Society in the broad and narrow sense. signs of society.
Theme 2.
Functions of society: production of goods,
management, reproduction, socialization, formation of ideology, transfer of experience to generations.
Topic 3.
Society is a system. Society is a developing system. Spheres of society: economic, political, social, spiritual.
Topic 4.
The concept, types, structure, features and functions of social institutions.
What refers to the subjective and objective factors in the development of society and what is their role.
Topic 6.
Progress. Criteria and inconsistency of progress.
Regression. Signs of regression in society.
Topic 7.
Evolution, revolution, reforms are the ways of development of society. Their features.
Topic 8.
Signs of modernization and innovation, their role in society.
Topic 9.
The importance of choosing the right alternative path for the development of society.
Topic 10.
The concept of social relations. their features and types.
The concept of civilization. Local and linear-stage civilizations. Western and Eastern civilization.
The concept of formation, features of five types of formations according to K. Marx.
Traditional, industrial, post-industrial society. open-closed, simple - complex society.
Topic 14.
Nature in the narrow and broad sense, the interaction of nature and society, the general and differences between society and nature, the protection of nature.
The concept of global problems, their signs and causes. Types of global problems, solutions.
What is globalization? Causes and consequences of globalization
What does archeology, history, political science, jurisprudence, sociology, economics, philosophy and other social sciences study?
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5. Culture and spiritual sphere.
I. Culture (from lat. - "culture" - "cultivation, education")
Culture Traits : functionality, quality, value, normativity, creativity (creativity).
Broadly speaking, culture- all types of transformative activity of a person and society, as well as its results.
In a general sense, culture- a set of achievements of people in the material and spiritual spheres.
material culture- is created in the process of material production (buildings, equipment, tools).
Spiritual culture -includes the process of spiritual creativity and created spiritual values in the form of works of art, scientific discoveries, religion.
Structure of culture:
the form - the embodiment of cultural achievements content - Significance for the individual and society.
Culture Functions:cognitive, informative, communicative, normative, humanistic.
Types of crops: dominant (dominant) elite (for the elite), mass (for the majority, commercial, through the media), folk (on traditions, folklore, anonymous), donor (from which elements are borrowed), recipient (which borrows elements from another culture), dead (outdated content).
Subculture - the culture of social groups.
Counterculture - a subculture that is hostile to the dominant one.
Terms:
Accumulation of culture – replenishment of culture with new elements, knowledge.
cultural transmission- transmission of culture through education.
cultural diffusion- Interpenetration of cultures.
Culture acculturation- the process of mutual influence of two or more cultures.
Assimilation of culture- the absorption of a small culture by a larger one.
Culture adaptationadaptation of cultures to each other.
II. Spiritual realm.
The structure of the spiritual realm:
1. Spiritual needs- the need of society and man in the creation and development of spiritual values. Spiritual needs are not set biologically, from birth. Formed in the process of socialization.
2. Spiritual activity (production)- the activity of people to create spiritual values.
Types of spiritual activity:
1. Cognitive - scientific, religious, artistic
2. Value-oriented - attitude to the phenomena of reality
3. Prognostic - foreseeing and planning changes in reality
3. Spiritual values (goods) -what is created in the process of spiritual production:works of art, teachings, scientific discoveries, etc.
Types of spiritual production: religion, morality, art, science.
Religion.
Religion - a form of social consciousness and a worldview based on the belief in the existence of a supernatural principle.
Elements: faith, doctrine, religious activity, religious institutions.
Functions : worldview, compensatory, communicative, regulatory, educational.
Religions:
World: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam (large following, outside the nation)
National: Confucianism (China), Taoism (China), Judaism (Israel), Shintoism (Japan), Zoroastrianism (Iran).
Atheism - denial of the existence of God
Confessional- church, denomination - religion
Morality.
Moral - a form of social consciousness that reflects ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice and the type of social relations, a set of norms of people's behavior towards each other.
Moral functions: regulatory, educational, communicative, cognitive, worldview.
The fulfillment of moral norms is sanctioned by the norms of spiritual influence (evaluation, approval, condemnation).
Art.
Art - a form of social consciousness and a type of human activity, which is a reflection of the surrounding realityin artistic images.
Art is the core of aesthetic culture.
Theories about the origin of art: game (G. Spencer), labor (G. Plekhanov), biological(Ch. Darwin), magical.
Art Functions:aesthetic, cognitive, creative, cleansing, communicative, educational, compensatory, hedonistic (pleasure function).
Kinds of art : literature, architecture, music, cinema, theater, painting, graphics, arts and crafts, dance, sculpture, photography.
Art features:is figurative, visual; the presence of specific ways of reproduction, the huge role of imagination, fantasy.
The science.
The science - the sphere of people's cognitive activity, the system of objectively true knowledge about natural and social reality, about man.
Elements of Science : scientific knowledge, scientific activity, scientific self-awareness.
Models for the development of science:
1. Gradual development
2. Through scientific revolutions.Scientific revolution -the process of a radical, qualitative change in the dominant system of ideas and theories (paradigm), which serves as a standard of thinking in a particular historical period.
Functions of Science : cognitive, ideological, prognostic.
Functions of modern science: productive, social, cultural and ideological.
Science classification:
natural technical public (humanitarian)
Education.
Education - purposeful cognitive activity on obtaining knowledge, skills and abilities and their improvement.
self-educationis the process of acquiring knowledge on one's own.
Functions of education: economic, social, cultural, conservation and transfer of cultural heritage.
