André Jacques Garnerin, the first skydiver, was born in Paris in 1769. During the Great french revolution Garnerin served in the army, was taken prisoner. Returning to his homeland in 1797, in front of the eyes of the Parisian public, he took to the air in a balloon filled with hydrogen, and from a height of less than a kilometer jumped down on a round white silk parachute with a diameter of about 7 meters.
Garnerin traveled around Europe and surprised the audience with tricks. Jeanne Geneviève, his wife, who worked with him, also went down in history: in 1799 she became the first woman parachutist.
In 1803, Garnerin also reached Russia: in July, he covered the distance from Vasilievsky Island to Malaya Okhta in a balloon in St. Ostafyevo.
The aeronaut died on August 18, 1823, having received an accidental blow to the head with a wooden beam in preparation for the next flight.
In 1865, the famous Russian philanthropist and patron of the arts Alexei Bakhrushin was born.
Aleksey Aleksandrovich allocated funds both for the creation of a domestic air fleet and for various medical experiments, but the main business of his life was collecting objects and attributes related to the theater and its history. For his charitable work and assistance to the state, he received the rank of real state councilor and the title of honorary citizen of Moscow.
The Literary and Theater Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences - under this name, in 1894, a museum was opened in Zamoskvorechye, which today we call Bakhrushinsky, after the name of its creator. This museum exists to this day and is considered the largest in the world in terms of funds.
And it all started like this. One day, in the company of young people, Alexei Bakhrushin's cousin Kupriyanov began to show off all sorts of theatrical relics he had collected - posters, photographs, random souvenirs bought from antique dealers, etc. Bakhrushin, however, was not impressed by all these variegated acquisitions. In order for the collection to be of value, he said, it is necessary not only to buy things from sellers, but to look for them yourself, provided that you have a deep personal interest in the subject. Otherwise, it will be empty work.
Kupriyanov flared up, began to praise his "treasures", Bakhrushin also boiled up. Word for word...
- Yes, I'll collect more than yours in a month! Alexei Alexandrovich announced.
The offended cousin offered a wager. It was concluded in front of numerous witnesses and was won in due time. So blind chance (or perhaps providence itself?) prompted young Bakhrushin to the main thing of his life.
By that time, he had very little experience in collecting. I tried to collect Japanese things, then everything that had to do with Napoleon. But it was only a tribute to fashion, transient, accidental. Now self-esteem was affected, I did not want to be defeated in a dispute.
Bakhrushin rushed to second-hand book dealers, antique dealers, every Sunday he went to Sukharevka. Amazing finds awaited him there.
Over the years, collecting turned into a passion - Alexey Alexandrovich thought only about his collection, he could only talk about it. Friends were surprised, laughed at his eccentricity, shrugged their shoulders - well, who could then imagine that the "theatrical nonsense", diligently collected by Bakhrushin, would become a valuable tool for studying the history of domestic and foreign theater?
Who could have imagined, for example, that Bakhrushin's predilection for ballet shoes (how many witticisms were made about this!) would make it possible in the future to visually trace how ballet technique developed. The thin shoes of Fanny Elsler and Maria Taglioni tightly fitted the ballerina's leg in early XIX centuries and made her dance truly airy. Then a cork sock appeared in the shoe - he helped the ballerinas to do the most difficult dance moves. The beginning of the 20th century brought an amazing innovation - a steel toe, which made it possible to bring the ballet technique to the utmost perfection.
The collection grew and grew. The house swelled with things, books, papers. In 1913, his father gave the former royal mansion at the disposal of Alexei Alexandrovich, but he was soon filled to the brim with relics. Bakhrushin was constantly sorting through, laying out his treasures, sorting them into departments: theatrical, musical instruments, composers, literary, ethnographic, etc.
“When the conviction was established in me that my collection had reached those limits under which I no longer considered myself entitled to dispose of its materials, I thought about the question whether I, the son of the great Russian people, should not provide this collection for the benefit of this people,” - Bakhrushin uttered these words on a memorable day for him - November 25, 1913, when his collection was transferred Russian Academy Sciences.
After the revolution, Alexei Alexandrovich did not leave his homeland. He could not imagine parting with his creation, the work of his life. The Bolsheviks kept Theater Museum, and since 1918 it began to bear the name of Bakhrushin, its founder and head. Thus, Bakhrushin became one of the very few Moscow philanthropists whose activities - in the same capacity as before the revolution - continued under Soviet rule. Director for life - he remained in this post until the last hour, and Alexei Alexandrovich died in 1919.
