-DNA: R1b-U152 (L2)

George Washington - American statesman, the first President of the United States of America, Founding Father of the United States, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, participant in the Revolutionary War, creator of the American Presidency Institute. Haplogroup R1b-U152 (L2) was determined by analysis of data from the Washington DNA Project with the territorial allocation of Oxfordshire and Lancashire, from which George Washington was born.

Y-DNA: R1b

Many US presidents belong to R1b (Zachary Taylor (12th), Franklin Pierce (14th), William McKinley (25th), and Woodrow Wilson (28th)).

Tutankhamun

Y-DNA: R1b1a2

According to the Swiss laboratory iGENEA, based on data from the Discovery Channel film, Tutankhamen belongs to the haplogroup R1b1a2. After the publication of this result, the data was not scientifically refuted, which confirms the correctness of iGENEA.

Y-DNA: E1b1a

In December 2012, the same group of researchers who worked with the DNA of Tutankhamun determined that Ramesses III belonged to the haplogroup E1b1a.

Napoleon

Y-DNA: E1b1b1c1* (E-M34*)

The Napoleon haplogroup E1b1b1c1* is most concentrated in Ethiopia. Lucotte (2011) argues in his work that Napoleon was aware of his origins. His ancestor Francesco Buonaparte was a mercenary named "The Maur of Sarzane".

Y-DNA: G-M201

Richard III

Y-DNA: G2-P287

Richard III and possibly the entire Plantagenet dynasty belonged to the G2-P287+ haplogroup. Only G-M201, G1-M285, and G2-P287 have been tested. There is also the possibility of belonging to G2a2b-L30.

Y-DNA: G2a2b

Ice mummy of a Chalcolithic man, discovered in 1991 in the Tyrolean Alps on the Similaun glacier in the Ötztal valley at an altitude of 3200 meters as a result of strong ice melting. The age of the mummy, determined by radiocarbon dating, is approximately 5300 years. In Austria, according to the place of discovery, the mummy is called Ötzi.

Y-DNA: J-CTS1460

According to the Georgian DNA Project, this descendant of an Alanian noble family is assigned to the haplogroup J-CTS1460. The history of the rise of the Bibiluri clan begins with the Sidamont clan, whose members in Transcaucasia became the eristavis of Xani and Aragvi. They ended up in the new place of Sidamonta after the Tatar-Mongol invasion. The history of their rise is reflected in the chronicle "Monument of the Eristavis", created between 1405/6-1410. in the Largvis monastery.

Olaf II

Y-DNA: I1

Olaf II (Olaf the Saint, Olaf Haraldsson, Olaf the Fat; other Scandinavian Olafr Digre, Norwegian Olav den hellige / Heilag Olav; 995-1030) - king of Norway from 1015 to 1028, representative of the Horfager dynasty, son of Harald the Greenlander . The "Saga of Olaf the Holy" is dedicated to him. One of the most revered common Christian saints in Scandinavia (also revered in Russia)

Lev Tolstoy

Y-DNA: I1 - M253

Tolstoy - Russian noble (count) family. According to family legends, the family descended “from the honest husband Indris”, who left “from the Germans, from the Caesar land” and settled in Chernigov in 1353 with two sons and with a squad of three thousand people. Indris converted to Orthodoxy, received the name Leonty. His great-grandson Andrei Kharitonovich moved from Chernigov to Moscow and received the nickname Tolstoy from Grand Duke Vasily the Dark. In the count branch of Tolstoy famous writer Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy is separated from Indris by 20 tribes. The first of the representatives of the Tolstoy family was tested by Peter Tolstoy, the famous Russian TV presenter, great-great-grandson of the writer Leo Tolstoy. The study took place as part of the program "My Genealogy".

Christian theologian, initiator of the Reformation, leading translator of the Bible into German. One of the directions of Protestantism is named after him. According to the Luther Surname DNA Project and ySearch (ySearch ID: YTE6E), Martin Luther belongs to the haplogroup I2a-Din-N (L147.2+).

Rurikovichi

Y-DNA: N1c1, R1a1a

According to the Russian Nobility DNA Project, the Rurik dynasty from Vladimir II Monomakh, including Alexander Nevsky (1220-1263) and Ivan the Terrible (1530-1584) belonged to the N1c1 haplogroup. Despite this, the alleged cousin of Vladimir II Monomakh Oleg Svyatoslavich, Prince of Chernigov and his descendants belonged to R1a1a. Studies of the Proto-Ruriks also show N1c1 coinciding with Vladimir Monomakh, and the DYS390=23 marker determines their Scandinavian, not Uralic origin. Well, this confirms the Varangian origin of Rurik himself (830-879), the founder of Kievan Rus.

Gediminovichi

Y-DNA: N1c1

It is believed that the Lithuanian family of Gediminoviches belongs to the line of Rurikovich. However, despite the fact that both have the N1c1 haplogroup, they have different subclades with a common ancestor 2500 years ago.

