Illustration.
What distinguishes Russian names from American, Italian, French and many other foreign names? The most striking difference is that when introducing ourselves, we voice not only the first name, but also the patronymic. What is this component of the generic name, in which countries is there a patronymic and how is it formalized, how is the patronymic formed correctly in Russian, and how to recognize the patronymic by name?
What is patronymic
Patronymic, or patronymic (from the ancient Greek "patros" - father) is a special way of naming a person after his father. In countries where it is customary to use such a part of the generic name, it is mandatory for the official identification of a person. In some cases, patronymic names are associated not with the father, but with a more distant ancestor - grandfather, great-grandfather, etc. At a time when there were no surnames, the patronymic performed an exceptional social function: with its help, the personality was precisely distinguished. In addition, the patronymic indicates kinship in the family circle, and also expresses a respectful attitude. In colloquial speech, it is acceptable to use a patronymic instead of a given name.
Russian patronymics are an integral part of determining the status of a person. Without them, it is impossible to submit any legal document. In some papers, the name and patronymic are indicated by initials. At the same time, in an informal environment (in a family, a circle of friends, in a society of children and youth), it is customary to do without a middle name.
Ways to display middle names in different countries
In accordance with the ancient Roman tradition, in almost all European countries it is customary to give names to people using a surname and a personal name. The exception is Iceland, where the family name is replaced by a patronym (father's name) or matronym (mother's name). Suppose the father of the writer Arnald Indridason is called Indriti (in the patronymic, the name of the father is put in the form R. p.).
The tradition of naming a person using a patronymic, uncharacteristic for the West, exists in many eastern countries. The culture of using patronymics is characteristic of the Arabic, Turkic, Vainakh and East Slavic languages. In addition, patronymics are typical for Bulgaria and Greece.
For example, among the Arabs, to indicate patronymics, there is a particle “ibn”, which means “son” (for example, ibn Jamil). Other Semitic peoples followed a similar principle. Suppose the Jews used the particles “ben” and “bar”: Josaph ben Samson (that is, Joasaph the son of Samson).
The method of forming patronymics in the Bulgarian language is the same as that adopted in Ancient Russia. The suffix -ov is added to the father's name, for example: Borislav Bogdanov (son of Bogdan). No less interesting is the process of the formation of patronymics in the Vainakh language group. Among Chechens and Ingush, patronymics are placed before the names: Zahid Abu (in Russian, this combination would sound like Abu Zahidovich).
If you meet in the name of a man the postpositions “-ogly”, “-uly” and women “-kyzy”, “-gazy”, then remember that this feature Turkic languages. For example, the daughter of an Azerbaijani Rufat Fatima is called Fatima Rufat-kyzy.
The tradition of using patronymics among the Greeks changed. AT Ancient Greece patronymics were used for official papers. For example, full name ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes - Archimedes Fidius (father - Phidias). In ordinary life, they got by with one individual name. Among modern Greeks, the patronym is placed between the given name and surname. Patronymic in Greece is the name of the father in the form R. p. For example, Michalis Leonidas Dertouzos. Interesting feature: a woman, when she marries, changes her patronymic to the patronymic of her husband.
The Mari had patronymics in the pre-Christian period. They preceded the name and were put in the form of R. p .: Yanygit Aktan (Aktan Yanygitovich).
Among the Dutch, patronymics were widespread in the past, but even now they remain in informal use among the Frisians. Patronyms were formed in several ways (using -zoon, -dochter, -s, -sz, -szoon): for example, Peter Svibbertson. Moreover, the surname could be completely absent among the humble people of Holland, and its role was played by the patronymic. Over time, all the inhabitants of the Netherlands "acquired" surnames, and patronymics were almost forgotten.
As for the countries of the Iberian Peninsula, it should be noted: patronymics existed here in the Middle Ages and ended in -ez, -oz, -iz and -es. For example: Garcia Iniguez. Later, the model for constructing patronymics in the Iberian Peninsula was borrowed by surnames.
In ancient Russia, patronymics of ignoble people resembled modern surnames and formed through short form possessive adjective. For example: Vasily Platonov's son (later - Vasily Platonov). AT modern Russia the design of male and female patronymics differs, as in many other countries. For the formation of male patronymics, the suffixes -ich, -ovich / -evich are used. To get a female patronymic, the suffixes -ovna / -evna, -ichna, -inichna are added to the parent's name. In colloquial speech, a truncated version of patronymics is often found: Ivanych, Varfolomevna.
The model of word formation of patronymics in Belarus and Ukraine practically does not differ from the Russian one. For example: Pyotr Ilyich Klimchuk, Ivan Maksimovich Poddubny.
