The beginning of the ancient city of Rome and the first period after its foundation are known only from the naive and fantastic legends of the descendants of the legendary Aeneas, from which the latest historiography, through critical analysis, has extracted few reliable information. The important strategic and advantageous trading position of the Tiber, which served in ancient Italy as a border line between the Etruscans and the Latins and, closer to the mouth, provided all the conveniences for a storage point for both border and maritime trade, early prompted the Latin-saber population of its left bank to acquire an urban settlement. Its first centers, which gave rise to Rome, were the Palatine and Quirinal hills. Three local communities, or mpuby grouped around the Palatine Hill (Latin frames and Lucers, and Sabine titions), over time merged with each other, and later adopted the Quirinal community. Through this double association, the Roman people and city of Rome, named after the Ramnes, in its later sound change (Ramnes - Romani), arose, the foundation of which is attributed by tradition to 753 BC.
She-wolf feeding the founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus
The political system of the original Rome was imbued with the idea of strict unity and autocracy of the community, the political bodies of which, establishing and protecting the legal order, served as patrician assemblies by clan ( curate comitia ) and the council of tribal elders ( senate), and at the beginning of Roman history, the king, the sovereign ruler of the community, the high priest, leader and judge, was elected head for life. Such strict unity and strength of the community, along with the above advantages geographical location Rome, contributed to the unprecedented rapid territorial growth of the Roman community. The successful struggle with the Latins, after the destruction of Alba Longa, led to the establishment of the hegemony of Rome over Latium based on the principle of complete equality, and the wars with the Etruscans, Equs, Sabines, Rutuli and Volsci, filling the royal period, strengthened the external power of ancient Rome.
Oath of the Horatii. Painting by J.-L. David on the subject of legends about the struggle of the original Rome with Alba Longa. 1784
The territorial expansion also affected the civilian composition of the community: along with patricians and clients, there were
The Romans of that time consisted of only men. To solve an understandable problem, Romulus had to go to the trick, because. the surrounding cities treated the rootless Romans, denying them brides. The Romans stole the girls from the neighbors of the Sabines. in the end, after the conflict, the two communities united and after the death of Romulus, the Sabine Numa Pompilius became king.
He streamlined religious life and established craft colleges
The next king is Tullus Hostilius. He conquered Alba Longa, destroyed it, and moved the inhabitants to Rome
The fourth king was Ankh Marcius, the grandson of Numa. He successfully fought with the Latins, resettled many of them and included them in the Roman community, built a bridge across the Tiber and founded the colony of Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber.
Then a foreigner, the Etruscan Tarquinius the Ancient, became king. Under him, Rome began to improve. The forum was paved, a sewage system was created, a circus was built. Tarquinius was killed and after his death, the son of a slave Servius Tullius, brought up in his house, became king. Servius surrounded the city with a defensive wall and carried out a military reform. This king was also killed and his son-in-law Tarquinius the Proud became his successor. He ruled tyrannically and was expelled. After this, the Republican period of the development of Rome begins.
The historicity of the kings Numa and Anka Marcius has already been proven, and the date of the founding of Rome by Romulus has also been confirmed. However, it must, of course, be taken into account that ancient tradition Roman history is embellished.
In particular, of course, people lived there even before the traditional date of the founding of Rome. It is believed that on different Roman hills there were villages of different nationalities. On the Palatine - Latins, and on the northern hills - Sabines. Gradually, the settlements expanded and united with each other. The settlements of Palatina and Velia were the first to unite. A fortress common to all grew up on the Capitol. Well, the beginning of the royal era marked the beginning of a united Roman community.
During the formation of the Roman community, the people of Rome consisted of 3 tribal tribes / tribes / Approximately Latins, Sabina and Etruscans. These tribes served as the base for manning the equestrian troops. The second element of the society was 30 curias / unions of male warriors / Curias put up a foot army.