Aisingioro Nurhatsi

Y-DNA: C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483)

The founder of the Manchu empire, named after its dynasty Da Jin - "Great Golden" (aka Hou Jin - "Late Golden"; The first, or Early, was considered the Jurchen Empire of Jin (1115-1234), in 1636 renamed Da Qing - " Great Pure ”(according to Chinese tradition, the ruling dynasty was always designated with the prefix Yes -“ great ”, and previous dynasties were mentioned with the index chao -“ dynasty, house. ” The Qing variant - “Pure” - is commonly used in scientific and popular science literature ).

Xue et al. (2005) identified Aisingioro Nurhatsi as belonging to the C3c haplogroup with a subclade age of about 500 years. Shin Yan et al. (2014) tested modern descendants and identified C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483).

Thomas Jefferson

Y-DNA: T

President of the U.S.A, prominent figure Wars of Independence of the United States, one of the authors of the Declaration of Independence (1776), 3rd President of the United States in 1801-1809, one of the founding fathers of this state, an outstanding politician, diplomat and philosopher of the Enlightenment. DNA analysis of Jefferson's descendants from his slave Sally Hemings, as well as data published by Family Tree DNA in 2007, revealed haplogroup T (formerly K2).

Feth Ali Shah

Y-DNA: J1

Feth Ali-Shah (1772-1834) - the second Shah of Iran of the Qajar dynasty, ruled from 1797 to 1834, the nephew and successor of the founder of the Qajar dynasty - eunuch Aga Mohammed. According to the analyzes of several descendants of his sons, the J1 haplogroup with DYS388 = 13 was identified.

rev. dated February 17, 2016 - (updated)

The data below is essentially a secret. Formally, these data are not classified, since they were obtained by American scientists outside the field of defense research, and even published in 2011, but the halo of silence organized around them is unprecedented. And the information that can be found is very confusing. So, briefly about the essence of the discovery of American geneticists:

Human DNA has 46 chromosomes, half inherited from father and half from mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, the single, male Y-chromosome contains a set of nucleotides (58 million), which is transmitted from generation to generation without any changes for millennia. Geneticists call this set a haplogroup. Every man living now has exactly the same haplogroup in his DNA as his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-great-grandfather, and so on for many generations.

The haplogroup, due to its hereditary immutability, is the same for all people of the same biological origin, that is, for men of the same people. Each biologically distinctive people has its own haplogroup, which is different from similar sets of nucleotides in other peoples, which is its genetic marker, a kind of ethnic mark (Y-DNA). Women also have such marks, only in a different coordinate system - in mitochondrial DNA rings (mt-DNA).

Of course, in nature there is nothing absolutely immutable, because motion is a form of existence of matter. Haplogroups also change - in biology such changes are called mutations - but very rarely, at intervals of millennia, and geneticists have learned to very accurately determine their time and place. Thus, American scientists found that one such mutation occurred four and a half thousand years ago on the Central Russian plain. Or did you decide? Maybe they should have turned to the Mahabharata epic and re-read it more carefully?

Briefly speaking. A boy was born with a slightly different haplogroup than his father, to which they assigned the genetic classification R1a1. The paternal R1a mutated and a new R1a1 arose.

The mutation turned out to be very viable. The genus R1a1, which was initiated by this very boy, survived, unlike millions of other genera that disappeared when their genealogical lines were cut off, and bred over a vast area. Involuntarily, the story of the first woman comes to mind. But this is so, by the way.

Currently, the owners of the haplogroup R1a1 make up 70% of the total male population of Russia, eastern Ukraine and Belarus, and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. R1a1 is a biological marker of the Russian ethnic group. This set of nucleotides is "Russian" in terms of genetics.

Thus, the Russian people in genetically modern form appeared on the European part of present-day Russia about 4500 years ago. The boy with the R1a1 mutation became the direct ancestor of all men living on earth today, in whose DNA this haplogroup is present. All of them are his biological or, as they said before, blood descendants and among themselves blood relatives, in the aggregate they make up a single people.

Biology is essentially an exact science. It does not allow ambiguous interpretations, and genetic conclusions to establish kinship are accepted even by the court. Therefore, a genetic and statistical analysis of the structure of the population, based on the determination of haplogroups in DNA, makes it much more reliable to trace the historical paths of peoples than ethnography, archeology, linguistics and other scientific disciplines dealing with these issues.

Indeed, the haplogroup in the Y-chromosome of DNA, unlike language, culture, religion and other creations of human hands, is not modified or assimilated. She's either one or the other. And if a certain haplogroup is present in a statistically significant number of indigenous people of any territory, it can be stated with absolute certainty that these people come from the original carriers of this haplogroup, who were once present in this territory.

From the investigative point of view, the inscription on the clay pot "Vasya was here", of course, is evidence indicating Vasino's presence at this place, but only indirectly - someone could joke and sign Vasya's name, the pot could have been brought from another area, etc. But if Vasya's haplogroup is found in local men in their DNA, then this is already direct and irrefutable evidence that Vasya or his blood relatives in the male line really visited and inherited - hereditary biological sign is not washed off. Therefore, the genetic history is the main one, and everything else can only supplement or clarify it, but in no way refute it.