Rules for the formation of patronymics in Russian
In Russia, patronymics are formed using the suffix method. According to the Russian-speaking tradition, the “patronymic rule” applies to the word formation of patronymics made up of Russian and non-Russian male names. For clarity, it is convenient to present the answer to the question of how patronymics are written in Russian in the form of a table.
Solid consonant (in addition to -zh, -sh, -h, -sh, -ts)
If the name ends in a solid consonant, then -ovich / -ovna is added to form a patronymicExamples:
- German - Germanovich, Germanovna;
- Alexander - Alexandrovich, Alexandrovna;
- Karl - Karlovich, Karlovna;
- Azamat - Azamatovich, Azamatovna.
Exceptions:
In the exceptions below, patronymics are formed taking into account the classical form of the name:
- Gabriel (from Gavrilo - Gavrilovich, Gavrilovna),
- Daniel (from Danilo - Danilovich, Danilovna),
- Izmail (from Izmailo - Izmailovich, Izmailovna),
- Mikhail (from Mikhailo - Mikhailovich, Mikhailovna),
- Samuil (from Samoilo - Samoilovich, Samoilovna).
AT Slavic names ending in -glory of the patronymic can be formed both in the classical way and in the older one:
- Stanislav - Stanislavovich, Sninislavich, Stanislavovna, Stanislavna,
- Mechislav - Mechislavovich, Mechislavich, Mechislavovna, Mechislavna,
- Yaroslav - Yaroslavovich, Yaroslavich, Yaroslavovna, Yaroslavna.
Some names use special patronymics:
- Job - Iovich, Iovna,
- Lev - Lvovich, Lvovna,
- Pavel - Pavlovich, Pavlovna,
- Prov - Provic, Provna,
- Yakov - Yakovlevich, Yakovlevna.
| Name ending | Added suffix | Examples | Exceptions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hissing w, w, h, u, as well as the letter c | -evich/-evna | Lorentz - Lorentsevich, Lorentsevna | |
| Unstressed vowel a, y, s | -ovich/-ovna; the last vowels of the name are omitted | Le Havre and la - Gavrilovich, Gavrilovna | Anikita, Nikita, Mina, Foka, Savva, Sila form classical patronymics in -ich / -ichna |
| Unstressed vowel "o" | -ovich/-ovna; the last vowel of the name and the initial suffix are combined into a sound [o] | Mi e Zhko - Miezhkovich, Miezhkovna | |
| Final vowel preceded by the letters zh, sh, h, u, c | -evich/-evna | Jerzy - Ezhevich, Ezhievna | |
| Consonant + soft sign | -evich / -evna; b discard | Igor - Igorevich, Igorevna | Emil - Emilevich |
| Unstressed vowel e | -evich / -evna; the final vowel of the name and the initial suffix merge | Snorre – Snorrevich | |
| unstressed vowel and | -evich / -evna; the last vowel is retained | Torgni - Torgnievich | |
| Unstressed Combination -th | The last -th is omitted, the previous -i- goes into ь (after one consonant or -nt combination) or is retained (after k, x, q; after two consonants, in addition to the -nt combination) | Radiy - Radievich, Luciy - Lutsievna | |
| Combination -ee, -ia | -evich / -evna; the last -i is omitted, -i or -e remains | Meneya - Meneevich | |
| vowels under stress | -evich / -evna; the last vowel of the name remains | Dogu – Doguevich | |
| Combination of an accented vowel and -y | -evich/-evna with discarding of the last -th | Kai - Kaevich | |
| Two identical vowels or -ay, -ey | -evich / -evna; double vowel combination remains intact | Amarkhuu - Amarkhuuevich |
Combination of first and last name
In a family in which the birth of a baby is expected, disputes over what name will be the best and happiest for the baby are commonplace.Often, not only future parents, but also grandparents, older children, and other relatives participate in the debate.
Often, painful thoughts on this topic do not stop even after the child is born. We offer several recommendations that may help in solving such an important issue.
Since we cannot get away from patronymic in this life, when choosing a name for a child, it is necessary to be guided by the desire to achieve a harmonious sounding of the name and patronymic.
This means that when pronouncing the name and patronymic aloud, speech should flow easily, without stumbling over complex, difficult-to-pronounce phrases.
