Series: Soviet holidays. Builder's Day

For the first time, Builder's Day was celebrated in the USSR on August 12, 1956. And it was like that. On September 6, 1955, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the establishment of the annual holiday" Builder's Day "(on the second Sunday of August)" was issued. The conciseness of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR is proof that the Builder's Day did not appear by chance, and that its appearance seemed to go without saying. Here is how the newspapers commented on it:
“A new manifestation of the concern of the party and government for builders is the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On measures for further industrialization, improving the quality and reducing the cost of construction” adopted on August 23, 1955. This resolution fully and clearly analyzes the state of construction, determines further ways for the broad industrialization of the construction business ”(“ Construction Newspaper ”, September 7, 1955).

“We builders are having a big day! Newspapers and radio carried the message throughout the country that the party and the government had adopted a resolution on a radical improvement in the construction industry. At the same time, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the annual holiday - "Builder's Day" was published.
A sense of pride for our country, for our profession and ardent gratitude to the party and the government for taking care of us, the builders, filled our hearts ... ".

Builder's Day was celebrated on August 12. On this day, the newspapers wrote: “The Builder's Day celebrated today for the first time will henceforth be included in the calendar as a national holiday,” and this was not an exaggeration. Today it is difficult to imagine it, but in 1956 the country celebrated the holiday of builders with considerable enthusiasm, including folk festivals in parks of culture and recreation. Again, newspaper reports allow you to feel the atmosphere of those days:
“Moscow celebrated the holiday of builders with mass festivities, exhibitions, reports and lectures. It was especially crowded Central park culture and recreation named after Gorky. A meeting of the builders of the Leninsky district of the capital took place here, who built architectural ensemble buildings of Moscow State University, quarters of residential buildings in the south-west of the capital, the stadium named after V.I. Lenin, where the flag of the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR is now raised. The builders of the district made a decision - to hand over by December 20, 210 thousand square meters. m of living space.
“On Sunday, the Chelyabinsk Park of Culture and Leisure was filled with about forty thousand builders. There was a rally…”

"Baku. A solemn meeting of the Baku City Council of Working People's Deputies, together with representatives of party, Soviet and public organizations, dedicated to the Builder's Day, took place here. The meeting was attended by the parliamentary delegation of Uruguay visiting here…”.

"Tbilisi. In the capital of Georgia, on August 11 and 12, festivities dedicated to the Builder's Day were held. Thousands of workers visited the Permanent Construction Exhibition that opened in the Ordzhonikidze Central Park of Culture and Leisure. It's unfolded in a new way thematic plan. The main idea of ​​the exhibition is to show elements of prefabricated reinforced concrete, large-block construction and advanced industrial methods of construction and installation works.

It is curious that many of the traditions laid down at the dawn of the Builder's Day have survived to this day: awards for the holiday, and ceremonial meetings with the participation of representatives of government structures, and simply feasts, which the press of those years does not mention, but which, no doubt , took place. But specialized exhibitions are no longer timed to coincide with the Builder's Day. And maybe in vain ...


Whether he is in a suit, with a new tie,
Whether he is in lime, like a snowman.
Each builder in a phrase, in a word,
By interjection recognizes the foreman!
Here he rises to his full height,
Loud toast:
To everyone who levels the wall
Master level,
Who does the work
With a kind word, mother,
Who dined in the change house,
Ate sausage with radish
Who hung with their feet in the sky
On the mounting belt
To all who work in bad weather
Crowbar, drill and saw,
We wish: build happiness!
And don't stand under the arrow!

Adolf Hitler (German: Adolf Hitler) April 20, 1889, Braunau an der Inn, Austria-Hungary - April 30, 1945, Berlin, Germany) - the founder and central figure of National Socialism, the founder of the totalitarian dictatorship of the Third Reich, the leader (Fuhrer) of the National - the Socialist German Workers' Party from July 29, 1921, Reich Chancellor of National Socialist Germany from January 31, 1933, Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor of Germany from August 2, 1934, Supreme Commander armed forces Germany in World War II, war criminal.

Childhood

The father of the future Fuhrer, Alois Hitler (1837-1903), was first a shoemaker, then a customs officer; mother - Clara (1860-1907), nee Pölzl.

His father, being illegitimate, until 1876 bore his mother's surname Schicklgruber (German Schicklgruber), and then took the surname of his stepfather, who recognized himself as a father - Johann Georg Hiedler (German Hiedler), recorded as Hitler (German Hitler) during registration .

At present, based on all available materials, it can be stated with almost absolute certainty that in fact Alois's father was the official father's brother, Johann Nepomuk Güttler.

He trained as a customs officer and received a low rank of chief officer.

Adolf Hitler himself, contrary to the assertion widespread since the 1920s and even included in the 3rd edition of the TSB, never bore the surname Schicklgruber.

After the death of his second wife, his father left two children. Alois and Angela. Angela later became the mother of Hitler's mistress Geli.

On January 7, 1885, he married for the third time to Clara Pelzl. The last wife of Alois Hitler was his niece, granddaughter of Johann Nepomuk Güttler and daughter of his half-sister Johanna Clara Pölzl. In order to marry her, Alois had to seek permission from the church, since, according to the then existing laws, they were too close relatives (kinship of 2-3 degrees) to enter into a legal marriage.

Clara gave birth to six children, including Adolf Hitler.

It is now reliably established that Adolf Hitler is the product of close inbreeding. Clara's grandfather (her mother's father) was also the father of Alois. That is, Clara's mother was Alois' half-sister.

Six years later, another son was born in the family - Edmund (1894-1900). At this time, the father received a new appointment in Linz, but the family remained in Passau for another year so as not to move with a newborn baby.

When the father retired, the family moved to Hafeld near Lambach. From the age of six, Adolf attended the village school in Fischlam. Since July 1897 at the school at the Lambach Monastery, where he studied until January 1899. Until 1904 he studied at a real school (Realschule) in Linz, after until 1905 in Steyr.

In 1898, the family moved again, this time they settled in a remote area of ​​Linz, in a place called Leonding, and Adolf changed schools for the third time. He attended this school until September 1900.

He went to school with disgust. His school teacher said that Hitler was undoubtedly gifted, albeit one-sidedly. But he almost did not know how to control himself, he was stubborn, self-willed, wayward and quick-tempered.

Youth

The next year, in order to move to the third grade, he had to take exams in some subjects. He entered the state higher real school in Steyr, but even before the end of the 4th grade he decided that he would not attend the last, fifth grade.

He received good grades only in drawing, as he had an artistic gift. The only thing that really interested him was architecture.

Adolf was passionately fond of the novels of Karl May and never lost interest in his books.

At the age of 13, Adolf's father died. Subsequently, he wrote: "This death plunged us all into deep sadness."

At the age of 16, Hitler left school in Steyr without receiving a secondary education. He sang in the church choir. He dreamed of becoming an artist, he was engaged in copying the paintings of famous artists of that time. Quite often it could be found in theaters and operas. He read a lot and was "omnivorous": he loved both adventure literature and esotericism. In addition, he often took walks in the forests near Linz.

September 1907 passing the entrance exams to the General art school Academy of Fine Arts. Advances to the second round. Fails in the "Drawing by Model" exam.