Education in the Russian Federation:
preschool general professional additional
Features of modern education:integration of areas of knowledge, development of lifelong education, informatization (computerization), development of distance education (via the Internet), humanization (attention to the individual), humanitarization (increased attention to social sciences, internationalization (creation of a single system for different countries).
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1. Society.
Social SciencesKeywords: economics, philosophy, sociology, political science, ethics (about morality), aesthetics (about beauty).
Society:
In a narrow sense: A group of people connected by common interests and goals.
In a broad sense: Separated from nature, but closely connected with it, part of the material world, including all ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.
Society and nature interact and influence each other. economic interaction - consumption of natural resources, ecological - protection of natural resources.
Noosphere (V. Vernadsky ) is the habitat (biosphere) controlled by the human mind.
Society - dynamic system.
Systemic qualities of society:integrity, dynamism, historicity, openness, hierarchy.
There are 4 spheres (subsystems) in the structure of society:
1. Economic - material production and industrial relations.
2. Political - politics, state, law, their relations and functioning, mass media, army.
3. Social - relations between classes, groups, nations, etc.
4. Spiritual - forms of social consciousness: religion, morality, science, art.
The spheres interact and are interconnected.
Public relations- relations and forms that arise in the process of life between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them.
Public relations
Spiritual Material
The most important component of societysocial institution -a historically established form of organizing people, which, on the basis of a set of norms and statuses, regulates their activities and satisfies fundamental human needs.
Social institutions: property, state, political parties, family, church, labor organizations, educational and upbringing institutions, science, mass media, etc.
Types of societies (according to Daniel Bell, Alvin Toffler)
Types of societies (according to O. Toffler)
social change- the transition of social systems, communities, organizations from one state to another (natural, demographic, social, spiritual changes, etc.).
Directed Development
progress stagnation regression
Progress criterion – the degree of freedom that society gives a person for its optimal development. Progress is controversial (both positive and negative processes)
Progress Forms:revolution and reform. Evolution - gradual development.
Scientific and technological progress (NTP) -a qualitative change in the productive forces of society under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution.
Scientific and technological revolution (NTR)- a leap in the development of the productive forces of society on the basis of fundamental changes in the system of scientific knowledge.
historical process- the chronological sequence of events that influence the development of society.Subjects historical process : individuals, social groups, masses.historical factis a social event.
Civilization - the totality of material, spiritual and moral means possessed by a given society in a given historical period.
The term was put forward by N. Danilevsky, called civilizationscultural and historical types.Civilizations were distinguished by 4 features: economic, cultural, political, religious. To characterize civilizations, the concept of mentality is also singled out.
mentality - way of thinking, worldview inherent in a certain group, individual
Two theories: the theory of stage development (study development as a single process) and the theory of local civilizations(study large historically established communities).
Approaches to the study of the historical process:
Formative approach (K. Marx) | Civilization approach (A. Toynbee) | Cultural approach (O. Spengler) |
The basis of the transition from one formation to another.Socio-economic formations:primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, communist. There are two main components in the socio-economic formation - the basis and the superstructure. Basis - the economy of society, the components of which areproductive forces And relations of production(method of production of material goods). Superstructure - state, political, public institutions. Changes in the economic basis lead to the transition from one socio-economic formation to another. Plays a big roleclass struggle. | Civilizations - stable communities of people united by spiritual traditions, a similar way of life, geographical, historical boundaries.At the heart of the change of civilizations. The development of the whole story is built according to the "challenge - response" scheme. Each civilization in its destiny goes through four stages: origin; growth; break; disintegration, culminating in death and the complete disappearance of civilization. | The central concept of this approach is culture. Culture is the totality of religion, traditions, material and spiritual life. Culture is born, lives and dies. Civilization within the cultural approach -the highest level of cultural development,the final period of the development of culture, preceding its death. |
Global problems of our time -a complex of social and natural contradictions affecting the whole world as a whole. I are an indicator of integrity and interconnection modern world, pose a threat to humanity, require joint efforts to solve.
Main problems:
1. Environmental: pollution, extinction of species, "ozone holes", etc.
The term "Ecology" was introduced E. Haeckel.
2. Demographic;
3. The problem of security and prevention of world war;
4. The problem of resources;
5. North-South problem: developing and highly developed countries.
Globalization - Strengthening integration ties in various fields between states, organizations, communities.
International organizations:UN (United Nations); IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency); UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization); WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization); WTO (World Trade Organization); NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization); OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe); European Union; OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Producing and Exporting Countries); CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States); SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) and others.
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3. Cognition.
Cognition is a process of acquiring knowledge.
Knowledge - an objective reality given in the human mind. Knowledge is the result of cognitive activity.
Subject of knowledge- the one who knows. Object of knowledge - that to which knowledge is directed.
Epistemology - the science of knowledge.
Gnosticism (gnostics)- they believe that the world is cognizable (Plato, Socrates, K. Marx, G. Hegel).
Agnosticism (agnostics)- the world is cognizable within limited limits or unknowable (I. Kant).
Types of cognition: sensual and rational.
Forms of sensory cognition:
Feeling - a reflection of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena that arise when exposed to the senses.
Perception - a holistic sensual image of an object, phenomenon.
Representation - a sensual image of an object or phenomenon that arises with the help of memory without direct contact with the object.
Forms of rational knowledge:
Concept - a form of thinking in which the general and essential properties of an object are fixed.
Judgment - a form of thinking in which something is affirmed or denied.
