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Toys of the peoples of the world

• As soon as the first master created his first doll on earth, our life for many millennia has been inextricably linked with these mysterious and mysterious creatures: dolls met a person at birth and accompanied him to the afterlife, dolls lived in palaces and temples, in the halls of noble nobles and in the huts of poor peasants. Many songs and poems are devoted to dolls, the most daring outfits were sewn for them and the most secret secrets were entrusted. The doll is created in the image and likeness of a person.
• Also in ancient rome dolls were used in the same way fashion magazines are used today - they were sent from the capital to the provinces so that the ancient fashionistas were aware of the latest trends.

Now we will not be able to answer the question of when, in what century the first doll was created. It is only known that the oldest mammoth bone figure with movable limbs, found in Czechoslovakia, is 30-35 thousand years old. In Egypt, Greece, Italy and other countries, at the excavations of ancient settlements, dolls with hinged joints and real hair were found.

• Now we will not be able to answer the question of when, in what century the first doll was created. It is only known that the oldest mammoth bone figure with movable limbs, found in Czechoslovakia, is 30-35 thousand years old. In Egypt, Greece, Italy and other countries, at the excavations of ancient settlements, dolls with hinged joints and real hair were found.
• According to researchers, the very first dolls were directly related to the cult of death. The doll personified the deceased body, which was buried after the funeral. real dead man, it was believed that this would not give him the opportunity to return from the afterlife and harm the living. Later, in many tribes, the custom appeared after the death of a relative to make a wooden doll, which later became a haven for the soul of the deceased, the doll was presented with gifts, protected and worshiped, caring for it as if it were a living person. In some African tribes, this tradition has been preserved to this day. It is in Africa that the echoes of the ancient Egyptian funeral cult have survived to this day. Africans firmly believe that dolls are made in a special way help the soul in the afterlife.

Bogorodsk toy

• There are several legends about the appearance of the Bogorodsk toy. One says that in a village not far from Sergiev Posad, a peasant woman made a wood chip doll for her children. When the children got bored with the doll, the father took it to the fair, where the merchant liked it. The merchant asked the peasant to make more of these toys. So the inhabitants of the village of Bogorodskoye started making wooden toys. According to another legend, Sergey of Radonezh became the first to make wooden toys in order to give them to children. One way or another, the development of folk craft in the village of Bogorodskoye was greatly influenced by the Trinity-Sergius Monastery with developed carving and well-established sales of wooden toys.

In addition to brightly painted static figures of people and animals, Bogorodsk people learned how to make dynamic figures. They were prancing hussars, dapper officers, hens pecking grains. The Bogorodians loved to make various horsemen - Cossacks, commanders, hunters. Interesting are the figures of ordinary soldiers beating cymbals or merrily beating drums.

• In addition to brightly painted static figures of people and animals, Bogorodsk people learned how to make dynamic figures. They were prancing hussars, dapper officers, hens pecking grains. The Bogorodians loved to make various horsemen - Cossacks, commanders, hunters. Interesting are the figures of ordinary soldiers beating cymbals or merrily beating drums.
• Ordinary people were usually depicted at work - a spinner spun yarn, a shoemaker spun shoes, an old man wove bast shoes.

The favorite animal of the Bogorodians was the bear, which took an active part in various works - he could play musical instruments, bend arcs, forge metal. The toy "Blacksmiths", on which a bear and a man knock with hammers, has become a symbol of the Bogorodsk toy.

• The favorite animal of the Bogorodians was the bear, which took an active part in various works - he could play musical instruments, bend arcs, forge metal. The toy "Blacksmiths", on which a bear and a man knock with hammers, has become a symbol of the Bogorodsk toy.
• Some toys also had a practical meaning - they could crack nuts. Usually it was a figurine of a gentleman or a soldier, it was such a nutcracker that became the prototype of the hero of the famous Hoffmann fairy tale. Simple devices that make toys move, delighted not only children, but also their parents. In addition to springs, toys were made on movable slats fastened with carnations. It is worth pulling the straps by the ends, and you will see how the figures come to life - the fisherman catches fish, the hares gnaw on carrots. This is how the famous "Blacksmiths" are made.

Nenets dolls

• Dolls have long been given a connection with otherworldly forces, they had a certain energy. It is not customary for the Nenets peoples to draw eyes, nose, ears on dolls, since the doll is not alive and cannot be seen, otherwise it can take away the soul of a child. It was believed that, having acquired human features, the doll could come to life and scare the baby.
• The Nenets peoples considered the bird to be their mother-progenitor, therefore they took the bird's beak for making dolls. It was believed that in this way they protect their children from evil and various misfortunes.
• Komi-Permyaks made dolls from grass and straw, various wood chips. Interesting dolls made from shreds, without the use of needles and threads. Such toys were also considered a talisman. Poles were also used, which were wrapped with a piece of cloth or canvas.

Among the northern peoples, dolls were in honor, they showed remarkable creativity during their manufacture. Nenets girls were married early. It was considered a good sign when the bride brought a lot of dolls to her husband's house (it happened up to a hundred pieces) - this meant that there would be many children in the family.

• The northern peoples held dolls in high esteem, they showed remarkable creativity in their manufacture. Nenets girls were married early. It was considered a good sign when the bride brought a lot of dolls to her husband's house (it happened up to a hundred pieces) - this meant that there would be many children in the family.
• In the fall, dolls were made from sacks filled with grain. In winter, children played with such dolls, and in spring the grain went for sowing. There was a belief that the grain filled with positive children's energy would give good shoots and a big harvest.
• Sick children were allowed to play with combed linen dolls. According to legend, the disease went into flax, after which the doll had to be burned.
• Any handmade toy is endowed with the energy of the person making it. A loving mother, making a doll, puts a piece of her soul into it. Maybe that is why the Nenets dolls were not only considered, but actually were a talisman for children.

Kites

• Kites are an ancient invention. Chinese manuscripts tell of kites made in various forms, painted with bright colors even before the new chronology. Kites were not only in China, but also in many other eastern countries (Japan, Korea and others). Regardless of these countries, kites appeared in Greece in the 4th century BC. And in 906, Prince Oleg used kites in the capture of Constantinople.

Until now, China has preserved the tradition of flying kites on September 9 - kite day. The most popular form is the dragon, which personifies supernatural powers. Various “snake” competitions are held.

• Until now, China has preserved the tradition of flying kites on September 9 - kite day. The most popular form is the dragon, which personifies supernatural powers. Various “snake” competitions are held.

The history of the tin soldier

• It is difficult now to imagine what the steadfast tin soldier, the hero of Andersen's fairy tale, really looked like, and what is the history of his appearance. But, unequivocally, this story goes back to ancient times. Figures of warriors were found in the tombs of Chinese emperors and Egyptian pharaohs. On the chessboard and table of the commander, one could also see the figurine of a warrior.
• In the Middle Ages, when teaching young men military affairs, figures of knights with an accurate reproduction of weapons were used. From the 14th century, such figurines began to be collected. Most European monarchs were fond of this.

In the 17th century, figurines of two types began to be produced, as a toy and as visual material, used in the training of princes. The famous royal collections were made most often of silver. So, Maria Medici gave her son, who soon became Louis XIII, 300 silver soldiers. Napoleon gave his son 120 figures of Corsican volunteers, who became famous in 1800 in one of the battles.