November 1907 Return to Linz to care for her sick mother.

21.12. 1907 death of mother.

February 1908 moving to Vienna after the settlement of inheritance matters.

September 1908 re-admission to the Vienna Art Academy. Failure in the first round.

The rector of the academy said that the drawings brought by Hitler left no doubt that he would not become an artist. But from these drawings it is clear that Hitler has the talent of an architect - and he must completely abandon the idea of ​​\u200b\u200b art department and think about the department of architecture. The fact was that there were no portraits among his works, and the second stage of the academy exams was to evaluate them. The first stage of the exams - the assessment of landscapes, still lifes, he overcame brilliantly.

1909-1913 evades the army (as an Austrian citizen) and therefore changes apartments.

He lived in shelters for the homeless, doing odd jobs - he worked at a construction site, and later drew postcards and advertisements. Every day he draws a small picture and gives it to the client in the evening (often they are Jewish collectors). The work brings such a large income that in May 1911 he refuses in favor of his sister Paula from the monthly pension due to him as an orphan.

On December 29, 1913, the Austrian police ask the Munich police to establish the address of the hiding Hitler.

On January 19, 1914, the Munich criminal police deliver Hitler to the Austrian consulate.

Participation in World War I

In May 1913, Hitler moved to Munich, where he lived a bohemian life selling watercolors. In the first month of the war, he signed up as a volunteer and in October 1914 ended up on the Western Front as a private in the 1st company of the 16th Bavarian reserve regiment (otherwise “List’s regiment”, by the name of the commander), a liaison officer of the regiment headquarters.

In December of the same year, he was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class.

October 5, 1916 wounded in the left thigh near Le Bargur in the first battle of the Somme. Upon leaving the hospital (March 1917) he returned to the regiment.

In August 1918, he was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class, an award rarely given to privates. Hitler's colleagues subsequently claimed that he received this award for capturing 15 enemy soldiers (according to one version of the British, according to another French), but nothing is said about his specific merits in the archives of the List Regiment.

On October 13, 1918, he was shell-shocked as a result of a British gas attack near Ypres and temporarily lost his sight. A month later, while recovering in the hospital, he learned about the surrender of Germany and the overthrow of the Kaiser, which was a great shock to him.

In early February 1919, Adolf Hitler signed up as a volunteer in the security service of a prisoner of war camp located near Traunstein, not far from the Austrian border. About a month later, the prisoners of war - several hundred French and Russian soldiers - were released, and the camp, along with its guards, was disbanded.

outlook

“In his thoughts, as well as in his actions, he was guided not by knowledge, but by emotions” (Traudl Junge).

National Patriotism and Hitler's Racism

Hitler came from an ethnic border region. According to Hitler himself in Mein Kampf, at school he was neutral towards Jews, perceiving them as Germans; Hitler developed a sharply negative attitude towards them after meeting the Jewish community in Vienna. The active participation of Jews in the social democratic, and then revolutionary and communist movements, nourished Hitler's anti-Semitic feelings, although, as can be seen from his own words, they were not their primary source.

Hitler's views were formed under the influence of the extreme nationalist Professor Petsch of Linz and the well-known anti-Semite Mayor of Vienna, Karl Luger. Hitler believed in the greatness and special mission of the German nation. He experienced the shameful defeat of Germany and the revolution that followed it with extreme difficulty, which he perceived as the result of betrayal and, in particular, anti-national actions of the Jews. Under the influence of these events, his worldview finally took shape. Hitler attached importance to the so-called "blood purity"; on these ideas the Nazi "racial theory" was built.

Vienna, 1909. Adolf Hitler meets with Ostara magazine publisher Lanz von Liebenfels to buy a couple of missing issues. This magazine, along with mystical and sentimental texts, regularly and consistently writes that the "blonde Aryans" should rule the world, subjugating or destroying the "inferior races". After the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, Lanz hoped for Hitler's patronage, but he may have been embarrassed by his early connections. So, it was forbidden to publish the writings of Lanz. The most notable copies of the Ostara were withdrawn from circulation. After the war, Lanz accused Hitler not only of stealing, but of perverting his idea. There is no clear agreement among scholars as to whether Hitler was directly or indirectly heavily influenced by the works of Liebenfels, and there is no strong evidence that he was interested in the occult movement other than its racial aspects, yet the connection between the two figures has been emphasized over and over again by critics and occultists in times and after the Third Reich.

beliefs and habits
Hitler's ideology

“They put everything in the service of one goal of creating United Europe under German rule" (Traudl Junge).

The main ideas of Hitler that had developed by this time were reflected in the NSDAP program, many of them were set out in the autobiographical book “My Struggle” (“Mein Kampf”, German Mein Kampf)

Attitude towards religion

Hitler called himself a Christian and in many speeches spoke out in support of religion and Christianity in particular.

Chapter 10 of the first part of "Mein Kampf" is devoted, among other things, to the question of the importance of religion for the preservation of morality and the unity of the German nation. The following facts testify in favor of Hitler's belonging to the Christian faith: he was baptized in Catholicism and even studied at the parish school of a Benedictine monastery.

Immediately after coming to power, Hitler banned religious freedom organizations (such as the German League of Freethinkers) and organized a "movement against the godless." In 1933, he declared: "We began a struggle against the atheist movement, and it was not limited to a few theoretical declarations: we eradicated it"

daily habits

According to most biographers, Hitler was a vegetarian from 1931 (since the suicide of Geli Raubal) until his death in 1945. Some authors argue that Hitler only limited himself to eating meat. He also had a negative attitude towards smoking, in Nazi Germany a fight was launched against this habit.

With painful thoroughness he took care of cleanliness.

I was terribly afraid of people with a runny nose.

Hitler's daily routine and menu (began to adhere to since 1934)
10 hours. He picks up newspapers and correspondence from a chair near the door and, lying in bed, looks through. Further washing, shaving, dressing.

After his hands began to tremble, a servant began to shave him.
Around 11 o'clock. The servant knocks on the locked door with a greeting " Good morning, my Fuehrer. It is time!"
11 - 12 hours. With the help of a call, Hitler demands breakfast.

Until 1938 - a glass of milk and crispbread.

Later - Apple, mint or chamomile tea. Sweet savory bread.

In 1944-45 - A lot of cakes with chocolate. Or. Porridge - from oatmeal, filled with milk, grated apple, a few nuts and lemon slices.

Sometimes Gervais cheese.

During breakfast, he arranges meetings and business for the day with the adjutant.
After 12 o'clock. Meetings, meetings, etc.

Women

Hitler was aware of inbreeding in his family and knew exactly about his origins and therefore never wanted to touch on this topic.

It is proved that Hitler was afraid of becoming a father. He feared that he might have an abnormal child due to his incident background.

At the same time, he positively assessed the inbreeding. Thus, in a memo on the Jewish question, he wrote: "Thanks to the thousand-year-old indoctrination ... the Jew has retained his race and identity more clearly than many peoples among whom he lives."

Experts note that in the descendants of incest, as a rule, the continuation of incestuous relationships is a common occurrence. This was proved by Hitler with his connection with Geli.

