In 1552, he defeated the Tatars near Tula, and was wounded, but after 8 days he was already on horseback again. During the siege of Kazan, Kurbsky commanded right hand the whole army and, together with his younger brother, showed outstanding courage. Two years later, he defeated the rebellious Tatars and Cheremis, for which he was appointed boyar. At this time, Kurbsky was one of the people closest to the tsar; he became even closer to the party of Sylvester and Adashev. When failures began in Livonia, the tsar put Kurbsky at the head of the Livonian army, who soon won a number of victories over the knights and Poles, after which he was governor in Yuryev Livonsky (Derpt). At this time, the persecution and execution of supporters of Sylvester and Adashev and the escapes of those threatened by royal disgrace to Lithuania had already begun. Although there was no fault for Kurbsky, except for sympathy for the disgraced, he had full foundation think he is in danger. King Sigismund-August and the Polish nobles wrote to Kurbsky, persuading him to go over to their side and promising a warm welcome. The battle of Nevel (1562) was unsuccessful for the Russians, but even after it Kurbsky voivodship in Yuryev; the king, reproaching him for his failure, does not attribute it to treason. Kurbsky could not be afraid of responsibility for an unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of Helmet: if this matter were of great importance, the tsar would blame Kurbsky in his letter. Nevertheless, Kurbsky was sure that trouble was near and, after the fruitless petition of the hierarchal ranks, he decided to flee "from the land of God." In 1563 (according to other reports - in 1564) Kurbsky, with the help of his faithful slave Vaska Shibanov, fled to Lithuania. Kurbsky came to the service of Sigismund with a whole crowd of adherents and servants and was granted several estates (among other things, the city of Kovel). Kurbsky controlled them through his officers from Muscovites. Already in September 1564, Kurbsky was fighting against Russia. After Kurbsky's flight, a hard fate befell people close to him. Kurbsky later wrote that the tsar "mortified my mother and wife and lad of my only son, who were imprisoned, with a rope; my brethren, the same-knee princes of Yaroslavl, died with various deaths, my estates and plundered them." To justify his rage, the king could only cite the fact of betrayal and violation of the kiss of the cross. His two other accusations, that Kurbsky “wanted to be a sovereign in Yaroslavl,” and that he had taken his wife Anastasia from him, were apparently invented by him only to justify his malice in the eyes of the Polish-Lithuanian nobles. Kurbsky usually lived about 20 versts from Kovel, in the town of Milyanovichi. Judging by the numerous processes, the acts of which have come down to us, the Moscow boyar and the tsar's servant quickly assimilated with the Polish-Lithuanian magnates and turned out to be, in any case, not the most humble among the violent ones: he fought with the lords, seized estates, scolded the royal envoys with "obscene Moscow words"; his officers, hoping for his protection, extorted money from the Jews. In 1571, Kurbsky married a rich widow Kozinskaya, nee Princess Golshanskaya, but soon divorced her, married, in 1579, for the third time a poor girl Semashko and was apparently happy with her; had a daughter and son Demetrius by her. In 1583 Kurbsky died. Since soon his authoritative executor, Konstantin Ostrozhsky, also died, the government, under various pretexts, began to take possession of the widow and son of Kurbsky and, finally, took away Kovel as well. Dimitri Kurbsky subsequently received part of what was taken away and converted to Catholicism. Opinions about Kurbsky, as a politician and a person, are different. Some see him as a narrow conservative, a narrow-minded but self-important person, a supporter of boyar sedition and an opponent of autocracy, they explain his treason by counting on worldly benefits, and his behavior in Lithuania is considered a manifestation of unbridled autocracy and gross egoism; even the sincerity and expediency of his labors for the maintenance of Orthodoxy are suspected. According to others, Kurbsky is an intelligent, honest and sincere person who has always stood on the side of good and truth. Since the controversy between Kurbsky and Grozny, along with other products of literary activity,