Basic rules for choosing a name by patronymic
1. You should not duplicate the name, i.e. give the son the father's name. Perhaps it seems to someone that such combinations as Nikolai Nikolaevich or Vasily Vasilyevich sound solid and weighty. However, in this case the father's energy will have a very strong influence on the son. It's good if the father is happy and successful person, in this case, contact with his energy is a blessing. And if the father is a man with a difficult character and a difficult fate? In addition, in any case, when parents call their son after his father, they to some extent limit his personal potential, his capabilities, they lay in him father's programs in advance, and this is undesirable.2. When choosing a name for a child, one must strive to ensure that the first letter of the patronymic does not repeat the last letter of the name. For example, such combinations of first and middle names as Artem Markovich or Irina Alekseevna cannot be called very euphonious, since in them the last letter of the name seems to be “eaten up” by the patronymic. This rule is especially true for the names of girls whose fathers names begin with the letter A.
In addition to this recommendation, it can be said that such combinations of first name and patronymic are very undesirable, in which the name ends in the same syllable with which the patronymic begins. Examples of such not very successful combinations are Rimma Matveevna, Bogdan Anatolyevich, Alina Naumovna, Savva Vasilyevich. It is also necessary to avoid the accumulation of consonants at the junction of the name and patronymic - this will make the name difficult to pronounce. Examples of such dissonant combinations: Alexander Vladislavovich, Robert Vladimirovich.
3. In order for the name and patronymic to sound harmonious, the number of syllables in them must be different. So, with short patronymics, which are quite few in Russian (Lvovich, Ilyich), long names consisting of three or more syllables go well (Nikolai, Alexander, Innokenty). On the contrary, long patronymics (Stanislavovich, Vladimirovich, Konstantinovich) sound more harmoniously in combination with short names(Artem, Ivan, Yan, Oleg).
It is easy to verify this by comparing, for example, the sound of such combinations as Oleg Ilyich and Oleg Nikolaevich, Yana Olegovna and Yana Vladimirovna. The explanation here is very simple - a different number of syllables provides a more harmonious distribution of sound vibrations. If we talk about medium-length patronymics (3-4 syllables), then they are best combined with the same medium-length names (3 syllables), for example, Alexey Ivanovich, Yaroslav Olegovich.
4. When choosing a name for a child, it is imperative to pay attention to "nationality", i.e. origin and name, and patronymic. From a psychological point of view, such combinations of name and patronymic are more acceptable, where they have the same "national category". For example, if the father has the name Ibrahim, then for the child you need to choose a name that has eastern roots, otherwise dissonance cannot be avoided. How will a person who is forced to be called Ivan Manfredovich or Malvina Semyonovna feel in society? At the very least, it is uncomfortable, because among his entourage such exotic combinations of first and middle names will cause at least bewilderment, and even ridicule.
There is another way to look at the question. From the point of view of esoteric teachings, every child, thanks to his patronymic, is already under the protection of his "national" egregor. If the name belongs to the same nationality, then the existing protection is enhanced. If the name and patronymics are “of different clans and tribes”, then influence and protection are dispersed.
5. When choosing a name for your baby, try to avoid a situation where his name-patronymic will duplicate the name-patronymic famous person, especially if it is a person with an ambiguous fate. Surely for a person with a patronymic Ilyich, the name Vladimir will not be the most favorable option, because this combination already has its own specific energy. Regardless of how the fate of a person develops, associatively, people around him will always perceive him through the prism of this figure in history and hang appropriate “labels” on him. Is this good, or is it still better that your child does not have a psychological burden associated with any personality?
6. Another important psychological recommendation for the combination of the name and patronymic. If the middle name contains many sounds that carry active, aggressive, “Yang” energy (for example, there are many sounds - p, dr, br, a, z), then for balance, you need to choose a softer, “Yin” name. The category of patronymics with Yang energy includes the following: Alexandrovich / Alexandrovna, Fedorovich / Fedorovna, Arturovich / Arturovna, Robertovich / Robertovna, Eduardovich / Eduardovna. To soften them, it is better to choose more “affectionate” names for them, for example, Vasily, Evgeny, Oleg, Lev, Alexey, etc.
The situation will become clear if we compare the sound of such combinations as Robert Eduardovich and Lev Eduardovich, Arthur Alexandrovich and Mikhail Alexandrovich. Obviously, the first combinations sound more dynamic, so the character of these people may not have enough harmony, but there will be an excess of activity and aggression.
Learn about the meaning and characteristics of names
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FAQ - this abbreviation is intended to refer to
the most frequently asked questions (Frequently Asked Question).
These, for example, include the following: how to write in the Birth Certificate -Nikitich or Nikitovich, Savvichna or Savvovna?Peter or Peter, Fedor or Fedor?This section provides answers to some of these questions.
Choosing a middle name for a newborn!