• In the 17th century, figurines of two types began to be produced, as a toy and as a visual aid used in the training of princes. The famous royal collections were made most often of silver. So, Maria Medici gave her son, who soon became Louis XIII, 300 silver soldiers. Napoleon gave his son 120 figures of Corsican volunteers, who became famous in 1800 in one of the battles.
• For mass production, they began to make figurines from tin. One of the founders of the tin military miniature is Ernst Gottfried Hilpert, who in the 70s of the 18th century established the mass production of tin figurines. The figurines had realistic poses, the details were carefully worked out. So ordinary people have a new hobby.
• And the French master Lucott in the second half of the 18th century made voluminous soldiers from tin from several parts, thanks to which it was possible to change the poses of the figures. In Paris at the very early XIX century, the company "CBJ" was created, which exists to this day and manufactures voluminous soldiers.
• The Napoleonic Wars led to the flourishing of the production of tin soldiers. The figurines acquired artistic and historical accuracy. Kings, famous commanders, authentic uniforms of various armies were copied.

Ernst Heinrichssen in 1839 took the initiative to give the figurines uniform sizes - a foot soldier was 32 mm, and an equestrian soldier was 44 mm, without a headdress. This is exactly what Andersen's famous tin soldier was like.

• Ernst Heinrichssen in 1839 took the initiative to give the figurines uniform sizes - a foot soldier was 32 mm, and an equestrian soldier was 44 mm, without a headdress. This is exactly what Andersen's famous tin soldier was like.
• In the middle of the last century, a new international standard was approved - to make figures on a scale of 1:32 or 50-60 mm. This size allows you to more accurately reproduce the fine details of uniforms, weapons, preserve the portrait features of famous historical figures.

A porcelain doll

• The first porcelain dolls appeared in the 19th century. Moreover, the use of burnt unglazed porcelain, since it is most similar to human skin. Porcelain dolls were produced in Germany, Denmark and France.
• In 1880, the Bebe Jumeau porcelain baby doll appeared, which drove all the kids crazy. She looked very much like a lovely little girl with huge eyes and chubby legs. This is the first baby doll that could be cared for. Before that, all dolls depicted only adults. Even special magazines were published, where patterns of dresses for Bebe, shoes, hats and handbags and other accessories were printed. And later, these dolls even started talking (a special sound mechanism was built into them).

German porcelain dolls were in serious competition with French ones. The price of German dolls was much lower. In addition, the Germans found new faces and characters for their wards. And in the 1900s, the German company Kamer and Reinhard began to produce so-called realistic dolls.

• German porcelain dolls were in serious competition with French ones. The price of German dolls was much lower. In addition, the Germans found new faces and characters for their wards. And in the 1900s, the German company Kamer and Reinhard began to produce so-called realistic dolls.
• Later, cheaper and more affordable rag and plastic dolls appeared. But they did not manage to get around in popularity and beauty, in the realism of their porcelain rivals. It is porcelain dolls that excite the imagination of all girls: they have big eyes, long fluffy eyelashes, fabulous princess dresses ...

Ningyo - Japanese dolls

• In Japan for dolls special treatment. If all over the world they are considered children's fun, then in Japan dolls were never toys as such, but had a special religious and mystical meaning. It is no coincidence that one of the names of Japan is “the country of ten thousand dolls”. For the inhabitants of this island state, dolls have always been talismans that bring good luck, beauty and health. Therefore, the doll is still considered one of the best gifts.
• Japanese dolls are made from various materials - wood, paper, fabrics, clay, even fresh flowers. Each type of doll is intended for a specific occasion and has its own name. We will talk about the most popular and common types of dolls.

Hina-ningyo are dolls that are made for the special holiday of Hinamatsuri, which translates as "holiday of girls." These dolls represent representatives of the imperial family. They are made from expensive materials, so they are of great value and are usually inherited from generation to generation. There is an ancient Japanese custom - in houses where there are girls, exhibitions of richly dressed dolls that depict the life of the imperial court. Such a doll is considered one of the best gifts for the birth of a girl.

• Hina-ningyo are dolls that are made for the special holiday of Hinamatsuri, which translates as "holiday of girls." These dolls represent representatives of the imperial family. They are made from expensive materials, so they are of great value and are usually inherited from generation to generation. There is an ancient Japanese custom - in houses where there are girls, exhibitions of richly dressed dolls that depict the life of the imperial court. Such a doll is considered one of the best gifts for the birth of a girl.
• For Children's Day or Boys' Day (in Japanese, Tango no Seku), they also make special dolls - Musya-ningyo or Gogatsu-ningyo. These dolls depict samurai and various historical heroes in armor.
• Gosho-ningyo - talisman dolls for long journey. They are usually made of wood or clay and depict children.
• Hakata-ningyo are author's very expensive dolls that I make from biscuit ceramics in a single copy.
• Kiku-ningyo are almost human-sized dolls made from fresh chrysanthemums on a bamboo frame. They serve to decorate autumn holidays and festivals.
• Ball-jointed dolls are modern Japanese dolls made from porcelain-like plastic. They completely copy living people, except that they do not breathe.
• Ningyo - these unique creations of masters from Japan can tell a lot about their people, their characteristics, character and history and answer the question why not only children, but also adult residents of Japan love to play with dolls so much.

Amazing netsuke - toys, amulets and works of art

• When and where did the first netsuke appear - two questions that have been the most controversial and discussed among lovers of Japanese antiques for several decades. The most common version is that the netsuke was invented in the country rising sun in the sixteenth century. Until the end of the Edo period (1615-1868), shells, stones and pieces of wood of a suitable size and shape with natural holes, nuts, pieces of bone were used on a par with netsuke made by professional carvers. There were also netsuke in the form of gourds. There is an assumption that the first netsuke of Kyoto carvers looked like figures of fifteen or more centimeters in length. Their prototype was Malay elaborate knife handles. These netsuke depicted sennin, the demon lord Shoki, the goddess Kannon, the legendary heroes of Chinese mythology. Netsuke of this form eventually went out of fashion, they were remembered only in the second half of the eighteenth century. It was during this period that the second wave of the netsuke hobby appeared. There is a belief among the people that netsuke brings happiness and drives bad luck out of the house forever. Netsuke are beginning to be used as amulets, and from wood, ivory, or metal, real works of art are created. These are figurines of gods, fairies, sages, animals and birds. The use of netsuke begins to become more functional: with their help, essential things, such as a pouch, pipe, keys, are attached to the kimono belt. It is to this role that netsuke owe their name - netsuke, counterweight, keychain.