Since Kurbsky has not yet been sufficiently examined, then a final judgment about Kurbsky, more or less capable of reconciling the contradictions, is still premature. From the writings of Kurbsky are known: 1) "The story of the great prince of Moscow about the deed, even heard and from reliable men, and even seen by our eyes." 2) "Four Letters to Grozny". 3) "Letters" to various persons; 16 of them were included in the 3rd edition of N. Ustryalov's Tales of Prince Kurbsky (St. Petersburg, 1868), one letter was published by Sakharov in Moskvityanin (1843, No. 9) and three letters in Orthodox Interlocutor (1863, Books V - VIII). 4) "Preface to the New Margaret"; published for the first time by N. Ivanishchev in the collection of acts: "The Life of Prince Kurbsky in Lithuania and Volhynia" (Kyiv, 1849), reprinted by Ustryalov in "Tales". 5) "Preface to the book of Damascus "Heaven" (published by Prince Obolensky in" Bibliographic Notes", 1858, No. 12). "to "Essays on the History of Western Russian Literature", in "Readings of the Society of History and Ancient", 1888, No. 1). 7) "History of the Florence Cathedral", compilation; published in "Tales" pp. 261 - 268; 2 articles by S.P. Shevyrev, "Journal of the Ministry of Public Education", 1841, book I, and "Moskvityanin", 1841, vol. III. In addition to selected works of Chrysostom ("Margaret the New"; see about him "Slavic-Russian manuscripts" Undolsky, M., 1870), Kurbsky translated the dialogue of Patriarch Gennady, Theology, Dialectics and other writings of Damascus (see A. Arkhangelsky's article in the "Journal of the Ministry of Public Education" 1888, No. 8), some of the writings of Dionysius the Areopagite, Gregory Theologian, Basil the Great, excerpts from Eusebius, etc. And in one of his letters to the Terrible are inserted large excerpts from Cicero ("Tales", 205 - 209). Kurbsky himself calls Maxim the Greek his "beloved teacher"; but the latter was both old and dejected by persecution at the time when Kurbsky entered into life, and Kurbsky could not be his direct disciple. As early as 1525, Vasily Mikhailovich Tuchkov (Kurbsky's mother - nee Tuchkova) was very close to Maxim, and he probably had a strong influence on Kurbsky. Like Maxim, Kurbsky has a deep hatred of self-satisfied ignorance, which at that time was very common even in the upper class of the Muscovite state. Kurbsky considers dislike for books, which supposedly "turn people in, that is to say go crazy", as a malicious heresy. Above all, he places Holy Scripture and the Church Fathers as its interpreters; but he also respects the external or noble sciences - grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, natural philosophy (physics, etc.). ), moral philosophy (ethics) and the circle of heavenly circulation (astronomy). He himself studies in fits and starts, but he studies all his life. As governor in Yuryev, he has a whole library with him; after the flight, "already in gray hairs," he strives "to learn the Latin language for the sake of it, and he could put into his own language what has not yet been put down." According to Kurbsky, state disasters come from neglect of teaching, and states where verbal education is firmly established not only do not perish, but expand and convert those of other faiths to Christianity (as the Spaniards - New World). Kurbsky shares with Maxim the Greek dislike for the "Osiflyans", for monks who "began to love acquisitions"; they are in his eyes "truly all sorts of kats (executioners) are bitter." He persecutes the apocrypha, denounces the "Bulgarian fables" of priest Yeremey, "or rather the nonsense of women," and especially rises against the Gospel of Nicodemus, the authenticity of which people who had read in Holy Scripture were ready to believe. Exposing the ignorance of contemporary Russia and willingly admitting that in his new fatherland science is more widespread and more respected, Kurbsky is proud of the purity of the faith of his natural fellow citizens, reproaches the Catholics for their impious innovations and vacillations, and deliberately does not want to separate the Protestants from them, although he is aware regarding the biography of Luther, the civil strife that arose as a result of his preaching, and the iconoclasm of Protestant sects. He is also pleased with the purity of the Slavic language and