As you know, not only the surname and name, but also the patronymic are entered in the Birth Certificate of the child. At first glance, there can be no pitfalls here: the rules for the formation of patronymics from Russian names are known to everyone. But this is only at first glance...In many cases, parents are required to make responsible decisions about their child's middle name. It's about about those cases when dad's name is Nikita, Savva, Gennady, Anatoly, Valery, Yaroslav, Stanislav ...
How is a patronymic formed on behalf of Nikita? (and also from the names of Savva, Jonah, Prov, ...)
Their position on this matter The Institute of the Russian Language Russian Academy Sciences expressed unambiguously: the correct spelling is Nikitich, Nikitichna. And such options as Nikitovich and Nikitovna contradict the modern literary norm! .
Which patronymic options are more correct: Gennadievich or Gennadievich, Anatolyevich or Anatolievich, Valerievich or Valerievich? And if double spelling is allowed, which one is considered more literate? (We are talking about those cases when the father's name is Anatoly, Arkady, Arseny, Arsenty, Valery, Vitaly, Gennady, ..., Julius, that is, when his name ends in -y). .
On the spelling of e and e in given names, patronymics and surnames
How to write a name or patronymic in the Birth Certificate:
Alena or Alena, Artem or Artem, Peter or Peter, Semyon or Semyon?
Artemovich or Artemovich, Fedorovich or Fedorovich.
Here is an almost complete list of such names:men's - Aksen, Alfer, Artyom, Nefyod, Panfer, Parmen, Parfyon, Peter, Savel, Seliverst, Semyon, Fedor and female - Alena, Matryona, Fyokla.As for patronymics, the question is posed in the same way: Aksyonovich / Aksyonovich; Alferovich / Alferovich; Artemovich / Artemovich; ..... Fedorovich / Fedorovich. The exception here is the name Peter: definitely Petrovich.
There is no direct and unambiguous answer about how to write - with the letter E or the letter Yo. This issue has many aspects: cultural and historical, technical (the presence of the letter ё in a typewriter typeface or computer fonts), legal.
Let's take a few examples from contemporary practice MARRIAGE REGISTRY:
Artem / Artem. In birth certificates, the name Artyom is usually written with the letter ё, that is, Artyom, but sometimes it is written with the letter e (Artyom).
Peter / Peter. Birth certificates usually write Piotr, but about one in seven to eight write Piotr.
Semyon / Semyon. In the overwhelming majority of cases, Semyon is recorded in birth certificates.
Fedor / Fedor. Birth certificates usually write Fedor, but about one in ten write Fedor.
Be sure to check out these YouTube videos:
Documents with "e" and "ё": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0uLTJWb-6Q(4 min 20 sec)
The root of evil. Yofification of Russia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvSfDC3XhYU(4 min 40 sec)
120710 Letter Yo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_8S7LZ9BVI
The fact that the issue under consideration must be approached with all responsibility is also said here:// Article "Family Curse" (Vladislav Kulikov) in " Russian newspaper", issue dated 09/05/2009 // Article "The registry office is authorized to declare: Yo is mine (Lyudmila Georgievna Frolova, head of the Bronnitsky registry office department, Bronnitsky news, issue dated 09/18/2014 // a detailed study of the issue was carried out in the publication" Letters E and Yo in identity documents" posted on the site "Legal and tax consultation online", // Discussion of the issue on the site Pravoved.RU, see link // "Suffering of the letter Yo" (Galina Grivusevich), Baltic Almanac No. 9, Kaliningrad, see .link //
Here is a very typical situation. A woman turns to a lawyer:
"Hello. The child's birth certificate in the name Semyon has the letter E (without dots) instead of Yo. When filling out the documents for obtaining a passport, we were pointed to this. After I looked: many documents were issued for Semyon, and others for Semyon. In "We also wrote the passport to Semyon. How can we correct this mistake so that it says Semyon in the documents? Thank you in advance for your answer." .
Another "martyr", but he has a confusion with his surname:
“I turned to the registry office for a duplicate birth certificate. It turned out that in the registries of 1970 I was recorded as Levin and my parents Levin. computer base I am Levin, my son is Levin, my mother is Levin, my father is Levin, my sister is Levin. I have Levin in my passport now, but I have to change it in a year. All my life I zealously watched that in all documents they wrote ё. At the registry office, I was offered to make a birth certificate with the letter e, and then change my last name. But then it turns out that I became Levin only at the age of 44, and all the documents received before that belong to another person. And someone else also gave birth to a son. How to fix the situation with different spellings in different registries and different computer databases?"
A large article about the letter E is posted on the Gramota.ru reference portal: