It is generally accepted that the beginning of the Scythian culture is determined in the 7th century. BC, and the period of the 7th-6th centuries, well distinguished by archaeological monuments. BC. consider and call the early Scythian time.
Meanwhile, back in 1953, A.A. Jessen convincingly showed that the so-called. The “early Scythian time” is preceded by a period whose quite peculiar monuments characterize a special stage of the culture of the early Iron Age in our European south, date back to the 8th-7th centuries. BC. and represent "the initial stage in the development of Scythian culture in the broad sense of the term." The main provisions of the work of A.A. Jessen were accepted in our science, were further developed, but his final thesis about the initial stage of the Scythian culture did not receive recognition - the period of the VIII-VII centuries. BC. usually called Cimmerian or pre-Scythian and is not included in the concept of Scythian culture.
Regardless of which specific tribes left certain groups of monuments of the 8th-7th centuries. BC. in the Northern Black Sea region, it must be admitted, following Jessen, that in the steppes of Our South a Scythian culture has already formed, or rather, cultures of the Scythian-Siberian types. After all, the arrows in these monuments are already quite Scythian types. Swords and daggers are closer to the Scythian 7th-6th centuries. BC, but not to the Late Bronze Age. Also, bronze bits, cheek-pieces and much more - everything belongs to the initial forms of the Scythian types of things. And although all these things are well distinguishable from the "early Scythian things" of the 7th-6th centuries. BC, but differ from them to the same extent as these latter are distinguishable from the things of the heyday of the Scythian culture of the 5th-3rd centuries. BC.
Archaeologists of Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia, relying on Eastern European parallels, they dated all their monuments of early nomads of the archaic type to a time no earlier than the 7th century. BC. This is how ideas about the Aral Sea Saks of the 7th-5th centuries were created. BC, about the Tasmolin culture in Kazakhstan and the Mayemir stage in Altai in the 7th-6th centuries. BC, although some authors in some cases suggested earlier dates - IX-VII centuries. BC.
Ideas about the 7th century BC. as the date of the beginning of the Scythian culture are very strong in our minds, but we need to get rid of them and re-examine all the relevant archaeological material. Then we will be convinced that the monuments of the Scythian-Siberian appearance, which can be identified as the IX-VII centuries. BC, are already known in many areas of the Great Steppe Belt. First of all, this is the royal burial mound Arzhan. Characterized by him early stage cultures of the Scythian type in Tuva are a phenomenon common to the wide expanses of the steppe zone. Let's call this period (IX-VII centuries BC) the Arzhan-Chernogorov phase of the development of the Scythian-Siberian cultures.
Widespread in Tuva (as well as in the steppes of the Black Sea region and other regions) three-fluted plaques (Fig. 1-6 ) and plaques from wild boar tusks (Fig. , 7-26 ), the former were made of white argillite, greenish semi-precious antigorite and gilded wood, the latter were of various shapes - round, binary, comma-shaped and butterfly-shaped;
The existing Scythian-Siberian animal style, represented by images of animals "on tiptoe", sculpted figures of argali on the tops, a predator rolled in a circle, i.e. "Panther" (Fig.);
Deer stones of the Mongolian type, in full form representing the figure of a warrior with a conditionally schematically shown cap, earrings, three oblique lines instead of a face, a necklace, a belt with a dagger, bow and ax hung on it, often covered with many silhouette images of animals, mainly deer, distributed in different variants far west to Bulgaria and Romania;
Petroglyphs (images of deer and other animals in the same peculiar style as on deer stones - "on tiptoe", in a gallop, with an unnaturally elongated muzzle, similar to a long bird's beak, in various combinations and compositions).
All this, except for the animal style, is also characteristic of the steppes of the far west, for the so-called "Cimmerian" or "pre-Scythian" time in the Northern Black Sea region.
The initial, Arzhan-Chernogorovskaya, phase of the development of the Scythian-Siberian cultures has been most fully and deeply studied in the region of the Russian-Ukrainian steppes of the Northern Black Sea region. A great merit in this belongs to A.I. Terenozhkin, who published a number of articles and a special
monograph on the question of the Cimmerians. In the steppes of our south, burial grounds of the 8th-7th centuries. BC. unknown. Graves were usually built one at a time on separate hills or mounds (ancient barrows), less often two on one hill (5 cases) and even more rarely three on a hill (3 cases) or on two neighboring hills (2 cases). Only in one case was a burial ground discovered and investigated, consisting of seven (or maybe only three?) Small mounds of the "pre-Scythian" time (the village of Suvorovo, Odessa region). Men were often buried with weapons, as well as with a bridle and a saddle, sometimes placed separately outside the grave. The material from the burials is typologically heterogeneous.