He spoke negatively about marriage, he believed that it was better to have a mistress.

His attitude towards women was as follows. He believed that great person in order to satisfy his physical needs, he has the right to have a girl and treat her at his own discretion and without a sense of responsibility

Hitler knew and used the influence he had on women. It is no coincidence that women were the most important patrons of Hitler and his party. Women in love very often lent him money and made large contributions to the party both in money and in works of art. He tried to make every woman believe that he considers her beautiful, admires her and idolizes her. For example, he never yelled at his secretaries, even when they made serious mistakes. His favorite expressions are "my beauty" and "beautiful child." In the presence of women, he never sits down first, although on occasion he does this even when taking statesmen. It was forbidden to smoke in his presence, but sometimes he allowed the ladies.

Prefer women with large breasts. Hair color didn't matter.

By age, mistresses were on average 20 years younger than him. Several suicide attempts were due to him.

Close acquaintances with girls before 1914 have not been proven, but the fact that he had sexual experience before the start of the war is indisputable.

Charlotte Lobjoie

Charlotte Edoxy Alida Lobjoie (05/14/1898-09/13/1951). Frenchwoman. Butcher's daughter. She spoke good German. She looked like a gypsy.

She first met Adolf with friends of her relatives on the Rue de Seran in April 1916, since he, as a liaison, lived exclusively in civilian apartments during the war. She was 18 years old.

She entered into an intimate relationship with him in Premont. And from 1916 until the autumn of 1917 she moved with him to Furnu, Wafren, Seklin and Ardua. Their connection was interrupted while Hitler was recovering from his wound.

In 1916, Hitler painted her in Ardua, with a brightly colored shawl covering her head, her blouse deeply unbuttoned, and her breasts partly exposed.

09/30/1917 Hitler received leave and went to his relatives in Spital. Charlotte has not seen him since.

In March 1918, in Seclin, in the house of friends, she gave birth to an illegitimate son.

In 1918 she left for Paris and in 1926 parted from her family forever. She was considered missing. She married twice in 1922 and 1940.

Just before her death, she told her son that his father was Hitler.

Hitler knew about the existence of his son.

After the end of the war, he is not particularly picky and has many love affairs in Munich.

"Geli"

"Geli" (1908-1931) had features of a pronounced Slavic type with black hair. She was 19 years younger than Hitler and was his niece. The daughter of his half-sister (common father).

Geli's relationship with Hitler allegedly continued from 1925 until her death. The last time she lived in Hitler's apartment. According to some reports, she was pregnant in 1931 before her suicide.

When "Geli" 18.09. In 1931, he commits suicide, he is terribly shocked. He wants to shoot himself, moves away from his environment, is in severe depression. And since then, he never again eats meat and dishes cooked with animal fat.

In Hitler's Munich apartment (Prinzregentenplatz, 16), which had 15 rooms, no one except him and his mistress Annie Winter had the right to enter Geli's room.

Sculptor Josef Thorak is required to create a bust of Geli, which is exhibited in the new Reich Chancellery.

The artist Adolf Ziegler was to paint her portrait, which takes pride of place, always adorned with flowers, in the great room at the Berghof.

On May 2, 1938, in his will, he writes that the furnishings of the room where Gelya lived should be transferred to my sister Angela (her mother).

After the death of Geli, at one time the Goebbels couple tried to find attractive ladies for the Fuhrer in order to get him out of depression.

During this period, he had connections with the singer Gretl Slezak (daughter opera singer Leo Slezaka), actresses Leni Riefenstahl and Madi Rahl.

Maria Reiter

Daughter of the SPD co-founder in Berchtesgaden. (1911-1992)

Hitler met Maria Reiter (Kubish) in 1926. In 1927, she tried to hang herself because of an unhappy love for Hitler.

Married twice.

From 1931 to 1934 and in 1938 she again met with Hitler several times.

Eva Brown

(1912-1945). Daughter of a teacher from Munich. She graduated from a monastery school and a lyceum in Munich. Then the Institute of English Frauleins in Simbach. Blond (not quite bright blonde, used hydrogen peroxide).

Eva Braun first met Hitler in October 1929 at his comrade and friend, "personal photographer" Heinrich Hoffmann at 50 Schellingstrasse in Munich. She works in a photographer's atelier as a photographer's apprentice, saleswoman, and bellboy.

She is 17 years old, and Adolf is 40 years old.

Hitler immediately liked her, but at that time Geli lives with him and he loves her.

At the same time, he increasingly began to seek meetings with Eva. When Gelya was still alive, during the day he goes with Eva to the cinema, to a restaurant, to the opera, but evenings and nights belong to Gels. Eva knew about the existence of Geli and was very worried.

Knowing Hitler's taste for women with large breasts, Eva initially put handkerchiefs in her bras.

After the death of Geli Raubal, at the beginning of 1932, Eva finally becomes his mistress.

Tried to commit suicide twice.

The marriage of Hitler and Eva Braun took place on April 28, 1945, Martin Bormann and Joseph Goebbels were witnesses at the wedding.

On April 30, 1945, Eva Braun and Hitler committed suicide together.
Hitler was not always loyal to Eve. He had other short-lived relationships with women during this period.

Diseases

Height - 175 cm. Weight - 70 kg. Blood type A (data from 1936)

The nose was different from the norm. Anatomically narrowed. In addition to frequent runny noses and nasal congestion, he did not cause much trouble.

In the upper jaw - 9 teeth made of gold and porcelain. Of the 15 teeth of the lower jaw, 10 are artificial.

There are quite a few publications that say that Hitler suffered from syphilis all his life, having contracted it from a prostitute. It has been proven that Hitler never had syphilis and never had progressive paralysis.

It is also not true that Hitler was disposed towards homosexuality.

It is also false to say that Hitler was incapable of physical intimacy with women.

Poisoning from a gas attack and temporary loss of vision.

His left arm and left leg began to tremble. He could move his left forearm to a limited extent. After a few years, the tremor went away.

After he refused to eat meat, he began to suffer from his own diet. There are pains in the stomach and swelling.

Treated for hoarseness and sore throat.

In the spring, the doctors of the Berlin hospital conducted a complete examination of Hitler and stated that he was completely healthy.

He tells himself that he is seriously ill. He sleeps badly, complains of heart and frequent stomach pains and bloating.

Doctors attribute this to his uncontrolled and unsuitable diet.
Since this year he needs glasses.
Inflammation of the gums.
Protracted hoarseness appears and polyps of the vocal cords are removed.

Theo Morell becomes personal physician.

Pains in the stomach (especially after eating) and in the area of ​​the right kidney continue to torment him. Doctors attribute this to an enlarged left lobe of the liver.

Eczema appears on the left leg. Morell's diagnosis is due to indigestion and the presence of intestinal dysbacteriosis.

Begins to take up to 1943 daily two capsules of Mutaflor and four pills of Dr. Köster's antigas pills.

He feels worse and does not believe that he will live long. Complains of chest pain.

There is a feverish impatience. He is tormented by the fear that he will die before he reaches his goal.

Proclaims an open policy of expansion. The idea that he has little time is dominant.

Begins to take up to 1944 multivitamin Ca in huge doses.