Over time, netsuke falls into the hands of children and becomes a favorite toy that parents gladly give them to play with, in the hope that they will bring happiness to children and protect them from adversity and illness. Children are specially presented with various netsuke - images of the Sage Daruma, who bestowed strength of mind, stamina and courage, Daikoku with a bag magic rice promised wealth, and Ebisu with a magic carp in his hands - good luck (how difficult it is to catch a carp with your bare hands, it is also difficult to achieve peace of mind). The double figure of Daikoku and Ebisu - bestowed happiness and luck, going hand in hand. Shousin, the god of happiness, held a ginseng root (health) and a magic peach (longevity). Hotei - another god of happiness, fun and communication - was depicted in different ways, sitting or standing, but always smiling. He fulfilled a cherished wish. To do this, it was necessary to stroke his stomach three hundred times, while thinking about something desired. On the road, the children were given Futen - uncle fair wind bringing good luck along the way. He carried a bag behind his back and smiled serenely... How many people, so many netsuke - and each personifies human dreams of happiness, health, love and wealth... Years go by, but my wise men do not change, they all look at our world with mocking and patronizing eyes, protecting and making it better. Eternal and unchanging, like the ocean washing the shores of their homeland, mysterious and incomprehensible Japan.

• Over time, netsuke falls into the hands of children and becomes a favorite toy that parents gladly give them to play with, in the hope that they will bring happiness to children and protect them from adversity and illness. Children are specially presented with various netsuke - images of the Sage Daruma, who bestowed strength of mind, stamina and courage, Daikoku with a bag of magic rice promised wealth, and Ebisu with a magic carp in his hands - good luck (as it is difficult to catch a carp with your bare hands, it is also difficult to achieve peace of mind ). The double figure of Daikoku and Ebisu - bestowed happiness and good luck, going hand in hand. Shousin, the god of happiness, held a ginseng root (health) and a magic peach (longevity). Hotei - another god of happiness, fun and communication - was depicted in different ways, sitting or standing, but always smiling. He fulfilled a cherished wish. To do this, it was necessary to stroke his stomach three hundred times, while thinking about something desired. On the road, the children were given Futen with them - the uncle of a fair wind, bringing good luck on the way. He carried a bag behind his back and smiled serenely... How many people, so many netsuke - and each personifies human dreams of happiness, health, love and wealth... Years go by, but my wise men do not change, they all look at our world with mocking and patronizing eyes, protecting and making it better. Eternal and unchanging, like the ocean washing the shores of their homeland, mysterious and incomprehensible Japan.

Indian dolls

• Man is a divine creation, and he should not forget this when he reproduces his image, even if this image is just a doll. But in India, the doll has never been just a toy - something applied, designed only to entertain and entertain the child. Whether it is an ancient figurine from the Indus Valley, or a figurine of a deity that parents make for a child from scraps in order to gradually introduce him into a spiritual tradition - all this is a cross-section of Vedic culture, all this is a living tradition, which is based on the same idea: the world - this is a canvas in which there are no random threads, no unnecessary details. Break one thread - and break the harmony of the world.

• Maharaja doll. 1930s-1940s

Doll costumes - the main semantic element - are particularly detailed. They are not made from scraps, but are woven specifically for each character and are absolutely proportional to the figures. The sari of a woman from Gujarat is made using the technique of knot painting, on a figurine from Kashmir - a Muslim outfit made of woolen fabric (not very typical for India), and a miniature Kashmir shawl. Costumes are traditional clothing different peoples. The original inhabitants of India are characterized by unsewn clothing - saris, dhoti (men's clothing made of a strip of fabric, draped in a special way on the legs), dupattas (cape scarves), bedspreads, turbans. The peoples who once came to India are more accustomed to wearing kurts (jackets), shalvars, cholis (short blouses), gharas (skirts).

• Doll costumes - the main semantic element - are particularly detailed. They are not made from scraps, but are woven specifically for each character and are absolutely proportional to the figures. The sari of a woman from Gujarat is made using the technique of knot painting, on a figurine from Kashmir - a Muslim outfit made of woolen fabric (not very typical for India), and a miniature Kashmir shawl. Costumes are traditional clothes of different peoples. The original inhabitants of India are characterized by unsewn clothing - saris, dhoti (men's clothing made of a strip of fabric, draped in a special way on the legs), dupattas (cape scarves), bedspreads, turbans. The peoples who once came to India are more accustomed to wearing kurts (jackets), shalvars, cholis (short blouses), gharas (skirts).

• Doll from Rajasthan. 1940s

We can call Indian dolls small ambassadors, works of art, ethnographic exhibits, representatives of the Vedic tradition of India, but not a single concept can fully characterize them. Like any ambassadors, they represent only a small slice of the culture behind them. Like any work of art, they appeal to the hearts of the audience, making them think about the beauty of the world. As representatives ancient tradition, they can only hint at the philosophy behind it. And yet they continue to be a mystery. We call them puppets because we can't find another word for it.

• We can call Indian dolls small ambassadors, works of art, ethnographic exhibits, representatives of the Vedic tradition of India, but not a single concept can fully characterize them. Like any ambassadors, they represent only a small slice of the culture behind them. Like any work of art, they appeal to the hearts of the audience, making them think about the beauty of the world. As representatives of an ancient tradition, they can only hint at the philosophy behind it. And yet they continue to be a mystery. We call them puppets because we can't find another word for it.

• Dolls of an Indian couple in folk clothes

• Dolls from Rajasthan, India

• Bride doll from Punjab, India

Corn doll. Indian corn doll

• The tradition of making dolls from corn leaves by the Indians dates back almost 1000 years. Such dolls are most famous among the Iroquois tribes. Brittle dried leaves were soaked in water, after which they became soft, and figures of men were woven from them. Such dolls were made for both girls and boys. Making various things for dolls helped children master many crafts needed during adulthood. Cradles, hoes, dishes and other things necessary for women's activities were made for girls' dolls. Boys' dolls were supposed to have weapons, oars, boats and other equipment of warriors and hunters. All these details were also made from corn leaves, weaving, twisting and sewing them.

• The very first corn dolls were very simple - a few bunches of corn leaves tied together. Later, when European goods began to appear among the Indians - fabrics, beads, items of European clothing, doll clothes became more complex and diverse, she copied clothes more and more carefully. real people. Distinctive feature corn dolls - their lack of faces. Maximum, a reddish blush on the cheeks, and even that is extremely rare. The legend explains this fact.

Legend

• Many years ago, one of the Three Sisters, Corn, wanted to do something special for the people who revere her and the sisters Bean and Pumpkin so highly. The Great Spirit blessed her and she made a little doll out of her leaves. This doll was supposed to entertain children and help them. The doll turned out very beautiful and successfully performed its duties. People were happy about her and often said how beautiful she was. And once the doll saw its reflection in the water, and, forgetting about people, admired its beauty for a long time. Then the Great Spirit reminded her of what it was created for, and the doll returned to the children, but not for long. Someone again reminded her how beautiful she is, and the doll again forgot about the children. She became arrogant and arrogant. And again the Great Spirit reminded the beauty of her appointment, but she no longer listened to him, but only admired her reflection in the water. Then the Great Spirit sent a giant Owl, and she snatched the reflection of the beauty from the water and carried it away. Again and again the doll looked into the water, but could no longer see anything. Her beautiful face was gone. Since then, the doll must fulfill its purpose - to play with children, and maybe for this the Great Spirit will forgive her and return her face.

world of toy peoples different countries very diverse. In fact, people create dolls, expressing their worldview in them. Initially, they were created only from natural materials - wood, clay, straw, only in the 18-19th century they began to be made from wax, porcelain, and in the 20th century, plastic.

