Since 1910, the center of Bunin's work has become "the soul of a Russian person in deep sense, images of the mental traits of the Slavs. Trying to guess the future of Russia after the revolutionary upheavals of 1905-1907. Bunin did not share the hopes of M. Gorky and other representatives of proletarian literature.
I.A. Bunin experienced many historical events (three Russian revolutions, wars, emigration), which influenced his personal life and work. In assessing these events, Bunin was sometimes contradictory. During the revolution of 1905 - 1907, the writer, on the one hand, paid tribute to the motives of the protest, continued to cooperate with the "Znanevites", who represented the democratic forces, on the other hand, Bunin left to travel at a turning point in history and admitted that he was happy because he was "for 3000 miles from the homeland." The feeling of catastrophicity intensifies in the work of Bunin during the war human life, the vanity of the search for "eternal" happiness. contradictions social life reflected in the sharp contrast of characters, sharpened oppositions of the "basic" principles of being - life.
In 1907 - 1911 I.A. Bunin wrote a cycle of works "The Shadow of a Bird", in which diary entries, impressions of cities, architectural monuments, paintings are intertwined with the legends of ancient peoples. In this cycle, Bunin for the first time looked at various events from the point of view of a "citizen of the world", noting that he decided in the course of his travels "to know the longing of all times."
From the mid-1910s, I.A. Bunin moved away from the Russian theme and the image of the Russian character, a person in general became his hero (the influence of Buddhist philosophy, which he met in India and Ceylon, affected), and the main theme is the suffering that occurs with any contact with life, the irrepressibility of human desires. Such are the stories "The Brothers", "Chang's Dreams", partly these ideas are heard in the stories "The Gentleman from San Francisco", "The Bowl of Time".
For Bunin, the feeling of love becomes an expression of unfulfilled hopes, the general tragedy of life, in which he sees, however, the only justification for being. The idea of love as the highest value of life will become the main pathos of the works of Bunin and the emigrant period. Love for Bunin's heroes is “the last, all-encompassing, it is a thirst to contain the whole visible and invisible world in your heart and give it back to someone” (“Brothers”). Eternal, “maximum” happiness cannot be, in Bunin it is always associated with a sense of catastrophe, death (“Grammar of Love”, “Chang’s Dreams”, “Brothers”, stories of the 30s and 40s). In the love of Bunin's heroes? something incomprehensible, fatal and unrealizable is concluded, just as the very happiness of life is unrealizable (“In Autumn”, etc.).
Journey through Europe and the East, acquaintance with the colonial countries, which began with the First World War exacerbated the writer's rejection of the inhumanity of the bourgeois world and the feeling of the general catastrophic reality. This attitude appeared in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" (1915).
The story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" was born in the writer's creative mind when he read the news of the death of a millionaire who had arrived in Capri and stayed in one of the hotels. The original title of the piece was "Death on Capri". Having changed the name, I.A. Bunin emphasized that the focus is on the figure of a fifty-eight-year-old anonymous millionaire who left San Francisco for a holiday in Italy. Having become "senile", "dry", unhealthy, he decided to spend time among his own kind. The American city of San Francisco was named after the Christian Saint Francis of Assisi, who preached extreme poverty, asceticism, and the rejection of any property. The writer skillfully selects the details (the episode with the cufflink) and uses the technique of contrast to oppose the outward respectability of the gentleman from San Francisco to his inner emptiness and squalor. With the death of a millionaire, a new reference point for time and events arises. Death, as it were, cuts the story into two parts. This determines the originality of the composition.
Bunin's story evokes feelings of hopelessness. The writer emphasizes: "We must live today, not postponing happiness for tomorrow."
1. Childhood and youth. First publications.
2. Family life and work of Bunin.
3. Emigrant period. Nobel Prize.
4. The value of Bunin's work in literature.
How can we forget the Motherland?
Can a person forget his homeland?
She is in the soul. I am a very Russian person.
It doesn't disappear over the years.
