• CONTENT:
  Physics Day (3).
  Engineering of invisible machines (physics helps to study the mechanisms of chemical transformations) (14).
  Contours of the invisible (physical methods make it possible to study biological objects in detail) (19).
  The computer looks through the microscope (computer technology not only frees the researcher from routine work, but allows you to get fundamentally new information about the objects under study) (26).
  Fantastic electronics (the success of solid state physics created the basis for the formation of microelectronics, for the production of semiconductor integrated circuits) (28).
  Workers of the "zero cycle" ( fundamental research in the field of semiconductor physics open up new possibilities for laser technology) (37).
  2:0 in favor of the television (the advances in microelectronics have made mass production of home television games possible) (44).
  An excellent master of TMT (exploring the mechanisms of thermal processes, physicists build the foundation of many industries modern technology) (51).
  Hopes are connected with the neutrino (a particle that was once considered elusive in principle is now detected in many nuclear experiments) (61).
  To break through to the center of the Sun (successes in nuclear physics help to get closer to understanding the processes occurring on the Sun) (69).
  Expedition behind the corona (during eclipses, subtle physical processes on the Sun are studied) (80).
  The champions are starting (the world's largest optical telescope BTA and the giant radio telescope RATAN-600 operate in the North Caucasus) (85).
  Micro stories about waves and phases, as well as about an apple on the Moon, superluminal speeds and the Bonn-Boston-Simeiz mirror (intercontinental interferometers help astrophysicists explore very distant stellar formations) (93).
  The Universe is gaining weight (a huge "hidden mass" has been found in galaxies) (101).
  Five hundred thousand bits from Venus (Soviet scientists made the first television transmission from the surface of the planet) (106).
  Hello Aelita! (scientists are trying to assess the likelihood of the existence of intelligent life in other stellar worlds and outline ways to search for extraterrestrial civilizations) (119).
  Version "Giant snowflake" (there are several explanations for the formidable phenomenon, usually called the fall of the Tunguska meteorite) (128).
  Beyond the horizon of the Universe (scientists are working on a project of giant space radio telescopes that will significantly expand the possibilities of studying the Universe) (132).

Publisher's note: In the book, in an interesting and fascinating way, the author talks about current research in some areas of physics, astronomy, astronautics, electronics and introduces students to the latest achievements and problems of science.

"knowledge is power"- the famous phrase ("Knowledge is power") is no less significant today.

Knowledge determines the professionalism and value of the employee, the success of the company, the level of development of the state and, as a result, the capabilities of all mankind.

Teachers and books are the main force of knowledge, but their success also depends on the chosen strategy and on the very style of explaining the educational material.

I think many have met with how the complexity and incomprehensibility of explanations, as well as the approval of memorization, cramming leads pupils or students to a persistent rejection of the subject itself. At the same time, you often meet teachers and authors of books who are so good at presenting material that it is perceived easily, one might say, with joy. The knowledge gained in this case quickly finds a way to practical application.

Books and articles by Rudolf Swaren have that amazing ability to explain complex things in an accessible and understandable language, which is why they are so loved and appreciated. Here are some quotes:

“The book is rare and excellent in content and manner of presentation. Rudolf Svoren is beyond competition. Frolov's wonderful drawings complement the text and captivate even more. My son will grow up, I will definitely print it out for him. Too bad they don't make books like this anymore."

Approximately the same assessment is made of what Rudolf Anatolyevich Svoren did, who for more than 40 years was an editor and author in the journal Science and Life.

“I have enjoyed reading Swaren's publications in Science and Life for many, many years. Somehow he felt the line between "simplicity of presentation" and "primitiveness of presentation." Even being already quite “educated”, it was interesting to look at a well-known thing, as it were, from the outside, through the eyes of a kid. And you understand that if this article came across to you in adolescence, then you would understand everything that it says!

Unfortunately, there is very little information about this wonderful person, so we would like to fill this gap by publishing memoirs from Rudolf Anatolyevich (). And we also plan to organize a re-release classic book"Electronics step by step" (more on this at the end of the article).

The second part of the memoirs of Rudolf Anatolyevich Sveren and his plans (published for the first time):

My transition to the editorial office of [Radio magazine] coincided with the unprecedented rapid progress of radio electronics - serial transistors appeared and made a revolution in circuitry, and soon their high-frequency and quite powerful types. The centimeter and decimeter ranges were widely mastered. New technologies were created for the production of transistors, and then integrated circuits - suffice it to recall that for several years postage stamp-sized integrated circuits have been produced, each of which has up to three billion (!!!) intricately precisely connected parts. But in order to get a billion grains of sand, you need to collect 6 thousand bags of sand. Note that all this latest technology was produced, as they say, without the touch of a human hand - it was made and tested by machines.

I think that not only did I face the question in those years - how to acquaint people with this flurry of new electronics. When to talk about it? About what specifically? How detailed? I could not answer these questions because I could not understand the situation in any way. I could not figure it out, but for some reason I made the right decision - I began to write children's books about the basics of electrical and radio engineering. The first two books came out in 1963 when I was 36 years old. These books were completely different, but the protagonist they had the same radio receiver. First, by studying it, the young radio amateur became a professional. And secondly, with his own hands, he could practically do for free what you have to pay for in a store. Every amateur probably remembered the happy moment when the first receiver he assembled almost immediately spoke or sang.

But books on the basics of electrical engineering and electronics are not a quick business, I have been doing them for 50 years and the last of these books, Electricity Step by Step, was published in 2012.

In total, I have written and published 13 large books (including two translations into other languages ​​and one co-authored book), with a total circulation of over 8 million copies. At the same time, the relatively slow creation and publication of books had practically no effect on the turbulent events in my personal and business life - under the influence of my growing interest in many different areas of science, I left the Radio magazine and lived for several years in the regime of a free journalist. Published in newspapers and magazines Izvestiya, Nedelya, Pravda, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Technique of Youth, Evening Moscow, APN and many others. However, the moment came when the virtues of a free life no longer covered its disadvantages, and in 1964 I returned to work in a stable journal - this time in the journal Science and Life, which was considered at that time the leader of all popular science publications.

Twice Hero of the Soviet Union, USSR pilot-cosmonaut Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov visiting the editors of the journal "Science and Life" - the editor-in-chief Igor Konstantinovich Lagovsky (second from left), his deputies Rada Nikitichna Adzhubey and Rudolf Anatolyevich Svoren (1969).

In this journal, I alternately headed several leading departments for several years, the longest being the department of physical and mathematical sciences. Twenty years later, I was approved as a member of the editorial board and was soon appointed deputy editor-in-chief. Here, there was no free time at all - one way or another, I participated in the preparation of each issue in its entirety and twice read each issue “through”. So it would probably have continued until full retirement, if not for one extraordinary event - in April 1999, I left for the USA without any understanding of whether I would return. I left because I was very sick, my heart practically did not work - I could not even walk ten steps without stopping and resting. And the open-heart surgery scheduled for me - the replacement of a heart valve - has not yet been performed in our hospitals. My condition deteriorated sharply after my beloved wife Ekaterina passed away due to incurable oncology.

But let's not recall the negative details, a month after my arrival I was already living in a good apartment in small town Malden, which was part of Greater Boston. And two months later (after the operation) I returned to the life of a healthy person and began to actively develop a problem that I could only occasionally think about because of the lack of free time.

Rudolf Svoren at a reception with Gary Christiansen, mayor of the city of Malden (part of Greater Boston, USA) (2015).

This problem could be called so - "Creation of a new system of secondary education." A typical example of such a system is our current Russian high school from 1st to 11th grade. Its task is to help the student to create an idea of ​​the world in which we live, to create, as it is often called, a picture of the world. This is done by studying individual school subjects, for example, biology, chemistry, history, geometry, grammar and others - from this then the picture of the world is formed. But it often does not turn out very well - as a rule, 70 - 80 percent of schoolchildren do not receive the knowledge that teachers and textbooks would like to pass on to them. At the same time, students are often overloaded with classes and very tired. Look at, for example, the current biology or chemistry textbooks - it's just scary that schoolchildren should know all this. Moreover, all these are problems that exist in schools in many countries, in particular in Russia and the United States.

It seems to me that the time has come for serious changes in secondary education, which will save it from its current shortcomings. Of course, professional teachers should create and discuss the education system, and even more so changes in it, but I will also express a few of my thoughts on this matter. Firstly, all study time should be divided into two approximately equal parts - into the 1st and 2nd parts of the secondary school education system - 1SShO and 2SShO. Part 1CCW is devoted to the formation of a picture of the world, and part 2CCW is devoted to in-depth study (in small groups) of what will be needed in future profession or to go to college.

Dealing with the school problem, I first of all tried to write an educational book " The most important thing is to understand the most important thing”(abbreviated as the book“ The most important thing ... ”) for 1SShO, that is, to create a picture of the world. The book "The Most Important ..." should be such that even without the help of a teacher, every student could easily read it. So far I have a huge manuscript of 1500 pages. It will take a lot of time to complete it, edit it, divide it into 10 - 12 small books and complete it with illustrations, I think 5 - 6 years. I did not put off everything else and immediately begin such a large work at the right time, I began to prepare an experimental edition of 6 relatively small letters-books (50 pages of text and about the same number of pages of illustrations each) with the general title "The world is arranged very simply." Some of these letters are already ready and I hope to complete this work in 2 years. I hope that 2 years will be enough to somewhat change and improve my quite good recent books on electricity and electronics. And, finally, it will take two years to organize the release of simple constructors for radio amateurs, possibly using the first books about receivers.

As you can see, there is an action plan and what is useful for people can be done quite clearly. The only thing to think about is that in about a year I will be (at least should be) ninety years old.

R.A. Svoren, 2016

Photos from the personal archive of R.A. Svoren

Photos from the personal archive of R.A. Svoren

Famous scientists of the country and the world, academicians M.V. Keldysh, V.A. Kotelnikov, N.G. Basov, A.M. Prokhorov and others, head of developers R.A. Svoren demonstrates electronic toys created by his design team, controlled by sound impulses (1970).

On the big exhibition, telling about the development of various areas of Soviet electronics, was visited by Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin (Head of the Government of the country). He, unexpectedly for some, spent a lot of time at the stand of electronic designers and toys, and talking with the head of developers R.A. Svoren, noted the great possibilities of radio amateurs in promoting the progress of technology (1970).

Meeting on the other side of the globe - visiting Sri Lanka (Ceylon, not far from the southern coast of India) at the famous English writer Arthur Clark, who lived in this country for more than 50 years (1989).

Book reprint

Rudolf Anatolyevich Svoren (May 29, 1927 - May 30, 2018) - Soviet and Russian radio engineer, journalist and writer, candidate of pedagogical sciences. Popularizer in the field of electronics, worked in the magazines "Radio", "Science and Life". Published 13 of his books, the total circulation of which exceeded 8 million. Among them is the encyclopedia of the young radio amateur "Electronics step by step". AT last years life Rudolf Svoren lived in Boston, USA, Massachusetts.

In 1950 he graduated from the Odessa Electrotechnical Institute of Communications (OEIS) with a degree in electrical engineering of radio communications. In 1950-52, he worked in the city of Frunze (now Bishkek) as an engineer on duty at a local medium-wave broadcast transmitter, then in a radio relay link laboratory.

In 1952-56 he taught the basics of electrical and radio engineering at the "Central School of Technical Training DOSAAF USSR" in the Moscow region. Since 1956, he worked in the Radio magazine, was one of the initiators of the preparation of articles on the future launches of the first Soviet artificial earth satellites, on the observation of their signals, with a description of the practical structures for conducting and the technique of these observations. These articles helped thousands of radio amateurs to hear the call signs of the first satellite in their radios.

In 1963, the first books by R.A. Swernia - "Step by step. From detector receiver to superheterodyne” and “Your radio receiver”.

In 1964, he moved to work for the journal Science and Life, where he was a special correspondent, department head, and deputy editor-in-chief.

In 1979, the most famous book by R.A. Swaren "Electronics step by step. A practical encyclopedia of a young radio amateur”, which went through four editions, the last one in 2001 in the form of issue No. 1248 of the “Mass Radio Library” series. In 2012, the latest in a series of books on the basics of electrical and electronic engineering, Electricity Step by Step, was published.

Until the end of his days, Rudolf Anatolyevich worked on the book “The most important thing is to understand the most important thing” and a series of popular brochures “The world is arranged very simply”, and also prepared the 5th edition of his bestseller “Electronics step by step. Practical encyclopedia of a young radio amateur.

The last years of his life he lived in Boston. After failing health, he moved to Pittsburgh, where he spent the rest of his time with his family.

Books (6)

Your radio

The book "Your radio receiver" - good example how simple, entertaining and at the same time quite specific to talk about electronic technology.

This book will be useful not only for those who want to get to know their receiver better, but primarily for those who feel the need to get acquainted with the basics of modern radio electronics.

Step by step. From detector receiver to superheterodyne

This book is for those who want to become an amateur radio designer and build wonderful electronic devices - receivers, amplifiers, radio stations, tape recorders. Starting with the simplest detector receiver, gradually, step by step, the reader will get acquainted with the principle of operation, circuits and design of various home-made receivers, including multi-tube superheterodynes.

The book briefly outlines the elements of electrical engineering that a radio amateur needs to know, describes the operation of the main radio technical parts - vacuum tubes, semiconductor devices, transformers, oscillatory circuits, and also provides reference data necessary for a radio amateur to work independently.

Step by step. transistors

The book is written plain language and is aimed at middle and senior school age. In it, the author in an accessible language sets out the basics of the operation of semiconductor devices. The book is accompanied by many illustrations, thanks to which it is comprehended step by step. complex world inside transistors.

Since the book is more aimed at children, the narration is literally "on the fingers", no complicated formulas or calculations are used - only how semiconductor devices work and how to use them.

Step by step. Amplifiers and radio nodes

The book tells about low-frequency tube amplifiers, loudspeakers and their acoustic design, about some ways to improve the sound quality of radio equipment.

The story about the basics of radio electronics and the principles of amplification is illustrated by diagrams and descriptions of amateur radio structures: radiogramophones, high-quality amplifiers, a simple school radio center, and acoustic units.

Electronics step by step. Practical encyclopedia of a young radio amateur

The practical encyclopedia of a radio amateur includes popular stories about the basics of electrical engineering, electronics and radio engineering, about sound recording, television, radio reception, electronic music, about automation and computer technology.

The book contains many practical diagrams and descriptions of structures for self-production. A great help to the radio amateur in his practical work will provide reference material in the book. Leaving the main (educational) part of the book almost unchanged, the author added to it 128 short stories about modern devices, methods and applications of electronics, and also developed 200 new illustrations for the book, combining them into a "Funny Abstract".

For a wide range radio amateurs, may be useful to students of schools and technical schools.

Today is Cosmonautics Day - on such days we always feel pride for the country, for the people, thanks to whom our country (at that time the Soviet Union) reached such heights. Each achievement is the result of the work of many people, the work of enthusiasts - people who are in love with their work. And the person we want to talk about today also contributed to the development of education, knowledge and the emergence of love for technical creativity among young people.

The book "Electronics step by step" - perhaps familiar to many who became interested in electronics in childhood, many note the simplicity and accessibility of the material. Its author is Rudolf Svoren, a significant person, but little known by his contemporaries. And we would like to publish his memoirs.

Thanks to this man - perhaps the world knew about the launch of an artificial satellite before the event itself, and radio amateurs were able to prepare and receive signals - which for many was a memorable event for a lifetime, and uniting people from many countries.

This man whose books on the basics of radio electronics were published in millions of copies in the USSR, and contributed to the emergence of people who are passionate about electronics.

Materials are published for the first time. Ruslan - it is - thanks to his efforts, it was possible to establish contact with Rudolf Anatolyevich (in the USA).

Dear Ruslan! I promised to tell you about how a professional journalist turned out of a radio engineer and now I will try to do it. I'll start from the end - in January 1950 (at the age of 23) I graduated from the Odessa Electrotechnical Institute of Communications (OEIS) with the profession of "Electrical Engineer of Radio Communications". According to the laws of that time, he was appointed to work in the city of Frunze (now Bishkek) in the Ministry of Communications of Kyrgyzstan. Before leaving Odessa, I married pianist Ekaterina Zaslavskaya, who lived with her brother, mother, and stepfather (her father died at the front) in the same room on the first floor of an old one-story house not far from the Odessa railway station. Katya and I have lived together for over 50 years.

At first, in Frunze, I worked as a duty engineer at a local medium-wave broadcasting transmitter. Pretty quickly I got used to the unusual - to completely incomprehensible to me radio programs in the Kyrgyz language, to powerful amplifying lamps meter-sized with water cooling, to a high transmitting antenna (two hundred meters high), to strict safety regulations. Let's say that a certain type of ad (for example, "People work on the antenna") has the right to remove only that person who posted the ad. I remember this for the rest of my life.

The transmitter was located on the outskirts of the city and, due to the lack of transport, I got there on foot (we were temporarily given a small room in the city in a three-room apartment) - an hour there in the morning, an hour back in the evening. At first, they lived very hard and poorly, to be honest, they simply starved. The salary is meager, there is nothing in the shops at all. Katya immediately went to work in Kindergarten music teacher, and after work I went to work, mostly repairing receivers.

Once, I remember, I came across a broken-down SVD-9, I spent three days with it and still did something. But he refused to pay - the owner, apparently, was even poorer than me.

A few weeks later I was transferred to the city, to a small laboratory, which was engaged in maintenance and improvement (and at one time and construction) of the first, probably in our country, radio-relay communication line. The fact is that the two large regions of Kyrgyzstan, Jalal-Abad and Osh, are, as it were, separated from the rest of the republic and its capital by two large mountain ranges. To get from Bishkek (Frunze) to Jalal-Abad or Osh, you need to make a huge loop and drive around these mountain ranges through Tashkent. Telephone lines on poles and telephone communications with the "rear" areas, as a rule, has always been very bad. But a few years before my appearance in Frunze, the chief engineer of the Kyrgyz Ministry of Communications, Konstantin Nikolaevich Ananiev, showed that it was not necessary to bypass mountain ranges, that it was easier to step over them. The Frunze (Bishkek)-Osh-Jalal-Abad radio relay line was built and began to operate with only two intermediate relays on the tops of two mountain ranges. Our industry did not yet produce radio relay stations at that time, and Ananiev obtained captured German transceivers "Rudolf" and "Michael". Of these, the Germans assembled relay lines operating on very short (centimeter) waves, along these lines General Paulus from Stalingrad surrounded by our troops spoke directly with Hitler, causing bewilderment of our radio operators. The Bishkek laboratory not only made the ranges of ultrashort radio waves familiar to me, it showed how accurately our engineers Ovodov and Volchkov work, solving complex or even very simple tasks. AT this case they turned the single-channel "Michael" into an eight-channel one - one converted device made it possible to simultaneously conduct 8 different telephone conversations instead of one. I had excellent human and business relations with Konstantin Nikolayevich, I was happy to find on the Internet that thirty years later the government nevertheless appreciated him, conferring the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and appointing him head of the Department of Radio Relay Trunks and Television of the Ministry of Communications of the country.

Rudolf Svoren and Ekaterina Svoren (Zaslavskaya). Moscow, silver wedding. (1973)

After two years of work in Frunze, Katya and I took vacations and went to Odessa, to the sea. Let's go, as they usually go - through Moscow. And there, almost all Muscovite relatives and friends persuaded us not to go anywhere, because best city what Moscow does not have in Russia - both in terms of lifestyle, and especially in terms of supply. Someone even found a housing job for me. I went, looked, talked with the authorities there and agreed. And a month later we moved to Moscow, seemingly forever.

Students and teachers (R.A. Svoren - third from the left in the first row) of the Radio Engineering Department of the Central School of Technical Training of the USSR DOSAAF (1953).

The organization I went to work for was a five-minute walk from the Rastorguevo railway station; electric trains that went further from Moscow or returned to the city stopped at this station. To the city station Paveletskaya, where there were already entrances to the metro, the train from Rastorguev went for about half an hour. My organization was called "Central School of Technical Training TsSHTP DOSAAF USSR". Local radio clubs, driving schools and air defense (Air Defense) groups sent their teachers from all over the country to this school for two-month advanced training courses. So in TsSHTP all year round there were from 3 to 12 different (three varieties) study groups 20 people each. My position was called “Senior Commander-Instructor of the Radio Course” - for several hours a day I conducted classes on the basics of electrical and radio engineering at the radio course. At the same time, it turned out that the cadets themselves helped me, in addition to the institute's resources (not too rich, by the way), to add or re-invent descriptions and explanations that are simpler and more understandable to people without special training. My teaching consisted mainly of the fact that the cadets (mostly experienced military radio operators) asked me questions, and I figured out how to answer them. Sometimes someone will ask such a question that I would sit at home until midnight in search of the correct and, most importantly, understandable answer. In a word, I don’t know what I taught my listeners (although they themselves said a lot), but the radio course of the Central Shtp taught me in six months that you need to tell something to any group of listeners only in the language that they understand well . It turned out that school textbooks, television discs telling about educational experiments, and popular science magazines can communicate with their readers only in this language, in its proven varieties.

By the way, further active study and use of this language is connected for me with the transition after 4 years to work in the Radio magazine, which at that time was published by the DOSAAF Publishing House. I was transferred to the magazine at the request of its editors due to the growing problems in the letters department. An employee of the department regularly fulfilled the plan, answering 8 letters a day, and the mountain of unread letters grew and grew. On my first working day, I answered 100 letters and this figure is not related to any of my personal talents - just by opening a letter written in a familiar language, I immediately understood what was being asked and knew what to answer. I think that a highly qualified specialist with an absolute knowledge of mathematics would immediately throw most of the letters into the wastebasket, as nonsense incomprehensible to him. It ended up that after a couple of weeks I was assigned to form and edit a large department (50 magazine pages out of 64), where amateur schemes and designs were published, as well as descriptions of new industrial models. The first 14 pages of each issue were given, so to speak, to the political department - it mainly wrote about the work of radio clubs and amateurs working on the air.

Newspapers often reminded that the Americans were preparing in the near future to launch an artificial Earth satellite, the world's first space shuttle. outer space. Nowhere was it reported that work in this area was being carried out in our country, it was obviously believed that first you need to do the job, and then talk about it. Our senior editor Elena Petrovna Ovcharenko and I wrote a letter “to the very top”, arguing that we need to talk about the upcoming satellite launch in our country as well. Moreover, in this case, the Radio magazine will be able to form large group radio amateurs receiving satellite signals. I don’t know how our letter moved, but the answer appeared instantly - at the direction of Academician Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, one of the institutes prepared three articles for the Radio magazine about Soviet satellites and their operating frequencies.

The Soviet satellite was launched on October 4, 1957, it was the first in the world and opened, as they say, a new space era in the life of mankind. And if any of the foreigners began to recall the secrecy of this Russian project, then the foreign researcher was advised to read the Radio magazine, which can be bought at any newsstand.

R. A. Svoren, 2016

end of the first part, continued in the article "

Electronics is the whole huge world, invisible to the eye, but surrounding us from all sides in its concrete manifestations. Televisions, VCRs, radios, cell phones and hundreds of other electronic products are constantly working, interacting with people, making the world a little different. What underlies the functioning of these devices? By what laws does electronics live, and its basic elements: electrical circuits and radio components? About this and many other things, the wonderful encyclopedia of electronics by Rudolf Swaren "Electronics step by step".

The book is built on the principle of "from simple to complex" - at the beginning, the author talks about what electricity, electric current, resistance, power, etc. are in general, and then step by step reveals the practical application of basic knowledge - Coulomb's law, Kirchhoff's, Joule's laws - Lenz and others. At the same time, the book is built like a real one. tutorial or an encyclopedia. Each chapter is a set of topics renumbered and labeled with a "T", each illustration and drawing is a "P", and a practical diagram that can be assembled is a "K". Thanks to an extensive guide to these topics, placed on the flyleaves of the book, it is easy to find the desired topic and illustrations in the text. In addition, the book contains many reference material. Provides information about technical specifications electronic components produced in the USSR and still produced in Russia, the markings of microcircuits are deciphered and structural diagrams of the most popular of them are given.

For those who like to work with their hands, the author has provided the book with practical constructions that can be assembled and tested in work. They are placed on colored stickers. Showing appearance electronic devices for assembly, circuit diagrams and layout of radio elements.

The author touched not only analog electronics - amplifiers, generators and receivers, he also covers the basics of digital radio electronics, talks about basic logic elements and their implementation in specific circuits, gives a basic understanding of the operation of flip-flops, and other elements of modern computer technology.

Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21

Practical schemes and designs
Reference materials
Reference data and formulas in figures