Realizing this, American geneticists, with the enthusiasm inherent in all emigrants in matters of origin, began to roam the world, take tests from people and look for biological "roots", their own and others. What they have achieved is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of peoples and destroys many established myths. Maybe that's why they were afraid to publish this data for 20 years?

So, having arisen 4500 years ago on the Central Russian plain (the place of the maximum concentration of R1a1 - the ethnic focus), the ethnos began to quickly expand its habitat. I hope you understand that now we are talking purely about the conclusions of American geneticists, about a specific period, and not about the entire history of the Rus. 4000 years ago, the ancestors of the Russians went to the Urals and created Arkaim and the “civilization of cities” there with many copper mines and international connections up to Crete (chemical analysis of some of the products found there shows that Ural copper). They then looked exactly the same as we do now, the ancient Rus did not have any Mongoloid and other non-Russian features. Scientists have recreated the appearance of a young woman from the “civilization of cities” from the bone remains - a typical Russian beauty has turned out, millions of the same live in our time in the Russian outback.

After another 500 years, three and a half thousand years ago, the haplogroup R1a1 appeared in India. The history of the arrival of the Rus in India is known better than other vicissitudes of the territorial expansion of our ancestors thanks to the ancient Indian epic, in which its circumstances are described in sufficient detail. But there is other evidence of this epic, including archaeological and linguistic.

It is known that the ancient Rus were called Aryans at that time - this is how they are recorded in Indian texts. It is also known that it was not the local Indians who gave them this name, but that it was a self-name. Convincing evidence of this has been preserved in hydronymy and toponymy - the Ariyka River, the villages of Upper Ariy and Lower Ariy in the Perm region, in the very heart of the Ural civilization of cities, etc.

It is also known that the appearance on the territory of India of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 three and a half millennia ago (the time of the birth of the first Indo-Aryan calculated by geneticists) was accompanied by the previous death of a developed local civilization, which archaeologists called the Harappan (settlers from the sinking continent Mu) at the place of the first excavations. Before their disappearance, this people, who had cities populous at that time in the Indus and Ganges valleys, began to build defensive fortifications, which they had never done before. However, the fortifications apparently did not help, and the Harappan period of Indian history was replaced by the Aryan. The first monument of the Indian epic, which refers to the appearance of the Aryans, was written in writing four hundred years later, in the 11th century BC, and in the 3rd century BC, the ancient Indian literary language Sanskrit, surprisingly similar to the modern Russian language, took shape in its completed form.

Now men of the R1a1 clan make up 16% of the total male population of India, and in the higher castes they are almost half - 47%, which indicates the active participation of the Aryans in the formation of the Indian aristocracy (the second half of the men of the higher castes are represented by local tribes, mainly Dravidian).

Unfortunately, information on the ethnogenetics of the population of Iran is not yet available, but the scientific community is unanimous in their opinion about the Aryan roots of the ancient Iranian civilization. The ancient name of Iran is Arian, and the Persian kings liked to emphasize their Aryan origin, which is eloquently evidenced, in particular, by their popular name Darius.

The ancestors of the Rus migrated from the ethnic focus not only to the east, to the Urals, and to the south, to India and Iran, but also to the west, where European countries are now located. In the western direction, geneticists have complete statistics: in Poland, the owners of the Aryan haplogroup R1a make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12%. In Britain and France, the R1a haplogroup is even less pronounced - only 8%, at most 12%, and in England the least - 3%. The rest in percentage terms is occupied by the haplogroup R1b1a2 (R1b is a parallel subclade for the haplogroup R1a) and other haplogroups that do not belong to the representatives of the white race. At present, most of Europe speaks Indo-European languages, while the R1b haplogroup is more specific to western Europe, and R1a to eastern Europe. It can be assumed that the tribes of the hybrid Celts had the haplogroup R1b1a2, because it is it that is widespread among the Arabs and European Iberians. For example, we have in the Caucasus and in Central Asia- where the Arabs once visited.

The current concentration of the haplogroup R1b is maximum in the territories of the migration routes of the Celts and Germans: in southern England about 70%, in northern and western England, Spain, France, Wales, Scotland, Ireland - up to 90% or more. And also, for example, among the Basques - 88.1%, Spaniards - 70%, Italians - 40%, Belgians - 63%, Germans - 39%, Norwegians - 25.9% and others. In Eastern Europe, the haplogroup R1b is much less common. Czechs and Slovaks - 35.6%, Latvians - 10%, Hungarians - 12.1%, Estonians - 6%, Poles -16.4%, Lithuanians - 5%, Belarusians - 4.2%, Russians - from 1 .3% to 14.1%, Ukrainians - from 2% to 11.1%. In the Balkans - among the Greeks - up to 22.8%, Slovenes - 21%, Albanians - 17.6%, Bulgarians - 17%, Croats - 15.7%, Romanians - 13%, Serbs - 10.6%, Herzegovinians - 3.6%, Bosniaks - 1.4%.

Unfortunately, so far there is no ethnogenetic information on the European tribal aristocracy, and therefore it is impossible to determine whether the share of ethnic Russians is evenly distributed over all social strata of the population or, as in India and, presumably, in Iran, the Aryans were nobility in those lands where they came .