I. A. Bunin
I. A. Bunin was born in Voronezh on October 10, 1870. Bunin's father Alexei Nikolaevich, a landowner in the Oryol and Tula provinces, a participant in the Crimean War, went bankrupt because of his love for cards. The impoverished nobles of the Bunins had such ancestors as the poetess A.P. Bunina and the father of V.A. Zhukovsky - A.I. Bunin. At the age of three, the boy was transferred to the estate on the Butyrki farm in the Yelets district of the Oryol province, his childhood memories are closely connected with him.
From 1881 to 1886, Bunin studied at the Yelets Gymnasium, from where he was expelled for failing to appear from the holidays. He did not finish the gymnasium, having received an education at home under the guidance of his brother Julius. Already at the age of seven he wrote poetry, imitating Pushkin and Lermontov. In 1887, his poem “Above Nadson’s Grave” was first published in the Rodina newspaper, and they began to print it critical articles. Elder brother Julius became his best friend, mentor in study and life.
In 1889, Bunin moved to his brother in Kharkov, associated with the populist movement. Being carried away by this movement himself, Ivan soon departs from the populists and returns to Orel. He does not share the radical views of Julius. Works in the "Orlovsky Bulletin", lives in a civil marriage with V. V. Pashchenko. Bunin's first book of poems appeared in 1891. These were poems saturated with passion for Pashchenko - Bunin experienced his unhappy love. At first, Varvara's father forbade them to marry, then Bunin had to learn many disappointments in family life, to be convinced of the complete dissimilarity of their characters. Soon he settled in Poltava with Julius, in 1894 he parted with Pashchenko. There comes a period creative maturity writer. Bunin's stories are published in leading magazines. He corresponds with A.P. Chekhov, is fond of the moral and religious preaching of L.N. Tolstoy, and even meets with the writer, trying to live according to his advice.
In 1896, a translation of the "Song of Hiawatha" by H. W. Longfellow was published, which was highly appreciated by contemporaries (Bunin received the Pushkin Prize of the first degree for it). Especially for this work, he independently studied English.
In 1898, Bunin again married a Greek woman, A.N. Tsakni, the daughter of a revolutionary emigrant. A year later, they divorced (the wife left Bunin, causing him suffering). Their only son died at the age of five from scarlet fever. His creative life much richer than the family one - Bunin translates Tennyson's poem "Lady Godiva" and "Manfred" by Byron, Alfred de Musset and Francois Coppé. At the beginning of the 20th century, the most famous stories were published - “ Antonov apples”, “Pines”, a prose poem “Village”, a story “Dry Valley”. Thanks to the story "Antonov apples" Bunin became widely known. It so happened that for the topic close to Bunin, the ruin of noble nests, he was criticized by M. Gorky: “Antonov apples smell good, but they smell by no means democratic.” Bunin was a stranger to his raznochintsy contemporaries, who perceived his story as a poeticization of serfdom. In fact, the writer poetized his attitude to the passing past, to nature, to his native land.
In 1909, Bunin became an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Much has also changed in his personal life - he met V. N. Muromtseva at the age of thirty-seven, finally creating happy family. The Bunins travel through Syria, Egypt, Palestine, and Bunin writes the book "Shadow of a Bird" based on travel impressions. Then - a trip to Europe, again to Egypt and Ceylon. Bunin reflects on the teachings of the Buddha, which is close to him, but with many postulates of which he does not agree. The collections Sukhodol: Novels and Stories 1911-1912, John Rydalets: Stories and Poems 1912-1913, The Gentleman from San Francisco: Works 1915-1916, a six-volume collected works were published.