and refers to it as "Polish barbaria". He clearly sees the danger threatening the Orthodox subjects of the Polish crown from the side of the Jesuits, and warns Konstantin Ostrozhsky himself against their machinations: it is for the fight against them that he would like to train his co-religionists with science. Kurbsky looks gloomily at his time, seeing in it the 8th thousand years, "the age of the beast"; "Even if the Antichrist has not yet been born, everyone is already at the door of Prague wide and bold." According to his political views, Kurbsky joined the opposition group of princely boyars, who defended their right to be indispensable employees and advisers to the sovereign. At the same time, he advised the tsar to turn to the council and the common people. In general, Kurbsky's mind can rather be called solid than strong and original (for example, he sincerely believes that during the siege of Kazan, Tatar old men and women used their charms to bring "spitting", that is, rain, on the Russian army). In this respect, his royal adversary is vastly superior to him. Terrible is not inferior to Kurbsky in knowledge of Holy Scripture, the history of the church of the first centuries and the history of Byzantium, but he is less well-read in the church fathers and incomparably less experienced in the ability to clearly and literaryly express his thoughts, and "many rage and ferocity" hinder his correctness speech. According to the content, the correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Kurbsky is precious. literary monument; the worldview of the advanced Russian people of the 16th century is revealed here with great frankness and freedom, and two outstanding minds act with great tension. In the "History of the Great Prince of Moscow" (an account of events from the childhood of Grozny to 1578), which is rightly considered the first monument of Russian historiography with a strictly sustained trend, Kurbsky is a writer to an even greater extent: all parts of his monograph are strictly considered, the presentation is harmonious and clear (except for those places where the text is faulty); he very skillfully uses the figures of exclamation and questioning, and in some places (for example, in the depiction of the torment of Metropolitan Philip) comes to true pathos. But even in the "History" Kurbsky cannot rise to a definite and original world outlook; and here he is only an imitator of good Byzantine models. Then he rises against the noble, and to the battle of the lazy, and proves that the king must seek good advice"not only among advisers, but also among people of the whole people," he denounces the tsar that he elects "clerks" for himself "not from the gentry family," "but rather from priests or from simple nationwide." He constantly fills his story with unnecessary beautiful words, insertions, not always going to the point and not well-aimed maxims, composed speeches and prayers and monotonous reproaches against the primordial enemy of the human race. Kurbsky's language is beautiful and strong in places, pompous and viscous in places, everywhere dotted with foreign words, obviously - not out of necessity, but for the sake of greater literary character. In a huge number there are words taken from the Greek language unfamiliar to him, even more - Latin words, in a slightly smaller number - German words that have become known to the author either in Livonia or through the Polish language. - Literature about Kurbsky is extremely extensive: anyone who wrote about Grozny could not avoid Kurbsky; his history and his letters, on the one hand, translations and polemics for Orthodoxy, on the other hand, are such major facts in the history of Russian mental life that not a single researcher of pre-Petrine writing could pass them over in silence; almost every description of Slavic manuscripts in Russian book depositories contains material for history literary activity Kurbsky. "Tales of Prince Kurbsky" were published by N. Ustryalov in 1833, 1842 and 1868. (A. Kirpichnikov). At present, the publication of Kurbsky's works has been started by the Imperial Archaeographic Commission. In the XXXI volume of "Russian Historical Library"The History of the Grand Duke of Moscow" and Kurbsky's letters to various persons were published. Regarding the work of S. Gorsky "Prince A.M. Kurbsky" (Kazan, 1858), see the article by N.A. Popov "On the biographical and criminal element in history" ("Ateney", 1858, part VIII, No. 46). A number of articles by Z. Oppokov ("Prince A.M. Kurbsky") have been published

in "Kiev University News" for 1872, No. 6 - 8. Articles by Professor M. Petrovsky (M. P-sky) "Prince Kurbsky. Concerning his Tales" was published in "Scientific Notes of Kazan University", for 1873. See also "Investigations about the life of Prince Kurbsky in Volhynia," reported. L. Matseevich ("Ancient. and New Russia", 1880, I); "Prince Kurbsky in Volyn" Yul. Bartoshevich ("Historical Bulletin", VI); A.N. Yasinsky "Works of Prince Kurbsky as historical material" (Kyiv, 1880); G.Z. Kuntsevich "Act of the Lithuanian metrics on the flight of Prince Kurbsky" ("News of the II Department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences", 1914).