In 1887, at the age of 24, Semyon Yakovlevich Nadson died of tuberculosis in Yalta. Who will remember this name today? But at one time he was extremely popular, his book "Poems", published in 1885, sold out instantly and went through three editions in the first year. All of Nadson's performances with poetry readings were invariably accompanied by a resounding success.
Dmitry Merezhkovsky responded to the death of the young poet:
Poets in Russia do not like to live long:
They rush like an instant meteor,
They are in a hurry to put out their torch,
Suppressed by darkness and slavery and shame.
Their fate is to die in mute despair;
They are destined to die, as soon as they flashed,
From vicious slander, treacherous bullet
Or in deaf exile...
February. Get ink and cry!
Write about February sobbing,
While the rumbling slush
In the spring it burns black.
Everyone knows these lines of Boris Pasternak. And here is how Valery Bryusov, who wrote the poem “February” on January 31, 1907, met the arrival of the second month of winter:
A moment between light and shadow!
A day between winter and spring!
I obey the movement
Songs that float with me.
In 1909, Vladimir Mayakovsky, who was not even 16 years old, was arrested for participating in the preparations for the escape of political convicts from the Novinsky prison. By that time, Mayakovsky had already been a member of the RSDLP for a year. Once he was even arrested, but was soon released. This time, Vladimir had to spend six months in prison. After leaving Butyrka, he retired from revolutionary activity and took up painting and literature.
In 1865, the famous Russian philanthropist and patron of the arts was born
Aleksey Aleksandrovich allocated funds both for the creation of a domestic air fleet and for various medical experiments, but the main business of his life was collecting objects and attributes related to the theater and its history. For his charitable work and assistance to the state, he received the rank of real state councilor and the title of honorary citizen of Moscow.
The Literary and Theater Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences - under this name, in 1894, a museum was opened in Zamoskvorechye, which today we call Bakhrushinsky, after the name of its creator. This museum exists to this day and is considered the largest in the world in terms of funds.
And it all started like this. One day, in the company of young people, Alexei Bakhrushin's cousin Kupriyanov began to show off all sorts of theatrical relics he had collected - posters, photographs, random souvenirs bought from antique dealers, etc. Bakhrushin, however, was not impressed by all these variegated acquisitions. In order for the collection to be of value, he said, it is necessary not only to buy things from sellers, but to look for them yourself, provided that you have a deep personal interest in the subject. Otherwise, it will be empty work.
Kupriyanov flared up, began to praise his "treasures", Bakhrushin also boiled over. Word for word...
- Yes, I'll collect more than yours in a month! Alexei Alexandrovich announced.
The offended cousin offered a wager. It was concluded in front of numerous witnesses and was won in due time. So blind chance (or perhaps providence itself?) prompted young Bakhrushin to the main thing of his life.
By that time, he had very little experience in collecting. I tried to collect Japanese things, then everything that had to do with Napoleon. But it was only a tribute to fashion, transient, accidental. Now self-esteem was affected, I did not want to be defeated in a dispute.
Bakhrushin rushed to second-hand book dealers, antique dealers, every Sunday he went to Sukharevka. Amazing finds awaited him there...
Over the years, collecting turned into a passion - Alexey Alexandrovich thought only about his collection, he could only talk about it. Friends were surprised, laughed at his eccentricity, shrugged their shoulders - well, who could then imagine that the "theatrical nonsense", diligently collected by Bakhrushin, would become a valuable tool for studying the history of domestic and foreign theater?
Who could have imagined, for example, that Bakhrushin's predilection for ballet shoes (how many witticisms were made about this!) would make it possible in the future to visually trace how ballet technique developed. The thin shoes of Fanny Elsler and Maria Taglioni tightly fitted the ballerina's leg at the beginning of the 19th century and made her dance truly airy. Then a cork sock appeared in the shoe - he helped the ballerinas to do the most difficult dance moves. The beginning of the 20th century brought an amazing innovation - a steel toe, which made it possible to bring the ballet technique to the utmost perfection.
The collection grew and grew. The house swelled with things, books, papers. In 1913, his father gave the former royal mansion at the disposal of Alexei Alexandrovich, but he was soon filled to the brim with relics. Bakhrushin was constantly sorting through, laying out his treasures, sorting them into departments: theatrical, musical instruments, composers, literary, ethnographic, etc.
“When the conviction was established in me that my collection had reached those limits under which I no longer considered myself entitled to dispose of its materials, I thought about the question whether I, the son of the great Russian people, should not provide this collection for the benefit of this people,” - Bakhrushin uttered these words on a memorable day for him - November 25, 1913, when his collection was transferred to the Russian Academy of Sciences.
