The story "Chelkash" was written in 1894. M. Gorky heard this story in the city of Nikolaev, when he was in the hospital, from a neighbor in the ward. Its publication took place in 1895 in the June issue of the magazine " Russian wealth". This article will analyze the work "Chelkash".

Introduction

In the port, under the hot sun, the loaders laid out their simple and simple food. Grishka Chelkash, a well-broken thief, approached them and found out that his friend and constant partner Mishka had broken his leg. This puzzled Grigory a little, because a profitable business was coming up that night. He looked around and saw a stocky village guy, broad-shouldered, with blue eyes. His expression was innocent. Chelkash quickly met Gavrila and persuaded him to take part in a night adventure. Familiarity with the story is required in order to understand the analysis of the work "Chelkash".

Night voyage

At night, Gavrila, shaking with fear, sat on the oars, and Chelkash ruled. Finally they reached the wall. Grigory took the oars, passport and knapsack from his cowardly partner, and then disappeared. Chelkash appeared suddenly, gave his partner something heavy, oars and his belongings. Now we need to return to the harbor, not to fall under the fires of the customs patrol cruiser. Gavrila almost fainted from fear. Chelkash gave him a good kick, sat on the oars, and put Gavrila behind the wheel. They arrived without incident and quickly fell asleep. In the morning, Gregory woke up first and left. When he returned, he woke Gavrila and gave him his share. Knowledge of the action taking place in the story will help to analyze the work "Chelkash".

denouement

When Chelkash was counting out the money, he was unpleasantly struck by a greedy village boy. The peasant begs me to give him everything. The hero with disgust for such greed threw money. Gavrila began to collect them and tell that he wanted to kill an accomplice because of them.

Grishka just went berserk, took the money from him and went. A stone whistled and hit Chelkash in the head. He fell to the sand, motionless. The peasant, horrified by what he had done, ran to bring his partner to his senses. When Grishka came to his senses, he took a hundred for himself, and gave the rest to Gavrila. They parted in different sides. Now, having familiarized ourselves with the content of the story, we can analyze the work "Chelkash".

Heroes: Chelkash and Gavrila

The spirit of romance and connection with nature permeates all the early works of M. Gorky. Chelkash is free from the laws of society.

He is a thief and a homeless drunkard. Long, bony, round-shouldered, he looks like a steppe hawk. Chelkash's mood is excellent - there will be earnings at night.

Gavrila - a strong village boy, returns home. He did not earn money in the Kuban. He is despondent.

Gorky describes in detail the thoughts of each of them before they agree on a robbery at night. Chelkash is a proud nature, recalls his former life, wife, parents. His thoughts jump to the downtrodden country boy he can help. The main character loves the sea immensely. In his element, he feels free, and thoughts about the past there do not bother him. We are considering the heroes of the story "Chelkash" (Bitter). Analysis of the work without their characters will not be complete.

Gavrila

This is not Gavrila. He is immensely afraid of the sea, the darkness, the possible capture. He is cowardly, greedy. These qualities push him to a direct crime, when in the morning he saw big money for the first time in his life. First, Gavrila falls on her knees in front of Chelkash, begging for money, because he is just a "vile slave."

The protagonist, feeling disgust, pity and hatred for the petty soul, throws him all the money. Upon learning that Gavrila wanted to kill him, Chelkash becomes furious. It's the first time he's been so angry. Gregory takes the money and leaves. Gavrila, unable to control her greed, seeks to kill her accomplice, but this makes the insignificant little soul afraid. He again begs for forgiveness from the main character - a man of a wide soul. Chelkash throws money to pathetic Gavrila. He staggers away forever. Considering the main characters, you can analyze the story as a whole.

Analysis of the work "Chelkash" (Maxim Gorky)

First comes detailed description port and its life. Next come the heroes. Gorky emphasizes cold gray eyes and nose, humpbacked and predatory, and a proud free disposition. Gavrila - a good-natured guy who believes in God, as it turned out, is ready for anything for the sake of money. At first it seems that the villain Chelkash is forcing the simple-hearted Gavrila to turn off the direct path onto the thieves' path. The sea is an important and significant component of the story. It brings out the nature of the characters.