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The world of toys of the peoples of different countries is very diverse. In fact, people create dolls, expressing their worldview in them. Initially, they were created only from natural materials - wood, clay, straw, only in the 18-19th century they began to be made from wax, porcelain, and in the 20th century, plastic.

If we turn to the traditions of Japan, we will find out that the first doll was Kokeshi - a wooden toy without legs and arms, somewhat reminiscent of a Russian nesting doll. Kokeshi were made from cherry, maple, dogwood, hand-painted with vegetable and floral motifs. It is believed that at first the pupae were used by shamans for rituals, they were also used as funeral puppets.

Gradually, dolls became ordinary toys - they were given to children to entertain them, and adults began to make much more labor-intensive fun - from wood, scraps, Japanese paper, in the 20th century large interior dolls appeared, which were often the image of geishas

Moreover, the kimono for such dolls was embroidered by hand, it was decorated with precious stones and gold thread, which is why such beauty stood on the upper shelves, where children could not reach.

Eskimo and Nenets dolls for a long time symbolized a connection with otherworldly forces, they were attributed their own energy, so for a long time folk craftsmen made them without drawing a nose, eyes, ears, mouth. It was believed that acquiring human features, the doll can come to life and frighten the baby. There were a lot of dolls in the families of the northern peoples, the girls got married early, so their dowry necessarily included their favorite toys. Gradually, the dolls acquired human features, they were dressed in National costumes in order to preserve the culture.

The Slavs made dolls from improvised materials - ash, straw, clay, scraps of rags. It was believed that a toy made of flax would remove all diseases from the baby, so they were also considered amulets.

They also made the so-called ten-handles - symbols of well-being and happiness

Krupenichka is a symbol of prosperity. Krupenichka was filled with grain, and then it was sown first - it was believed that then the harvest would be good, and the family would live in abundance. Each cereal had its own meaning: rice was considered a festive grain, buckwheat - a symbol of wealth, pearl barley - satiety, oats - strength.

Other common dolls - haircuts, were created on hastily from a bundle of cut grass, so that the child would not be bored when mom works in the field. Patchwork dolls also served for the game, older girls sewed outfits for them on their own, painted, braided their hair.

Matryoshka is considered the Russian national painted doll of our country. Not everyone knows that it originates in China, but in Russia they began to be made after the end of the 19th century. A. Mamontova brought to Moscow a figurine of a Japanese old man, which opened up. In the middle of the first was the same figurine, only smaller, and behind it another and another.

The figurines opened up until the smallest one was found at the bottom of the last. Russian craftsmen created and painted a toy consisting of eight figures. All of them depicted a woman, and a baby was painted on the smallest. They called the toy Matryoshka in honor of the then most popular name in Moscow - Matryona.

"Bogorodskaya toy" owes its birth to the village of Bogorodskoye

Filimon toys

Dymkovo toys

Many museums exhibit ethnic expositions of dolls from different peoples of the world. They can be unmistakably recognized by their characteristic facial features and outfits.

In African countries, dolls were made by hand and passed down from generation to generation. They were woven from grass, carved from wood. Ethnic dolls were used in religious ceremonies, dressed in colorful fabrics, decorated with bracelets and beads. A variety of materials were used - fabrics, wool, beads, palm leaves, grass, corn cobs, clay. As a rule, the dolls depicted not children, but adult married women dressed in traditional clothes. There were also dolls made by shamans specifically for the ritual - here they didn’t particularly find fault with their quality and appearance.

Dolls are also found on the American mainland, they can also tell a lot about how the indigenous peoples lived. The Indians had such a craft in honor, each tribe had special dolls, techniques and materials also differed significantly, because people lived in different natural environments. For the manufacture of dolls used fibers of marsh plants, fur, leather, corn cob, feathers, wood, linen.

By the doll it was possible to determine which tribe it was made of: for example, the Navajo Indians were considered excellent hunters, so the dolls were decorated with leather and fur, Holi Indian dolls were made of wood, Innuit - from corn cobs.

If you look closely, then in each doll you will see traditional national traits. Recently, more and more manufacturers have been releasing ethnic collections of toys dressed in outfits from different peoples of the world. The most popular is Barbie. Here's the Mexican Barbie

Here is a Kenyan Here is a Polynesian Barbie.

Older toys are mostly kept in museums or private collections. These are really objects of art, you want to admire them, because they bear the imprint of ancient culture.

Tilda is a kind of object made of fabric in the form of a doll, animal or some other object. This type of toys has several features: they are with soft and smooth silhouettes, the faces and faces of tildes are very conditional, and all of them are similar to each other in a recognizable color scheme with rich and calm shades.

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Toys of the peoples of the world Grade 8

Traditional crafts Each people of the Earth has created arts and crafts that more than one generation is proud of. It is difficult to imagine Russia without Gzhel, Switzerland without clocks.

Every nation likes to have a good rest after work. Some prefer noisy spectacles, others rest in solitude, others make toys while relaxing.

Dymkovo toy Being one of the oldest crafts, Dymkovo toy has almost 150 years of history of its development. The toy got its name from the name of the Dymkovo settlement. There was a ritual holiday "pandemonium" dedicated to the sun. Celebrating the onset of spring, our ancestors whistled on whistles and exchanged painted clay balls. Whistles were made in the form of various animals: bear, deer, goat, ram, etc. Them simple form was intended to perform a magical, not decorative function. The modeling of clay figurines-whistles was entrusted to women and girls, it was their work.

Filimonovo toy The age of the clay toy, which was born in the village of Filimonova, Odoyevsky district, has not yet been precisely established. The first mention of it is found in the annals of 700 years ago. According to legend, the village was named after the potter Filimon, who was the first to discover high-grade clay deposits here. Toys were made mainly by women, and men were engaged in the manufacture of dishes. All the techniques of modeling and painting were passed down from generation to generation - from grandmother to granddaughter. Girls who were engaged in modeling and painting toys were called "whistles". Finished toys were sold at the fair, and the money from the sale went to dowry, so the "whistles" were considered enviable brides.

Bogorodsk toy There are several legends about the appearance of the Bogorodsk toy. One says that in a village not far from Sergiev Posad, a peasant woman made a wood chip doll for her children. When the children got bored with the doll, the father took it to the fair, where the merchant liked it. The merchant asked the peasant to make more of these toys. So the inhabitants of the village of Bogorodskoye started making wooden toys. According to another legend, Sergey of Radonezh became the first to make wooden toys in order to give them to children. One way or another, the development of folk craft in the village of Bogorodskoye was greatly influenced by the Trinity-Sergius Monastery with developed carving and well-established sales of wooden toys. In addition to brightly painted static figures of people and animals, Bogorodsk people learned how to make dynamic figures. They were prancing hussars, dapper officers, hens pecking grains.

Straw doll Constructing ritual figures from straw, people noticed its decorative properties: lightness in weaving, the possibility of inlaid with it. craftsmen create boxes, baskets, rugs, screens. But the straw doll is in special demand! The original purpose of straw dolls was the magical role of sacrificing to the earth and water elements and deities, then, a kind of amulet from the evil eye and bad deeds. That is why parents gave each child such a doll to be with him everywhere and always. Well, children are children, how not to play with such a wonderful doll. From these games, the second function has developed - communication and games. Her soul lives in straw crafts, they bring good luck and happiness to everyone who comes into contact with them at least once.