The First World War was for the writer the beginning of the collapse of Russia. He expected disaster from the victory of the Bolsheviks. October revolution he did not accept, all thoughts about the coup are reflected by the writer in his diary " cursed days(he is overwhelmed by what is happening). Not thinking of their existence in Bolshevik Russia, the Bunins leave Moscow for Odessa, and then emigrate to France - first to Paris, and then to Grasse. The uncommunicative Bunin had almost no contact with Russian emigrants, but this did not prevent his creative inspiration - ten books of prose became a fruitful result of his work in exile. They included: "Rose of Jericho", " Sunstroke"," Mitina's love "and other works. Like many books by emigrants, they were imbued with homesickness. In Bunin's books - nostalgia for pre-revolutionary Russia, another world that has remained forever in the past. Bunin also headed the Union of Russian Writers and Journalists in Paris, led his column in the Vozrozhdenie newspaper.
In emigration, Bunin was overtaken by an unexpected feeling - he met his last love, G. N. Kuznetsov. She lived for many years with the Bunin couple in Grasse, helping Ivan Alekseevich as a secretary. Vera Nikolaevna had to put up with this, she considered Kuznetsova to be something like an adopted daughter. Both women valued Bunin and agreed to voluntarily live on such terms. Also, a young writer L.F. Zurov lived with his family for about twenty years. Bunin had to support four.
In 1927, work began on the novel "The Life of Arseniev", Kuznetsova helped Ivan Alekseevich in rewriting. After seven years of living in Grasse, she left. The novel was completed in 1933. This is a fictional autobiography with many real and fictional characters. Memory, which travels the life-long path of the hero, is the main theme of the novel. “Stream of Consciousness” is a feature of this novel that makes the author related to M. J. Proust.
In 1933, Bunin was awarded the Nobel Prize "for the rigorous skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose" and "for the truthful artistic talent with which he recreated in fiction typically Russian character. It was the first prize for a Russian writer, especially an exiled writer. The emigration considered Bunin's success their own, the writer allocated 100 thousand francs in favor of Russian emigrant writers. But many were unhappy that they were given no more. Few people thought about the fact that Bunin himself lived in unbearable conditions, and when the telegram about the award was brought, he did not even have a tip for the postman, and the received award was only enough for two years. According to the wishes of readers, Bunin published an eleven-volume collected works in 1934-1936.
In Bunin's prose, a special place was occupied by the theme of love - an unexpected element of "sunstroke", which cannot be sustained. In 1943, a collection of love stories " Dark alleys". This is the pinnacle of the writer's work.
The name of the writer Ivan Bunin is well known not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. Thanks to own works the first Russian laureate in the field of literature deserved world fame during his lifetime! To better understand what this person was guided by when creating his unique masterpieces, you should study the biography of Ivan Bunin and his view of many things in life.
Brief biographical sketches from early childhood
The future was born great writer back in 1870, October 22. Voronezh became his homeland. Bunin's family was not rich: his father became an impoverished landowner, so with early childhood little Vanya experienced many material deprivations.
The biography of Ivan Bunin is very unusual, and this manifested itself from the very early period his life. Even in childhood, he was very proud of the fact that he was born into a noble family. At the same time, Vanya tried not to focus on material difficulties.
As evidenced by the biography of Ivan Bunin, in 1881 he entered the first class. Own schooling Ivan Alekseevich began at the Yelets gymnasium. However, due to the difficult financial situation of his parents, he was forced to leave school already in 1886 and continue to learn the basics of science at home. It is thanks to studying at home that young Vanya gets acquainted with the work of such famous writers as A. V. Koltsov and I. S. Nikitin.
A number of the beginning of Bunin's career
Ivan Bunin began writing his very first poems at the age of 17. It was then that it took place creative debut which turned out to be very successful. No wonder the print media published the works of the young author. But then their editors could hardly have imagined how stunning successes in the field of literature awaited Bunin in the future!
At the age of 19, Ivan Alekseevich moved to Orel and got a job in a newspaper with the eloquent name "Orlovsky Vestnik".
In 1903 and 1909, Ivan Bunin, whose biography is presented to the reader's attention in the article, is awarded the Pushkin Prize. And on November 1, 1909, he was elected an honorary academician to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, which specialized in refined literature.