Daggers and swords three types: 1 - iron with a bronze (cross-shaped) handle, the pommel of which is mushroom-shaped, the guard is straight with long wings; 2 - iron and bimetallic with a characteristic guard with sharp corners of the wings lowered down (Kabardino-Balkarian type); 3 - bronze with a mushroom-shaped pommel and with a flat guard, the lowered wings of which have acquired the shape of parallelograms. The first two types are of North Caucasian origin, the third is close to Asian forms.
Bronze arrowheads are close to the set of arrows in Arzhan, like the Arzhan ones, they belong to the early Scythian forms.
Stone drilled hatchet, hatchet-hammer, cylindrical hammers and bronze axes of the boar [ Koban] type - all are similar to the North Caucasian.
A bridle with a bit with stirrup-shaped rings and cheek-pieces of the Chernogorov, Kamyshevakh and Tsimbal types is characteristic. The first two types are similar to the corresponding forms of the Sayan-Altai cheek-pieces, the third was common in Ciscaucasia. Along with this, North Caucasian types of bridles are common, the ringed bits of which are equipped with a hole for fastening with cheek-pieces - the so-called "two-ringed bits" with a small ring-hole at the base of a slightly larger ring (Fig. 6, 8 ), and cheek-pieces are three-looped with a characteristic curved lobe. Other North Caucasian types of bridles have also been encountered. Saddles are represented by spring buckles, also of the North Caucasian type - a pair of large rings with a plaque loop for attaching to a belt (Fig. 7 ) and with a more complex device for attaching and fastening the belt (Fig. , 21 ).
So in Tuva, all kinds of three-fluted plaques are common, white argillite, from a horse’s tooth, bronze in complex compositions of strap plaques, in bits and as a dagger pommel (Fig. 1-6 ), as well as plaques from boar tusks, which are usually incorrectly called bone plaques in publications (Fig. 9-20 ).
Club-shaped figures are widespread in different versions, the basis of which is a circle framed on four sides by mushroom-shaped hats in profile (Fig. 21-24, 30, 32 ). They are usually called a "diamond-shaped sign", taking the background between the circle and the caps, which has the shape of an ace of diamonds, for a rhombus, or " solar symbol". There are also peculiar lunar plaques in the form of three to seven circles arranged along an arc, sometimes paired (Fig. 25-31 ), and, finally, spiral ornaments (Fig. , 33 ).
In the last decade, a small series of anthropomorphic stelae has become known in the Crimea, Kharkov region, Bulgaria and Romania, strikingly close to the deer stones of Mongolia and the Sayan-Altai. A hat, a necklace, earrings, a belt with a weapon and other details of the schematic image of a warrior are carved on them using similar techniques. Not only deer.
The Northern Black Sea region appears to us at the time of the initial phase of the development of the culture of the Scythian-Siberian tribes as an original ethno-cultural formation, which was formed, however, in interaction with the cultures of other regions of the steppes, including very remote ones. The closest cultural connection should be assumed with the tribes of the North Caucasus and Ciscaucasia. Over time, with the accumulation of material, the region under consideration can probably be divided into several separate cultural and historical regions, which, however, some researchers are already planning.
Another large ethno-cultural region is the North Caucasus and Ciscaucasia. Several local cultures are well distinguished here. In our analysis, however, it is more convenient to consider it as a whole. Burial grounds have been studied here, sometimes consisting of dozens of graves, most of which have not yet been published or have been published only selectively. The region is characterized by daggers of the two already mentioned North Caucasian types (Fig. 3, 4, 6- 5 ) and arrowheads of early Scythian types. Note the daggers with a spiral ornament on a bronze hilt from the Mebelnaya fabrika 1 burial ground near Kislovodsk (Fig. 7 ) and the village of Abazdekhskaya in the Kuban region. Analogies to such a decor of the handle, as we will see below, are far in the East.