Writes a will.

Agrees to x-ray. Cancer has not been confirmed.

Until 1944, he began to take eiflat to stimulate the intestines.

January 9, 11, 13 comprehensive medical examinations, including syphilis (negative). Only too high blood pressure and associated cardiac disorders were found.

But Hitler feels very sick and begins to read special medical journals and books.

On December 21, he orders a re-examination. The results are only marginally different, but Hitler sees this as further evidence that he is seriously ill.

Edema on the calves of the legs and tibia.

Among other drugs, Morell prescribes the drugs caffeine and pervitin. Under their influence, Hitler often does not control himself. To this period belong his instructions on the final solution of the Jewish question.

August 9 complains of stomach, nausea, chills and bouts of weakness. There is diarrhea and dysentery. There is swelling on the calves of the legs and the tibia.

On August 14, an ECG is done, which shows rapidly progressive sclerosis of the coronary vessels of the heart.

Complains of severe headaches and admits for the first time that his memory is failing him.

In February, in Vinnitsa, he catches the flu.
After Stalingrad, it changes literally before our eyes.

The eyes are watery, the look is frozen, the posture is not quite normal.

The left arm and the left leg, which he is dragging, begin to tremble again. His movements are clearly impaired.

Angrily reacts to objections, stubbornly adheres only to his opinion.

Until 1944, he began to take additional vitamins A, D and Intelan twice a day.

Painful mistrust and suspicion.

If earlier he was feverishly in a hurry, now he is cautious and main principle he sees his military leadership in strengthening on every square meter, that is, he uses Stalin's tactics, which almost destroyed the USSR in 1941.

In February, he began to see worse with his right eye. After a few weeks of treatment, my vision improved.

Wears new glasses with double lenses (bifocals). For that time, a rarity. Instead of glasses, he often uses a large magnifying glass.

After the assassination attempt, the trembling in the left leg disappeared for some time.

Distrust is rampant.

The curvature of the spine is now clearly evident, even when he is sitting.

The entire left side is shaking. The gait is dragging. The eyes are tic. Loss of balance, constantly falling while walking.

Headaches are treated with cocaine.

Suffering from jaundice.

Cardiogram and ECG show sclerosis of the coronary vessels of the heart, hypertrophy and violation of the left ventricle of the heart (most likely a heart attack)

Losing weight.

Outwardly, it looks terrible.

There is no sense of balance. If you need to move 20-30 cm, he needs to sit down on a special bench several times and hold on to the interlocutor.

Despite the fact that he had documents printed at three times magnification, he had to wear glasses with very high magnification.

Memory lapses, asked the same question several times.

Since February - actually ruin.

Leader of the NSDAP
Creation of the NSDAP

Hitler considered the defeat in the war of the German Empire and the November Revolution of 1918 to be the offspring of traitors who stabbed the victorious German army in the back.

At the end of 1918 he returned to Munich and joined the Reichswehr. On behalf of the commander of the unit, Major K. Hirl, he was engaged in collecting compromising material on the participants in the revolutionary events in Munich. On the recommendation of Captain Ernst Röhm (who became Hitler's closest ally), he became a member of the Munich "German Workers' Party", which held meetings in the Sterneckerbräu pub.

On October 16, 1919, the future Fuhrer delivered his first party-political speech at the Hofbräukeller beer hall, proving himself to be an excellent orator. Quickly pushing aside its creators from the leadership of the party, he became the full-fledged leader - the Fuhrer.

On February 24, 1920, Adolf Hitler organized the first of many large public Nazi party events to be held in the Hofbräuhaus beer hall. During his speech, he proclaimed twenty-five points, which became the program of the Nazi Party. This date is considered the date of the formation of the NSDAP. At the initiative of Hitler, the party adopted a new name - the German National Socialist Workers' Party (in the German transcription NSDAP). In political journalism, they began to be called Nazis, by analogy with the socialists - Soci.

07/11/1921 - withdrawal from the NSDAP.

07/26/1921 - return to the NSDAP.

07/29/1921 - elected chairman of the NSDAP.

01/12/1922 - sentenced to three months in prison for disturbing the peace.

26.06-27.07. 1922 - prison Munich-Stadelheim.

January 27-29, 1923 - the first all-German congress of the NSDAP in Munich.

"Beer coup"

Hitler in the 20s

By the beginning of the 1920s. The NSDAP became one of the most prominent organizations in Bavaria. Ernst Rohm stood at the head of the assault squads (German abbreviation SA). Hitler quickly became a political figure to be reckoned with, at least within Bavaria.

In 1923, a crisis broke out in Germany, the cause of which was the French occupation of the Ruhr. The Social Democratic government, which first called on the Germans to resist and plunged the country into an economic crisis, and then accepted all the demands of France, was attacked by both the right and the communists. Under these conditions, the Nazis entered into an alliance with the separatist right-wing conservatives who were in power in Bavaria, jointly preparing a speech against the Social Democratic government in Berlin. However, the strategic goals of the allies differed sharply: the former sought to restore the pre-revolutionary Wittelsbach monarchy, while the Nazis sought to create a strong Reich. The leader of the Bavarian right, von Kahr, who was proclaimed a land commissar with dictatorial powers, refused to carry out a number of orders from Berlin and, in particular, to disband the Nazi detachments and close the Völkischer Beobachter. However, faced with the firm position of the Berlin General Staff, the leaders of Bavaria (Kar, Lossow and Seiser) hesitated and told Hitler that they did not intend to openly oppose Berlin for the time being. Hitler took this as a signal that he should take the initiative in his own hands.

On November 8, 1923, at about 9 pm, Hitler and Ludendorff, at the head of armed attack aircraft, appeared at the Burgerbräukeller beer hall in Munich, where a rally was held with the participation of Carr, Lossow and Seiser. Going inside, Hitler announced the "overthrow of the government of the traitors in Berlin." However, soon the Bavarian leaders managed to leave the pub, after which Carr issued a proclamation dissolving the NSDAP and the assault squads. For their part, the attack aircraft under the command of Ryoma occupied the building of the headquarters of the ground forces in the War Ministry; there they, in turn, were surrounded by soldiers of the Reichswehr.

On the morning of November 9, Hitler and Ludendorff, at the head of a 3,000-strong column of attack aircraft, moved to the Ministry of Defense, however, on Residenzstrasse, a police detachment blocked their path and opened fire. Carrying away the dead and wounded, the Nazis and their supporters left the streets. This episode entered the history of Germany under the name "beer putsch".

In February - March 1924, a trial took place over the leaders of the putsch. Only Hitler and a few of his associates were in the dock. The court sentenced Hitler (for high treason) to 5 years in prison and a fine of 200 gold marks, however, after 9 months he was released.

On the way to power

07/07/1924 - refusal to lead the banned NSDAP.

12/20/1924 - early release.

During the absence of the leader, the party disintegrated. Hitler had to practically start everything from scratch. Ryom, who began the restoration of the assault detachments, rendered him great help. However, the decisive role in the revival of the NSDAP was played by Gregor Strasser, the leader of right-wing extremist movements in North and Northwest Germany. Bringing them into the ranks of the NSDAP, he helped transform the party from a regional (Bavarian) into a nationwide political force.