Important events from personal life
The personal life of Ivan Bunin is replete with many interesting points that you should pay attention to. In the life of a great writer, there were 4 women for whom he had tender feelings. And each of them played a certain role in his fate! Let's pay attention to each of them:
- Varvara Pashchenko - Bunin Ivan Alekseevich met her at the age of 19. This happened in the building of the editorial office of the Orlovsky Vestnik newspaper. But with Varvara, who was one year older than him, Ivan Alekseevich lived in a civil marriage. Difficulties in their relationship began due to the fact that Bunin simply could not provide her with the material standard of living that she aspired to. As a result, Varvara Pashchenko cheated on him with a wealthy landowner.
- Anna Tsakni in 1898 became the legal wife of a famous Russian writer. He met her in Odessa during the holidays and was simply struck by her natural beauty. However family life quickly cracked due to the fact that Anna Tsakni always dreamed of returning to her native city - Odessa. Therefore, the whole Moscow life was a burden for her, and she accused her husband of indifference to her and callousness.
- Vera Muromtseva is the beloved woman of Bunin Ivan Alekseevich, with whom he lived the longest - 46 years. They formalized their relationship only in 1922 - 16 years after they met. And Ivan Alekseevich met his future wife in 1906, during the literary evening. After the wedding, the writer and his wife moved to live in the southern part of France.
- Galina Kuznetsova lived next to the writer's wife - Vera Muromtseva - and was not at all embarrassed by this fact, however, like Ivan Alekseevich's wife herself. In total, she lived for 10 years in a French villa.
Political views of the writer
Political views many people had a significant impact on public opinion. Therefore, certain newspaper publications devoted a lot of time to them.
Even despite the fact that, to a greater extent, Ivan Alekseevich had to do his own work outside of Russia, he always loved his homeland and understood the meaning of the word "patriot". However, Bunin was alien to belonging to any particular party. But in one of his interviews, the writer once mentioned that the idea of a social democratic system is closer to him in spirit.
Personal life tragedy
In 1905, Bunin Ivan Alekseevich experienced a heavy grief: his son Nikolai, whom Anna Tsakni bore to him, died. This fact can definitely be attributed to the personal life tragedy of the writer. However, as follows from the biography, Ivan Bunin held firm, was able to endure the pain of loss and give, despite such a sad event, many literary "pearls" to the whole world! What else is known about the life of the Russian classic?
Ivan Bunin: interesting facts from life
Bunin very much regretted that he graduated from only 4 classes of the gymnasium and could not receive a systematic education. But this fact did not at all prevent him from leaving a considerable mark in the world's literary work.
For a long period of time, Ivan Alekseevich had to stay in exile. And all this time he dreamed of returning to his homeland. Bunin actually cherished this dream until his death, but it remained unrealizable.
At the age of 17, when he wrote his first poem, Ivan Bunin tried to imitate his great predecessors - Pushkin and Lermontov. Perhaps their work had a great influence on the young writer and became an incentive to create his own works.
Now, few people know that in early childhood, the writer Ivan Bunin was poisoned by henbane. Then his nanny saved him from certain death, who gave little Vanya milk to drink in time.
The writer tried to determine the appearance of a person by the limbs, as well as the back of the head.
Bunin Ivan Alekseevich was passionate about collecting various boxes, as well as bottles. At the same time, he fiercely guarded all his “exhibits” for many years!
These and others Interesting Facts characterize Bunin as an extraordinary personality, able not only to realize his talent in the field of literature, but also to take an active part in many fields of activity.
Famous collections and works of Bunin Ivan Alekseevich
The largest works that Ivan Bunin managed to write in his life are the stories "Mitina Lyubov", "Village", "Sukhodol", as well as the novel "Arseniev's Life". It was for the novel that Ivan Alekseevich was awarded the Nobel Prize.
The collection of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin "Dark Alleys" is very interesting for the reader. It contains stories that touch on the theme of love. The writer worked on them in the period from 1937 to 1945, that is, exactly when he was in exile.
Also highly appreciated are the samples of Ivan Bunin's work, which were included in the collection "Cursed Days". It describes the revolutionary events of 1917 and all that historical aspect that they carried within them.