KURBSKY ANDREY MIKHAILOVICH

Kurbsky, Prince Andrei Mikhailovich - a well-known politician and writer. Born in October 1528. At the age of 21, he participated in one campaign near Kazan; then he was governor in Pronsk. In 1552, he defeated the Tatars near Tula, and was wounded, but after 8 days he was already on horseback again. During the siege of Kazan, Kurbsky commanded the right hand of the entire army and, together with his younger brother, showed outstanding courage. Two years later, he defeated the rebellious Tatars and Cheremis, for which he was appointed boyar. At this time, Kurbsky was one of the people closest to the tsar; he became even closer to the party of Sylvester and Adashev. When failures began in Livonia, the tsar put Kurbsky at the head of the Livonian army, who soon won a number of victories over the knights and Poles, after which he was governor in Yuryev Livonsky (Derpt). At this time, the persecution and execution of supporters of Sylvester and Adashev and the escapes of those threatened by royal disgrace to Lithuania had already begun. Although Kurbsky had no fault other than sympathy for the disgraced, he had every reason to think that he, too, was in danger. King Sigismund-August and the Polish nobles wrote to Kurbsky, persuading him to go over to their side and promising a warm welcome. The battle of Nevel (1562) was unsuccessful for the Russians, but even after it Kurbsky voivodship in Yuryev; the king, reproaching him for his failure, does not attribute it to treason. Kurbsky could not be afraid of responsibility for an unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of Helmet: if this matter were of great importance, the tsar would blame Kurbsky in his letter. Nevertheless, Kurbsky was sure that trouble was near and, after the fruitless petition of the hierarchal ranks, he decided to flee "from the land of God." In 1563 (according to other reports - in 1564) Kurbsky, with the help of his faithful slave Vaska Shibanov, fled to Lithuania. Kurbsky came to the service of Sigismund with a whole crowd of adherents and servants and was granted several estates (among other things, the city of Kovel). Kurbsky controlled them through his officers from Muscovites. Already in September 1564, Kurbsky was fighting against Russia. After Kurbsky's flight, a hard fate befell people close to him. Kurbsky later wrote that the tsar "mortified my mother and wife and lad of my only son, who were imprisoned, with a rope; my brethren, the same-knee princes of Yaroslavl, died with various deaths, my estates and plundered them." To justify his rage, the king could only cite the fact of betrayal and violation of the kiss of the cross. His two other accusations, that Kurbsky “wanted to be a sovereign in Yaroslavl,” and that he had taken his wife Anastasia from him, were apparently invented by him only to justify his malice in the eyes of the Polish-Lithuanian nobles. Kurbsky usually lived about 20 versts from Kovel, in the town of Milyanovichi. Judging by the numerous processes, the acts of which have come down to us, the Moscow boyar and the tsar's servant quickly assimilated with the Polish-Lithuanian magnates and turned out to be, in any case, not the most humble among the violent ones: he fought with the lords, seized estates, scolded the royal envoys with "obscene Moscow words"; his officers, hoping for his protection, extorted money from the Jews. In 1571, Kurbsky married a rich widow Kozinskaya, nee Princess Golshanskaya, but soon divorced her, married, in 1579, for the third time a poor girl Semashko and was apparently happy with her; had a daughter and son Demetrius by her. In 1583 Kurbsky died. Since soon his authoritative executor, Konstantin Ostrozhsky, also died, the government, under various pretexts, began to take possession of the widow and son of Kurbsky and, finally, took away Kovel as well. Dimitri Kurbsky subsequently received part of what was taken away and converted to Catholicism. Opinions about Kurbsky, as a politician and a person, are different. Some see him as a narrow conservative, a narrow-minded but self-important person, a supporter of boyar sedition and an opponent of autocracy, they explain his treason by counting on worldly benefits, and his behavior in Lithuania is considered a manifestation of unbridled autocracy and gross egoism; even the sincerity and expediency of his labors for the maintenance of Orthodoxy are suspected. According to others, Kurbsky is an intelligent, honest and sincere person who has always stood on the side of good and truth. Since the controversy between Kurbsky and Grozny, together with other products of Kurbsky's literary activity, has not yet been sufficiently examined, a final judgment about Kurbsky, more or less able to reconcile the contradictions, is still premature. From the writings of Kurbsky are known: 1) "The story of the great prince of Moscow about the deed, even heard and from reliable men, and even seen by our eyes." 2) "Four Letters to Grozny". 