07/18/1925 - the first volume of "Mein Kampf" is published.

07/3-4/1926 - the second congress of the NSDAP in Weimar. Founding of the Hitler Youth.

11/1/1926 - the establishment of the top leadership of the SA. The beginning of the conquest of "red Berlin" by Goebbels.

12/10/1926 - the release of the second volume of "Mein Kampf".

19-21.08.1927 - the third congress of the NSDAP in Nurberg.

In the meantime, Hitler was looking for support at the all-German level. He managed to win the trust of a part of the generals, as well as establish contacts with industrial magnates.

08/1-4/1929 - the fourth all-German congress of the NSDAP in Nurberg.

When the parliamentary elections in 1930 and 1932 brought the Nazis a serious increase in deputy mandates, the ruling circles of the country began to seriously consider the NSDAP as a possible participant in government combinations. An attempt was made to remove Hitler from the leadership of the party and to stake on Strasser. However, Hitler managed to quickly isolate his associate and deprive him of any influence in the party. In the end, it was decided in the German leadership to give Hitler the main administrative and political post, surrounding him (just in case) with guardians from the traditional conservative parties.

02/25/1932 - German subject.

March-April 1932 - candidate for the election of the Reich President of Germany. He was the first German politician to make electoral trips by plane. Takes lessons in public speaking and acting skills with opera singer Paul Devrient.

06/04/1932 - the dissolution of the Reichstag.

11/6/1932 - elections to the Reichstag. The NSDAP has the strongest faction.

Reich Chancellor and Head of State
Domestic politics

On January 30, 1933, President Hindenburg appointed Hitler Reich Chancellor (head of government). As Reich Chancellor, Hitler was the head of the Imperial Cabinet of Ministers On February 27, the parliament building, the Reichstag, was set on fire. Official version of what happened said that the Dutch communist van der Lubbe, who was captured while extinguishing a fire in the Reichstag, was to blame for this. There is a version of Nazi involvement in the arson.

William Shearer, "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: Volume 2, Chapter 7, "Fire in the Reichstag":

It seems clear that van der Lubbe was used as a figurehead by the Nazis. Yes, they set him on fire. But the main part of the "work" was assigned - of course, without the knowledge of Lubbe - to the attack aircraft. And indeed, at the subsequent trial in Leipzig, it was established that this half-witted Dutchman could not set fire to the huge building so quickly.
Thus, with the help of a single legal act, Hitler got the opportunity not only to silence his opponents and throw them behind bars at his whim, but also to give the notorious communist danger, so to speak, an “official” character in order to instill more fear in millions of fellow citizens from the middle class. and the peasantry, to convince them that if they do not vote in a week for the National Socialists, then the Communists can seize power.

One way or another, taking advantage of the arson of the parliament building, the Nazis only strengthened their control over the state. First the communist and then the social democratic parties were banned. A number of parties were forced to dissolve themselves. Trade unions were liquidated, whose property was transferred to the Nazi workers' front. Opponents of the new government were sent to concentration camps without trial or investigation. An important part of Hitler's domestic policy was anti-Semitism. Mass persecution of Jews and Gypsies began. On September 15, 1935, the Nuremberg Racial Laws were passed, depriving Jews of civil rights; in the fall of 1938, an all-German Jewish pogrom (Kristallnacht) was organized. The development of this policy a few years later was the operation "endlösung" (final solution), aimed at the physical destruction of the entire Jewish population. This policy culminated in the genocide of the Jewish population, which was decided during the war (see Holocaust).

On August 2, 1934, President Hindenburg died. According to the results of a plebiscite held in mid-August, the presidency was abolished, and the presidential powers of the head of state were transferred to Hitler as "Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor" (Führer und Reichskanzler). These actions were approved by 84.6% of the electorate. Thus Hitler also became the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, whose soldiers and officers from now on swore allegiance to him personally.

Under Hitler's leadership, unemployment was drastically reduced and then eliminated. Large-scale actions were launched to provide humanitarian assistance to the needy population. Encouraged mass cultural and sports festivals, etc. However, the basis of the policy of the Nazi regime was the preparation for revenge for the lost World War I. To this end, industry was reconstructed, large-scale construction was launched, and strategic reserves were created. Propaganda indoctrination of the population was carried out in the spirit of revanchism.

1-16.08.1936 - XI Olympic Summer Games in Berlin.

Beginning of territorial expansion

Shortly after coming to power, Hitler announced Germany's withdrawal from the war clauses of the Treaty of Versailles, which limited Germany's military efforts. The 100,000th Reichswehr was turned into a millionth Wehrmacht, tank troops were created, and military aviation was restored. The status of the demilitarized Rhineland was abolished.

In 1936-1939, Germany, under the leadership of Hitler, provided significant assistance to the Francoists during civil war in Spain.

In March 1938 Austria was annexed.

In the autumn of 1938, in accordance with international agreements (the Munich Agreement of 1938), part of Czechoslovakia, the Sudetenland (Reichsgau), was annexed.

Time magazine, in its issue of January 2, 1939, called Hitler "the man of 1938". The article dedicated to "Man of the Year" began with Hitler's title, which, according to the magazine, sounds in the following way: "Führer of the German people, Commander-in-Chief of the German Army, Navy & Air Force, Chancellor of the Third Reich, Herr Hitler". The closing sentence of the rather lengthy article foreshadowed: "To those who watched the closing events of the year it seemed more than probable that the Man of 1938 may make 1939 a year to be remembered).

In March 1939, the Czech Republic was occupied (a satellite state was created on the territory of Slovakia) and a part of Lithuanian territory near Klaipeda (Memel region) was annexed. After that, Hitler makes territorial claims to Poland (first - on the provision of an extraterritorial road to East Prussia, and then - on holding a referendum on the ownership of the "Polish Corridor", in which people who lived on this territory as of 1918 should have taken part ). Since the latter requirement was clearly unacceptable to Poland's allies - Great Britain and France, Hitler actually announced his readiness to enter into conflict with them.

Second World War

These claims are met with a sharp rebuff. Hitler concludes the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Stalin containing the terms of the division of Eastern Europe between Germany and the USSR (August 23, 1939), then provokes the Gleiwitz Incident and uses it as an excuse to attack Poland (September 1), in fact - the casus belli of World War II . Having defeated Poland during September, Hitler in April-May 1940 occupies Norway, Denmark, Holland, Luxembourg and Belgium, breaks through the front in France and in June occupies Paris and withdraws France from the war. An attempt to force England to capitulate or sign peace fails due to the threat of attack from the USSR, and hopes for a landing operation and occupation of the island turn out to be futile. In the spring of 1941, Hitler captured Greece and Yugoslavia, and on June 22 he attacked the USSR. The defeats of the Soviet troops at the first stage of the Soviet-German war led to the occupation by the Nazi troops of the Baltic republics, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and part of Russia. A brutal occupation regime was established in the occupied territories, which destroyed many millions of people.