Well, the basis of the community was childbirth. At first there were 100 of them, later, by the end of the tsarist period, 300. Relatives had one generic name, derived from a real or mythical progenitor. Thus, the genus Juliev \ to which Caesar later belonged \ originated from Askania-Yul, who was the grandson of Venus herself. The clan had the right to accept strangers. The genus consisted of Surnames, which included several generations of descendants of the head of the family
Rome was ruled by the king, the senate and the comitia
The Senate was a council of 100, and then 300 elders representing the clans. All senior heads of families\patres - patricians\ could enter into childbirth. So initially the concepts of people and patricians coincided.
Comitia - gatherings of male warriors. they gathered in curiae.
curiat commissions\
Over time, the city's population began to increase. At first, the aliens were divided into tribes and curiae, but later access to them was closed. Thus, new citizens were deprived of participation in the comitia and the senate. They began to be called plebeians, plebs \ from plere-fill \
As property stratification progressed, the plebeians and some members of the patrician families became poorer. In this case, they sought help from the richer and more noble and became their clients, and their patrons, respectively, patrons. The client-patron bonds were considered sacred and their violation was punishable by death.
Only full-fledged citizens, patricians, had the right to serve in the army, but, because. the strengthening of the state required an increase in the army, Tsar Servius Tullius carried out a military reform, after which the plebeians received the right to serve in the troops, and the people's assemblies - the curiat comitia were transformed into centuriates \ according to centuriae - military units \. The centuria was the voting unit. Servius Tullius also introduced the division of Rome into 21 districts-tribes. 4 urban and 17 rural.
The Roman Empire (ancient Rome) left an incorruptible trace in all European lands, where only its victorious legions set foot. The stone ligature of Roman architecture has survived to this day: walls that protected citizens, along which troops moved, aqueducts that delivered fresh water to the townspeople, and bridges thrown over stormy rivers. As if all this wasn't enough, the legionaries were building more and more structures - even as the empire's frontiers began to recede. During the era of Hadrian When Rome was much more concerned with the consolidation of the lands than with new conquests, the unclaimed military prowess of warriors, cut off from home and family for a long time, was wisely directed in another creative direction. In a sense, the whole European owes its birth to the Roman builders, who introduced many innovations both in Rome itself and beyond. Major Achievements urban planning, which had the goal of the public good, became sewers and water pipes, which created healthy living conditions and contributed to an increase in the population and the growth of the cities themselves. But all this would not have been possible if the Romans had not invented concrete and did not start using the arch as the main architectural element. It was these two innovations that the Roman army spread throughout the empire.
Since stone arches could withstand enormous weight and could be built very high - sometimes two or three tiers - engineers working in the provinces easily overcame any rivers and gorges and reached the most distant lands, leaving behind strong bridges and powerful water pipes (aqueducts). Like many other structures built with the help of Roman troops, the bridge in the Spanish city of Segovia, through which the water passes, has gigantic dimensions: 27.5 m in height and about 823 m in length. Extraordinarily tall and slender pillars, built of roughly hewn and unfastened granite blocks, and 128 graceful arches leave an impression not only of unprecedented power, but also of imperial self-confidence. This is a marvel of engineering, built around 100 tons. e., steadfastly withstood the test of time: until recently, the bridge served as the water supply system of Segovia.
How it all began?
Early settlements on the site of the future city of Rome arose on the Apennine Peninsula, in the valley of the Tiber River, at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. According to legend, the Romans are descended from the Trojan refugees who founded the city of Alba Longa in Italy. Rome itself, according to legend, was founded by Romulus, the grandson of the king of Alba Longa, in 753 BC. e. As in the Greek policies, in early period the history of Rome, it was ruled by kings who actually enjoyed the same power as the Greeks. Under the tyrant king Tarquinius Gordom, a popular uprising took place, during which the royal power was destroyed and Rome turned into an aristocratic republic. Its population was clearly divided into two groups - the privileged class of patricians and the plebeian class, which had much less rights. A member of the oldest Roman family was considered a patrician, only the senate (the main government body) was elected from the patricians. A significant part of its early history is the struggle of the plebeians for the expansion of their rights and the transformation of members of their class into full Roman citizens.