After the revolution, Alexei Alexandrovich did not leave his homeland. He could not imagine parting with his creation, the work of his life. The Bolsheviks preserved the Theater Museum, and since 1918 it began to bear the name of Bakhrushin, its founder and head. Thus, Bakhrushin became one of the very few Moscow philanthropists whose activities - in the same capacity as before the revolution - continued under Soviet rule. Director for life - he remained in this post until the last hour, and Alexei Alexandrovich died in 1919.
February. Get ink and cry!
Write about February sobbing,
While the rumbling slush
In the spring it burns black.
Everyone knows these lines of Boris Pasternak. But how he met the arrival of the second month of winterValery Bryusov, who wrote the poem "February" on January 31, 1907:
A moment between light and shadow!
A day between winter and spring!
I obey the movement
Songs that float with me.
In 1909, he was arrested for participating in the preparations for the escape of political convicts from the Novinsky prison.Vladimir Mayakovskywho is under the age of 16. By that time, Mayakovsky had already been a member of the RSDLP for a year. Once he was even arrested, but was soon released. This time, Vladimir had to spend six months in prison. After leaving Butyrka, he retired from revolutionary activity and took up painting and literature.
"Remorse of conscience begins where impunity ends," said the French philosopherClaude Adrian Helvetius, born on the same day in 1715.
The combination of personal interest with the common good - these, according to Helvetius, are the foundations of a reasonable "philosophy of happiness." One of his main works - the treatise "On the Mind" - was banned and burned. It was published in Russian only in 1917. But still Helvetius was read in Russia. His name is mentioned by Pushkin in drafts among the authors of the Onegin library: "Baron D'Olbach, Voltaire, Helvetius."
Born in Paris in 1769André Jacques Garnerin, the first skydiver. During the French Revolution, Garnerin served in the army and was taken prisoner. Returning to his homeland in 1797, in front of the eyes of the Parisian public, he took to the air in a balloon filled with hydrogen, and from a height of less than a kilometer jumped down on a round white silk parachute with a diameter of about 7 meters.
Garnerin traveled around Europe and surprised the audience with tricks. Jeanne Geneviève, his wife, who worked with him, also went down in history: in 1799 she became the first woman parachutist.
In 1803, Garnerin also reached Russia: in July, he covered the distance from Vasilievsky Island to Malaya Okhta in a balloon in St. Ostafyevo.
The aeronaut died on August 18, 1823, having received an accidental blow to the head with a wooden beam in preparation for the next flight.
In 1910, in Kharkov, in the family of the famous aircraft designer and inventor Stepan Grizodubov,daughter Valentine, who was destined to become the first woman to be awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
In 1929 she graduated from the Penza flying club. She was engaged in gliding, worked as an instructor pilot at the Tula Aviation School, then as a pilot of the Gorky propaganda squadron at the Central Airfield, and from 1936 began to serve in the Red Army. In 1937, on the UT-1, UT-2 and AIR-12 aircraft, Valentina set five world aviation records for altitude, speed and flight range. But the main record was ahead.
September 24-25, 1938 as a crew commander on the ANT-37 "Rodina" together with co-pilot Polina Osipenko and navigator Marina RaskovaValentina Grizodubovamade a non-stop historic flight from Moscow to Far East, setting a world women's flight distance record: in 26 hours and 29 minutes, the brave pilots covered a distance of six thousand 450 kilometers. For the performance of this flight, all three were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
The Great Patriotic War overtook Valentina Stepanovna in the post of head of the USSR International Air Lines Department. During the war, Colonel Grizodubova made about 200 sorties to bombard enemy targets and to maintain communications with partisan detachments. After demobilization in 1946 from Soviet army Valentina Stepanovna worked in civil aviation. In January 1986, she was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. The legendary pilot died in April 1993.
Two hours before, you can see howThe moon will gradually become colored in dark color, then the full moon itself will begin. BUTThe "full version" of the eclipse, which will last about an hour, can be seen in the Asian part of the country.
1714 - Peter I ordered to transfer all his personal collections of curiosities to the new capital and place them in the office of the Summer Palace on the Fontanka, called in the European manner the Kunstkamera - the cabinet of rarities. Thus, the first museum in Russia was born, the full name of which today is the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) named after A.I. Peter the Great Russian Academy of Sciences.
1714 - Peter I forbade uneducated noble children (underage) from marrying.
1839 - English physicist John Talbot in the Royal Society of London made a report on the process of photography discovered by him.