Porcelain doll All girls' favorite toy is a doll. Most beautiful dolls porcelain. They are very beautiful and graceful. A porcelain doll will be an ideal gift not only for a little princess, but also for a teenage girl. The first porcelain dolls appeared in the 19th century. Moreover, the use of burnt unglazed porcelain, since it is most similar to human skin. Porcelain dolls were produced in Germany, Denmark and France Later, cheaper and more affordable rag and plastic dolls appeared. But they did not manage to get around in popularity and beauty, in the realism of their porcelain rivals. It is porcelain dolls that excite the imagination of all girls: they have big eyes, long fluffy eyelashes, fabulous princess dresses ... Even an adult girl will be happy with a porcelain doll!

Ningyo - Japanese dolls In Japan, dolls have a special relationship. If all over the world they are considered children's fun, then in Japan dolls were never toys as such, but had a special religious and mystical significance. It is no coincidence that one of the names of Japan is “the country of ten thousand dolls”. For the inhabitants of this island state, dolls have always been talismans that bring good luck, beauty and health. Therefore, the doll is still considered one of the best gifts. Japanese dolls are made from various materials - wood, paper, fabrics, clay, even fresh flowers.

Homework Netske Matryoshka Write in a notebook.

Netsuke People are beginning to believe that netsuke brings happiness and drives bad luck out of the house forever. Netsuke are beginning to be used as amulets, and from wood, ivory, or metal, real works of art are created. These are figurines of gods, fairies, sages, animals and birds. The use of netsuke begins to become more functional: with their help, essential things, such as a pouch, pipe, keys, are attached to the kimono belt. Over time, netsuke falls into the hands of children and becomes a favorite toy that parents gladly give them to play with, in the hope that they will bring happiness to children and protect them from adversity and illness.

Matryoshka A classic nesting doll is a hollow, brightly painted wooden doll in the form of a semi-oval figure, into which other similar smaller dolls are inserted. The birthplace of the nesting doll, or rather its prototype, is Japan. Sergey Malyutin painted a Russian beauty, with a blush all over her cheek, round and healthy - and inside her seven figures of children, boys and girls, up to a swaddled baby - became the most beloved crafts among the people. The perky beauty was immediately named the most common in Russia. female name- Matryona, Matryoshka. Created by Sergeevo-Posad masters, nesting dolls quickly became favorites not only for adults, but also for children.

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Toys of the peoples of the world. World art culture 8th grade. Compiled by: Turaeva Svetlana Yuryevna, teacher of fine arts, AMUSOSH No. 1 named after. M. Gorky.

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Japanese traditional doll Dolls in Japan have always had a special relationship. It is not for nothing that Japan is often called the “land of ten thousand dolls”. And this is not surprising: after all, since ancient times, dolls have been a talisman and a talisman that brought good luck and joy to its owner.

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Kokeshi are Japanese dolls that are very reminiscent of Russian nesting dolls. However, this wooden toy has nothing to do with Russia. There are several explanations for where this amazing figurine came from. According to some sources, kokeshi were the prototype of figurines with which shamans summoned spirits. According to another version, the first kokeshi was made by masters in honor of the birth of the daughter of a famous shogun. Be that as it may, these famous wooden toys, consisting of a cylindrical body and a head separately attached to it, from a few centimeters to a meter high, are more than a thousand years old. This item folk art and the distant past is created by masters of their craft with soul and imagination. Kokeishi are concise, but not without a special charm, they are different in shape, proportions and paintings. Each toy is unique in its own way. The manufacture of these dolls is especially popular in the centers of folk art in Japan - Kagoshima, Kyoto and Nara.

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Hina Matsuri - a holiday for girls In Japan, there are toys that are not for playing, but for looking at. These dolls are made for various traditional Japanese holidays. They are made from various materials - from wood, clay, fabric, paper, straw. The tradition of making such dolls has been around for a millennium. Every year on March 3, Japan celebrates Girls' Day. On the eve, in houses where there are daughters, a stand in the form of steps is set up in the living room, on which dolls are placed. These dolls are not simple - they depict members of the imperial court. Each doll has its own strictly defined place on the stand: the emperor and the empress in ceremonial robes rise above all, the ladies of the court are on the second step, below are two ministers and servants. Below - musicians, palace utensils.

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Japanese chrysanthemum dolls Both flowers and dolls in Japan have a special attitude. Admiring the tender and pristine beauty of nature in this country is a centuries-old tradition and an eternal need of the soul. And dolls are an integral part of Japanese culture; Japan is even called "the country of ten thousand dolls". These are charm dolls, and talisman dolls, traditional dolls that are inherited - harmonious, sophisticated, made by skilled craftsmen. And in Japanese culture there is amazing art, combining the skill of puppeteers and the refined beauty of flowers - the art of creating dolls from living chrysanthemums!

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"kokeshi" - a forgotten child Japanese doll "kokeshi" - a forgotten child. Japanese doll "kokeshi" - a forgotten child.

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Of considerable interest are Karakuri-ningyo, that is, mechanical dolls. Every year on the island of Honshu on the first Saturday of April, a unique holiday is held in the small town of Inuyama - the festival of animated dolls. This tradition is over three hundred years old. In a huge van, 13 mechanical puppets travel around the city, powered by springs or puppeteers. The holiday is accompanied by folk festivals and puppet shows based on famous stories. The favorite hero of the Japanese public is the traveler Urashina Tara.

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Chinese dolls Dolls, being one of the objects of fine art, existed among almost all peoples of the world. In China and Japan, dolls have an ancient history; the first finds date back to the 3rd millennium BC. Initially, the dolls were intended to perform magical rites that still exist in many countries of Africa and Latin America, such as voodoo magic.

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In the last century, not a single fair was complete without folk toys, without colorful clay and wooden women, bears, deer, horsemen, birds. Beautiful and bright, straight from the tray, they fell into the hands of children, who immediately began to play, including new heroes in their nursery. fairy world. Even then, few people remembered that the toy in its original form is a cult and ritual sculpture, an instrument of magic. It merged aesthetic, cult and magical beginnings. This was always taken into account by the ancient folk master. Gradually, the magical role of the toy was forgotten, and the doll became a simple children's toy, performing only a game function. Among the variety of folk toys, a rag doll stands out. It is associated with the worship of a female deity, the cult of fertility, ancestors, and the hearth. It is not for nothing that ash, grain, and linen tow were used to stuff a rag doll. And the Fabric itself, from which it was made, served the family for a long time, being saturated with the energy of events and the emotional field of family members. In this regard, the doll was completely safe. As a meditative object, it gave confidence, balance, a sense of security. In addition, the doll was a familiar object, made from his own, by himself, correctly and on time. The doll gently lifted emotions with her presence.

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Dolls were not only girlish fun. Until the age of 7-8 all the children played while they were wearing shirts. But only boys began to wear ports, and girls began to wear skirts, their playing roles and the games themselves were strictly separated. While the children were small, mothers, grandmothers, older sisters sewed dolls for them. From the age of five, any girl could do a simple one. A rag doll is the simplest depiction of a female figure. A piece of fabric rolled into a "rolling pin", carefully covered with linen. face with a white rag, breasts made of even, tightly stuffed balls, a hair braid with a ribbon woven into it, and an outfit of colorful rags. Getting older, the girls sewed more intricate dolls, and sometimes turned to a craftswoman, a woman, who made these dolls painfully good, and she made them to order.