Ancient Rome differed from the Greek city-states, because it was in completely different geographical conditions - a single Apennine peninsula with vast plains. Therefore, from the earliest period of its history, its citizens were forced to compete and fight with neighboring italic tribes. The conquered peoples submitted to this great empire either as allies, or simply included in the republic, and the conquered population did not receive the rights of Roman citizens, often turning into slaves. The most powerful opponents of Rome in the IV century. BC e. there were Etruscans and Samnites, as well as separate Greek colonies in southern Italy (Greater Greece). And yet, despite the fact that the Romans were often at enmity with the Greek colonists, the more developed Hellenic culture had a noticeable impact on the culture of the Romans. It got to the point that the ancient Roman deities began to be identified with their Greek counterparts: Jupiter - with Zeus, Mars - with Ares, Venus - with Aphrodite, etc.
Wars of the Roman Empire
The most tense moment in the confrontation between the Romans and the South Italians and Greeks was the war of 280-272. BC e., when Pyrrhus, the king of the state of Epirus, located in the Balkans, intervened in the course of hostilities. In the end, Pyrrhus and his allies were defeated, and by 265 BC. e. The Roman Republic united all of Central and Southern Italy under its rule.
Continuing the war with the Greek colonists, the Romans clashed in Sicily with the Carthaginian (Punic) power. In 265 BC. e. the so-called Punic Wars began, which lasted until 146 BC. e., almost 120 years. Initially, the Romans fought against the Greek colonies in eastern Sicily, primarily against the largest of them - the city of Syracuse. Then the seizures of already Carthaginian lands in the east of the island began, which led to the fact that the Carthaginians, who had a strong fleet, attacked the Romans. After the first defeats, the Romans managed to create their own fleet and defeat the Carthaginian ships in the battle of the Aegates. Peace was signed, according to which in 241 BC. e. all of Sicily, considered the breadbasket of the Western Mediterranean, became the property of the Roman Republic.
Carthaginian dissatisfaction with the results First Punic War, as well as the gradual penetration of the Romans into the territory of the Iberian Peninsula, which was owned by Carthage, led to a second military clash between the powers. In 219 BC. e. the Carthaginian commander Hannibal Barki captured the Spanish city of Sagunt, an ally of the Romans, then passed through southern Gaul and, having overcome the Alps, invaded the territory of the Roman Republic itself. Hannibal was supported by part of the Italian tribes, dissatisfied with the rule of Rome. In 216 BC. e. in Apulia, in a bloody battle at Cannes, Hannibal surrounded and almost completely destroyed the Roman army, commanded by Gaius Terentius Varro and Aemilius Paul. However, Hannibal could not take the heavily fortified city and was eventually forced to leave the Apennine Peninsula.
The war was moved to northern Africa, where Carthage and other Punic settlements were located. In 202 BC. e. The Roman commander Scipio defeated the army of Hannibal near the town of Zama, south of Carthage, after which a peace was signed on the terms dictated by the Romans. The Carthaginians were deprived of all their possessions outside Africa, they were obliged to transfer to the Romans all warships and war elephants. Having won the Second Punic War, the Roman Republic became the most powerful state in the Western Mediterranean. The Third Punic War, which took place from 149 to 146 BC. e., was reduced to finishing off an already defeated enemy. In the spring of 14b BC. e. Carthage was taken and destroyed, and its inhabitants.
Defensive walls of the Roman Empire
The relief from Trajan's Column depicts a scene (see left) from the time of the Dacian wars; legionnaires (they are without helmets) are building a camp camp out of rectangular pieces of turf. When Roman soldiers found themselves in enemy lands, the construction of such fortifications was common.
“Fear gave birth to beauty, and ancient Rome miraculously changed, changing the previous - peaceful - policy and starting to hastily build towers, so that soon all seven of its hills sparkled with the armor of a continuous wall”- so wrote one Roman about the powerful fortifications built around Rome in 275 to protect against the Goths. Following the example of the capital, large cities throughout the Roman Empire, many of which had long “stepped over” the boundaries of the former walls, hastened to strengthen their defensive lines.