1865 - Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic "On the combination of alcohol with water" and received the title of professor at St. Petersburg University in the department of technical chemistry. In the future, Mendeleev's calculations formed the basis of the recipe for classic Russian vodka.
1865 - Slavery is banned in the United States.
1955 - The first musical synthesizer is demonstrated in the USA.
1976 - Several witnesses claimed to have seen a flying pterodactyl in Texas /
André Jacques Garnerin, the first skydiver, was born in Paris in 1769. In 1797, he returned to his homeland, before the eyes of the Parisian public, took to the air in a balloon filled with hydrogen, and from a height of less than a kilometer jumped down on a round parachute made of white silk with a diameter of about 7 meters.
Garnerin traveled around Europe and surprised the audience with tricks. Jeanne Geneviève, his wife, who worked with him, also went down in history: in 1799 she became the first woman parachutist.
In 1803, Garnerin also reached Russia: in July, he covered the distance from Vasilievsky Island to Malaya Okhta in a balloon in St. Ostafyevo.
The aeronaut died on August 18, 1823, having received an accidental blow to the head with a wooden beam in preparation for the next flight.
In 1865, the famous Russian philanthropist and patron of the arts Alexei Bakhrushin was born.
Aleksey Alexandrovich allocated funds both for the creation of a domestic air fleet and for various medical experiments, but the main business of his life was collecting objects and attributes related to the theater and its history. For his charitable work and assistance to the state, he received the rank of real state councilor and the title of honorary citizen of Moscow.
The Bolsheviks preserved the Theater Museum, and since 1918 it began to bear the name of Bakhrushin, its founder and head. Thus, Bakhrushin became one of the very few Moscow patrons whose activities - in the same capacity as before the revolution - continued under Soviet rule. Director for life - he remained in this post until the last hour, and Alexei Alexandrovich died in 1919.
On January 31, 1714, Peter I founded another museum in St. Petersburg - the Kunstkamera. It was a collection of all sorts of curiosities and anomalies, and visitors took it accordingly: they came to gawk at oddities and curiosities. Worked the contrast between the habitual for these people cultural environment and exposition borrowed from a completely different civilizational context. "Very wonderful!" - Peter wrote down every now and then, examining similar establishments in Europe. He behaved like a barbarian in the exact terminological sense of the word, assimilating the trappings of a higher civilization. And as a result, there was a revision of the Russian cultural tradition, renewal of the national soil. In order to increase the attendance of the Kunstkamera, Peter ordered not to take an entrance fee, but on the contrary, to treat each visitor with a cup of coffee or a glass of vodka. Thus was born the first museum in Russia. The current building of the Kunstkamera on Vasilyevsky Island was built in 1727, after 20 years there was a terrible fire, and almost all the exhibits collected under Peter were destroyed. Now the Kunstkamera has become the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, one of best museums Russia.
On the same day of the same 1714, Peter I signed a decree that actually forbade young noblemen to marry without having received the basics of mathematical literacy: “Send several people from mathematical schools to all provinces to teach noble children, except for those of the same palace and the order rank, tsifiri and geometry and impose a fine such that he will involuntarily marry until he learns this. And priests were strictly forbidden to marry noble offspring without the “permission” of a school teacher.
On the day we are considering in 1729, the first printed book in Arabic script was published in Istanbul. Dictionary Jauhari, translated into Turkish, was published by the prominent cultural figure Ibrahim Muteferrika, a Transylvanian Hungarian or a Jew who converted to Islam. A writer from Kalosvar (now the Romanian city of Cluj-Napoca), he, among other things, was a geographer, astronomer, philosopher, diplomat and not the last person at the court of the Sultan. In the summer of 1726, despite the opposition of the mullahs and calligraphers, the Ottoman printing pioneer, through the Grand Vizier Nevsehirli Ibrahim Pasha, managed to obtain permission from Padishah Ahmed III to open a printing house. Of course, in an Islamic country it would have been necessary to print the Koran first of all, but, not opposed to the opinion of the Muslim clergy, who objected to the "defilement" of the book of books, the Sultan nevertheless banned it.
On January 31, 1747, the first clinic for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, the Lock Hospital, opened in London. Two hundred and fifty years later, in 1999, scientists announced that AIDS was transmitted to humans from monkeys.
On January 31, 1864, a zoo was opened in Moscow, its official name then was “public zoological garden”. According to its purpose, this museum with live exhibits was (and still is) an institution not so much scientific as educational and recreational. The animal world is supposed to be interesting.
On the last day of January 1865, Dmitri Mendeleev defended his dissertation "On the combination of alcohol with water." Many are sure that in it he laid the foundation for the recipe for Russian vodka.