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Charm - an amulet or a magic spell that saves a person from various dangers, as well as an object on which the spell is spoken and which is worn on the body as a talisman. It used to be believed that if a “Kuvatka” hangs over a child’s crib, then it drives away this evil force. Two weeks before the birth of the child, the expectant mother placed such a doll - a charm in the cradle. When the parents went to work in the field, and the child was alone in the house, he looked at these little dolls and calmly played. It is known that doll dresses were sewn not just like that, but with meaning. The outfit should always have a red color - the color of the sun, warmth, health, joy. And they also believed that it has a protective effect: it protects against the evil eye and injuries. The embroidered pattern that once decorated the doll's outfit was also not accidental. Each of its elements kept a magical meaning, and the pattern in the face of the doll was supposed to protect the child. The word "pattern" meant "prize", i.e. "watching". Therefore, on the doll dress, as well as on the costume of an adult, they embroidered: circles, crosses, rosettes - signs of the sun; female figurines and deer - symbols of fertility; wavy lines are signs of water; horizontal lines - signs of the earth, diamonds with dots inside - a symbol of a sown field; vertical lines - signs of a tree, eternally living nature. As a rule, these toys were small in size and all of different colors, this developed the baby's vision.

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play dolls intended for the enjoyment of children. They were divided stitched and folded. Rolled dolls were made without a needle and thread. A thick layer of fabric was wound around a wooden stick, and then tied with a rope. Then a head with handles was tied to this stick and dressed in elegant clothes. Play rolled dolls include dolls - twists, which were made very simply. The body is a piece of fabric twisted around its axis and fastened with a thread. The hands are made in the same way and, finally, a small ball - the head is attached to the body with the help of a thread.

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Ritual doll "Maslenitsa" Ritual doll "Maslenitsa" was made of straw or bast, but they always used a tree - a thin trunk of a birch. Straw, like wood, personified the exuberant power of vegetation. Clothes on the doll should be with a floral pattern. In the Tula province, the Maslenitsa doll was human-sized, made of bast or straw. It was fixed on a wooden cross. The doll was decorated with ribbons, artificial flowers. On her hands they put dishes used in the preparation of pancakes, hung ribbons, tying which people made wishes. These ribbons, in order for wishes to come true, had to burn down with the doll.

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A grain doll A grain doll was made from a bag of grain harvested in autumn. She was sheathed, dressed, and children played with her all winter. In the spring, grain was taken out and sown. The harvest was excellent. Experts say that the reason for this is the positive energy of children. There was also an ash doll - the bag was filled with wood ash and mounted on a tripod. She was dressed by her grandmother. In a certain way, they twisted and tied a scarf - a doll was obtained. The same knots can be tied into a doll and a tow. All children's dolls were at the same time amulets, which should be made without needles and threads. The toy "shudon" in translation from Udmurt means "happiness". This envoy of ancient times, the era of matriarchy, prepared girls for family life, to motherhood. She played a great educational role in a peasant family. Parents worked from morning to evening and did little with their children. Instead of themselves, they left “deputies” in the form of toys. They were made from improvised material: from the remaining straw, poles, chips, scraps of fabric. Nothing was wasted in the peasant's house, and every shred went to work.

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Kargopol clay toy Reflection of nature motifs and images can be found in the Kargopol clay toy. In the surrounding Kargopol villages, clay toys have been made since ancient times, which in the distant past were related to primitive customs associated with the cult of fertility. Modern masters of Kargopol clay toys draw their creative inspiration from folk life, local fine arts, folklore, while at the same time cultivating a poetic vision of the surrounding world and nature - organically correlating it with the living tradition of fishing.

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Kargopol toy The homeland of the Kargopol toy is the Russian North, the Arkhangelsk region. The proportions of these toys are squat, clumsy and heavy.

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Among the images on the Kargopol clay toy there is a tree with grouse birds sitting on it, exactly the same as in local embroidery, carving and painting on wood. Such a combination of birds and a tree (probably birch, which, according to folk legends, was the focus of earthly forces) symbolized the transfer of solar heat to sown fields and fields.

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The favorite character of the Kargopol toy has always been the Horse - Polkan or Polikhan - a miracle with a human head and a horse's body.

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Filimonovskaya toy Filimonovskaya toy is the oldest in Russia. The toy comes from the ancient village of Filimonova in the Odoevsky district of the Tula region for seven hundred years. Who and when made the first toys here is unknown, it is only known that they have been made since time immemorial. One of the legends tells about the potter Filimon, persecuted by the authorities, who came to these parts during the time of Ivan the Terrible from nowhere and gave rise to both the village and the trade. All Filimonovo toys are whistles.

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Sizes of toys from 3-5 to 25-30 centimeters. Most of the products of the Filimonovo craftswomen are traditional whistles: ladies, horsemen, cows, bears, roosters, etc.

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Dymkovo toy DYMKOVSKAYA TOY, Russian art craft. The name of the toy comes from the settlement of Dymkovo, now a district of the city of Vyatka, where the production of toys was already in the early 19th century. acquired an independent meaning. The craft had a family organization - women and girls sculpted the toy, timing its production to the spring fair.

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Toys of the peoples of the world

As soon as the first master created his first doll on earth, our life for many millennia has been inextricably linked with these mysterious and mysterious creatures: dolls met a person at birth and accompanied him to the afterlife, dolls lived in palaces and temples, in the halls of noble nobles and in the huts of poor peasants. Many songs and poems are devoted to dolls, the most daring outfits were sewn for them and the most secret secrets were entrusted. The doll is created in the image and likeness of a person. Even in ancient Rome, dolls were used in the same way as fashion magazines are used now - they were sent from the capital to the provinces so that the ancient fashionistas were aware of the latest trends.

Now we will not be able to answer the question of when, in what century the first doll was created. It is only known that the oldest mammoth bone figure with movable limbs, found in Czechoslovakia, is 30-35 thousand years old. In Egypt, Greece, Italy and other countries, at the excavations of ancient settlements, dolls with hinged joints and real hair were found. According to researchers, the very first dolls were directly related to the cult of death. The doll personified the deceased body, which was buried after the funeral of the real deceased, it was believed that this would not give him the opportunity to return from the afterlife and harm the living. Later, in many tribes, the custom appeared after the death of a relative to make a wooden doll, which later became a haven for the soul of the deceased, the doll was presented with gifts, protected and worshiped, caring for it as if it were a living person. In some African tribes, this tradition has been preserved to this day. It is in Africa that the echoes of the ancient Egyptian funeral cult have survived to this day. Africans firmly believe that dolls made in a special way help the soul in the afterlife.

Bogorodsk toy There are several legends about the appearance of the Bogorodsk toy. One says that in a village not far from Sergiev Posad, a peasant woman made a wood chip doll for her children. When the children got bored with the doll, the father took it to the fair, where the merchant liked it. The merchant asked the peasant to make more of these toys. So the inhabitants of the village of Bogorodskoye started making wooden toys. According to another legend, Sergey of Radonezh became the first to make wooden toys in order to give them to children. One way or another, the development of folk craft in the village of Bogorodskoye was greatly influenced by the Trinity-Sergius Monastery with developed carving and well-established sales of wooden toys.