Inference -a form of thinking in which new judgments are derived from existing judgments.
Two theories on types of cognition:
1. Empiricism (empiricists)- recognize sensory experience as a source of knowledge (T. Hobbes, D. Locke).
2. Rationalism (rationalists)– knowledge can be obtained with the help of reason (R. Descartes, I. Kant)
Intuition - a kind of cognition outside the process of sensory familiarization and without deliberation.
Features: suddenness, thoughtlessness, secrecy of the mechanism.
The purpose of knowledge is to obtain the truth.
Truth - knowledge corresponding to reflected reality.Truth is objective in content and subjective in form.
absolute truth- complete, exhaustive knowledge, not refuted by the further development of science.
Relative truth- incomplete, inaccurate knowledge, refuted by the further development of science.
Criterion of truth - a way to distinguish between true and untrue in the totality of knowledge.
The main criterion of truth is practice.
The antipodes of truth are lies, disinformation, delusion.
Lie - the deliberate erection of deliberately incorrect ideas into the truth.
Disinformation - transmission false knowledge as true or true as false.
Delusion - unintentional inconsistency of judgments or concepts with an object.
Types of knowledge.
I. Non-scientific knowledge:
Ordinary (everyday)
Practical (folk wisdom)
religious
mythological
Artistic (by means of art).
II. Scientific knowledge -knowledge aimed at obtaining objective knowledge. Target - description, explanation, prediction of the phenomena of reality. Signs: objectivity, consistency, validity, reliability, a special language, the need for special devices and specialists.
2 levels scientific knowledge: empirical and theoretical.
Empirical level:
Observation - purposeful perception of the phenomena of objective reality.
Description - fixation by means of a natural or artificial language of information about an object.
Measurement - comparison of an object by some similar properties or sides.
Experiment - observation in specially created and controlled conditions, which allows you to restore the course of the phenomenon when the conditions are repeated.
Theoretical level:
Hypothesis - assumptions put forward in the course of scientific research.
Theory - a system of interrelated statements.
Law - conclusions about significant, recurring relationships between phenomena.
Scientific methods:
1. General : dialectic (dialectical studies phenomena in motion) and metaphysics (metaphysical studies phenomena at rest).
2. General scientific: Analysis is the real or mental division of an object into its component parts. Synthesis is the combination of constituent parts into a single whole. Induction - the movement of thought from the individual to the general. Deduction is the ascent of the process of cognition from the general to the individual. Analogy (correspondence, similarity) - the establishment of similarities in some aspects, properties and relationships between non-identical objects.
3. Private scientific: questioning, examination, interviewing, graphic method.
III. social cognition -knowledge aimed at studying the nature of social ties, social groups, the social structure of society.
Peculiarity - the subject and object of knowledge coincide, the knowledge obtained is always associated with the interests of individuals, the subjectivity of conclusions and assessments.
Target: identification of historical patterns of development of society, social forecasting.
Methods: content analysis (analysis of statistical data, documents), survey, observation, experiment.
IV. Self-knowledge - self-knowledge, self-esteem, the creation of a "I-concept" - the image of I.
Feature - the object is the subject itself.
Purpose: knowledge of one's physical, mental, spiritual capabilities, one's place among other people.
Self-knowledge is accomplished:
1. In the analysis of the results of their own activities, their behavior, relationships with others.
2. Awareness of the attitude of others towards oneself (qualities of one's personality, character traits), through the opinions of others
people and relating to others.
3. Self-observation of one's states, experiences, thoughts.
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2. Man.
Human | Individual | Individuality | Personality |
The highest level of living organisms on earth, the subject of socio-historical activity and culture | The only representative of the human race | Unique, original features and qualities inherent in a person (biological, psychological, social) | A set of socially significant features that characterize a person as a member of a given society, a person as a subject of relations and conscious activity |
Origin theories:religious, evolutionary(C.Darwin), Marxist (labor made man)
biosocial problem- the problem of the relationship between the biological and the social in man.
At the time of birth, a person is an individual. Personality becomes in the process of socialization.
Socialization - the process of assimilation by a person of social experience, forms of behavior acceptable for a given society.
Primary socialization: agents (relatives, teachers) and institutions of socialization (family, school).
Secondary socialization: agents (colleagues, teachers, officials) and institutions (universities, army, church).
Desocialization -the process of moving away from old values, norms, rules, roles.
Resocialization - the process of learning new values, norms, rules, roles.
Freedom of the individual- the ability to create oneself and the world of other people, to make choices, to be responsible. "Freedom is a recognized necessity" - G. Hegel.
Interpersonal relationships -relationships between different individuals on different grounds.
Interpersonal relationships
Personal worldview- a set of principles, views, beliefs and attitudes towards objective reality and a person's place in it.
Worldview:
mundane, religious, mythological, scientific, philosophical, humanistic.
Activity - human activity aimed at changing and transforming the world around us and ourselves. Subject - the one who carries out the activity. An object - what the activity is aimed at.
Activity structure:
Motive - goal - means - action - result.
Motive - a material or ideal object that prompts action.
Target - a conscious image of the expected result.
Activities:
1. According to the content: work, play, communication, study.
Work - a type of human activity aimed at achieving a practically useful result.
Communication- the process of interaction between people, which consists in perception and understanding and in the exchange of information (communication)
2. By direction: spiritual , practical , creative , managerial .
Creation - an activity that generates something new that has never existed before.
Heuristic is the science that studies creativity.
human needs- experienced or perceived need for something.
Needs:
biological, social, ideal.