The male graves of the Kislovodsk group of burial grounds usually contain one of the following items, apparently of a prestigious nature (signs that their owner belongs to a certain social category?): a stone hatchet (Fig. 9, 10 ); stone cylindrical hammer (Fig., 11, 12 ); the same bronze hammer (Fig. 13, 14 ); bronze hatchet-hammer (fig., 15 ); bronze ax of the Koban type (fig., 16 ); bronze or silver mace (fig., 17, 18, 20 ) or, finally, a miniature club-shaped object (Fig. 19 ). Here you can clearly see that it was the mace that served as the prototype for the club-shaped ornamental figures (possibly of magical or sacred significance), the so-called "diamond-shaped signs" (compare, for example, fig. 17 and fig. , 21, 22 ). Some of the listed items are already noted above in the steppes. They are also known in the East - in Kazakhstan and Tuva.
The bridle is usually of the North Caucasian type with characteristic ring-shaped bits with a hole for a cheek-piece and with three-loop cheek-pieces. A loop with a plaque for a rein is usually inserted into the round ring of the bit. In addition, as in the Northern Black Sea region, bits with a stirrup-shaped ring and cheek-pieces of the Chernogorov, Kamyshevakh and Tsimbal types and girth buckles are common. Three-fluted plaques and plaques from wild boar tusks were found as bridle ornaments (Fig. 1, 2, 5 ). Quite often there are "moons" and club-shaped figures.
Now it has become known, although still small, but still a series of so-called deer stones, even closer to the Mongolian ones, but, as in the Northern Black Sea region, without deer (Fig.). They constitute a stylistically unique group of stelae, which differ both from those of the North Black Sea and from Asia.
In general, the North Caucasus and Ciscaucasia at the time under consideration were a vast area inhabited by tribes close in culture, who preserved and developed their local traditions, but in many respects adopted the main features of the culture of the early nomads of the Arzhan-Chernogorov phase common to all steppe tribes. Closer contacts can be traced with the tribes of the Black Sea steppe.
The third region, attributed to the Aral Sea Sakas, is known to us from two extensive burial mounds (Tagisken and Uygarlyk [ Uygarak]), located in the valley of the river. Syr Darya. The remains of the buried usually lie on the ancient surface of the earth. Above them, some kind of wooden-earthen construction of a pillar structure was arranged. The feet of the buried men contained a bit, a pair of girth buckles, and belt plaques. These are obviously the remains of a bridle and a saddle placed in the grave. The weapons are different from the previous areas. Bronze and iron daggers with a wide oval guard. Arrowheads are predominantly trihedral and three-bladed, petiolate - forms that originated in Kazakhstan and Central Asia as early as the Late Bronze Age. There are also socketed arrowheads with a rhombic and lanceolate nib of early Scythian types. Bronze ones were found - a cylindrical hammer of the North Caucasian type, a mace. There are bronze and iron all-metal knives, including those with a ring-top, a form typical of the eastern regions.
Excellent and bridle. A bit with a round and stirrup-shaped ring, usually strict, with rows of tubercles along the shaft. Chest-pieces are rarely bronze and horn. They were usually made, apparently, from unstable materials (wood, thick leather) and therefore have not been preserved - only bits are often found in the graves. Characteristic are peculiar bridle devices with cheek-pieces put on the “stirrup” bit, for which the middle hole in the cheek-piece was made oblong, and the “stirrup” was supplied with an emphasis at its base. Sometimes the cheek-pieces and the link for the bit were cast as a single unit.
Spring buckles are also peculiar - a pair of rings with a frame on the side for a belt. One ring is smooth, the other has a hoof-stud for fastening the belt. There are numerous bronze belt plaques and threads. Club-shaped figurines are common.
Plaques, buckles and other items are often decorated in the Scythian-Siberian animal style - a deer, a mountain goat, a predator, a bird, etc.: "on tiptoe", in a gallop, coiled into a ring.
The fourth vast region is Central, part of Northern Kazakhstan. Here, at many points, small groups of burial mounds of the Tasmolin culture, close to the culture of the Sakas of the Aral region, have been explored. In soil burial pits, men were usually buried with a bridle and a saddle. Sometimes the head of a horse with a bridle put on it was put in the grave (or maybe it was the skin of a horse with a skull left in it?).
Bronze daggers with a wide guard, approaching in shape to butterfly-shaped ones, are peculiar. Knives are usually with a pommel in the form of a small ring. The arrowheads are similar to the Aral ones.