On January 31, 1874, near Guedshill, Missouri, Jesse James robbed a train. The offender handed the machinist his “press release”, which he asked to be transferred to the local newspaper.
On the day we are considering in 1876, a decision was made in the United States to resettle Native Americans, that is, Indians, on the reservation. On the same day, 17 years later, in 1893, the US Patent Office registered trademark"Coca-Cola".
On this day in 1909, Vladimir Mayakovsky, who was not even 16 years old, was arrested for participating in the preparations for the escape of political convicts from the Novinsky prison. By that time, Mayakovsky had already been a member of the RSDLP for a year. Once he was even arrested, but was soon released. This time, Vladimir had to spend six months in prison. After leaving Butyrka, he retired from revolutionary activities and took up painting and literature.
On January 31, 1912, the New York Evening Journal published the world's first comic book page.
On this day in 1924, the II Congress of Soviets approved the first Constitution of the USSR. The first Constitution was adopted in 1918 in connection with the formation of the RSFSR. After the establishment of the Soviet system, control functions, in accordance with the principle "All power to the Soviets!", were concentrated in the highest body of Soviet power. The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 established that the supreme authority in the country is the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, and in the period between congresses - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK). The second Constitution was adopted in 1924 (in connection with the formation of the USSR). supreme body state power became the Congress of Soviets of the USSR, in the period between congresses - the Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the USSR, and in the period between sessions of the CEC of the USSR - the Presidium of the CEC of the USSR. The Central Executive Committee of the USSR had the right to cancel and suspend acts of any authorities on the territory of the USSR (with the exception of the higher - the Congress of Soviets). The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee had the right to suspend and cancel the decisions of the Council of People's Commissars and individual people's commissariats of the USSR, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Union republics.
On January 31, 1929, by decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Leon Trotsky finally left the country. Who remained in charge, there were no more doubts, and this chief with redoubled energy set to work.
On this winter day in 1955, the first musical synthesizer was demonstrated in the USA.
On January 31, 1961, a chimpanzee named Ham made a space flight in the United States and returned safely - monkeys have every right to be jealous of people who flew later, but received the highest honors. The rocket had a speed of 8000 km / h and rose to a height of 250 km above the Earth. The chimpanzee was returned safe and sound.
On January 31, 1966, the launch of the Soviet automatic interplanetary station Luna 9 took place at the Baikonur cosmodrome. It was the first in the world spaceship, which made a soft landing on the surface of the Moon on February 3 and transmitted its panoramic image to Earth. The station landed on the edge of the Ocean of Storms, northeast of the Cavalieri crater. 4 minutes 10 seconds after landing, the first session of the Moon-Earth radio communication began. Seven sessions of communication lasting more than 8 hours were carried out with the lunar laboratory of the station. Radio signals brought to Earth materials of great scientific value - a panoramic image of the lunar microrelief. In some parts of the panorama, it was possible to distinguish details 1-2 millimeters in size, a million times smaller than on the best photos Moons photographed by terrestrial observatories. Luna 9's mission ended on February 6 when its power supplies failed. Luna 9 was four months ahead of the first American automatic spacecraft, U.S. Surveyor 1, which was launched on May 30, 1966 and made a soft landing in the Ocean of Storms on the Moon on June 2.
On January 31, 1976, a live pterodactyl was seen in Texas. And since then - not a rumor or a spirit ...
January 31, 1990 in Moscow on Pushkin Square The first American fast food restaurant, McDonald's, opened. As Vechernyaya Moskva reported at the time, on the first day, McDonald's served a record number of visitors in its history - 30,000 people. Residents of the capital stood for several hours in the cold to try hamburgers that were quite expensive at that time - 1 ruble 60 kopecks. The most expensive item on the menu was Big Mac - 3 rubles 75 kopecks. 25 thousand people wished to work in the first Moscow McDonalds, the competition was 5 people per place. The opening of the restaurant was the culmination of years of negotiations that began during Olympic Games in Montreal in 1976 and culminated in the signing of the largest joint venture agreement between the Soviet Union and a public catering company. For the first full year of operation in Russia, McDonald's served 15 million people.
On this winter day in 2003, gay marriage was legalized in Belgium.
On January 31, 2004, news appeared from the nearest part of space - namely, from Mars. The Opportunity rover, like its fellow Spirit, successfully landed and set off to explore the Red Planet. Since the rovers are powered by solar panels, they continue to work successfully to this day. Except that sometimes there are reports in the press that another dust storm is interfering with their work ... but that's okay, they are waiting.
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