The only reliable evidence in favor of the latest version was a side result of a genetic examination to establish the authenticity of the remains of the family of Nicholas II. The Y-chromosomes of the tsar and heir Alexei were identical to samples taken from their relatives from the English royal family. And this means that at least one royal house in Europe, namely the house of the German Hohenzollerns, of which the English Windsors are a branch, has Aryan roots.

However, Western Europeans (haplogroup R1b) in any case are our closest relatives, oddly enough, much closer than the northern Slavs (Finno-Ugric peoples, haplogroup N1c1, settled from Tibet) and the southern Slavs (haplogroup I1b, the Balkans are considered their homeland and the Pyrenees). Our common ancestor with Western Europeans lived about 13,000 years ago, at the end of the ice age, five thousand years before gathering began to develop into crop production, and hunting into cattle breeding. That is, in a very gray-haired Kamennovoe antiquity.

The fundamental point is that there were no descendants of the Mongols (haplogroup C3) after the two hundred year Tatar-Mongol yoke. Or they do, but very rarely. How can this be? Moreover, in the genome of the Bulgar Tatars there are also a large number of carriers of haprogroups R1a1 (30%) and N1c1 (20%), but they are mostly of non-European origin.

The settlement of the Aryans to the east, south and west (there was simply nowhere to go further north, and so, according to the Indian Vedas, before coming to India they lived near the Arctic Circle) became the biological prerequisite for the formation of a special language group, Indo-European. These are almost all European languages, some languages ​​of modern Iran and India, and, of course, the Russian language and ancient Sanskrit, which are closest to each other for an obvious reason - in time (Sanskrit) and in space (Russian) they are next to the original source, the Aryan parent language from which all other Indo-European languages ​​grew.

So, the haplogroup R1a in the DNA genealogy is a common haplogroup for part of the Slavs, part of the Turks and part of the Indo-Aryans (because naturally there were representatives of other haplogroups in their environment), part of the haplogroup R1a1 during migrations along the Russian Plain became part of Finno-Ugric peoples, such as Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha). Part of the tribes of the haplogroup R1a1 during migrations brought this Indo-European language to India and Iran about 3500 years ago, where the Aryan languages ​​​​became the basis of a group of Iranian languages, the oldest of which date back to the 2nd millennium BC. A vast part of the haplogroup R1a1 joined the Turkic ethnic groups in ancient times and today in many respects mark the migration of the Turks

Haplogroup N1 can be traced in addition to Russia in southern China, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Japan, Taiwan and Korea. Many researchers also associate the emergence of Turkic languages ​​with the haplogroup N1, possibly N1b. Among the Huns there was also a significant proportion of the Siberian subclades of haplogroup N, and perhaps the legendary leader Attila was its representative. The first leaders who took part in the formation of the Hungarian empire about X centuries ago were also N1c1, the Ugric subclade, which was confirmed by DNA testing. In Europe, haplogroup N in the form of the European subclade N1c1 is extremely common around the entire Baltic Sea, reaching maximum frequencies in the eastern Baltic, while a slightly different subclade is characteristic of the South Baltic region and southern Scandinavia.

The ancestor of the haplogroup E1b1b1 was born about 15 thousand years ago in East Africa (apparently in Ethiopia). For several millennia, the carriers of this haplogroup lived in their historical homeland in Ethiopia and were engaged in hunting and gathering. By race initially they were Negroid, but later, after migrations to the north, separate peoples appeared with their own language and culture: Egyptians, Berbers, Libyans, Kushites, Ethiopians, Himyarites, Canaanites, etc. Currently, the E1b1b1a haplogroup is common among Albanians and Greeks, and is represented by various Balkan subclades.

Haplogroup C3 - Mongolian peoples, Tungus-Manchu peoples, Turkic peoples of Siberia and Central Asia, part of the Yakuts and Chinese. Two mysterious isolated peoples, the Yukaghirs and the Ainu, belong to the same genus, the origin of the language of which is still controversial among scientists.

Haplogroup O3 was born on the territory of modern China, at the same time it reached the Indonesian islands of Borneo and Sumatra, and today O3 carriers are found up to remote Polynesia.

There are haplogroups of other peoples (denoted by Latin letters from A to T), including Caucasian, Semitic and peoples of the American continent. But everything is so complicated there that it is necessary to deal with this separately.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT

Despite the fact that Russians in anthropological terms are the most homogeneous ethnic group in Europe, and this has already become an axiom among researchers, genetically they represent two peoples. Two completely different ethnic groups in terms of mental organization. In terms of mental organization, but not in appearance. The fact is that the Valdai group of our people, Central Russian and South Russian have the haplogroup R1b1a2 in their chromosomes. Exactly the same haplogroup is distributed throughout Western Europe, including Scandinavia. This proves that genetically our people are no different from Western Europeans. No matter how they boast of their "Europeanism", the fact remains. More interestingly, this haplogroup is named by geneticists "Atlantic".