A bit with a hole or with a loop hole at the base of the stirrup-shaped ring is characteristic, which is a special device for rigidly attaching the cheek-piece to the bit with a strap (Fig. 6, 7, 12 ). In one case, at the base of the usual stirrup-shaped ring, a part of the strap was preserved, with which the cheek-piece was tied in the same way as in Arzhan (Fig. 11 ). As in the Aral Sea region, there is a bit with an emphasis for the cheek-piece at the base of the stirrup and a cheek-piece with an oblong oval middle hole (Fig. 5 ). There are simply three-hole cheek-pieces, bronze and horn (Fig. 1, 3 ). Often there are only bits in the grave - cheek-pieces, apparently, were wooden or leather. In general, similar versions of the bridle device were common in Central Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea region.
The images of animals in bronze, gold and horn items are diverse (mountain goat, wild boar, predator). To the monuments of Tasmolinskaya
culture should also include the drawings of marching deer carved on the rocks of Arpauzen-V in the foothills of the Karatau ridge. A bronze plaque with a club-shaped figure was found in one of the complexes.
Interesting, but extremely few, monuments of different regions of Central Asia, similar to the Aral Sea and Tasmolin. This is, first of all, a find in Semirechie, in the Bizhe tract, a complex of 4 bridles and a pair of bronze tops. The bit of two bridles with a hole at the base of the stirrup-shaped ring with three-hole cheek-pieces, two other bridles with an emphasis for fixing the cheek-piece and cheek-pieces with an oval middle hole. In the Tien Shan, the discovery of a bridle complex on the lake has long been known. Issyk-Kul. A bit with an emphasis for a cheek-piece, a cheek-piece of a peculiar shape with two eyelets on the reverse side and a middle oval hole for the bit ring. Plaques and conical fasteners with a characteristic "knot" ornament. An interesting ring plaque with the image of six animals marching in a circle. West along the river Talas, on the rocks, discovered a series of petroglyphs - deer, wild boars, predators, bulls, etc. - all depicted in the early Scythian-Siberian style. In the Pamir Mountains, a small burial ground, Pamirskaya 1, and several burial mounds at other points have been explored. The buried in one barrow was lying, apparently, with his head on the saddle (a bronze girth buckle and several belt plaques were found around the skull), and a bridle was placed on the side of the belt. The bits with a hole in the base are stirrup-shaped, the cheek-pieces are three-loop. The fastening of the cheek-piece to the bits with a strap, threaded into the hole of the bit and into the middle loop of the cheek-piece and tied at both ends with a knot, has been preserved. Iron knives and daggers and bronze arrowheads of the Tasmolin-Aral type. Bronze plaques are made in the Scythian-Siberian animal style (mountain goat and predator). There is a club-shaped figurine.
The cultural and historical affiliation of the listed monuments and some others, less expressive, is not yet completely clear. Some of them, perhaps, should be attributed to the Tasmolin culture. It is possible that in Kazakhstan and Central Asia, over time, several separate close and related cultures will be established, constituting one vast cultural community. It is possible that the steppes of Kazakhstan and Central Asia represented at the time under consideration a large ethno-cultural region, different from the North Caucasian and Black Sea steppe regions.
The fifth region or region is the steppes and forest-steppes to the west and north of Altai. The main archaeological material here comes mainly from ground burials with relatively poor grave goods. So, in the Western foothills of Altai along the river. The Irtysh is aware of a large series of graves in the vast Zevakino burial ground, close to the Bolsherechenskaya culture sites on the Upper Ob and near the city of Tomsk. At the same time, there are monuments of a completely Tasmolin appearance (burials of Kamyshin and Chisty Yar). These two heterogeneous groups of monuments are united by me according to their territorial and chronological proximity, but they undoubtedly belong to different ethnic or social groups of the population of the same territory. In general, the western foothills are characterized by bronze lamellar knives with a ring-shaped pommel, already familiar to us from Tasmolin, and with a semi-ring pommel (“with an arch on a bracket”), socketed bronze arrowheads with a rhombic feather. A three-fluted argillite plaque, a bronze plaque with the image of a predator folded into a circle, and bronze belt piercings with a club-shaped figure were found.