Chelkash loves his strength, power, boundlessness and freedom. Gavrila is afraid of him, prays and asks Grigory to let him go. The peasant becomes especially frightened when the searchlights illuminate the sea distance. He takes the light of the ship as a symbol of retribution and promises himself to order a prayer service to Nicholas the Wonderworker. In the morning, a drama is played out because of the greed that has seized Gavrila. It seemed to him that Chelkash gave him little money. He is on the verge of murder, and no thoughts about God bother him. Wounded by him, Chelkash with disgust gives away almost all the money, which Gavrila quickly hides. All traces of blood are washed away by the rain. Water is unable to wash away the dirt from the soul of God-fearing Gavrila. Gorky tells how a peasant loses his human image, how low a creature who considers himself a man falls when it comes to profit. The story is built on the principles of antithesis. This is where Chelkash ends. The analysis of the work is briefly carried out.

All the plots of M. Gorky can be logically divided into several, approximately two, groups, which were based on the division of the use of plots. So, some were created by the writer on the basis of legends and traditions, while others were based on real facts. By the way, Aleksey Maksimovich invented some of his legends on his own. And if these were stories based on real events, then most often this reality came from the life of tramps, people who found themselves at the very bottom of life, and it completely ceased to be interesting.

It is known that the author based his unusual story "" on an incident that really happened in life. The writer himself claimed that the main character even had a prototype. Maxim Gorky himself said that with this prototype, from which he painted the image of the main character Chelkash, the author himself met and met in a big city.

Then he lived for some time in Nikolaev, and when he saw one tramp, he was surprised by his cheerfulness and carelessness. He also told a story to a writer about a guy he hired, who acted treacherously. But when he was telling his story, Maxim Gorky drew attention to his face, highlighting the lips that bared his snow-white teeth.

There are two main characters in the Gorky story - Chelkash himself and Gavrila. They are poor people, tramps, people from the countryside, so they knew perfectly well how hard peasant labor was, and they themselves were accustomed to work. According to the plot, the reader learns that he met Gavrila by chance, in the port where he came to visit his friend. But he was in the hospital, and Chelkash needed a partner for the "case".

Chelkash, he seemed like his own person, because they have the same roots. Even their clothes were the same: wide trousers, bast shoes and some kind of cap of a strange reddish color. Gavrila, according to the description of the writer, was a dense and large young man. The author himself drew attention to the interesting eyes of the village boy: large and blue, very trusting and a little good-natured.

The village hero easily defines the profession of Chelkash's partner: he casts his nets over other people's sheds and barns. Gavrila is the complete opposite of Chelkash. And this man at first simply despised Gavrila, and then, after the “case”, he simply began to hate him. And, according to Chelkash, he had something to hate for. For example, because Gavrila was young and strong, because his eyes were clean, and his face was tanned and muscular, and his hands were strong.

He had his own house in the country and came to the city to earn some money and then buy a house in the country and get married. But all the same, the main thing for which Chelkash hated Gavrila so much was that this young village guy had not yet known all life, had not deteriorated. He still loved nature, freedom and life.

But when a conflict began between the young people and Gavrila dared to object, Chelkash boiled up, and he considered the objection from the young man an insult, which, in his opinion, some young village guy inflicted on him as an adult and independent man.

But this guy from the village was afraid of the fishing he went with Chelkash. After all, he did not immediately understand what he would need to do. This case of this nature was new for him, he was involved in such cases for the first time, so he was so worried. But Chelkash behaved in a completely different way: he was calm and balanced.

The partner's fear to some extent even amused and amused him. He also experienced some strange feeling, like pleasure, from the fact that he, a simple village guy, Chelkash, for someone could be a formidable and stern person, and this elevated him in his own eyes.