Popular poems by Ivan Alekseevich Bunin
In each of his poems, Bunin clearly expressed certain thoughts. For example, in famous work"Childhood" the reader gets acquainted with the thoughts of the child with regards to the world around him. A ten-year-old boy reflects on how majestic nature is around and how small and insignificant he is in this universe.
In the verse “Night and Day,” the poet masterfully describes the different times of the day and emphasizes that everything is gradually changing in human life, and only God remains eternal.
Nature is interestingly described in the work “Rafts”, as well as the hard work of those who ferry people to the opposite bank of the river every day.
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize was awarded to Ivan Bunin for his novel "The Life of Arseniev", which actually told about the life of the writer himself. Despite the fact that this book was published in 1930, Ivan Alekseevich tried to “pour out his soul” and his feelings about certain life situations in it.
Officially, the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Bunin on December 10, 1933 - that is, 3 years after his release. famous novel. He received this honorary award from the hands of the Swedish king Gustav V himself.
It is noteworthy that for the first time in history, the Nobel Prize was awarded to a person who is officially in exile. Until that moment, not a single genius who became its owner was in exile. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin just became this "pioneer", who was noted by the world literary community with such valuable encouragement.
In total, the laureates were supposed to Nobel Prize 715,000 francs in cash. It would seem that a very impressive amount. But the writer Ivan Alekseevich Bunin quickly squandered it, as he provided financial assistance to Russian emigrants, who bombarded him with many different letters.
Writer's death
Death came to Ivan Bunin rather unexpectedly. His heart stopped during sleep, and this sad event happened on November 8, 1953. It was on this day that Ivan Alekseevich was in Paris and could not even imagine his imminent death.
Surely Bunin dreamed of living a long time and one day dying in his native land, among his relatives and a large number of friends. But fate decreed a little differently, as a result of which the writer spent most of his life in exile. However, thanks to his unsurpassed creativity, he actually ensured immortality for his name. The literary masterpieces written by Bunin will be remembered for many more generations of people. A creative person like him gains worldwide fame and becomes a historical reflection of the era in which she created!
Ivan Bunin was buried in one of the cemeteries in France (Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois). So rich and interesting biography Ivan Bunin. What is its role in world literature?
The role of Bunin in world literature
We can safely say that Ivan Bunin (1870-1953) left a noticeable mark on world literature. Thanks to such virtues as ingenuity and verbal sensitivity, which the poet possessed, he was excellent at creating the most suitable literary images in their works.
By his nature, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was a realist, but, despite this, he skillfully supplemented his stories with something fascinating and unusual. The uniqueness of Ivan Alekseevich lay in the fact that he did not consider himself to be a member of any well-known literary group and a "trend" that was fundamental in its view.
All of Bunin's best stories were devoted to Russia and told about everything that connected the writer with it. Perhaps it was thanks to these facts that the stories of Ivan Alekseevich were very popular among Russian readers.
Unfortunately, Bunin's work has not been fully explored by our contemporaries. Scientific research into the language and style of the writer is yet to come. His influence on Russian literature of the 20th century has not yet been revealed, perhaps because, like Pushkin, Ivan Alekseevich is unique. There is a way out of this situation: turning again and again to Bunin's texts, to documents, archives, and contemporaries' memories of him.
IVAN ALEKSEEVICH BUNIN (1870 - 1953) LIFE AND CREATIVITY Completed by a student of class 3-1 Zaitsev Gordey
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was born on October 22, 1870 in Voronezh into a noble family. Father, Alexei Nikolaevich, a landowner of the Oryol and Tula provinces, was quick-tempered, reckless, most of all loving hunting and singing to the guitar old romances. Ivan Bunin's mother was the exact opposite of her husband: a meek, gentle and sensitive nature, brought up on the lyrics of Pushkin and Zhukovsky, and was primarily engaged in raising children. Bunin's childhood passed on the Butyrka farm of the Oryol province in communication with peasant peers.