A settlement of the Bolsherechenskaya culture and three soil burial grounds belonging to it were studied on the Upper Ob. In addition, bronze bits and a pair of pommel with the figure of a deer were accidentally found in the village. Headquarters near the city of Barnaul and at different points - a small series of bronze tools. Judging by these monuments, three-fluted plaques (argillite, bronze and from beaver chisels), bronze socketed arrowheads with a rhombic feather, and daggers with a mushroom-shaped hat and a flat guard, straight or with wings down, were common on the Upper Ob. Remarkable is such a dagger, found near the city of Biysk, with a spiral, as in the North Caucasus (Fig., 7 ), the ornament of the handle.
Very close to the Bolsherechensky monuments in the region of Tomsk and the adjacent part of the Novosibirsk region, now singled out as an independent Zavyalovo culture. For our topic, the most interesting is the Tomsk burial ground, the main monument of culture. It is characterized by bronze knives and daggers of the same types as on the Upper Ob and Western Altai. Bronze chasings and a yoke-shaped object of unknown purpose, similar to those characteristic of the Baino stage in the steppes of the Minusinsk Basin.
In the sixth region, in Altai, there are several, usually stone, graves in small burial grounds (Kurtu, Ust-Kuyum, etc.), a rather large series of deer stones in the southeastern part of the mountain range, as well as petroglyphs and random finds of bronze objects. A riding horse with a bridle was buried in a separate grave arranged for him, next to the grave of his owner. A bridle without a bit. The cheek-pieces, usually horn, are close to those of Arzhan and Chernogorovsk. Characteristic are long daggers with a mushroom-shaped pommel and a straight guard, similar to the cruciform daggers of the Northern Black Sea region and Ciscaucasia, or with a flat guard, the wings of which look like lowered parallelograms, similar to the third type of daggers of the Northern Black Sea region. Among the random finds, we note a three-groove argillite plaque and bronze mirrors with a vertical border along the edge and a flat loop on the reverse side, including the well-known Bukhtarma mirror depicting five deer and a mountain goat in a “on tiptoe” pose.
Images of animals in the Scythian-Siberian style are presented in bronze and gold items, on deer stones and in rock paintings. Deer stones, like the Tuvan ones, are of the Mongolian type, but not so magnificently decorated with figures of deer and other animals. Usually this is a very laconic image of a warrior, whose image is limited to only some symbols and sometimes comes down to only three oblique lines on one side and a ring on the other two, or to a series of dots (necklace) encircling the upper part of the stone, and three lines above it, etc. .d. On the rocks, silhouette drawings of deer, horses and other animals are given in a pose standing "on tiptoe" and in a gallop.
In general, the archaeological materials of Altai for the period under consideration are still completely insufficient and fragmentary. One can only see that this most interesting region of the “Scythian steppe world”, the culture of the early nomads of which is well known from the later famous Pazyryk-type royal burial mounds, experienced the initial phase of the development of the culture of the Scythian-Siberian tribes common to all steppe peoples, but to make up at least some we cannot yet have a complete idea of the uniqueness of the Altai tribes of that time, which undoubtedly took place.
The seventh region, the Minusinsk steppe basin, has been better studied in archaeological terms than all other regions of Siberia and Kazakhstan. Fenced off on three sides outside world difficult-to-pass mountain ranges of Altai and Sayan, the ancient population of the basin consistently developed its culture over many historical periods in original original forms, preserving their local traditions for centuries and, at the same time, in constant contact with the surrounding nomadic tribes. Still remaining semi-nomadic, with a yailage-type economy, but not nomadic, the ancient population of the period under consideration, here called the Baino stage of the Tagar culture, had much in common in its culture with the nomadic tribes of the open steppes.
The main sources for studying the culture of the Baino stage are burial grounds containing up to 20-30 graves of the original device in each, and random finds of bronze items. Men and women were buried equally in stone boxes made of massive sandstone slabs. Each grave was surrounded by a small square fence built from the same vertically placed slabs. The graves of the tribal and tribal nobility were distinguished by their significant size, a more complex construction of a stone grave structure, and somewhat richer inventory. Unlike all other regions, neither a horse nor a harness was buried with the dead. Weapons and tools, except for a knife, are rare in the graves. They are known mainly from chance finds. Characteristic are daggers with a mushroom-shaped or annular handle pommel and with a flat rectangular guard, lamellar knives with a pommel in the form of a ring or half ring. Bronze chasings were common, similar to those found in Arzhan, and chasings of a peculiar form and axes with a beak-shaped bent heel. There are no finds of bridle sets. Among random finds there are numerous bits with a stirrup ring and the same with a hole in the base of the stirrup, as in Kazakhstan. The graves contained bronze yoke-shaped objects, similar to those found in the Tomsk burial ground, and three-fluted argillite plaques. There is a small series of images of animals made in the Scythian-Siberian style. These are figurines of a deer and a mountain goat in a pose “on tiptoe” on the handles of bronze knives, similar to the Tuvan one from Turan (Fig. 4 ), figures of predators inscribed in a circle, etc.