However, from the end of 1942, the Nazi armies began to suffer major defeats both in Russia (Stalingrad) and in Egypt (El Alamein). The following year, the Red Army goes on a broad offensive, while the Anglo-Americans land in Italy and withdraw it from the war. In 1944, Soviet territory was liberated from occupation, the Red Army advanced into Poland and the Balkans; at the same time, Anglo-American troops, having landed in Normandy, liberated most of France. With the beginning of 1945, hostilities were transferred to the territory of the Reich.

Assassination attempts on Hitler

Every year on November 8, Hitler spoke to veterans of the National Socialist German Workers' Party at the Burgerbräu in Munich. Their meetings and the Fuhrer's speeches were one of the sacred traditions for the Nazis. A certain Johann Georg Elser, a carpenter by profession, decided to take advantage of this. In the autumn of 1938, he decided to destroy Hitler and carefully prepared the assassination attempt for a year. He built an improvised explosive device with a clockwork into the column, in front of which the leader's podium was usually installed. Knowing that the Führer's speeches at these meetings always begin at 21:00 and last for about an hour, he set the explosive device at 21:20. On November 8, 1939, at 21:20, an explosion rocked the pub. 8 people were killed and 63 wounded. However, Hitler was not among the victims. The Fuhrer, this time confining himself to a brief greeting to the audience, left the hall at 21:13, as he had to return to Berlin. On the same evening, Elser was captured at the Swiss border and, after several interrogations, confessed to everything. As a "special prisoner" he was placed in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, then transferred to Dachau. On April 9, 1945, when the Allies were already near the concentration camp, Elser was shot by order of Himmler.

In 1944, a conspiracy was organized against Hitler on July 20, the purpose of which was to physically eliminate him and conclude peace with the advancing allied forces.

Hitler survived. After the assassination attempt, he was unable to stay on his feet all day, as more than 100 fragments were removed from his leg. In addition, dislocation right hand, the hair on the back of the head is singed, the eardrums are damaged. Ear canals bleed. I was temporarily deaf in my right ear.

Eva Brown. Hitler drawing

Death of Hitler

"There is no doubt that Hitler shot himself" (Dr. Matthias Uhl).

“With the arrival of the Russians in Berlin, Hitler was afraid that the Reich Chancellery would be bombarded with sleep gas shells, and then they would parade him in Moscow, in a cage” (Traudl Junge).

According to the testimonies of witnesses interrogated by both the Soviet counterintelligence agencies and the relevant allied services, on April 30, 1945, in Berlin surrounded by Soviet troops, Hitler, together with his wife Eva Braun, committed suicide, having previously killed his beloved dog Blondie.
In Soviet historiography, the point of view was established that Hitler took poison (potassium cyanide, like most Nazis who committed suicide), however, according to eyewitnesses, he shot himself. There is also a version according to which Hitler, having taken an ampoule of poison into his mouth and bit through it, simultaneously shot himself with a pistol (thus using both instruments of death).

According to witnesses from among the attendants, even the day before, Hitler gave the order to deliver canisters of gasoline from the garage (to destroy the bodies). On April 30, after dinner, Hitler said goodbye to people from his inner circle and, shaking hands with them, retired to his apartment with Eva Braun, from where the sound of a shot was soon heard. Shortly after 3:15 pm, Hitler's servant Heinz Linge, accompanied by his adjutant Otto Günsche, Goebbels, Bormann and Axmann, entered the Fuhrer's quarters. Dead Hitler sat on the couch; there was a blood stain on his temple. Eva Braun lay next to her, with no visible external injuries. Günsche and Linge wrapped Hitler's body in a soldier's blanket and carried it into the garden of the Reich Chancellery; Eve's body was carried out after him. The corpses were placed near the entrance to the bunker, doused with gasoline and burned. On May 5, the bodies were found on a piece of blanket sticking out of the ground and fell into the hands of the Soviet SMERSH. The body was identified, in part, with the help of Käthe Heusermann (Ketty Geiserman), Hitler's dental assistant, who confirmed the similarity of the dentures shown to her at the identification with Hitler's dentures. However, after leaving the Soviet camps, she retracted her testimony. In February 1946, the remains, identified by the investigation as the bodies of Hitler, Eva Braun, the Goebbels couple - Josef, Magda and their 6 children, as well as two dogs, were buried at one of the NKVD bases in Magdeburg. In 1970, when the territory of this base was to be transferred to the GDR, at the suggestion of Yu.V. area of ​​the city of Schönebeck (Elbe), 11 km from Magdeburg and thrown into the Biederitz River). Only the dentures and part of the skull with the entrance bullet hole (discovered separately from the corpse) have survived. They are stored in the Russian archives, as are the side handles of the sofa with traces of blood on which Hitler shot himself. However, Hitler's biographer Werner Maser expresses doubts that the discovered corpse and part of the skull really belonged to Hitler. In September 2009, researchers from the University of Connecticut, based on the results of their DNA analysis, stated that the skull belonged to a woman less than forty years old. Representatives of the FSB denied this.

Hitler in works of culture
Movies and performances

Films have been made about the biography of Adolf Hitler, including: the Canadian "Hitler: The Rise of Evil" (Hitler: The Rise of Evil, 2003; Hitler is played by Thomas Sangster, Simon Sullivan and Robert Carlyle); Italian-English "Hitler: The Last Ten Days" (Hitler: The Last 10 Days, 1973); German "Bunker" (Der Untergang, 2004).
Dedicated to mocking Adolf Hitler: Charles Chaplin's film comedy "The Great Dictator"; a short film by A. Kagadeev and N. Kopeikin "Adolf and his team" from the cycle "Geopolips" (in the role of Hitler - I. N. Tourist); German director Dany Levy's comedy Mein Fuhrer: The Truly Truest Truth about Adolf Hitler (2007).
appears in American cartoons of the Second World War, for example, in the tape "Russian Rhapsody" produced by Warner Bros.
Much attention is paid to Adolf Hitler in documentary Leni Riefenstahl Triumph of the Will.
The Fuhrer also appears on screen at the Olympia of the same Riefenstahl, cheering for German athletes at the eleventh Olympics in 1936 in Berlin (for which the Olympic flame is delivered from Greece for the first time) and leaving the stadium after the black American Owens takes his fourth gold.
A popular performer of the role of Hitler in Western cinema was the German actor Günter Meisner. Moreover, he played this role both in serious films and in comedies (as, for example, "Ace from Aces"). In the well-known trilogy by the Czechoslovak director Otkar Vavra (Days of Betrayal, Sokolovo, Liberation of Prague), the German Fuhrer is played by Gunnar Möller.
In the Soviet film epic "Liberation" (in all five films), the role of Hitler was played by an actor from the GDR, Fritz Dietz (who played the Fuhrer in the theater and in the DEFA film "Frozen Lightning"). He also continued his work in the next film by Yuri Ozerov, Soldiers of Freedom. In Ozerov's further film epics, another actor from the GDR, Achim Petri, plays the role of Hitler. Performed this role in Soviet films and domestic actors. Such as Mikhail Astangov (“The Battle of Stalingrad”, 1949-1950), Vladimir Savelyev (“The Fall of Berlin”, 1949 and “Secret Mission”, 1950), Vladimir Osenev (“Shield and Sword”), Stanislav Stankevich (“Blockade” , "The Corps of General Shubnikov"), Sergei Martinson ("Third Strike", "New Adventures of Schweik"), V. Bogomazov ("Convoy PQ-17")
Hitler is dedicated to the film "Moloch" (1999-2000) - the first film from Alexander Sokurov's trilogy about people in power. In the role of Hitler - Leonid Mozgovoy.
Attention is also paid to the Fuhrer in the film Ordinary Fascism (film) by Mikhail Romm.
In the early 1970s, the director of the Moscow Taganka Theater Yuri Lyubimov staged the play The Fallen and the Living. In this performance, Vladimir Vysotsky, in particular, played the role of Hitler and sang his song Soldiers of the Center group. Vysotsky talks about the performance
In 2004, the film "Bunker" was filmed in Germany about the last days of the Third Reich, based on the memoirs of Traudl Junge, Adolf Hitler's personal secretary.
Comedy The Producers by Mel Brooks 1968
In 2008, the domestic comedy film “Hitler Kaput!” was released, where Mikhail Krylov played the Fuhrer. The comedy failed.
In the Russian television series about Olga Chekhova, The Legend of Olga (2008), the role of Hitler was played by Daniil Spivakovsky.
In 2008, Hollywood director Bryan Singer filmed the film "Operation Valkyrie" with Tom Cruise in leading role. The film is based on real events and tells about the assassination attempt on Hitler, organized by high-ranking officers of the Wehrmacht.
In 2009, he was mentioned in the TV series Wolf Messing: who saw through time.
In 2009, he was featured in the film Inglourious Basterds (according to the film, he was killed in Paris in 1944).