He learned to read early, from childhood he had a fantasy and was very impressionable. He began to write his first poems at the age of 7–8, imitating Pushkin and Lermontov. Having entered the gymnasium in Yelets in 1881, he studied there for only five years, since the family did not have the funds for this, he had to complete the gymnasium course at home. Bunin's elder brother, Julius Alekseevich, had a great influence on the formation of the writer. He was like a home teacher for his brother. He helped him master the program of the gymnasium, and then the university. A nobleman by birth, Ivan Bunin did not even receive a gymnasium education. Already in childhood, Bunin's extraordinary impressionability and susceptibility manifested itself, qualities that formed the basis of his artistic personality and caused an image of the world around us unprecedented in Russian literature in terms of sharpness and brightness, as well as the richness of shades.
In 1898, a collection of poems "Under open sky", in 1901 - the collection "Leaf Fall", for which he was awarded the highest prize of the Academy of Sciences - the Pushkin Prize (1903). In 1899 he met M. Gorky, who attracted him to cooperate with the Knowledge publishing house, where the best stories of time: "Antonov apples" (1900), "Pines" and "New road" (1901), "Chernozem" (1904).After the publication of the story "Antonov apples", created on the material closest to the writer village life, the popularity of Bunin's prose began. The reader, as it were, perceives with all his senses early autumn, the time of picking Antonov apples. The smell of Antonovka and other signs of rural life familiar to the author from childhood mean the triumph of life, joy, and beauty. The disappearance of this smell from the noble estates dear to his heart symbolizes their inevitable ruin, extinction.
Since 1889, an independent life began. He left the estate and was forced to look for work in order to secure a modest existence. He worked as a proofreader, statistician, librarian. In 1891, Bunin's first collection of poems was published, full of impressions from his native Oryol region. 1895 was a turning point in the life of the writer, he left the service and moved to Moscow, where he made literary acquaintances with L.N. Tolstoy, whose personality and philosophy had a strong influence on Bunin and with A.P. Chekhov. In the same year, the story "To the End of the World" was published, well received by critics. Inspired by success, Bunin completely turns to literary creativity. Bunin also made friends with many famous artists, painting has always attracted him, it is not for nothing that his poetry is so picturesque.
In 1907, Bunin went on a trip to the countries of the East - Syria, Egypt, Palestine. Not only bright, colorful impressions from the trip, but also the feeling of a new round of history that has come, gave Bunin's work a new, fresh impetus. The most significant work of the pre-October period of Bunin's work was the story "The Village" (1910). It reflects the life of the peasants, the fate of the village people during the years of the first Russian revolution. The story was written during the closest proximity of Bunin and Gorky. The author himself explained that here he sought to draw, "except for the life of the village, and pictures in general of all Russian life." In 1911, the story "Dry Valley" was published - a chronicle of the degeneration of the estate nobility. In subsequent years, a series of significant short stories and novellas appeared: " ancient man", "Ignat", "Zakhar Vorobyov", " A good life"," Gentleman from San Francisco ".
Having met the October Revolution with hostility, the writer left Russia forever in 1920. Through the Crimea, and then through Constantinople, he emigrated to France and settled in Paris. Here he wrote the novel "The Life of Arseniev" (1930) and the cycle of stories "Dark Alleys" (1943). In 1933, Bunin was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rigorous artistic talent with which he recreated in literary prose typically Russian character". last years life, the writer created books of memoirs - the original philosophical essay "The Liberation of Tolstoy" (1937) and a book about A.P. Chekhov (published posthumously, 1955). Bunin lived a long life, he died on November 8, 1953 in Paris.
Bunin Ivan Alekseevich (1870-1953) - Russian writer, poet. The first Russian writer won the Nobel Prize (1933). He spent part of his life in exile.
Life and art
Ivan Bunin was born on October 22, 1870 in an impoverished family noble family in Voronezh, from where the family soon moved to the Oryol province. Bunin's education at the local Yelets gymnasium lasted only 4 years and was discontinued due to the family's inability to pay for studies. Ivan's education was taken over by his elder brother Julius Bunin, who received a university education.
Regular appearance of poetry and prose young Ivan Bunin in periodicals began at the age of 16. Under the wing of his older brother, he worked in Kharkov and Orel as a proofreader, editor, and journalist in local print publishing houses. After an unsuccessful civil marriage with Varvara Pashchenko, Bunin leaves for St. Petersburg and then to Moscow.
Confession
In Moscow, Bunin is included in the circle of famous writers of his time: L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Bryusov, M. Gorky. The first recognition comes to the novice author after the publication of the story "Antonov apples" (1900).
In 1901, Ivan Bunin was awarded the Pushkin Prize from Russian Academy Sciences. The second time the Pushkin Prize was awarded to Bunin in 1909, along with the title of honorary academician of fine literature. Bunin's poems, which were in line with the classical Russian poetry of Pushkin, Tyutchev, Fet, are characterized by a special sensuality and the role of epithets.
As a translator, Bunin turned to the works of Shakespeare, Byron, Petrarch, Heine. The writer was fluent in English and studied Polish on his own.
Together with his third wife Vera Muromtseva, whose official marriage was concluded only in 1922 after a divorce from his second wife Anna Tsakni, Bunin travels a lot. From 1907 to 1914, the couple visited the countries of the East, Egypt, Ceylon, Turkey, Romania, Italy.
Since 1905, after the suppression of the first Russian revolution, the theme of the historical fate of Russia appeared in Bunin's prose, which was reflected in the story "The Village". The story of the unflattering life of the Russian village was a bold and innovative step in Russian literature. At the same time, in Bunin’s stories (“Easy breathing”, “Klasha”), female images with hidden passions.
In 1915-1916, Bunin's stories were published, including "The Gentleman from San Francisco", in which they find a place for reasoning about the doomed fate of modern civilization.
Emigration
The revolutionary events of 1917 found the Bunins in Moscow. Ivan Bunin treated the revolution as the collapse of the country. This view, revealed in his diary entries of the 1918-1920s. formed the basis of the book Cursed Days.
In 1918, the Bunins left for Odessa, from there to the Balkans and Paris. In exile, Bunin spent the second half of his life, dreaming of returning to his homeland, but not fulfilling his desire. In 1946, following the issuance of a decree granting Soviet citizenship to subjects Russian Empire Bunin burned with a desire to return to Russia, but criticism of the Soviet authorities of the same year against Akhmatova and Zoshchenko forced him to abandon this idea.
One of the first significant works completed abroad was the autobiographical novel The Life of Arseniev (1930), dedicated to the world of the Russian nobility. For him, in 1933, Ivan Bunin was awarded the Nobel Prize, becoming the first Russian writer to receive such an honor. A significant amount of money received by Bunin as a bonus, for the most part, was distributed to those in need.
During the years of emigration central theme in the work of Bunin becomes the theme of love and passion. She found expression in the works "Mitina's Love" (1925), "Sunstroke" (1927), in the famous cycle "Dark Alleys", which was published in 1943 in New York.
In the late 1920s, Bunin wrote a series short stories- "Elephant", "Roosters", etc., in which their literary language is honed, trying to most concisely express the main idea of the composition.
In the period 1927-42. Galina Kuznetsova lived with the Bunins, a young girl whom Bunin represented as his student and adopted daughter. She had a love relationship with the writer, which the writer himself and his wife Vera experienced quite painfully. Subsequently, both women left their memories of Bunin.
Bunin experienced the years of the Second World War in the suburbs of Paris and closely followed the events on the Russian front. Numerous offers from the Nazis, coming to him as famous writer he invariably rejected.
At the end of his life, Bunin published practically nothing due to a long and serious illness. His last works are "Memoirs" (1950) and the book "About Chekhov", which was not completed and was published after the author's death in 1955.
Ivan Bunin died on November 8, 1953. Extensive obituaries to the memory of the Russian writer were placed in all European and Soviet newspapers. He was buried in a Russian cemetery near Paris.