3) "Letters" to various persons; 16 of them were included in the 3rd edition of "Tales of Prince Kurbsky" by N. Ustryalov (St. Petersburg, 1868), one letter was published by Sakharov in "Moskvityanin" (1843, ¦ 9) and three letters - in "Orthodox Interlocutor" (1863, Books V - VIII). 4) "Preface to the New Margaret"; published for the first time by N. Ivanishchev in the collection of acts: "The Life of Prince Kurbsky in Lithuania and Volhynia" (Kyiv, 1849), reprinted by Ustryalov in "Tales". 5) "Preface to the book of Damascus" Heaven "(published by Prince Obolensky in" Bibliographic Notes ", 1858, ¦ 12). 6) "Notes (on the margins) to the translations from Chrysostom and Damascus" (printed by Professor A. Arkhangelsky in "Appendices" to "Essays on the History of Western Russian Literature", in "Readings of the Society of Ist. and Ancient.", 1888, ¦ 1). 7) "History of the Florence Cathedral", compilation; printed in Tales, pp. 261 - 268; about it, see 2 articles by S.P. Shevyrev, "Journal of the Ministry of National Education", 1841, book I, and "Moskvityanin", 1841, vol. III. In addition to selected works of Chrysostom ("Margaret the New"; see about him "Slavic-Russian Manuscripts" by Undolsky, M., 1870), Kurbsky translated the dialogue of Patriarch Gennady, Theology, Dialectics and other works of Damaskin (see A. Arkhangelsky's article in " Journal of the Ministry of Public Education" 1888, ¦ 8), some of the writings of Dionysius the Areopagite, Gregory the Theologian, Basil the Great, excerpts from Eusebius, and so on. And in one of his letters to Grozny large excerpts from Cicero ("Tales", 205 - 209) are inserted. Kurbsky himself calls Maxim the Greek his "beloved teacher"; but the latter was both old and dejected by persecution at the time when Kurbsky entered into life, and Kurbsky could not be his direct disciple. As early as 1525, Vasily Mikhailovich Tuchkov (Kurbsky's mother - nee Tuchkova) was very close to Maxim, and he probably had a strong influence on Kurbsky. Like Maxim, Kurbsky has a deep hatred of self-satisfied ignorance, which at that time was very common even in the upper class of the Muscovite state. Kurbsky considers dislike for books, which supposedly "turn people in, that is to say go crazy", as a malicious heresy. Above all, he places Holy Scripture and the Church Fathers as its interpreters; but he also respects the external or noble sciences - grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, natural philosophy (physics, etc.), moral philosophy (ethics) and the circle of heavenly circulation (astronomy). He himself studies in fits and starts, but he studies all his life. As governor in Yuryev, he has a whole library with him; after the flight, "already in gray hairs," he strives "to learn the Latin language for the sake of it, and he could put into his own language what has not yet been put down." According to Kurbsky, state disasters come from neglect of teaching, and states where verbal education is firmly established not only do not perish, but expand and convert those of other faiths to Christianity (like the Spaniards - the New World). Kurbsky shares with Maxim the Greek dislike for the "Osiflyans", for monks who "began to love acquisitions"; they are in his eyes "truly all sorts of kats (executioners) are bitter." He persecutes the apocrypha, denounces the "Bulgarian fables" of priest Yeremey, "or rather the nonsense of women," and especially rises against the Gospel of Nicodemus, the authenticity of which people who had read in Holy Scripture were ready to believe. Exposing the ignorance of contemporary Russia and willingly admitting that in his new fatherland science is more widespread and more respected, Kurbsky is proud of the purity of the faith of his natural fellow citizens, reproaches the Catholics for their impious innovations and vacillations, and deliberately does not want to separate the Protestants from them, although he is aware regarding the biography of Luther, the civil strife that arose as a result of his preaching, and the iconoclasm of Protestant sects. He is also pleased with the purity of the Slavic language and opposes it to "Polish barbaria". He clearly sees the danger threatening the Orthodox subjects of the Polish crown from the side of the Jesuits, and warns Konstantin Ostrozhsky himself against their machinations: it is for the fight against them that he would like to train his co-religionists with science. Kurbsky looks gloomily at his time, seeing in it the 8th thousand years, "the age of the beast"; "Even if the Antichrist has not yet been born, everyone is already at the door of Prague wide and bold." According to his political views, Kurbsky joined the opposition group of princely boyars, who defended their right to be indispensable employees and advisers to the sovereign. At the same time, he advised the tsar to turn to the council and the common people. In general, Kurbsky's mind can rather be called solid than strong and original (for example, he sincerely believes that during the siege of Kazan, Tatar old men and women used their charms to bring "spitting", that is, rain, on the Russian