Literature

Welsh writer Roald Dahl wrote the short story "Genesis and Catastrophe: A True Story", in other translations - "The Road to Paradise", "The Birth of a Catastrophe") about the problematic birth of a child, the reader sympathizes with the mother, but only at the very end it becomes clear that we are talking about Hitler's mother and the birth of Adolf himself.
In 2001 French writer Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt wrote the novel "Part of the Other", in which he describes how Hitler's life could have gone if he had passed the entrance exams at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts and had not become a dictator.

Music

Composition "Little Hitlers" by Everything But the Girl Ensemble
Composition "Hitler in my heart" by Antony and The Johnsons
Composition "Hitler" solo album Gleb Samoilova "Little Fritz")
Composition "Fuhrer, Fuhrer" of the Spleen group
Composition "Hitler As Kalki" by Current 93
Composition "Hitler Was a Sensitive Man" by Anal Cunt
Composition "Happy Birthday, Hitler" by Dr. Fikalister

Interesting Facts

At the official opening of Madame Tussauds in Berlin (2008), one of the visitors tore off his head wax figure Hitler. The very fact of placing the figure within the walls of the museum caused indignation among some residents of Berlin (most Berliners are not against such an exposure). According to the Berlin police, the visitor, a 41-year-old unemployed former policeman, "...hit an eyewitness who wanted to interfere with him and tore off the head of a statue of Hitler"

Once, when Hitler went to rest, the rest began to play cards and smoke. Suddenly, Hitler returned. Eva Braun's sister threw a burning cigarette into an ashtray and sat on it, as Hitler forbade smoking in his presence. Hitler noticed this and decided to joke. He approached her and asked her to explain the rules of the game in detail. In the morning, Eva, having learned everything from Hitler, asked her sister, "how are things with the blisters from burns on the pope."

pysy: In addition, I forgot to remind you of Hitler's trash, the heroes of the ROA

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Adolf Gitler

Name People: Adolf Hitler
Date of Birth: April 20, 1889
Zodiac sign: Aries
Age: 56 years old
Date of death: April 30, 1945
Place of Birth: Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary
Height: 175
Activity: founder of the dictatorship of the Third Reich, Fuhrer of the NSDAP, Reich Chancellor and head of Germany
Family status: was married

Adolf Hitler is the famous political leader of Germany, whose activities are associated with terrible crimes against humanity, including the Holocaust. Creator of the Nazi Party and the dictatorship of the Third Reich, the immorality of philosophy and political views which are widely discussed in society today.

After Hitler was able to become the head of the German fascist state in 1934, he launched a large-scale operation to seize Europe, was the initiator of World War II, which made him a “monster and a sadist” for the citizens of the USSR, and for many German citizens a brilliant leader, who changed people's lives for the better.

Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in the Austrian city of Braunau am Inn, which is located near the border with Germany. His parents, Alois and Clara Hitler, were peasants, but his father was able to break into the people and become a state customs official, which made it possible for the family to live in normal conditions. "Nazi No. 1" was the third child in the family and very much loved by his mother, whom he was very similar in appearance. Later, he had a younger brother Edmund and sister Paula, to whom the future German Fuhrer became very attached and took care of her all his life.

Hitler's parents

Adolf's childhood passed in endless moving, caused by the peculiarities of his father's work, and changing schools, where he did not show any special talents, but he still managed to finish 4 classes of a real school in Steyr and received a certificate of education, in which good grades were only in such subjects as drawing and physical education. During this period, his mother Clara Hitler died of cancer, which dealt a big blow to the psyche of the young man, but he did not break, but, having issued Required documents to receive a pension for himself and his sister Paula, moved to Vienna and embarked on the path of adulthood.

First, he tried to enter the Art Academy, because he had an outstanding talent and craving for fine arts, but did not pass the entrance exams. The next couple of years, the biography of Adolf Hitler was filled with poverty, vagrancy, temporary work, endless moving from place to place, rooming houses under city bridges. Throughout this period, he did not tell his relatives or friends about his whereabouts, because he was afraid of being drafted into the army, where he would be forced to serve along with the Jews, for whom he felt a deep hatred.

At the age of 24, Hitler moved to Munich, where he met with the First World War, which made him very happy. He immediately signed up as a volunteer in the Bavarian army, in whose ranks he took part in many battles. He took the defeat of Germany in the First World War rather painfully and categorically blamed politicians for this. Against this background, he engaged in large-scale campaigning activities, which gave him the opportunity to get into the political movement of the People's Labor Party, which he skillfully turned into a Nazi one.

Becoming the head of the NSDAP, Adolf Hitler eventually began to make his way deeper and deeper to political heights and in 1923 organized the "Beer putsch". Enlisting the support of 5,000 stormtroopers, he broke into a beer bar, where the action of the leaders of the General Staff took place, and announced the overthrow of the traitors in the Berlin government. On November 9, 1923, the Nazi putsch went towards the ministry to seize power, but was intercepted by police detachments, which launched firearms to disperse the Nazis.

In March 1924, Adolf Hitler, as the organizer of the putsch, was convicted of treason and sentenced to 5 years in prison. However, the Nazi dictator spent only 9 months in prison - on December 20, 1924, for unknown reasons, he was released. Immediately after his release, Hitler revived the Nazi party NSDAP and transformed it with the help of Gregor Strasser into a nationwide political force. During that period, he was able to establish close ties with the generals of Germany, as well as to establish relations with large industrial magnates.

At the same time, Adolf Hitler wrote his work “My Struggle” (“Mein Kampf”), in which he described in detail his autobiography and the idea of ​​​​National Sociolism. In 1930, the political leader of the Nazis became the supreme commander of the assault troops (SA), and in 1932 he tried to get the position of Reich Chancellor. To do this, he was forced to renounce his Austrian citizenship and become a German citizen, as well as enlist the support of the allies.