But among the northern population of Russia, the haplogroup R1a1 prevails. Representatives of both haploid groups differ in behavior. "Atlantists", by their nature, are more drawn to the South. The North causes fear in them, they are afraid of it. Suffice it to recall who mastered Siberia? Mostly people from the north - Arkhangelsk, industrialists from Pinega, Mezens, people from Vologda, Ladoga and others. The Cossacks from the forest-steppe zone did not rush to the east. If they went there, it was under duress. But that's not all. Atlantists, except for the Don Cossacks, are prone to individualism, they do not shy away from trade. Therefore, deceit for them, although a sin, is not fatal.

From all of the above, it is clear that they are predisposed to opportunism and deep materialization of consciousness. The tsarist authorities were well aware of this weakness of the South Russians. Therefore, when fighting with Stepan Razin, and later with Emelyan Pugachev, they very often resorted to bribery.

Behavior northern group Russians are completely different. People with the R1a1 haploid group feel the North subtly. They cannot imagine their life without their native places, pine forests, clean rivers and lakes. Russ of the north are not inclined to trade. They only do it when necessary. They are drawn to creativity. Here they have no equal. Suffice it to recall our northern shipbuilding. The northern group of Russians is characterized by conscientiousness, the concept of honor, they have a very developed sense of justice. In a word, in terms of behavior, this is a completely different Russian people.

So where did the northern haplogroup R1a1 come from? And in fact there is no choice, except from the lost ancestral home - the great Oriana. And the descendants of the white-eyed Chud, and immigrants from Ladoga, Novgorod, Pskov, and residents of Ustyug, Vologda - they are all direct heirs of northern Oriana. The country is long gone, but its children are alive.

Do you understand now why the West hates Russians so much? Moreover, they realized that people with the northern haplogroup are programmed with great difficulty. It is difficult for them to drive into their heads those things that contradict their nature. That's the trouble for Westerners! But at the same time, carriers of the Atlantic haplogroup R1b1a2 are easy to program. Just like the French or the Germans. Remember how Napoleon, with his articles and speeches, fueled the French public for a war with Russia? No one thought, why did Russia begin to threaten Europe? Is she out of her mind? She should be mindful of her own business. The country is boundless! Hitler did the same with his people. The effect is exactly the same. Of course, both among the French and among the Germans, not everyone "fell for it", but we are now talking about the majority. The same thing is happening in Ukraine. The script is the same everywhere, the actors are different.

Now we are not saying that people with the Atlantic haplogroup are flawed, they are ordinary people. Among them there are individuals with developed moral and spiritual qualities. Just because of a slightly different genetics, they have a different mental organization. I think it is not worth proving that children are born already with an established character. Of course, you can meet people who are creative, noble, and incorruptible, but there are relatively few of them! That's the problem. Only one percent, two or three on the strength. Here we are dealing with the law of nature.

By the way, that's the reason for the medieval witch hunt. In fact, the descendants of the Vedic priests and keepers of ancient sacred knowledge were destroyed. But there was another hidden meaning. Inquisitors with red-hot iron and bonfires reduced in the countries of Western Europe the direct descendants of the Orians, people with the haplogroup R1a1. Actually, they were the descendants of the ancient guardian priests and boyars-managers. Why were they burned? Because sometimes they were forced to use secret knowledge, because they deeply understood the laws of nature, because they did not recognize Christ as God, and even because of external beauty. That is the whole essence of the project, which, on behalf of those who wished to remain in the shadows, was carried out 3-4 centuries ago by the Catholic Church in Europe.

What about the Atlantic group? How did it come about? Of course, we can only assume that the northern Adityas and Danavas, the Western Atlanteans (Dityas), the descendants of the goddess Danu (according to the Indian epic), differed from each other not only in the psychology of their behavior, but also genetically. There are versions that this is genetic mixing with archanthropes, only not direct, but through the genetic mediation of the Iberians and races similar to them, who once lived in these territories. And mind you, we are still being stubbornly convinced that interracial mixing does not pose any problems.

Now the question is: why is programming not accepted into the mental field of the carriers of the haplogroup R1a1? Yes, and the owners of the haplogroup R1b1 strikes selectively. Basically, people with a natural predisposition to vice. From all of the above, we can conclude that field mental worms mainly affect the mental structures of serfs or Shudras, and even then, because the latter do not want to get rid of them by an effort of will. Maybe they can't, that's why they are sudras.

Will is a great power. If we consider the estates of the Golden Age from the position of volitional potential, then we get the following picture: the most weak-willed are the serfs. Above them, an order of magnitude, is the first estate of workers. Even higher are managers, and above them are priests or philosophers, but this is ideal. Here we must also consider the quality of the will. There is an evil will and a good will. The foregoing refers to the will of the creator - to the good. So she is able to cleanse a person from any filth. By turning it on, even an inveterate hater of goodness gradually turns into a normal person.. In fact, volitional effort can change human genetics. But faith is also necessary for genetic transformation. Faith is as important as will. Nothing will come of it without her.

What has been said above about haplogroups is irrefutable scientific facts, moreover, mined by independent American scientists. Disputing them is the same as disagreeing with the results of a blood test in a clinic. They are not disputed. They are simply hushed up. They are hushing up together and stubbornly, they are hushing up, one might say, totally. And as we can see, there are good reasons.