In addition to brightly painted static figures of people and animals, Bogorodsk people learned how to make dynamic figures. They were prancing hussars, dapper officers, hens pecking grains. The Bogorodians loved to make various horsemen - Cossacks, commanders, hunters. Interesting are the figures of ordinary soldiers beating cymbals or merrily beating drums. Ordinary people were usually depicted at work - a spinner spun yarn, a shoemaker spun shoes, an old man wove bast shoes.

The favorite animal of the Bogorodians was the bear, which took an active part in various works - it could play musical instruments, bend arcs, forge metal. The toy "Blacksmiths", on which a bear and a man knock with hammers, has become a symbol of the Bogorodsk toy. Some toys also had a practical meaning - they could crack nuts. Usually it was a figurine of a gentleman or a soldier, it was such a nutcracker that became the prototype of the hero of the famous Hoffmann fairy tale. Simple devices that make toys move, delighted not only children, but also their parents. In addition to springs, toys were made on movable slats fastened with carnations. It is worth pulling the straps by the ends, and you will see how the figures come to life - the fisherman catches fish, the hares gnaw on carrots. This is how the famous "Blacksmiths" are made.

Nenets dolls Dolls have long been associated with otherworldly forces, they possessed a certain energy. It is not customary for the Nenets peoples to draw eyes, nose, ears on dolls, since the doll is not alive and cannot be seen, otherwise it can take away the soul of a child. It was believed that, having acquired human features, the doll could come to life and scare the baby. The Nenets peoples considered the bird to be their mother-progenitor, so they took the bird's beak to make dolls. It was believed that in this way they protect their children from evil and various misfortunes. Komi-Permyaks made dolls from grass and straw, various wood chips. Interesting dolls made from shreds, without the use of needles and threads. Such toys were also considered a talisman. Poles were also used, which were wrapped with a piece of cloth or canvas.

The northern peoples held dolls in high esteem, they showed remarkable creativity in their manufacture. Nenets girls were married early. It was considered a good sign when the bride brought a lot of dolls to her husband's house (it happened up to a hundred pieces) - this meant that there would be many children in the family. In autumn, you made dolls from sacks stuffed with grain. In winter, children played with such dolls, and in spring the grain went for sowing. There was a belief that the grain filled with positive children's energy would give good shoots and a big harvest. Sick children were allowed to play with combed linen dolls. According to legend, the disease went into flax, after which the doll had to be burned. Any handmade toy is endowed with the energy of the person making it. A loving mother, making a doll, puts a piece of her soul into it. Maybe that is why the Nenets dolls were not only considered, but actually were a talisman for children.

Kites Flying kites are an ancient invention. Chinese manuscripts tell of kites made in various forms, painted with bright colors even before the new summer reckoning. Kites were not only in China, but also in many other eastern countries (Japan, Korea and others). Regardless of these countries, kites appeared in Greece in the 4th century BC. And in 906, Prince Oleg used kites in the capture of Constantinople.

Until now, China has preserved the tradition of flying kites on September 9 - kite day. The most popular form is the dragon, which personifies supernatural powers. Various “snake” competitions are held.

The history of the tin soldier It is hard to imagine now what the steadfast tin soldier, the hero of Andersen's fairy tale, really looked like, and what is the history of his appearance. But, unequivocally, this story goes back to ancient times. Figures of warriors were found in the tombs of Chinese emperors and Egyptian pharaohs. On the chessboard and table of the commander, one could also see the figurine of a warrior. In the Middle Ages, when teaching young men military affairs, figures of knights with an accurate reproduction of weapons were used. From the 14th century, such figurines began to be collected. Most European monarchs were fond of this.

In the 17th century, figurines of two types began to be produced, as a toy and as a visual aid used in the training of princes. The famous royal collections were made most often of silver. So, Maria Medici gave her son, who soon became Louis XIII, 300 silver soldiers. Napoleon gave his son 120 figures of Corsican volunteers, who became famous in 1800 in one of the battles. For mass production, they began to make figurines from tin. One of the founders of the tin military miniature is Ernst Gottfried Hilpert, who in the 70s of the 18th century established the mass production of tin figurines. The figurines had realistic poses, the details were carefully worked out. So ordinary people have a new hobby. And the French master Lucott in the second half of the 18th century made voluminous soldiers from tin from several parts, thanks to which it was possible to change the poses of the figures. In Paris, at the very beginning of the 19th century, the CBJ company was created, which still exists today and manufactures voluminous soldiers. The Napoleonic Wars led to the flourishing of the production of tin soldiers. The figurines acquired artistic and historical accuracy. Kings, famous commanders, authentic uniforms of various armies were copied.

Ernst Heinrichssen in 1839 took the initiative to give the figurines uniform sizes - a foot soldier was 32 mm, and an equestrian soldier was 44 mm, without a headdress. This is exactly what Andersen's famous tin soldier was like. In the middle of the last century, a new international standard was approved - to make figures on a scale of 1:32 or 50-60 mm. This size allows you to more accurately reproduce the fine details of uniforms, weapons, preserve the portrait features of famous historical figures.

Porcelain doll The first porcelain dolls appeared in the 19th century. Moreover, the use of burnt unglazed porcelain, since it is most similar to human skin. Porcelain dolls were produced in Germany, Denmark and France. In 1880, the Bebe Jumeau porcelain baby doll appeared, which drove all the kids crazy. She looked very much like a lovely little girl with huge eyes and chubby legs. This is the first baby doll that could be looked after. Before that, all dolls depicted only adults. Even special magazines were published, where patterns of dresses for Bebe, shoes, hats and handbags and other accessories were printed. And later, these dolls even started talking (a special sound mechanism was built into them).

German porcelain dolls were in serious competition with French ones. The price of German dolls was much lower. In addition, the Germans found new faces and characters for their wards. And in the 1900s, the German company Kamer and Reinhard began to produce so-called realistic dolls. Later, cheaper and more affordable rag and plastic dolls appeared. But they did not manage to get around in popularity and beauty, in the realism of their porcelain rivals. It is porcelain dolls that excite the imagination of all girls: they have big eyes, long fluffy eyelashes, fabulous princess dresses ...

Ningyo - Japanese dolls In Japan, dolls have a special relationship. If all over the world they are considered children's fun, then in Japan dolls were never toys as such, but had a special religious and mystical significance. It is no coincidence that one of the names of Japan is “the country of ten thousand dolls”. For the inhabitants of this island state, dolls have always been talismans that bring good luck, beauty and health. Therefore, the doll is still considered one of the best gifts. Japanese dolls are made from various materials - wood, paper, fabrics, clay, even fresh flowers. Each type of doll is intended for a specific occasion and has its own name. We will talk about the most popular and common types of dolls.