Needs according to A. Maslow.
1.Physiological, 2.Existential, 3. Social, 4. Prestigious, 5. Spiritual
Primary, congenital Secondary, acquired
The needs of each level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.
Interest - a conscious need that characterizes the attitude of people to objects and phenomena that have important social development for them. Interests are incentives for various activities.
Capabilities - individual characteristics of a person, on which success depends various kinds activities.
Abilities are biologically based.
Talent - a set of abilities that allows you to get a product of activity that is distinguished by novelty and significance.
Genius - the highest stage of talent development, which allows to make fundamental changes in a particular field of activity.
Genius is a cultural phenomenon of human nature.
"Conscious" and "Unconscious"- these are correlative concepts expressing the features of the work human psyche. A person thinks about situations and makes decisions. Such actions are called conscious . However, often a person acts thoughtlessly, and sometimes he himself cannot understand why he did so.Unconsciousactions suggest that a person acts on an inner impulse, without any analysis of the situation, without clarifying the possible consequences. ( Z. Freud).
Being - something that exists, existing in general (being studies the section of philosophy ontology).
Forms of being : material being, spiritual being, human being, social being.
Spiritual world of man(microcosm) - a complex system the inner world of a person, the elements of which are spiritual needs, thoughts, feelings, worldview, emotions, values, etc.
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4. Social sphere
Sociology - the science of the laws, formation, functioning, development of society and social relations.(O.Kont).
The structure of the social sphere includes:
I. Social connections -dependence of social groups and people on each other (there are formal and informal).Social connections:
1. Social contacts -unstable connections arising on specific occasions (for example, subway passengers).
2. Social interactions- stable, regular connections based on joint activities (for example, colleagues at work).
3. Social relationships- ultra-stable, self-renewing connections that are systemic in nature (for example, friends).
II. Social groups -communities of individuals united on some basis.(T. Hobbes).
Signs:
number: small groups (differ in direct contact and informal communication), medium, large
demographic:gender, age, education, marital status
settlement criterion:townspeople, villagers
confessional:Catholics, Orthodox, Muslims
by ethnicity, professional etc.
III. Social communities-groups capable of self-reproduction.
Ethnosocial communities: clan (tribe), nationality, nation.
Genus - association of people on the basis of kinship ties, tribe - union of clans nationalities - associations of people on the basis of territorial and linguistic characteristics, nation - large groups of people united by economic space, language, culture, traditions, national identity.
IV. Social institution -see chapter Society.The main social institution is the family.
Function family as a social institution: childbirth.The family is also a small group. Family functions: educational, socialization, leisure, creating a sense of security, economic and economic. Family: matriarchal, patriarchal, partnership.Nuclear family- consisting of 2 generations.
v. social culture - social norms and social values on the basis of which social relations are formed.
VI. social values- the goals that people in society aspire to.Core Values– vital to society (health, well-being, family, etc.)
VII. social norms- rules of social behavior.
social norms(there are written and unwritten):
moral standards, ethical standards, norms of traditions and customs, religious norms, political norms, legal norms.
Functions of social norms:regulating, unifying, educational.
Conformist behavior -in line with accepted standards.
Behavior that does not conform to social norms deviant.
Deviant Behavior:
Deviant behavior -violation that does not comply with the rules.
Deviation can be positive (heroes) and negative (drug addicts, murderers)
Delinquent behavior -committing crimes.
Compliance is ensured by the use sanctions - the reaction of society to the behavior of an individual or group. Function of sanctions - social control.
Sanctions:
positive (rewarding) and negative (punishing)
Official and unofficial.
social stratification
Social stratification (differentiation) -stratification and hierarchical organization of society.(P. Sorokin).
Differentiation criteria: income(economic), amount of power (political), education (type of activity.), also distinguish prestige - society's assessment of the social significance of a person's status. Prestige depends on the real usefulness of the activity and the value system of society.
Social layers:
castes - strictly closed layers of traditional societies.
Estates - groups of people with different rights and responsibilities.
Classes - social groups distinguished by the way they participate in social production and distribution, their place in the social division of labor.
strata - informal groups with a relatively equal social status, the criteria of which are income, access to political power, education.
Status
Status - a position in the social structure of society, associated with other positions through a system of rights and obligations.
personal status - the position that an individual occupies in a small group
social status- the position of the individual in the social group.
status set - a set of statuses of one person.
Prescribed (born) status: gender, age, nationality, kinship
Acquired (achieved) status: profession, education, position, marital status, religion.
social role - some pattern of behavior recognized for people of a certain status.
social mobility
social mobility(P. Sorokin ) - the transition of an individual or group from one position in the hierarchy of social stratification to another.
social mobility: horizontal -within one layer and vertical – transition from one layer to another. Vertical mobility can bedescending and ascending.
Channels of social mobility ("social lifts") -education, army, schools, family, property.
Marginal - an individual who has lost his former social status, unable to adapt to a new social environment (“on the edge”).
Marginality - the intermediate position of the individual between social groups, associated with his movements in the social space.
Lumpens - people who have sunk "to the bottom" of public life.
social conflict.
social conflict(G. Spencer ) - a clash of opposing interests, goals, views, ideologies between individuals, groups, classes in society.
Structure of the conflict: conflict situation--incident--active actions--completion
Types of behavior in conflict: adaptation, compromise, cooperation, ignoring, rivalry.Most scholars consider conflict to be a natural, progressive phenomenon.
Conflict types:internal, external, global, local, economic, political, family, national.