The father of dialectics, the ancient Greek Heraclitus, is known as the author of the saying "everything flows, everything changes." Less well known is the continuation of this phrase of his: “except human soul". As long as a person is alive, his soul remains unchanged. The same is true for a more complex form of organization of living matter than man - for the people. folk soul unchanged while alive folk body . The Russian folk body is marked by nature by a special sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that controls this body. This means that as long as people with the R1a1 haplogroup in the Y chromosome exist on earth, their people keep their soul unchanged.

The language evolves, culture develops, religious beliefs change, and the Russian soul remains the same as all four and a half millennia of the existence of the people in current its genetic makeup. And together, the body and soul, constituting a single biosocial entity under the name "Russian people", have a natural ability to great accomplishments of a civilizational scale. The Russian people have repeatedly demonstrated this in the past, this potential of it is preserved in the present and will always exist as long as it is alive.

It is very important to know this and evaluate current events, words and actions of people through the prism of knowledge, determine one's own place in the history of the great biosocial phenomenon called the "Russian nation". Knowledge of the history of the people obliges a person to try to be at the level of the great achievements of his ancestors, and this is the most terrible thing for the opponents of the Russian nation. That is why they try to hide this knowledge.

And further. When studying the haplogroups of other peoples, do not get attached to the conclusions drawn from the study of American geneticists. Take the grain, that is, specific haplogroups, and superimpose them on chronicle and historical facts that are reliable for you. I assure you, you will find a lot of interesting things. But since the actual conclusions largely depend on the level of awareness and worldview of a particular person, it makes no sense to present them here.

EPILOGUE

Once upon a time, the light priesthood taught that in terms of species, the humanity of the Earth, in addition to races and nations, is divided into four more externally similar, but internally completely different species. Two species are predatory people, and two are non-predatory. The predatory sorcerers called it this way: the first kind is a cannibal non-human, the second kind is a werewolf cannibal.

The first type was considered the most formidable and bloodthirsty. It includes people whose psyche since childhood is aimed at destroying their own kind. These are people who know neither pity nor compassion. They see their life purpose in violence against their fellows and receive satisfaction, joy and mental relaxation from fanaticism. They experience fear, like animals, only before those who are much stronger than them.. They do not recognize equal relations: they suppress those who are weaker, and if they deal with the strong, they wait in the wings for years. They are very vindictive and cruel. Torture of living beings and especially people is the greatest entertainment for them. These are straightforward, cynical, vicious creatures, bold and arrogant to the point of madness. Bloody orgies lead them into a wild trance. Suffice it to recall one of the heroes of the ancient Greeks, Athena's favorite, Theseus, who, having struck his enemy, split his skull and began to devour the still living human brain. Even the warrior Pallas recoiled from such a beastman.

It must be said that non-human cannibals have strong volitional qualities, besides, the need for destruction and global extermination of all living things, and primarily humans, constantly stimulates their will. And, as we have already said, the will for magical action is no less important than the energy of thought. Therefore, as occultists (due to the fact that the will of non-humans is dark), they are very dangerous.

The second predatory human species, which was called the cannibal-werewolf by the Russian people, differs little in terms of aggressiveness towards humans from the first species. He is also predatory and insatiable, like the kind of cannibal non-human. But it is more flexible and cunning than the first kind. The werewolf ogre always hides its predatory essence for the time being. He knows how to perfectly disguise himself and play the role of a harmless, even virtuous person. If in human society the first predatory species plays the role of a wolf, then the second species resembles a fox in its behavior. He is artistic, very vocal, sociable and surprisingly active. A vivid example of people of the second predatory type can be such well-known political figures as Trotsky, Lenin, Hitler and others. All of them are united by eloquence and the ability to transform.

The Magi believed that both predatory human species appeared on Earth as a result of a mixture of the Aryans, the descendants of the Lemurians, the red and yellow peoples, with the humanoid, degraded to the bestial level, the descendants of the ancient terrestrial races, whose ancestors came to our planet tens of millions of years ago. Over time, hybrids from such mixing, outwardly remaining representatives of their races and peoples, turned into a special species due to changes in the brain.

Two non-predatory human species were called magi as follows. The first type - the most common - "people of consent." And the last kind - the people of the Aryan spirit, or "people of the light."

The people of the Aryan spirit, or "people of the light" are the only group of non-predatory people who can fight against the will of the predatory human species. These are people, first of all, creators and keepers, people of high honor, love and faith in the triumph of goodness and justice. These are true warriors in spirit, defenders of the weak and disadvantaged. Only from them are born the true heroes of the peoples. Such people always go to a feat and even to death consciously, they do not experience joy from the sight of blood and suffering even from their enemies. Murder always causes them a feeling of regret, and they go for it as a last resort, when all other means have been exhausted.

An example of a high Aryan spirit can be the defender of Troy, Hector, from ancient heroes. And of the Russian heroes, of course, the old Cossack Ilya Muromets. According to the epic, this bright hero confronts the Nightingale the Robber - a representative of the first predatory human species - and defeats him.