Hina-ningyo are dolls that are made for the special holiday of Hinamatsuri, which translates as "holiday of girls." These dolls represent representatives of the imperial family. They are made from expensive materials, so they are of great value and are usually inherited from generation to generation. There is an ancient Japanese custom - in houses where there are girls, exhibitions of richly dressed dolls that depict the life of the imperial court. Such a doll is considered one of the best gifts for the birth of a girl. For Children's Day or Boys' Day (in Japanese, Tango no Seku), they also make special dolls - Musya-ningyo or Gogatsu-ningyo. These dolls depict samurai and various historical heroes in armor. Gosho-ningyo - mascot dolls for a long journey. They are usually made of wood or clay and depict children. Hakata-ningyo are author's very expensive dolls that I make from biscuit ceramics in a single copy. Kiku-ningyo are almost human-sized dolls made from fresh chrysanthemums on a bamboo frame. They serve to decorate autumn holidays and festivals. Ball-jointed dolls are modern Japanese dolls made from porcelain-like plastic. They completely copy living people, except that they do not breathe. Ningyo - these unique creations of masters from Japan can tell a lot about their people, their characteristics, character and history and answer the question why not only children, but also adult residents of Japan love to play with dolls so much.

Amazing netsuke - toys, amulets and works of art When and where did the first netsuke appear - two questions that have been the most controversial and discussed among lovers of Japanese antiques for several decades. The most common version is that netsuke was invented in the land of the rising sun in the sixteenth century. Until the end of the Edo period (1615-1868), shells, stones and pieces of wood of a suitable size and shape with natural holes, nuts, pieces of bone were used on a par with netsuke made by professional carvers. There were also netsuke in the form of gourds. There is an assumption that the first netsuke of Kyoto carvers looked like figures of fifteen or more centimeters in length. Their prototype was Malay elaborate knife handles. These netsuke depicted sennin, the demon lord Shoki, the goddess Kannon, the legendary heroes of Chinese mythology. Netsuke of this form eventually went out of fashion, they were remembered only in the second half of the eighteenth century. It was during this period that the second wave of the netsuke craze appeared. There is a belief among the people that netsuke brings happiness and drives bad luck out of the house forever. Netsuke are beginning to be used as amulets, and from wood, ivory, or metal, real works of art are created. These are figurines of gods, fairies, sages, animals and birds. The use of netsuke begins to become more functional: with their help, essential things, such as a pouch, pipe, keys, are attached to the kimono belt. It is to this role that netsuke owe their name - netsuke, counterweight, keychain.

Over time, netsuke falls into the hands of children and becomes a favorite toy that parents gladly give them to play with, in the hope that they will bring happiness to children and protect them from adversity and illness. Children are specially presented with various netsuke - images of the Sage Daruma, who bestowed strength of mind, stamina and courage, Daikoku with a bag of magic rice promised wealth, and Ebisu with a magic carp in his hands - good luck (as it is difficult to catch a carp with your bare hands, it is also difficult to achieve peace of mind ).Double I am the figure of Daikoku and Ebisu - bestowed happiness and luck, going hand in hand. Shousin, the god of happiness, held a ginseng root (health) and a magic peach (longevity). Hotei - another god of happiness, fun and communication - was depicted in different ways, sitting or standing, but always smiling. He fulfilled a cherished wish. To do this, it was necessary to stroke his stomach three hundred times, while thinking about something desired. On the road, the children were given Futen with them - the uncle of a fair wind that brings good luck on the way. He carried a bag behind his back and smiled serenely... How many people, so many netsuke - and each personifies human dreams of happiness, health, love and wealth... Years go by, but my wise men do not change, they all look at our world with mocking and patronizing eyes, protecting and making it better. Eternal and unchanging, like the ocean washing the shores of their homeland, mysterious and incomprehensible Japan.

Indian dolls Man is a divine creation, and he should not forget this when he reproduces his image, even if this image is just a doll. But in India, the doll has never been just a toy - something applied, designed only to entertain and entertain the child. Whether it is an ancient figurine from the Indus Valley, or a figurine of a deity that parents make for a child from scraps in order to gradually introduce him into a spiritual tradition - all this is a cross-section of Vedic culture, all this is a living tradition, which is based on the same idea: the world - this is a canvas in which there are no random threads, no unnecessary details. Break one thread - and break the harmony of the world. Maharaja doll. 1930s-1940s

Doll costumes - the main semantic element - are particularly detailed. They are not made from scraps, but are woven specifically for each character and are absolutely proportional to the figures. The sari of a woman from Gujarat is made using the technique of knot painting, on a figurine from Kashmir - a Muslim outfit made of woolen fabric (not very typical for India), and a miniature Kashmir shawl. Costumes are traditional clothes of different peoples. The original inhabitants of India are characterized by unsewn clothing - saris, dhoti (men's clothing made of a strip of fabric, draped in a special way on the legs), dupattas (cape scarves), bedspreads, turbans. The peoples who once came to India are more accustomed to wearing kurts (jackets), shalvars, cholis (short blouses), gharas (skirts). Doll from Rajasthan. 1940s

We can call Indian dolls small ambassadors, works of art, ethnographic exhibits, representatives of the Vedic tradition of India, but not a single concept can fully characterize them. Like any ambassadors, they represent only a small slice of the culture behind them. Like any work of art, they appeal to the hearts of the audience, making them think about the beauty of the world. As representatives of an ancient tradition, they can only hint at the philosophy behind it. And yet they continue to be a mystery. We call them puppets because we can't find another word for it. Dolls of an Indian couple in folk clothes

Dolls from Rajasthan, India Bride doll from Punjab, India

Corn doll. Indian corn doll The Indian tradition of making dolls from corn leaves dates back almost 1000 years. Such dolls are most famous among the Iroquois tribes. Brittle dried leaves were soaked in water, after which they became soft, and figures of men were woven from them. Such dolls were made for both girls and boys. Making various things for dolls helped children learn many crafts that are necessary in adulthood. Cradles, hoes, dishes and other things necessary for women's activities were made for girls' dolls. Boys' dolls were supposed to have weapons, oars, boats and other equipment of warriors and hunters. All these details were also made from corn leaves, weaving, twisting and sewing them.

The very first corn dolls were very simple - a few bunches of corn leaves tied together. Later, when European goods began to appear among the Indians - fabrics, beads, items of European clothing, doll clothes became more complex and diverse, she copied the clothes of real people more and more carefully. A distinctive feature of corn dolls is their lack of faces. Maximum, a reddish blush on the cheeks, and even that is extremely rare. The legend explains this fact.

Legend Many years ago, one of the Three Sisters, Corn, wanted to do something special for the people who revere her and the sisters, Bean and Pumpkin, so highly. The Great Spirit blessed her and she made a little doll out of her leaves. This doll was supposed to entertain children and help them. The doll turned out very beautiful and successfully performed its duties. People were happy about her and often said how beautiful she was. And once the doll saw its reflection in the water, and, forgetting about people, admired its beauty for a long time. Then the Great Spirit reminded her of what it was created for, and the doll returned to the children, but not for long. Someone again reminded her how beautiful she is, and the doll again forgot about the children. She became arrogant and arrogant. And again the Great Spirit reminded the beauty of her appointment, but she no longer listened to him, but only admired her reflection in the water. Then the Great Spirit sent a giant Owl, and she snatched the reflection of the beauty from the water and carried it away. Again and again the doll looked into the water, but could no longer see anything. Her beautiful face was gone. Since then, the doll must fulfill its purpose - to play with children, and maybe for this the Great Spirit will forgive her and return her face.