When the young people went to work, Chelkash even here behaved calmly and evenly. So he rowed smoothly with oars, unlike Gavrila, who, realizing that the matter was not easy, rowed nervously and very quickly. Of course, Gavrila is a novice in this strange "case", which is why it was so hard for the young man. And Chelkash, who perceives such a campaign as the most common thing, is a completely different matter. And here he appears as negative character. So, he does not try to understand the young guy, he yells at him, condemns and even intimidates.

But, returning, a conversation arises between the young people, where he tries to find out from the thief how he lives without land, without labor. These questions of a young guy make him think, remember his simple village childhood. But this one was in the past, still the one in which there was no theft. And this made Chelkash feel different. He became lonely and sad.

The climax in Gorky's story is a fight that starts over money. The young man Gavrila, who was so sympathetic to the reader throughout the plot, begins to demand all the money. And here Chelkash turns out to be more noble: he still gives him everything, although he offended him even with words, calling him an unnecessary and even superfluous person.

Gorky’s early work (90s of the 19th century) was created under the sign of “gathering” the truly human: “I got to know people very early and from my youth I began to invent Man in order to satisfy my thirst for beauty. Wise people ... convinced me that I had ill-invented consolation for myself. Then I again went to the people and - it's so understandable! - again from them I return to the Man, ”Gorky wrote at that time.

Stories from the 1890s can be divided into two groups: some of them are based on fiction - the author uses legends or composes them himself; others draw characters and scenes from real life tramps.

The story "Chelkash" is based on a real case. Later, the writer recalled the tramp, who served as the prototype of Chelkash. Gorky met this man in a hospital in the city of Nikolaev (Chersonese). “I was amazed at the harmless mockery of the Odessa tramp, who told me the incident described by me in the story“ Chelkash ”. I well remember his smile, which showed his magnificent white teeth - the smile with which he concluded the story of the treacherous act of the guy he hired ... "

There are two main characters in the story: Chelkash and Gavrila. Both tramps, poor, both village peasants, of peasant origin, accustomed to work. Chelkash met this guy by chance, on the street. Chelkash recognized him as “his own”: Gavrila was “in the same pants, in bast shoes and in a torn red cap.” He was of a heavy build. Gorky several times draws our attention to the big Blue eyes looking trustingly and good-naturedly. With psychological accuracy, the guy defined Chelkash's "profession" - "we cast nets along dry shores and along barns, along lashes."

Gorky contrasts Chelkash with Gavril. Chelkash at first “despised”, and then, “hated” the guy for his youth, “clear blue eyes”, healthy tanned face, short strong arms, because he has his own house in the village, that he wants to start a family, but most importantly it seems to me that Gavrila has not yet known the life that this experienced man leads, because he dares to love freedom, which he does not know the price of, and which he does not need.

Chelkash seethed and trembled from the insult inflicted by the guy, from the fact that he dared to object to an adult man.

Gavrila was very afraid to go fishing, because this was his first case of such a plan. Chelkash was calm as always, he was amused by the guy's fear, and he enjoyed it and reveled in what he, Chelkash, is a formidable person.

Chelkash rowed slowly and evenly, Gavrila - quickly, nervously. It speaks of the resilience of character. Gavrila is a beginner, so the first trip is so hard for him, for Chelkash this is another trip, a common thing. Here manifests itself negative side men: he does not show patience and does not understand the guy, yells at him and intimidates. However, on the way back, a conversation began, during which Gavrila asked the man: “What are you now without land?” These words made Chelkash think, pictures of childhood, the past, the life that was before the thieves surfaced. The conversation fell silent, but Chelkash even from Gavrila's silence blew the countryside. These memories made me feel lonely, torn out, thrown out of that life.

The climax of the story is the scene of a fight over money. Greed attacked Gavrila, he became terrible, an incomprehensible excitement moved him. Greed took possession of the young man, who began to demand all the money. Chelkash perfectly understood the state of his ward, went to meet him - gave the money.