From the first time, Hitler could not win the elections, in which Kurt von Schleicher was ahead of him. A year later, the German leader Paul von Hindenburg, under Nazi pressure, dismissed the victorious von Schleicher and appointed Hitler in his place.

This appointment did not cover all the hopes of the Nazi leader, since the power over Germany continued to remain in the hands of the Reichstag, and its powers included only the leadership of the Cabinet of Ministers, which still had to be created.

In just 1.5 years, Adolf Hitler was able to remove all obstacles from his path in the form of the President of Germany and the Reichstag and become an unlimited dictator. Since that time, the oppression of Jews and Gypsies began in the state, trade unions were closed and the "Hitler era" began, which for 10 years of his reign was completely saturated with human blood.

In 1934, Hitler gained power over Germany, where a total Nazi regime immediately began, the ideology of which was the only correct one. Having become the ruler of Germany, the Nazi leader instantly showed his true colors and began major foreign policy rallies. He quickly creates the Wehrmacht and restores aviation and tank troops, as well as long-range artillery. Contrary to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany seizes the Rhineland, and then Czechoslovakia and Austria.

At the same time, he carried out a purge in his ranks - the dictator organized the so-called "Night of Long Knives", when all prominent Nazis who posed a threat to Hitler's absolute power were eliminated. Assigning himself the title of supreme leader of the "Third Reich", he created the "Gestapo" police, as well as a system of concentration camps, where he sent all "undesirable elements", in particular Jews, gypsies, political opponents, and later prisoners of war.

The basis of Adolf Hitler's domestic policy was the ideology of racial discrimination and the superiority of indigenous Aryans over other peoples. He wanted to be the only leader of the whole world, in which the Slavs were to become "elite" slaves, and the lower races, to which he ranked Jews and Gypsies, were completely eliminated. Along with mass crimes against people, the ruler of Germany developed a similar foreign policy determined to take over the world.

In April 1939, Hitler approves a plan to attack Poland, which was already destroyed in September of the same year. Then the Germans occupied Norway, Holland, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg and broke through the French front. In the spring of 1941, Hitler captured Greece and Yugoslavia, and on June 22 he attacked the Soviet Union, then led by Joseph Stalin.

In 1943, the Red Army launched a large-scale offensive against the Germans, due to which World War II entered the territory of the Reich in 1945, which completely drove Hitler crazy. He sent pensioners, teenagers and disabled people to battle with the Red Army, ordering the soldiers to stand to death, while he himself hid in the "bunker" and watched what was happening from the side.

With the coming to power of Adolf Hitler in Germany, Poland and Austria, a whole complex of death camps and concentration camps was created, the first of which was founded in 1933 near Munich. It is known that there were over 42 thousand such camps, in which millions of people died under torture. These specially equipped centers were intended for genocide and terror both over prisoners of war and over the local population, among which were the disabled, women and children.

The biggest Nazi "death factories" were "Auschwitz", "Majdanek", "Buchenwald", "Treblinka", in which people who dissented from Hitler were subjected to terrible torture and "experiments" with poisons, incendiary mixtures, gas, which in 80 percent of cases led to painful deaths. All death camps were founded with the aim of "cleansing" the entire world population from anti-fascists, inferior races, which for Hitler were Jews and gypsies, simple criminals and "elements" simply undesirable for the German leader.

The symbol of the ruthlessness of Hitler and fascism was the Polish city of Auschwitz, in which the most terrible conveyors of death were erected, where more than 20 thousand people were killed every day. This is one of the most terrible places on the planet, which became the center of the extermination of Jews - they died there in the "gas" chambers immediately after their arrival, even without registration and identification. The Auschwitz camp has become a tragic symbol of the Holocaust - the mass extermination of the Jewish nation, which is recognized as the largest genocide of the 20th century.

There are several versions of why Adolf Hitler hated the Jews so much, whom he tried to "wipe off the face of the earth." Historians who have studied the personality of the "bloody" dictator put forward several theories, each of which could be true.

The first and most plausible version is the "racial policy" of the German dictator, who considered only native Germans to be people. Because of this, he divided all nations into 3 parts - the Aryans, who were supposed to rule the world, the Slavs, who were assigned the role of slaves in his ideology, and the Jews, whom Hitler planned to completely exterminate.

The economic motives of the Holocaust are also not ruled out, since at that time Germany was in a difficult economic situation, and the Jews had profitable enterprises and banking institutions, which Hitler took away from them after being sent to concentration camps.

There is also a version that Hitler exterminated the Jewish nation in order to maintain the morale of his army. He gave the Jews and Gypsies the role of victims, whom he gave to be torn to pieces, so that the Nazis could enjoy human blood, which, as the leader of the Third Reich believed, should set them up for victory.

On April 30, 1945, when Hitler's house in Berlin was surrounded by the Soviet army, "Nazi No. 1" admitted defeat and decided to commit suicide. There are several versions of how Adolf Hitler died: some historians say that the German dictator drank potassium cyanide, and the rest do not rule out that he shot himself. Together with the head of Germany, his common-law wife Eva Braun also died, in union with whom he lived for more than 15 years.

It is noted that the bodies of the spouses were burned at the entrance to the bunker, which was the requirement of the dictator before his death. Later, the remains of Hitler's body were discovered by a group of guards of the Red Army - before today only dentures and part of the skull of the Nazi leader with an entrance bullet hole have survived, which are still kept in the Russian archives.

Adolf Hitler's personal life modern history has no confirmed facts and is filled with a lot of speculation. There is information that the German Fuhrer was never officially married and had no recognized children. At the same time, despite his very unattractive appearance, he was the favorite of the entire female population of the state, which played an important role in his life. Historians note that "Nazi No. 1" had the ability to influence people hypnotically.

With his speeches and civilized manners, he charmed the weaker sex, whose representatives began to thoughtlessly love the leader, which made them do the impossible for him. Hitler's mistresses were mostly married ladies who idolized him and considered him a big man.

In 1929, the dictator met Eva Braun, who appearance and cheerful disposition conquered Hitler. Over the years of her life with the Fuhrer, the girl tried to commit suicide 2 times because of her love of love. civil husband who openly flirted with the women he liked.

In 2012, the American Werner Schmedt announced that he was the legitimate son of Hitler and his young niece Geli Ruabal, whom, according to historians, the dictator killed in a fit of jealousy. He provided family pictures, in which the Fuhrer of the Third Reich and Geli Ruabal are depicted in an embrace. Also, the possible son of Hitler showed his birth certificate, in which only the initials “G” and “R” are written in the column of data about the parents, which was supposedly done for the purpose of secrecy.

According to the son of the Fuhrer, after the death of Geli Ruabal, nannies from Austria and Germany were engaged in his upbringing, but his father visited him all the time. In 1940, Schmedt met Hitler for the last time, who gave him a promise to give the whole world in case of victory in World War II. But since events did not unfold according to Hitler's plan, Werner was forced to hide his origin and place of residence from everyone for a long time.