The construction of the city walls was an extremely labor-intensive work. Usually, two deep ditches were dug around the settlement, and a high earthen rampart was heaped between them. It served as a kind of layer between two concentric walls. External the wall went into the ground by 9 m, so that the enemy could not dig, and at the top was provided with a wide road for sentinels. The inner wall was raised a few more meters to make it difficult to bombard the city. Such fortifications were almost indestructible: their thickness reached 6 m, and blocks of stone were fitted to each other with metal brackets - for greater strength.
When the walls were completed, it was possible to proceed with the construction of the gate. Above the opening in the wall, a temporary wooden arch was constructed - formwork. On top of it, skillful masons, moving from both sides to the middle, laid wedge-shaped slabs, forming a curve of the vault. When the last stone was laid - the castle, or key - stone, the formwork was removed, and next to the first arch, they began to build a second one. And so on until the entire passage to the city was under a semicircular roof - the Box Vault.
Guard posts at the gates, guarding the peace of the city, were often real small fortresses: there were military barracks, stocks of weapons and food. In Germany, the so-called one has been perfectly preserved (see below). Instead of windows, there were loopholes on its lower logs, and round towers rose on both sides - so that it would be more convenient to fire at the enemy. During the siege, a powerful lattice fell on the gate.
The wall built in the 3rd century around Rome (19 km long, 3.5 m thick and 18 m high) had 381 towers and 18 gates with descending bars. The wall was constantly renovated and strengthened, so that it served the City until the 19th century, that is, until the improvement of artillery. Two-thirds of this wall is still standing today.
The majestic Porta Nigra (that is, the Black Gate), rising 30 m in height, personifies the power of imperial Rome. The fortified gates are flanked by two towers, one of which is significantly damaged. Once the gate served as an entrance to the city walls of the 2nd century AD. e. to Augusta Trevirorum (later Trier), the northern capital of the empire.
Aqueducts of the Roman Empire. Imperial City Road of Life
The famous three-tiered aqueduct in Southern France (see above), thrown across the Gard River and its low valley - the so-called Gardes Bridge - is as beautiful as it is functional. This structure, stretching 244 m in length, daily delivers about 22 tons of water from a distance of 48 km to the city of Nemaus (now Nimes). Garda bridge is still one of the most wonderful works of Roman engineering.
For the Romans, famous for their achievements in engineering, were the subject of special pride aqueducts. They brought about 250 million gallons of fresh water to ancient Rome every day. In 97 AD e. Sextus Julius Frontinus, superintendent of the water supply system of Rome, rhetorically asked: "Who dares to compare with the idle pyramids or some worthless - albeit famous - creations of the Greeks, our water pipes - these great structures, without which human life is unthinkable?" At the end of its greatness, the city acquired eleven aqueducts, through which water ran from the southern and eastern hills. Engineering turned into real art: it seemed that graceful arches easily jumped over obstacles, besides decorating the landscape. The Romans quickly "shared" their achievements with the rest of the Roman Empire, and you can still see the remnants of numerous aqueducts in France, Spain, Greece, North Africa and Asia Minor.
To provide water provincial towns, whose population had already depleted local reserves, and to build baths and fountains there, Roman engineers laid channels to rivers and sources, often remote for tens of miles. Draining at a slight slope (Vitruvius recommended a minimum slope of 1:200), the precious moisture ran through stone pipes that ran through the countryside (and were mostly hidden into underground tunnels or moats, repeating the outlines of the landscape) and eventually reached the city limits. There, water was safely supplied to public reservoirs. When rivers or gorges crossed the path of the pipeline, the builders threw arches across them to maintain the former soft slope and maintain a continuous flow of water.
In order to keep the angle of incidence of the water constant, surveyors again resorted to thunder and chorobate, as well as to a diopter, which measured horizontal angles. Again, the main burden of the work fell on the shoulders of the troops. In the middle of the II century AD. one military engineer was asked to understand the difficulties that arose in the construction of the aqueduct in Salda (in present-day Algeria). Two detachments of workers began to dig a tunnel in the hill, moving towards each other from opposite directions. The engineer soon realized what was the matter. “I measured both tunnels,” he wrote later, “and found that the sum of their lengths exceeded the width of the hill.” The tunnels just didn't meet. He found a way out by drilling a well between the tunnels and connecting them so that the water began to flow as it should. The city honored the engineer with a monument.