But Gavrila acted low, cruelly, humiliated Chelkash, saying that he was an unnecessary person and that no one would have missed him if Gavrila had killed him. This, of course, hit Chelkash's self-esteem, anyone in his place would have done the same.

Chelkash is undoubtedly goodie, in contrast to him, Gorky puts Gavrila.

Chelkash, despite the fact that he leads a wild life, steals, would never act as low as this guy. It seems to me that the main things for Chelkash are life, freedom, and he would not tell anyone that his life is worthless. Unlike a young man, he knows the joys of life and, most importantly, life and moral values.

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Comparative characteristics two characters in the work helps the author to portray his characters more vividly and more clearly. When compared, the images of heroes can be revealed from the most unexpected side. This happened to Chelkash and Gavrila from M. Gorky's story "Chelkash".

Chelkash - representative of the "bottom" big city. He is well known to everyone working in the harbor, "an inveterate drunkard and a clever, bold thief." The author emphasizes his resemblance to a predator - "an old poisoned wolf", he has a mustache like a cat, and he especially looks like a steppe hawk with his "predatory thinness" and "aiming" gait.

Gavrila came from the village to work, but unsuccessfully. He is good-natured, trusting and, by Chelkash's definition, looks like a calf. Gavrila agrees to work with Chelkash because he needs money, but he does not know what kind of work in question. Gavrila trusts Chelkash, especially when they are fed in a tavern on credit, this is proof for Gavrila that Chelkash is a respected person in the city.

Both heroes value freedom, but understand it differently. For Gavrila, this is material well-being. Then he will be able to return home, fix the household, get married. There is no money - you will have to go "in-law" and depend on your father-in-law in everything, work for him. Chelkash does not value money, for him freedom is a broader concept. He is free from property, from a family with which he parted long ago, from social conventions. He has no roots, he doesn't care where he lives, but he loved the sea. The author emphasizes the similarity of the sea element, the boundless and powerful, and freedom-loving nature of the hero. At sea, he felt that his soul was being cleansed "of worldly filth." Gavrila, on the contrary, is afraid of the sea, the lack of soil under his feet instills fear in him. Chelkash knows what he is doing and is not afraid to take risks. Gavrila, realizing what he was dragged into, is scared to death. He is afraid of being caught, and of sin - to ruin his soul.

Seeing a wad of money from Chelkash, Gavrila forgets about sin and agrees to steal again for money. After all, maybe you won’t ruin your soul, but you will become a man for life. He humiliatedly wallows at Chelkash's feet, begging for money, and at that moment the author shows the moral superiority of Chelkash: he "felt that he was a thief, a reveler, cut off from everything native - he would never be so greedy, so forgetful of himself" .

His dignity and contempt for the spiritual slavery of man arouse the respect and admiration of the author. And Gavrila's greed is such that he is ready to commit murder for the sake of money, and really makes such an attempt. He later repents of her, but he took the money offered by Chelkash.

Therefore, when comparing these two heroes, we see that Chelkash is a more proud and free person, and the author's sympathies are on his side.

Chelkash and Gavrila - victims of the capitalist world?

(According to the story of M. Gorky "Chelkash")

Petrova Natalia Nikolaevna,

teacher of the Kamennikovskaya school

Rybinsk region

Lesson: traditional.

Lesson type: learning new material

Purpose: using the example of M. Gorky's story "Chelkash" to show the injustice of a society where money rules, as well as the unpredictability of our life, false and real, that often a person with a certain appearance does not correspond to his inner "content".

Textbook: G.V.Moskvin, N.N.Puryaeva, E.L.Erokhina. Literature: Grade 7: Textbook-reader for educational institutions: at 2 pm H 2. - M .: Ventana-Graf, 2010.

Annotation to the lesson: a traditional lesson using techniques from the technology of critical thinking: clusters, comparative table, forecasting, syncwines; are being worked out different types work with the text, the ability to reasonably express one's point of view, find the necessary facts and episodes in the text, analyze the key episodes of the story, moral rules are inculcated human society: honesty, sincerity, nobility. preliminary homework: reading an article about M. Gorky (p. 198-199), reading the story "Chelkash" (preface and part 1).