The eighth region - Tuva - was considered at the beginning of this article mainly based on the materials of the Arzhan kurgan.
The ninth region adjacent to it - Mongolia - is very poorly explored. A huge number of deer stones are known, small number random finds of bronze items and petroglyphs. This is undoubtedly a special area, different from the neighboring ones considered, with somewhat peculiar forms of the few items known to us so far. Deer stones are the most numerous and varied. They were discovered and studied by V.V. Volkov and E.A. Novgorodova over 500, but only a small part has been published. Many of them, almost over the entire surface, are filled with silhouette images of deer, sometimes other animals in characteristic style, pose and composition. In the same style and in the same poses, but in different compositions, deer and other animals were also depicted on the rocks. Mongolia, apparently, was the center of the formation of a magnificent style in monumental art, in the images on the stone of the silhouettes of a deer, as well as a goat, predators, a wild boar and other animals.
but, hopefully, in time they will be opened, since those stored in different countries world, in museums and in the hands of private owners of the collection of "Ordos bronzes" contain some things that are clearly Arzhan-Montenegrin circle. Acquired from finders and plunderers of ancient graves, they are all without passports, even their origin is not always reliable.
journey from the Ordos. Of these, we note only the latest novelty, recently acquired National Museum in Tokyo - a collection of bronze knives found in Ordos. Among them there are several, undoubtedly, of interest to us. These are lamellar knives with a handle directly cut off at the top or with a pommel in the form of a half-ring and other shapes, characteristic of the Sayan-Altai. Their hilt is decorated on both sides
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Mikhail Petrovich Gryaznov(March 13, 1902, Berezov, Tobolsk province, Russia - August 18, 1987, Leningrad, USSR) - Soviet historian, archaeologist, anthropologist.
Biography
Mikhail Gryaznov was born into the family of a city school inspector. He graduated from the 2nd real school in Tomsk, in 1919 he entered the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Tomsk University. In the summer of 1920, while rafting along the Yenisei with a classmate, also a future ethnographer, Evgeny Shneider, he met archaeologist Sergei Teploukhov, who was excavating near the village of Bateni. From this casual acquaintance, Gryaznov began his passion for archeology.
On November 29, 1933, Gryaznov, like many of his colleagues, including Teploukhov, was arrested in the case of the "Russian National Party" ("Case of the Slavists"). He was sentenced to three years of exile in Vyatka. After returning to Leningrad in 1937, he worked in the Hermitage. During the war, Gryaznov lived in evacuation in Sverdlovsk, where he defended his candidate (January 1945) and doctoral (June of the same year) dissertations.
After the end of the war, he returned to Leningrad again, worked in the Hermitage and (head of the sector of Central Asia and the Caucasus). In 1956, the scientist was rehabilitated. Gryaznov continued to actively engage in science until the end of his life, went on expeditions. In particular, in 1971-1974, he excavated the early Scythian mound Arzhan (VIII-VII centuries BC), and came up with a hypothesis about the Asian origin of the Scythian culture.
The main scientific works are devoted to the study of the activities, culture and economic way of life of nomads in the territory of modern Kazakhstan, Central Asia and Western Siberia in the Bronze Age, the history of the Saks, Massagets and Usuns.
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An excerpt characterizing Gryaznov, Mikhail Petrovich
But soon, after some six months, good news came to them - mom was pregnant again ... Dad was frightened at first, but seeing that mom suddenly began to revive very quickly, he decided to take risks, and now everyone is looking forward to they were expecting a second child... This time they were very careful, and tried in every possible way to protect their mother from any unwanted accidents. But, unfortunately, trouble, apparently for some reason, fell in love with this hospitable door ... And she knocked again ...With a fright, knowing the sad story of my mother's first pregnancy, and fearing that something would go “wrong” again, the doctors decided to perform a “caesarean section” even before the contractions began (!). And apparently they did it too early ... One way or another, a girl was born, who was named Marianna. But, unfortunately, she also managed to live for a very short time - after three days this fragile, slightly blossoming life, for unknown reasons, was interrupted ...