National conflictsassociated with exacerbationthe national questionabout the self-determination of peoples and overcoming ethnic inequality, as well as trends in the modern world.
Two trends in the modern world:
1. International - integration, rapprochement of nations.
2. National - differentiation, the desire for independence.
Social policy of the state- purposeful activity of the state to improve the social sphere of society. Directions: 1. improvement of the social structure of society, 2. regulation of relationships between different layers, 3. development of human potential (programs for the development of education, pensions, health care, ecology).
Social politics: active - direct influence of the state (sometimes centralized and decentralized) and passive - mediated by economic factors
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8. Right
Right
1. A system of rules and norms of behavior established and protected by the state.
2. The ability to do something, carry out, have (the right to work, education).
Signs of law (and rules of law):normativity, obligation, general character, formal certainty.
Theories of the origin of law: the theory of natural law (T. Hobbes), the liberal tradition (first the law - then the state), the statist tradition (first the state - then the law), Marxist, sociological. Statism - the theory that state the highest result and goal of social development
Functions of law - regulatory, educational, protective.
Legal culture:legal knowledge, attitude to law, law enforcement.
Differences between law and morality:
Source (form) of law- specific types of social phenomena that form the law and the result of state lawmaking.Sources (forms) of law:
1. Legal custom- patterns of behavior that have taken root in society as a result of their repetition, which have turned into rules of conduct.
2. Judicial practice.
3. Legal (judicial) precedent- a legal decision made earlier in a specific legal case and served as an example for subsequent decisions.
4. Normative contract- an agreement between the parties containing the rules of law
5. Legal act- an act of lawmaking bodies state power establishing or abolishing the rules of law.
Legal act: laws and regulations.
I. Laws - regulatory legal acts adopted by the highest legislative body of the state (or by referendum), fixing the most significant social relations. There areFederal Laws And Laws of the subjects of the Federation.
Laws are divided into:
1. Constitutional laws(1. Constitutions, 2. Laws amending the Constitution.
3. Laws provided by the Constitution).
2. Ordinary laws– normative-legal acts of the current legislation. They are current (valid for certain period) Andcodified(codes of laws - codes).
II. Regulations– normative-legal acts specifying the provisions of laws. - Decrees, resolutions, decrees.
Legal system (family) - association of states on the basis of legal regulation.
1. Romano-Germanic- main source - legal act. (Russia).
2. Anglo-Saxon– main source – legal precedent
3. Muslim - the main source is the legal custom.
The right is shared to private lawserves private interests (family, civil) andpublic law(constitutional, criminal).
Realization of the right – implementation of the law.Forms of realization of the right:
1. Exercise of the right -use of rights
2. Exercise of law- performance of duties
3. Respect for the law- not a breach of law
4. Application of law- carried out with the help of officials.
Law system - a set of interconnected norms, institutions and branches of law.
System elements -1. Legal regulation(rule of law) is a unit of the system.2. Institute of Law- a small group of rights governing one type of relationship. (For example, the institution of gift in civil law, the institution of marriage in family law). 3. Branch of law - a set of homogeneous legal norms.
Rule of law - the main element of the legal system, the rule of conduct established and protected by the state.
The structure of the rule of law:
1. Hypothesis - part of the norm, indicating the conditions for the emergence of rights and obligations.
2. Disposition - part of the norm, indicating the content of the norm
3. Sanction - part of the norm, indicating the legal consequences of the violation.
Types of rules of law
1. By function: regulatory (establish rights and obligations) and protective (measures against violators)
2. By industry:family, civil, etc.
3. By content:1. binding norms(What do we have to do)2. norms prohibiting(what not to do)3. norms authorizing(what can be done).
Branches of law.
1. Constitutional (state) law -regulates socially significant public relations, the structure of the state.
2. Family law- Regulates issues of marriage and family relations, kinship.
3. Civil law- regulates property and related non-property relations.
4. Administrative law- regulates public relations in the field of management, is associated with the activities of the executive branch.
5. Labor law- regulates the relationship between the employee and the employer
6. Criminal lawregulates relations connected with the commission of criminal acts.
legal relations– types of social relations regulated by the rule of law.
To become participants in legal relations, legal and individuals(subjects of public relations) must have legal capacity and capacity.
Legal capacity -the ability of subjects of legal relations to have legal rights and bear obligations. Comes from birth and ends with death.
legal capacity- the ability of subjects of legal relations to independently exercise their rights and obligations.1. Complete- from the age of 18.2. Partial- (in criminal cases from the age of 16, for some crimes from the age of 14, in the family from the age of 16, in the civil - from the age of 14, in the administrative - from the age of 16)3. Limited- by the court.
legal fact- living conditions in connection with which legal relations arise.
legal facts- 1. Law-formers. 2. Changers. 3. Terminators.
Legal Facts:1. Events(do not depend on the will of people), 2. Actions(depending on the will of the people).
Actionsthere arelegitimateAndillegal(offences).
Offenses- acts that are contrary to the prescriptions of legal norms are expressed asaction, andinaction.
Offensesare divided intomisdeedsAndcrimes.
Misdemeanors (torts) and legal liability.
1. Administrative(in the field of state and local regulation) –administrative responsibility (warning, fine, deprivation of rights, confiscation of the object, corrective labor, administrative arrest)
2 . Disciplinary(in the field of service relations) -disciplinary responsibility(remark, reprimand, dismissal),material liability(damage)
3. Civil(in the field of property and non-property relations) – civil liability.
crimes– socially dangerous illegal acts causing special harm or threat. Comingcriminal liability.
Signs of an offense:guilt, wrongfulness, public danger.
The legal structure of the offense:
1. The object of the offense -what the action is directed at.2. The subject of the offense -who committed
3. The objective side of the offense- a characteristic that includes signs of illegality, public danger, socially dangerous consequences.
4. Subjective side of the offense- internal characteristics of the offense (motive and purpose).
5. Motive of the offense- a conscious urge to do something.
6. Purpose of the offense- the mental result to which the subject aspired.
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What does social science study?
The object of study of social science issociety.Society is a very complex system that obeys various laws. Naturally, there is no one science that could cover all aspects of society, so several sciences study it. Each science studies any one side of the development of society: the economy, social relations, development paths, and others.
Social Studies -a generalizing name for the sciences that study society as a whole and social processes.
Every science hasobject and subject.
Object of science -phenomenon of objective reality, which is studied by science.
The subject of science -A person, a group of persons, cognizing an object.
The sciences are divided into three groups.
Science:
Society is studied by social sciences (humanities).
Main difference social sciences from the humanities:
Social (humanitarian) sciences that study society and man:
archeology, economics, history, cultural studies, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology, law, ethnography, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics.
Archeology- a science that studies the past according to material sources.
Economy- the science of the economic activity of society.
History- the science of the past of mankind.
Culturology- a science that studies the culture of society.
Linguistics- the science of language.
Political science- the science of politics, society, the relationship between people, society and the state.
Psychology- the science of the development and functioning of the human psyche.
Sociology- the science of the laws of formation and development of social systems, groups, individuals.
Right -a set of laws and rules of conduct in society.
Ethnography- a science that studies the life, culture of peoples and nations.
Philosophy- the science of the universal laws of the development of society.
Ethics- the science of morality.
Aesthetics -the science of beauty.
Sciences study societiesnarrow and broad sense.
Society in the narrow sense:
1. The entire population of the Earth, the totality of all peoples.
2. The historical stage in the development of mankind (feudal society, slave-owning society).
3. Country, state (French society, Russian society).
4. Association of people for any purpose (club of animal lovers, society of soldiers
mothers).
5. A circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests (high society).
6. Ways of interaction between the authorities and the population of the country (democratic society, totalitarian society)
Society in the broadest sense -part of the material world, isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their unification. Politics: microlevel, macro level (state level), mega level (between states).
Political system- a set of elements in which political power is realized.
The type of political system determines the political and legal regime: democratic, totalitarian, authoritarian.
Elements of the political system (spheres or subsystems):
1. Institutional:state, parties, movements (institutions)
2. Communicative- a set of relationships between groups about power
3. Regulatory– rules and regulations
4. Cultural and ideological– ideology, political culture, views, emotions.
Power– the ability to exercise their will, to have an impact.
Power structure:
1. Subjects of power– state, political leaders, parties
2. Objects of power- individuals, groups, masses
3. Foundations of power- legal, economic, power, social, information
4 . Power resources- coercion, persuasion, law, tradition, fear, encouragement, myths
5. Functions of power- domination, leadership, regulation, control, management, coordination, organization, mobilization.
Power is legal- legal authoritylegitimate authority- that which is not imposed by force is accepted by the people voluntarily.
Legitimacy or domination of power (M. Weber)
1. Traditional dominance- driven by tradition
2. Legal domination- on the recognition of legal norms
3. Charismatic dominance- based on the authority of the leader.
Political power is divided into:state and public authority.
Theories of the origin of the state:
1. Patriarchal theory - Aristotle2. Religious theory – Thomas Aquinas3. Contract theory – D. Locke, T. Hobbes4. Organic theory – G. Spencer5. Class theory – K. Marx
State- a special organization of power and administration, which has a special apparatus of coercion and is able to give its orders binding force for the whole country.
Signs of the state
1. The presence of a special public authority
2. The presence of a special control apparatus
3. Territorial organization
4. Taxes
5. Sovereignty of power
6. Monopoly on lawmaking.
State functions – the main, socially significant areas of state activity.
Functions:
1. By objecty: internal and external
2. By content: political, economic, social, cultural and educational, legal, organizational, environmental.
3. By the nature of the impact:protective (ensuring the protection of public relations) and regulatory (development of public relations).
State shape- a set of basic ways of organizing, organizing and exercising state power, expressing its essence.
State forms:
1. Form of government -way of organizing government.
Form of government: 1. Monarchy- power is concentrated in the hands of one head and is inherited.2. RepublicPower is exercised by elected bodies elected for a fixed term.Monarchy:1 . absolute, 2. parliamentary, 3. dualistic.Republic:1. presidential, 2. parliamentary, 3. mixed.
2. Form of government – method of national and administrative-territorial structure.Forms: 1. unitary state, 2. federation, 3. confederation.
3. Political and legal regime – a set of political and legal means and ways of exercising power.Regime: 1. democratic, 2. anti-democratic (1. authoritarian, 2. totalitarian, 3. military).
Democracy – recognition of the principle of equality of all people, active participation of the people in political life.
Signs of democracy:1. recognition of the people as a source of power and sovereignty,2. the existence of rights and freedoms, 3. pluralism, 4. separation of powers(legislative, executive, judicial), 5.publicity. 6. elective power, 7. developed system of local governments.
Forms of democracy: 1. direct (direct), 2 indirect (representative).
Institutions of Direct Democracy: 1. elections, 2. referendum (popular vote).
Electoral system(includes the right to vote, the electoral process and the procedure for recalling deputies) –the procedure for the formation of elected bodies.
Suffrage- principles and conditions for the participation of citizens in elections.Suffrage: 1. active(right to vote)2. passive(the right to be elected).signs: 1. universal, 2. equal, 3. vowel, 4. open.Determination of results takes place on two systems: 1. majoritarian electoral system – The winner is the candidate who receives the most votes.2. proportional electoralsystem - voting on party lists and the distribution of mandates between parties is strictly proportional to the number of votes cast.Mandate- a document certifying the rights of a deputy.
Civil society(G. Hegel)- this is a non-state part of socio-political life, protected from direct state intervention, equality of rights and freedoms of all people;Signs of civil society:1. the presence in society of free owners of the means of production; 2. development and branching of democracy; 3. legal protection of citizens; 4. a certain level of civic culture.
Constitutional state- the state, which in its activities is subject to law.Signs of the rule of law: 1. law supremacy, 2 . observance of rights and freedoms, 3. separation of powers, 4. mutual responsibility of the state and citizens.
Political Party- an institution of the political system, a group of adherents of certain goals, uniting to fight for power.Party features: 1. power struggle, 2. programwith goals and strategy, 3.charter, 4. organizational structure, 5. the presence of governing bodies.
Party types: 1. By methods:revolutionary, reformist. 2. By the nature of membership:personnel, mass3. By ideology: conservative, liberal, social democratic, communist.4. By representation in power: ruling, opposition.5. By the nature of the actions:radical, reactionary, moderate, extremist, conservative.
Political culture (G. Almond, S. Verba) - a set of systems of opinions, positions, values that prevail in a society or group.
Types of political culture:
1. Patriarchal- Orientation of citizens to local values,2. subject- passive attitude of citizens in political system. 3. political culture of participation (activist) - active participation of citizens in political life.Absenteeism- non-participation, avoidance of political life.
Political ideology- system of ideas. Types of ideologies:
1. Conservatism- maintaining order. 2.liberalism- freedom of individuality, entrepreneurship, rights. 3.Socialism- a fair structure of society. 4.anarchism- elimination of the state 5.nationalism- superiority of the nation 6.extremism- Violent methods.
Constitution of Russia– 1918 (first), 1925, 1937, 1978,1993 (12 December). The first in the world1787 - US Constitution.December 10, 1948- "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", 1966 - "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" and "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights".1959 – "Declaration of the Rights of the Child"1989 – "Convention on the Rights of the Child".
How to prepare for the exam in society for the highest scores? That is, really high? Recently I was asked where to find all social science terms. Moreover, the person was clearly sure that it was necessary to know only the terms. In fact, knowledge of the terms is only a small component in the quality preparation for the exam in social studies 2018. In this article, we told the rest of the truth.
What you really need to lean on if you are preparing from scratch
Knowledge of terms. Terms are the alphabet with which you will understand both test tasks and essay topics. The terms must be fluent. Also, they must constantly be connected with reality. For example, you studied (a) what the legitimacy of power is. So look at what specific signs of the legitimacy of power you see in Russia, in foreign countries - collect information.
Knowledge of social development theories. Many stop at the terms, missing the study of theories of social development. Or they mistakenly believe that such theories exist only in the topic “Man and Society”. In fact, there are social theories in every branch of the discipline, and there are actually quite a few of them. In our training courses, we analyze them all.
Many people believe that the theory is not necessary to know. However, this year the questions to the text will be more detailed, and it is simply impossible to answer them without knowledge of development theories.
Good actual erudition — true friend applicant. In what countries, what political regime, what forms of religion prevail (dominate) in what parts of the world, what type of society prevails, and why, in all these issues, facts should be guided. Otherwise, forget the high scores on the real exam.
Confident Decision test tasks all types. This is a key skill. Without constant practice, solving tests is nothing to do on the exam. Needless to say, how many tasks do you have to solve for each topic in order to be confident in your abilities?
Where can you learn all this?
Many try to master all this on their own and inevitably fail, because they only touch on the tip of the iceberg - working with terminology, losing sight of everything else. The result is very deplorable: the majority is only just moving beyond the border of the threshold - the minimum passing result from school.
Hand it over exam test for real 100 points is possible only with professional training, when you are led by a real professional in their field. But you, of course, do not shirk, but strictly fulfill all the requirements.
Social Studies. A new complete guide to preparing for the exam. Ed. Baranova P.A.
3rd ed. - M.: 2017. - 544 p. M.: 2016. - 544 p.
A guide for alumni high school and applicants, the material of the course "Social Science" was given in full, which will be checked at the unified state exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which the examination tasks are compiled - control and measuring USE materials(KIMs). The handbook contains blocks-modules "Man and Society", "Economics", "Social Relations", "Politics", "Law", which form the basis of the school course "Social Science". Brief and illustrative - in the form of diagrams and tables - the form of presentation provides maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam. Sample tasks and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge, skills and abilities.
Format: pdf ( 2017 , 3rd ed., 544 pp.)
Size: 2.6 MB
Watch, download:drive.google
Format: pdf ( 2016 , 544s.; White)
Size: 8 MB
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Format: pdf (2016 , 544s.; blue)
Size: 8.1 MB
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CONTENT
Preface 6
BLOCK MODULE 1. INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY
Topic 1.1. Natural and social in man. (Man as a result of biological and socio-cultural evolution) 12
Topic 1.2. Worldview, its types and forms 17
Topic 1.3. Types of knowledge 20
Topic 1.4. The concept of truth, its criteria 26
Topic 1.5. Thinking and activity 30
Topic 1.6. Needs and Interests 41
Topic 1.7. Freedom and necessity in human activity. Freedom and responsibility 45
Topic 1.8. System structure of society: elements and subsystems 50
Topic 1.9. The main institutions of society 55
Topic 1.10. The concept of culture. Forms and varieties of culture 58
Topic 1.11. The science. The main features of scientific thinking. Natural and social sciences 65
Topic 1.12. Education, its importance for the individual and society 78
Topic 1.13. Religion 81
Topic 1.14. Art 89
Topic 1.15. Moral 95
Topic 1.16. The concept of social progress 101
Topic 1.17. Multivariance of social development (types of societies) 106
Topic 1.18. Threats of the 21st century (global problems) 109
BLOCK MODULE 2. ECONOMY
Topic 2.1. Economics and economic science 116
Topic 2.2. Factors of production and factor income 122
Topic 2.3. Economic systems 126
Topic 2.4. Market and market mechanism. Supply and demand 134
Topic 2.5. Fixed and variable costs 145
Topic 2.6. financial institutions. Banking system 147
Topic 2.7. Main sources of business financing 154
Topic 2.8. Securities 160
Topic 2.9. Labor market. Unemployment 163
Topic 2.10. Types, causes and consequences of inflation 173
Topic 2.11. Economic growth and development. Concept of GDP 177
Topic 2.12. The role of the state in the economy 184
Topic 2.13. Taxes 191
Topic 2.14. State budget 195
Topic 2.15. World economy 202
Topic 2.16. Rational economic behavior of the owner, employee, consumer, family man, citizen 210
BLOCK MODULE 3. SOCIAL RELATIONS
Topic 3.1. Social stratification and mobility 216
Topic 3.2. Social groups 227
Topic 3.3. Youth as a social group 232
Topic 3.4. Ethnic communities 235
Topic 3.5. Interethnic relations, ethno-social conflicts, ways to resolve them 240
Topic 3.6. Constitutional principles (foundations) of national policy in the Russian Federation 249
Topic 3.7. Social conflict 252
Topic 3.8. Types of social norms 260
Topic 3.9. Social control 264
Topic 3.10. Family and marriage 267
Topic 3.11. Deviant behavior and its types 272
Topic 3.12. Social role 276
Topic 3.13. Socialization of the individual 280
BLOCK MODULE 4. POLICY
Topic 4.1. The concept of power 283
Topic 4.2. State, its functions 291
Topic 4.3. Political system 304
Topic 4.4. Typology of political regimes 307
Topic 4.5. Democracy, its core values and features 310
Topic 4.6. Civil society and the state 314
Topic 4.7. Political elite 323
Topic 4.8. Political parties and movements 327
Topic 4.9. Mass media in the political system 336
Topic 4.10. Election campaign in Russia 342
Topic 4.11. Political process 351
Topic 4.12. Political participation 355
Topic 4.13. Political Leadership 360
Topic 4.14. State authorities of the Russian Federation 364
Topic 4.15. Federal structure of Russia 374
BLOCK MODULE 5. RIGHT
Topic 5.1. Law in the system of social norms 381
Topic 5.2. The system of Russian law. Legislative process in the Russian Federation 395
Topic 5.3. The concept and types of legal liability 401
Topic 5.4. Constitution Russian Federation. Fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation 409
Topic 5.5. Legislation of the Russian Federation on elections 417
Topic 5.6. Subjects of civil law 421
Topic 5.7. Organizational and legal forms and legal regime of entrepreneurial activity 428
Topic 5.8. Property and non-property rights 433
Topic 5.9. The procedure for hiring. The procedure for concluding and terminating an employment contract 440
Topic 5.10. Legal regulation of relations between spouses. The procedure and conditions for the conclusion and dissolution of marriage 448
Topic 5.11. Features of administrative jurisdiction 453
Topic 5.12. right to favorable environment and ways to protect it 460
Topic 5.13. International law (international protection of human rights in times of peace and war) 468
Topic 5.14. Disputes, the procedure for their consideration 473
Topic 5.15. Basic rules and principles of civil procedure 476
Topic 5.16. Features of the criminal process 484
Topic 5.17. Citizenship of the Russian Federation 495
Topic 5.18. Conscription, alternative civilian service 501
Topic 5.19. Rights and obligations of the taxpayer 509
Topic 5.20. Law enforcement agencies. Judiciary 513
Training version of the examination paper in social science 523
Assessment system for examination work in social studies 536
Literature 540
The reference book includes the material of the school course "Social Studies", which is checked at the unified state exam (USE). The structure of the book corresponds to the Federal State Standard of Secondary (Complete) Education in the subject, on the basis of which the examination tasks were developed - control measuring materials (CMM) that make up the examination work in social science.
The reference book contains the following content blocks-modules: "Man and Society", "Economy", "Social Relations", "Politics", "Law", which form the core of the content of school social science education and correspond to the codifier of content elements in social science, tested within the framework of USE.
The video course "Get an A" includes all the topics necessary for a successful passing the exam in mathematics for 60-65 points. Completely all tasks 1-13 of the Profile USE in mathematics. Also suitable for passing the Basic USE in mathematics. If you want to pass the exam with 90-100 points, you need to solve part 1 in 30 minutes and without mistakes!
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The course contains 5 large topics, 2.5 hours each. Each topic is given from scratch, simply and clearly.
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