During the classes:

Checking d / z. Independent reading of an article about Gorky at home makes it possible to answer questions A p. 198 and B1 p. 199, as well as predict the plot and feature of the story "Chelkash". Discussion.

Discussion of the part of the story "Chelkash" read at home.

Where is the action taking place? What time? Label colors and sounds.

As they understood the phrase - the first sentence of the third paragraph (hymn to trade).

The harbor is steamboats with goods and people who work here. We will divide into groups and give a description of them by filling in the clusters: "Steamers" and "People".

Discussion of the result. - Which artistic techniques uses Gorky to create more expressive images? Examples? Why is he doing this? (The details of the picture create the feeling that labor here is not pleasure, but slave hard labor; a feeling of hopelessness, injustice ...).

Why does the author call the comparison of ships and people "cruel irony"? (people, on the one hand, are creators, they created such giant steamships, they trade, it seems that there should be money, but, on the other hand, they are beggars, they have nothing, “created by people enslaved and depersonalized them”).

What gives us, the readers, this description? What feelings do you experience and what do you foresee? (a tense feeling, something terrible, bad will happen next; in such a situation, nothing bright can be ...).

Grishka Chelkash, main character story, appears in the very first lines of the first chapter. Remember his description: appearance, who he looks like, gait, speech, etc. What words Gorky focuses on. For what? Express your first opinion about the hero.

For the first time here in the story there are words tramp, tramps. How do you understand?

How do Grishka's dialogues with other workers and the port watchman help us understand his character?

At the same time, a comparative table is filled in (acceptance from the technology of the RKCHP):

Grishka Chelkash

Matching lines

Character traits

Attitude towards others

Attitude of others

In the same chapter, we meet with another hero of the story - Gavrila. Let's supplement the table by citing, recalling the facts from the read part concerning the personality of this hero.

How does part 1 end? Reread internal monologue Chelkash. What do you say about it? Your attitude?

Part 2. independent reading in the classroom. Discussion.

What is this part about?

How do the characters behave in the same situation?

What else do we learn about the heroes? What can be added to the table?

What is your attitude towards both characters? Is it changing?

Part 3 The last part remains. It is done. We confirmed to ourselves that Chelkash is a thief, experienced, brave, always thinking everything over, but risking for the sake of big money, for the sake of rest and entertainment, which will be later. The attitude of most of you towards him is negative, and this is understandable. The relationship with Gabriel is different. A goof, a hard worker-peasant, getting along with Chelkash, broke the law, became a thief, an accomplice. We are sincerely sorry for him, we are worried about him: no matter how his good intentions end in tears (after all, we know the “predatory” Grishka!).

We read aloud part 3 (reception "reading with stops" from the technology of RKChP)

1) up to p.222 to the question “What is it that makes you writhing”?

So what action of the heroes did Gorky leave us in the end?

Money. What is the attitude of our heroes towards them? What are their actions? Compare. What is your attitude to what is happening?

2) to the words "... Give them to me!"

Did you expect this?

Reread the words describing the state of Gavrila, Chelkash. Conclusion?

What do you think Chelkash will do?

3) until the end of the story.

Express your attitude to what is happening. What was expected and what was not?

And one more moment that cannot be missed in the story: this is the sea. We see his description throughout the story. What meaning does it carry? (the scene, the character of the protagonist is emphasized ...). Why do the last lines of the story end again seascape?

5. Conclusions.

What are the themes and problems of Gorky's story?

Let's return to the topic of our lesson: confirm once again that both Chelkash and Gavrila are victims of the capitalist world?

What features of Gorky's early stories have we met?

6. D / z: 1) draw up a story plan (optional - quote); 2) written reasoning - p.228 question B 10; 3) optional - syncwines.

"cruel irony"

"THE MADE BY PEOPLE HAS enslaved and depersonalized them"