If you still doubt the scientific validity of the Magi's statement about the presence of four types of people in the human races: two predatory and two non-predatory, let's return to the data of science once again.

In the middle of the 20th century, a prominent Russian anthropologist Boris Fedorovich Porshnev (Russian historian, sociologist, doctor of historical and philosophical sciences), studying skulls modern man, in particular, their anterior frontal lobes, where the center of speech, and hence the second signaling system, came to the sensational conclusion that nervous system people are not the same. Over time, using the scientific method, using genetics, mathematics and other sciences, Porshnev proved that Homo sapiens is represented on Earth by four types. It turned out that all four species of Homo sapiens differ from each other in the structure of the frontal lobes of the brain, and all these four species are scattered in all large and small earthly human races.

Porshnev was very interested in this issue, and he devoted more than 20 years to studying it. And what did he discover? But the fact that two human species have a third signaling system, and two species Homo sapiens don't have it. In addition, the scientist realized that human species that do not have a third signaling system, i.e. those who do not have reason, but live only by reason (the second signal system that a person has got thanks to speech), are not real people. These two species, according to Porshnev, originate from other adelphophages. More precisely, from those anthropoids who killed and ate their own compatriots. According to the research of the scientist, all four types of a reasonable person are so different in the structure of their human brain that offspring from mixing these species, especially from predatory with non-predatory, is doomed to degeneration. This explains the degeneration of many royal European and Asian dynasties. Yes, and among the people there are plenty of examples of the degeneration of surnames and genera. And, as a rule, the ancestor of such surnames has always been a human being of a predatory species. Porshnev named these four types of people scientifically.

The first species - the one that was called by the Magi "non-man-eater" - was christened Porshnev superanimal, i.e. talking animals. This is an evil, assertive, very cruel despot, striving to subordinate everyone and everything to his will, he does not know compassion, pity, does not suspect that there is honor, conscience and nobility in the world. In a word, super animal.

The second species - "cannibal werewolf" - he called suggestor(from lat. suggestio - suggestion). Suggestra are somewhat different predators, they prefer psychological rather than forceful pressure. Their main weapons are all forms of lies and persuasion. In appearance, they are cheeky and talkative, but at the same time very assertive, shameless and arrogant.

The third type - those whom the priests called "compromisers" - the scientist called diffusers(from lat. diffusio - distribution, dispersion). In his opinion, such people can be broken, their consciousness can be lowered to the animal psyche, that is, the psyche of serfs.

And the last kind of "people of the world" Porshnev called nonanthropes, man of the future. He considered them a new emerging species. Moreover, Porshnev attributed to non-anthropes all three of the highest ancient forgotten classes: workers, managers and strategists. According to the scientist, the non-anthrope is so strong and steadfast that he is able to withstand the pressure of both superanimals and suggestters.

Porshnev’s mistake is only in one thing: the scientist proceeded in his research from Darwin’s theory, he was her admirer, therefore the last kind of person he called non-anthropic. Although in fact the Porshnevian non-anthrope is the most ancient of all four human species. It is he who has survived to our time without change, in his psyche the cosmic species of a reasonable person, a descendant of the great Oriana-Hyperborea. In fact, this is exactly what American geneticists have shown.

Some parallels in human relations can also be traced from the point of view of Ayurveda.

The number of characters describing the haplogroup Y - human chromosomes (for women - sets of XX, for men - XY chromosomes) - up to 5-10 or more, and in order to draw any conclusions, "haplotypes" are better used. The so-called "haplogroup tree" could more accurately be called a haplotype tree. Haplotypes - I, J, O, C, R1a1, R1b1, D and so on.

DNA - genealogy - is an important tool for historians, for researchers of the origin of mankind. Humanity is countries, peoples. Peoples are made up of tribes, ethnic and cultural groups. The culture of mankind is international, but always has national and state differences, features.

Information about the origin of tribes, peoples, is transmitted not only through sections of Y chromosomes, identified as marks of the first ancestor, starting from which there have been no mutations until now; - but also through the X chromosomes, which both men and women have.

Historically, mankind has always, from time to time, suffered from ideas of superiority, however, no nation or tribe has any special advantages or disadvantages. There is also no clear identification of peoples by haplotypes.

Haplotypes could be designated in history as follows - I - Slavs (I1 - northern, I2 - southern), J - Semites, D - Tibetans, O - Chinese, E - Arabs, (O1 - northern, O2 - southern), Q - maya, gypsies,
R1a1 - Scythians, R1b1 - Sumerians, C - Mongols. Haplotypes I and J evolved from IJKL about 20 thousand years ago. The peoples of Eastern Europe, Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Belarusians have about 50% of R1a1 statistics. Haplogroups R1b1 have an origin - West, Africa. R1b1 - characteristic of the pharaohs, this group is of great importance among the Irish (up to 90%). For Russians, R1b1 is about 4%, these are ethnic Bashkirs or immigrants from the West. In the West, respectively, R1a1 are immigrants from the East (Vikings, Swedes). The haplotypes of the Scythians were combined with the South Siberian N3C. Haplotypes of the Sumerians are not only R1b1, but also D (D1, D2). Haplogroups D1 are also among the Aini peoples and the Japanese.

The origin of the Turks comes from the Scythians, as with the Eastern European peoples. The Chinese O and Mongolian C lines were of great importance in creating the community of the Turks. The Turks conquered the Rourans, the Chinese, and in the 7th century the Turks captured Khazaria and created the Turkic Kaganate. Khazaria - a state from the Crimea to Muscovy, was formed in the 3rd century, after the conquest of Scythia by the Huns.

Kyrgyz - also belong to the Turks, and they have the language of the Turks, but among the Kyrgyz R1a1 - up to 70%. Unlike the Kyrgyz, the Kazakhs have large statistics of Genghisides C, the Naimans - O, among the Kazakhs up to 4% of statistics are Semites, up to 10% are Argyns. Kazakhs are not only Genghisides, but also Timurids - the possible origin of the Timurids is R1a1.

Theories of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" are fundamentally erroneous because neither the Russians nor the Tatars have Mongols lines - C (tenths of a%).

All attempts to create theories of "Aryans", or - "Slavic - Aryans" were unsuccessful. There are no Aryans, but among the Russians and the peoples of Eastern Europe, only a quarter of the statistics - I, having origin - the Mediterranean, the Balkans. Some believe that the Semites are Jews. But Jews have about 40% J statistics, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis - up to 30% J. Greek Cypriots - up to 40% J. Some peoples of the North Caucasus - up to 90% J. In Qatar, Yemen - up to 90 % (E+J).

For example, Albert Einstein has E2. Haplotypes of Jews - Ashkenazi - R1a1, among Jews this haplotype, according to A. Klyosov (Harvard), appeared in the 7th century. Haplogroups R1b1 appeared among the Jews about 4 thousand years ago, J - about 17,500 years ago. There is no direct identification of nationality and haplotype - but for the history of the origin of the peoples that exist now, not only the statistics of ancestors are important, but also the times when these haplotypes appeared among the tribes, peoples.

All models of the development of the haplogroup tree are based on the continuous development of mankind. However, all human activity is reduced to the general movement of mankind, directed towards the End of the World. The earth was saved from humanity by floods and fires, by great glaciations. And therefore, models of the development of mankind, which is more than 4 billion years old on Earth, can also be based on models of the restoration of large communities from small ones that remained on Earth after global catastrophes.

For some groups of people, theories of evolution, eugenics, based on the superiority of the European - the "crown" of these theories, are considered more convenient, and the rest of the peoples, allegedly, are less removed in their "development" (through labor, etc.) from monkeys.

The origin of Russians, Ukrainians is now very acute, even political topics. But these topics can be studied with the help of DNA methods - genealogy. The research of scientists should not be biased, and should not be directed to some pre-prepared results. And then it turns out that the Russians are part of the new Ukrainian nation, and the Ukrainians are part of the Russian people, the southern Rus.

In the study of the origin of tribes and peoples, toponymy, including geographical names, linguistic similarities, is very important evidence. There are a lot of geographical names - Argyn, Argun, Argyn gorge, Argun river. The Argyns were part of the Huns - and the Bashkir army was the striking force of the Huns. The Argyns did not submit to the tsarist government of Russia and went to the Ottoman Empire.

Bash-kir is the main blow. Alty ai - six months, Altai. Baikal - a great lake (Turkic). Mas keve - tax to row, keve - paddle, row (Hebrew), Moscow, Kyiv - toponymy of Khazaria. Tomen - low (Turkic). Sar sin - the tsar marked (Hebrew), sary sin - the yellow island (Turk), Tsaritsyn. Oryn bor - the place of the chalk (Turkic), Orenburg.

Scythia, which existed from the Crimea to India, including Afghanistan, was conquered by Alexander the Great (3rd century BC). He built cities - Alexandria, in Afghanistan - this is the city of Kandahar, in Uzbekistan - Khujand. Alexander himself, a young conqueror, married the daughter of an Afghan nobleman. Now the Afghans and Iranians have up to 30% of R1a1 statistics, and no J at all - therefore these peoples are on the "axis of evil". In Afghanistan, traces of the ancient Slavic peoples remained, which mixed with the Scythians and peoples with haplogroups L.

Linguistic similarities alone cannot serve as models for the origin of peoples and tribes. There are more differences between the Turks than similarities, despite the fact that the languages ​​of the Turks are similar to each other. The languages ​​of the Turks are closer to the language of the ancestors of the Eastern European peoples - the Scythians. Among the Eastern European peoples, now the roots of the Slavic (Mediterranean) languages ​​\u200b\u200bare more important - the origin of the peoples of the IJKL groups - the Mediterranean coast, islands. Cultural development Eastern Europe happened so that in Ukrainian language Polish words were added, and words of Romance origin were added to Polish, despite the fact that Poland had been restored against Russia for many centuries.

Modern prospects for the development of the states of Western Europe suggest their gradual destruction, the resettlement of masses of migrants from Africa and Eastern Europe, and the reconstruction of Khazaria.