There was a terrible impression that someone really did not want her mother to give birth at all ... And although by nature and genetics she was a strong and absolutely suitable woman for childbearing, she was already afraid to even think about repeating such a cruel attempt once generally...
But man is a creature, surprisingly strong, and is able to endure much more than he himself could ever imagine ... Well, pain, even the most terrible, (if it does not immediately break the heart) is once visible blunted, forced out, eternally living in each of us, hope. That is why, exactly one year later, very easily and without any complications, in the early December morning, another daughter was born to the Seryogin family, and I turned out to be this happy daughter ... But ... and this birth would certainly have ended differently happily, if everything continued to happen according to the pre-prepared plan of our “compassionate” doctors ... On a cold December morning, my mother was taken to the hospital, even before she had contractions, in order, again, to “be sure” that “ nothing bad will happen (!!!) ... Dad, wildly nervous from "bad feelings", rushed back and forth along the long hospital corridor, unable to calm down, because he knew that, according to their common agreement, mom did such try for the last time and if something happens to the child this time, it means that they will never be destined to see their children ... The decision was difficult, but dad preferred to see, if not children, then at least his beloved " asterisk "alive, and not bury all his family at once, even in our standing still without understanding what it really means - his family ...
To my father’s great regret, Dr. Ingelyavichus, who was still the chief surgeon there, again came to check on my mother, and it was very, very difficult to avoid his “high” attention ... Having “carefully” examined my mother, Ingelyavichus announced that he would come tomorrow at 6 o'clock in the morning, to give mom another "caesarean section", for which poor dad almost had a heart attack ...
But about five o'clock in the morning, a very pleasant young midwife came to my mother and, much to my mother's surprise, cheerfully said:
- Well, let's get ready, now we will give birth!
When the frightened mother asked - what about the doctor? The woman, calmly looking into her eyes, affectionately replied that, in her opinion, it was high time for her mother to give birth to live (!) Children ... And she began to gently and carefully massage her mother’s stomach, as if gradually preparing her for a “soon and happy” childbearing ... And now, with light hand to this wonderful unknown midwife, at about six o'clock in the morning, my mother easily and quickly gave birth to her first living child, which, fortunately, turned out to be me.
- Well, look at this doll, mom! - the midwife exclaimed merrily, bringing her mother already washed and clean, a small screaming bundle. And the mother, seeing for the first time her, alive and healthy, little daughter ... fainted with joy ...
When exactly at six o'clock in the morning Dr. Ingelyavichus entered the ward, a wonderful picture appeared before his eyes - a very happy couple was lying on the bed - it was my mother and me, her living newborn daughter ... But instead of being glad for such an unexpected happy the end, the doctor for some reason went into a real rage and, without saying a word, jumped out of the ward ...
We never found out what really happened with all the "tragically unusual" births of my poor, suffering mother. But one thing was clear for sure - someone really did not want at least one mother's child to be born alive into this world. But apparently the one who so carefully and reliably protected me all my later life, this time he decided to prevent the death of the Seregins' child, somehow knowing that he would certainly be the last in this family ...
This is how, “with obstacles,” my amazing and unusual life, the appearance of which, even before my birth, was preparing for me, even then quite complicated and unpredictable, fate ....
Or maybe it was someone who then already knew that my life would be needed by someone and for something, and someone tried very hard so that I was still born on this earth, despite all the “heavy obstacles...
As time went. My tenth winter already completely dominated the yard, covering everything around with a snow-white fluffy cover, as if wanting to show that a full-fledged mistress on this moment she is here.
More and more people entered the stores to stock up on New Year's gifts in advance, and even the air already "smelled" of the holiday.
Two of my favorite days were approaching - my birthday and New Year, between which there was only a two-week difference, which allowed me to fully enjoy their "celebration", without any big break ...
For days on end I was spinning “in reconnaissance” near my grandmother, trying to find out what I would get on my “special” day this year? .. But for some reason my grandmother did not give in, although before it had never been difficult for me to “melt” her silence even before my birthday and find out what kind of "pleasure" I can expect. But this year, for some reason, to all my “hopeless” attempts, my grandmother only smiled mysteriously and answered that it was a “surprise”, and that she was absolutely sure that I would like it very much. So, no matter how hard I tried, she held firm and did not succumb to any provocations. There was nowhere to go - I had to wait ...