Internal position of the Roman Empire
The further strengthening of the external power of the Roman Republic was simultaneously accompanied by a deep internal crisis. Such a large territory could no longer be governed in the old way, that is, with the organization of power characteristic of a city-state. In the ranks of the Roman military commanders, commanders emerged who claimed to have full power, like the ancient Greek tyrants or the Hellenic rulers in the Middle East. The first of these rulers was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who captured in 82 BC. e. Rome and became a sovereign dictator. Sulla's enemies were ruthlessly killed according to the lists (proscriptions) prepared by the dictator himself. In 79 BC. e. Sulla voluntarily relinquished power, but this could no longer return him to his former administration. A long period has begun civil wars in the Roman Republic.
External position of the Roman Empire
Meanwhile, the stable development of the empire was threatened not only external enemies and ambitious politicians vying for power. Periodically, slave uprisings broke out on the territory of the republic. The largest such rebellion was the performance led by the Thracian Spartacus, which lasted almost three years (from 73 to 71 BC). The rebels were defeated only by the combined efforts of the three most skillful commanders of Rome of that time - Mark Licinius Crassus, Mark Licinius Lucullus and Gnaeus Pompey.
Later, Pompeii, famous for his victories in the East over the Armenians and the Pontic king Mithridates VI, entered into a fight for supreme power in the republic with another well-known military leader - Gaius Julius Caesar. Caesar from 58 to 49 BC e. managed to capture the territories of the northern neighbors of the Roman Republic - the Gauls, and even carried out the first invasion of the British Isles. In 49 BC. e. Caesar entered Rome, where he was declared a dictator - a military ruler with unlimited rights. In 46 BC. e. in the battle of Pharsalus (Greece), he defeated Pompey, his main rival. And in 45 BC. e. in Spain, under Munda, he crushed the last obvious political opponents - the sons of Pompey, Gnaeus the Younger and Sextus. At the same time, Caesar managed to enter into an alliance with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra, in fact subordinating her vast country to power.
However, in 44 BC. e. Gaius Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of Republican conspirators led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. Civil wars in the republic continued. Now their main participants were the closest associates of Caesar - Mark Antony and Gaius Octavian. First, together they destroyed the killers of Caesar, and later they entered into a fight with each other. Antony was supported by the Egyptian queen Cleopatra during this last stage of the civil wars in Rome. However, in 31 BC. e. at the battle of Cape Actium, the fleet of Antony and Cleopatra was defeated by the ships of Octavian. The queen of Egypt and her ally committed suicide, and Octavian, finally to the Roman Republic, became the unlimited ruler of a gigantic power that united almost the entire Mediterranean under its rule.
Octavian, in 27 BC e. who took the name Augustus "blessed", is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, although this title at that time meant only the supreme commander, who won a significant victory. Nobody officially abolished the Roman Republic, and Augustus preferred to be called a princeps, that is, the first among senators. And yet, under the successors of Octavian, the republic began to more and more acquire the features of a monarchy, closer in its organization to the eastern despotic states.
The empire reached its highest foreign political power under the emperor Trajan, who in 117 AD. e. conquered part of the lands of the most powerful strong enemy of Rome in the east - the Parthian state. However, after the death of Trajan, the Parthians managed to return the occupied territories and soon went on the offensive. Already under Trajan's successor, Emperor Hadrian, the empire was forced to switch to defensive tactics, building powerful defensive ramparts on its borders.
Not only the Parthians disturbed the Roman state; raids by barbarian tribes from the north and east became more and more frequent, in battles with which the Roman army often suffered painful defeats. Later, the Roman emperors even allowed certain groups of barbarians to settle in the territory of the empire, on the condition that they would guard the borders from other hostile tribes.