Mikhail Petrovich Gryaznov(March 13, 1902, Berezov, Tobolsk province, Russia - August 18, 1987, Leningrad, USSR) - Soviet historian, archaeologist, anthropologist.
Biography
Mikhail Gryaznov was born into the family of a city school inspector. He graduated from the 2nd real school in Tomsk, in 1919 he entered the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Tomsk University. In the summer of 1920, while rafting down the Yenisei with a classmate, also a future ethnographer, Yevgeny Shneider, he met archaeologist Sergei Teploukhov, who was excavating near the village of Bateni. From this casual acquaintance, Gryaznov began his passion for archeology.
Under the leadership of Sergei Rudenko and Sergei Teploukhov, he worked at Tomsk University, in the spring of 1922 a group of scientists (Gryaznov, Teploukhov, Rudenko, Schneider) moved to Petrograd. Gryaznov transferred to Petrograd University, which he never graduated from (1925), worked at the Academy of the History of Material Culture. He conducted excavations near Tomsk, led expeditions to South Siberia and Kazakhstan, and in 1929 excavated the Pazyryk mound in the Altai Mountains.
On November 29, 1933, Gryaznov, like many of his colleagues, including Teploukhov, was arrested in the case of the "Russian National Party" ("The Case of the Slavists"). He was sentenced to three years of exile in Vyatka. After returning to Leningrad in 1937, he worked in the Hermitage. During the war, Gryaznov lived in evacuation in Sverdlovsk, where he defended his candidate (January 1945) and doctoral (June of the same year) dissertations.
After the end of the war, he returned to Leningrad again, worked in the Hermitage and the Institute of the History of Material Culture (head of the sector of Central Asia and the Caucasus). In 1956, the scientist was rehabilitated. Gryaznov continued to actively engage in science until the end of his life, went on expeditions. In particular, in 1971-1974, he excavated the Arzhan mound (VIII-VII centuries BC) in Tuva, and came up with a hypothesis about the Asian origin of the Scythian culture.
The main scientific works are devoted to the study of the activities, culture and economic way of life of nomads in the territory of modern Kazakhstan, Central Asia and Western Siberia in the Bronze Age, the history of the Sakas, Massagets and Usuns.
Awards
Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR for 1983. He was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor.
Compositions
- The prehistoric past of Altai: (The work of the Altai expedition of the State Russian Museum in 1924-25) // Nature. 1926. No. 9/10. pp. 97-98;
- Stone statues of the Minusinsk steppes // (The work of the Altai expedition of the State Russian Museum in 1924-25) // Nature. 1926. No. 11/12. pp. 100-105 (together with E. R. Schneider);
- Burials of the Bronze Age in Western Kazakhstan // Cossacks: Materials of OKISAR. 1927. Issue 2. S. 172-221;
- Excavation of a princely grave in Altai // Man. 1928. No. 2/4. pp. 217-219;
- Ancient statues of the Minusinsk steppes // ME. 1929. Vol. 4, no. 2. - L., 1929. S. 63-96 (together with E. R. Schneider);
- Pazyryk princely burial in Altai // Nature. 1929. No. 11. S. 973-984;
- Kazakhstan hearth bronze culture// Cossacks: Materials OKISAR. 1930. Issue 3. S. 149-162;
- Gold of East Kazakhstan and Altai // Archaeological work of the Academy of Sciences on new buildings in 1932-33. - M, 1935
- Pazyryk barrow. - L., 1937 (with parallel French text);
- Ancient Bronze of the Minusinsk Steppes // Proceedings of the Department of History primitive culture State Hermitage. 1941. T. 1. S. 237-271;
- The first Pazyryk burial mound. - L., 1950;
- ancient art Altai. - L., 1958;
- Tagar culture // History of Siberia. - L., 1968. T. 1. S. 159-165, 180-196;
- Miniatures of the Tashtyk culture // Archaeological collection of the Hermitage. Issue 13. - L., 1971. S. 94-106;
- Arzhan - the royal mound of the early Scythian time. - L., 1980;
- The initial phase of the development of the Scythian-Siberian cultures // Archeology of Southern Siberia. Kemerovo, 1983;
- Sibirie du Sud. Geneve, 1969 (French, German and English edition) // Archaeologia Mundi.