In 284, the Roman emperor Diocletian made an important reform that finally transformed the former Roman Republic into an imperial state. From now on, even the emperor began to be called differently - “dominus” (“lord”), and at the court a complex ritual was introduced, borrowed from the eastern rulers. At the same time, the empire was divided into two parts - Eastern and Western, each of which was headed by a special ruler who received the title of Augustus. He was assisted by a deputy called Caesar. After some time, Augustus was supposed to transfer power to Caesar, and he himself retired. This more flexible system, along with improved provincial administration, saw this great state endure for another 200 years.
In the IV century. Christianity became the dominant religion in the empire, which also contributed to strengthening the internal unity of the state. Since 394, Christianity has been the only permitted religion in the empire. However, if the Eastern Roman Empire remained a fairly strong state, then the Western weakened under the blows of the barbarians. Several times (410 and 455), barbarian tribes captured and ravaged Rome, and in 476 the leader of the German mercenaries, Odoacer, overthrew the last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, and declared himself the ruler of Italy.
And although the Eastern Roman Empire was preserved as a single country, and in 553 even annexed the entire territory of Italy, it was still a completely different state. It is no coincidence that historians prefer to call him and consider his fate separately from history of ancient rome.
General history. Ancient world history. Grade 5 Selunskaya Nadezhda Andreevna
§ 40. The beginning of Roman history
§ 40. The beginning of Roman history
Natural features and ancient inhabitants of Italy
Italy is a peninsula surrounded by seas on three sides. In the north, Italy is separated from the rest of Europe. high mountains Alps. From the Alps, a mountain range branches off - the Apennines, which stretches through all of Italy. Therefore, the peninsula is also called the Apennine. The climate of Italy is mild and warm. Rivers and coastal sea waters in ancient times abounded with fish, and dense forests with game. There is much more fertile land here than in Greece.
Ancient Italy in the VIII-III centuries BC. e.
Apparently, the most ancient people of Italy, whose name has been preserved, were the Ligures, who lived in the north of the peninsula. The most numerous were the Italic tribes, to which belonged the Latins and Umbrians, who settled in the central regions. The most cultural mysterious people Etruscans, or Tyrrhenians. The ancient names of the seas (Tyrrhenian, Ligurian) and the historical regions of Italy (Lacium, Umbria, Etruria) still keep the memory of these peoples.
Explain which sea the Romans called "African" and why; where do the names of the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas come from. What is the name of the river on which Rome stands?
Legends of the founding of Rome
The ancient history of Italy is known as the history of Ancient Rome - after the name of the city-state, which managed to subjugate all the tribes and lands of the Apennine Peninsula. There are many ancient legends about the origin of the city. But the legends about the founding of the city by the descendant of the Trojan hero Aeneas Romulus, who gave the city its name, were the most popular. Romulus and his twin brother Remus belonged to the royal family that ruled in one of the cities of Latium. By order of their cruel relative, who seized power in the city, the newborn twins were thrown into the Tiber River to perish. But the waves nailed the basket with the children to the shallows, and the she-wolf who found them fed the twins with her milk.
The she-wolf feeds Romulus and Remus. ancient roman sculpture
The brothers were brought up by simple shepherds. Having matured, the young men overthrew the power of the insidious king, but did not stay in their native city, but decided to found a new one. Once, in a quarrel, Romulus killed Remus and became the sole ruler of the city-state - the first Roman king. According to legend, Romulus established a council of elders, divided the people into noble and common people. The foundation of the city by Romulus is said to date back to 753 BC. e.
Laying the city walls. ancient roman relief
Ancient customs and traditions of the Romans
According to legend, shortly after the founding of the city, Romulus planned a daring abduction of women from the Sabines tribe. After all, the inhabitants of the new city were poor, no one wanted to give worthy brides for them. Under the pretext of festivities, Romulus invited neighbors to visit. While they were feasting, his warriors began to kidnap the girls. The Sabines began to fight with the people of Romulus, but the kidnapped Sabines, who managed to fall in love with their husbands, reconciled the warring. Since then, it is believed, the wives of the Romans were respected, they were full-fledged mistresses in the house. According to custom, they did not perform any hard work, but only spun wool. This needlework was considered a noble occupation, befitting a free woman. The Romans, even the most noble and wealthy, wore homespun clothes made by the hands of their wives and daughters.
What was the cause of the war between the Romans and the Sabines? How did it end?
Gradually, the inhabitants of Rome settled seven hills along the banks of the Tiber. The main ones were the Palatine, the Aventine and the Capitol. It was on the Palatine, according to legend, that the wolf nursed Romulus and Remus. In the future, the richest and most respected people settled here, and poorer families settled on the Aventina. The Capitol, the highest hill, was intended by nature itself to become a common fortress for the whole area. But once, during the war with the Sabines, the warriors of Romulus retreated from the Capitol to the Palatine. Here Romulus called on the god Jupiter, and courage returned to his soldiers. Subsequently, a temple was erected in that place in honor of Jupiter, which became the main one in Rome.
The Rape of the Sabine Women. french artist N. Poussin. 17th century
Roman kings
After Romulus, six kings ruled in Rome, replacing each other. They taught the Romans to worship the new gods, the goddess of fidelity, the Oath, and the god of boundaries, Terminus, who guarded the city limits and the property of each of its inhabitants. The veneration of these deities instilled in the citizens respect for honesty, order and discipline. The Romans learned to keep a calendar. This word itself comes from the name of the first days of the month among the Romans - "calends".
The kings expanded the boundaries of the Roman state and the city of Rome itself. All residents were divided into six categories according to wealth. On their basis, an army began to be recruited and a People's Assembly was convened. The wealthiest citizens entered the first category. They became the main force of the Roman army, they also had a decisive vote in the National Assembly. Traditions say that the seventh king Tarquinius, nicknamed the Proud, violated the agreement in which the Romans and their kings lived. He brutally oppressed the inhabitants of the state. In 510 B.C. e. The Romans revolted and drove Tarquinius away.
Summing up
One of the oldest city-states of the Apennine Peninsula was Rome. Initially, kings ruled Rome, and the people expressed their will in the National Assembly.
753 BC e. Foundation of Rome.510 BC e. Expulsion of the kings from Rome.
“No other occupation inspires so quickly an ardent love for the world as agricultural work. He instills in us a warlike spirit to defend the homeland.”
Questions and tasks
1. What peoples lived in ancient times in Italy?
2. What events of antiquity reflect the legends about the founding of Rome?
3. Tell us about the reign of the Roman kings.
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From the book Introduction to the New Chronology. What is the current age? author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich3.3. The Problem of Reliability of Roman Chronology and History Hypercriticism of the 19th century Let us describe the situation with Roman chronology, in view of its leading role in the global chronology of antiquity. Wide criticism of "tradition" began in the 18th century - in the "Academy" founded in Paris in 1701
author Kovalev Sergey Ivanovich From the book History of Rome (with illustrations) author Kovalev Sergey Ivanovich From the book History of Rome (with illustrations) author Kovalev Sergey Ivanovich From the book History of Rome (with illustrations) author Kovalev Sergey Ivanovich From the book Secret Cults of the Ancients. Mystery religions by Angus S.THE IMPORTANCE OF THE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN AGES FOR SUBSEQUENT HISTORY In order to truly understand the strange phenomenon which is the rapid spread of the Eastern mystery cults in the Greco-Roman world, their conflict with Christianity and its final triumph over
From the book History of Rome author Kovalev Sergey IvanovichM. V. Belkin. NEW VIEWS ON THE PROBLEMS OF ROMAN HISTORY S. I. Kovalev was an outstanding scientist, researcher of Roman history, he closely followed all latest discoveries and ideas in the field of science about Ancient Rome. Although his book is not a special study, but
From the book History of Rome author Kovalev Sergey IvanovichCHAPTER I SOURCES OF EARLY ROMAN HISTORY AND THE PROBLEM OF ITS RELIABILITY
From the book History of Rome author Kovalev Sergey IvanovichThe Problem of the Authenticity of Early Roman History The above outline of the development of Roman historiography and its current state leads to the saddest reflections on the degree of authenticity of early Roman history. Indeed, writing appeared in Rome, in
From the book History of Rome author Kovalev Sergey IvanovichSources of the third period of Roman history The first war with Carthage (264-241) begins the third period of Roman history, a period of great conquests. This era is known to us much more fully than the two previous ones, thanks to the better condition literary sources. AT
The beginning of Rome is in mystery. There are now many legends that speak of growth in Rome. One of them said that the city was founded by the hero of the Trojan War - Aeneas. After the capture and destruction of Troy, he came to a land called Lancjum. Shortly thereafter, he died, leading to a long power struggle between his descendants. The winner gave the daughter of the vanquished - Ri Weście serve the goddess. Soon she gave birth to twins ( Romulus and Remus.) The Lord of Lazio learned of the birth of a boy who was ordered to kill them by throwing them into the Tiber River. My mother does not want to lose children, put them in a wicker basket. However, he swam not to continue with the flow of the river, as caught by the branch. The boys had to find the wolf, who fed them and educated the royal pastuchowi. There is an opinion that this wolf may be the master of thunder - Zeus. When the guys are already adults, he devotes a fight between them, as a result of which Romulus killed his brother Remus. Romulus built a city, later named after him by the gypsies, or Rome.
The oldest traces of settlements we have ever discovered on the Tiber River date back to between 1000 and 800 BC. in Rome, probably founded in 753 BC. Until recently, this date was almost unanimously questioned by experts. The Romans themselves were not unanimous on this issue. Such dating by Varro, the last historian who lived in the first century BC, it gained popularity thanks to the work of the monumentalnemu of Livy, who used the dates used by Varro, wrote the History of Rome from the founding of the city. In the course of almost 2000 years after the death of Livy, however, he received a remarkable testimony of the results of archaeological research carried out in the late eighties and 90 20th century on the road leading from the forum to the Palatine.
An Italian archaeologist, A. Carandini, familiar with the region, said the existence of the wall traces of the slope of the Palatine formed about half a century of the VIII BC. These studies do not show, although the exact date of the founding of the city on the Tiber, however, confirm the existence of clusters in this space around the city already in this early period. the place was really very fun chosen. there is the most convenient, viewed from the mouth of the river, crossing the Tiber. Therefore had to follow the right path leading to the coastal Salina, the acquisition of salt, which is necessary for the sabelskich hill tribes concerning cattle and sheep. This route also led towards the southern cities of Etruria. Zakole Tiber, not far from the island gave a convenient port that could nail the Phoenician and Greek ships with loads of various types. In other words, it was the perfect location for a mall.
Palatine settlement after about 100 years, merged with another village inhabited by Sabine women, concentrated on the slopes of the Quirinale and the Capitoline. The separation of the two communities of the swamp was filled in such a way that one of the most famous tourist centers in the world is the direction of Rome - Roman forum. For the first 250 years of its existence, Rome was a monarchy. In the second half of the sixth century, under the rule of the House of Tarkwiniuszy, they reached the position of one of the most powerful monarchies on the Apennine Peninsula. City crossed various cultural influences. His presence is very strongly indicated by the Etruscan culture, but also in the art of this period, but also the undoubted influence of the Greek and Phoenician. Latyńska language and culture have not disappeared, however, represent a different Rome compared to other booming urban centers and later in Italy. the largest temple of the city was allocated to the so-called. Etruscan style, dedicated to the god of gods, Jupiter, was created in last years monarchy. By the end of the history of Rome thought that its main social and political institutions were the work of individual rulers.
Italska is the first great civilization. Existing between the 7th and 2nd centuries BC At the peak of its development (VI century BC), through an alliance with Carthage, he reigned over the western part of the Mediterranean Sea. From 616 to 509 BC, the etruscy kings sit on the throne in Rome.
The Etruscans had a great influence on Rome. The Romans borrowed from the Etruscans: the rules of judicial procedure, its triumphs, the alphabet, the art of building temples, realism in sculpture and painting, divination. I, too, probably through the creation of three branches of government in the kingdom, in the form of: the king, assemblies kurialnych and the Senate.