army). In this respect, his royal adversary is vastly superior to him. Terrible is not inferior to Kurbsky in knowledge of Holy Scripture, the history of the church of the first centuries and the history of Byzantium, but he is less well-read in the church fathers and incomparably less experienced in the ability to clearly and literaryly express his thoughts, and "many rage and ferocity" hinder his correctness speech. The content of Grozny's correspondence with Kurbsky is a precious literary monument; the worldview of the advanced Russian people of the 16th century is revealed here with great frankness and freedom, and two outstanding minds act with great tension. In the "History of the Great Prince of Moscow" (an account of events from the childhood of Grozny to 1578), which is rightly considered the first monument of Russian historiography with a strictly sustained trend, Kurbsky is a writer to an even greater extent: all parts of his monograph are strictly considered, the presentation is harmonious and clear (except for those places where the text is faulty); he very skillfully uses the figures of exclamation and questioning, and in some places (for example, in the depiction of the torment of Metropolitan Philip) comes to true pathos. But even in the "History" Kurbsky cannot rise to a definite and original world outlook; and here he is only an imitator of good Byzantine models. Either he rises against the nobles, but to the battle of the lazy, and proves that the tsar should seek good advice "not only from advisers, but also from people of all people", then he denounces the tsar that he elects "clerks" for himself "not from the gentry family" , "but more so from priests or from simple nationwide." He constantly fills his story with unnecessary beautiful words, insertions, not always going to the point and not well-aimed maxims, composed speeches and prayers and monotonous reproaches against the primordial enemy of the human race. Kurbsky's language is beautiful and strong in places, pompous and viscous in places, everywhere dotted with foreign words, obviously - not out of necessity, but for the sake of greater literary character. In a huge number there are words taken from the Greek language unfamiliar to him, even more - Latin words, in a slightly smaller number - German words that have become known to the author either in Livonia or through the Polish language. - Literature about Kurbsky is extremely extensive: anyone who wrote about Grozny could not avoid Kurbsky; his history and his letters, on the one hand, translations and polemics for Orthodoxy, on the other hand, are such major facts in the history of Russian mental life that not a single researcher of pre-Petrine writing could pass them over in silence; almost every description of the Slavic manuscripts of Russian book depositories contains material for the history of Kurbsky's literary activity. "Tales of Prince Kurbsky" were published by N. Ustryalov in 1833, 1842 and 1868. (A. Kirpichnikov). At present, the publication of Kurbsky's works has been started by the Imperial Archaeographic Commission. Volume XXXI of the "Russian Historical Library" contains the "History of the Grand Duke of Moscow" and Kurbsky's letters to various persons. Kurbsky" (Kazan, 1858) see N.A. Popov's article "About the biographer. and the criminal element in history" ("Ateney", 1858, part VIII, ¦ 46). - 8. Articles by Professor M. Petrovsky (M. P-sky) "Prince Kurbsky. Regarding his Tales" published in "Scientific Notes of the Kazan University", for 1873. See also "Investigations about the life of Prince Kurbsky in Volyn", reported by L. Matseevich ("Ancient and New Russia", 1880, I); "Prince Kurbsky in Volyn" Yul. Bartoshevich ("Historical Bulletin", VI); A.N. Yasinsky "Works of Prince Kurbsky as historical material" (Kyiv, 1880); G. Z. Kuntsevich "Act of the Lithuanian metrics on the flight of Prince Kurbsky" ("News of the II Department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences", 1914).

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See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is KURBSKY ANDREY MIKHAILOVICH in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• KURBSKY ANDREY MIKHAILOVICH
  Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Kurbsky Andrei Mikhailovich (c. 1528 - 1583), prince, famous politician and writer. Born around…
• KURBSKY ANDREY MIKHAILOVICH in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
  Andrei Mikhailovich (1528 - 1583), Russian political and military figure, writer and publicist. From the family of Yaroslavl princes. Received a good education (studied grammar, ...
• KURBSKY, ANDREY MIKHAILOVICH
  (prince)? well-known politician and writer, b. OK. 1528 In the 21st year, he participated in the 1st campaign under ...
• KURBSKY ANDREY MIKHAILOVICH in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (1528-83) Russian prince, statesman, writer, translator. Member of the Kazan campaigns, member of the Chosen Council, governor in the Livonian War. Fearing "unrighteous" disgrace...
• KURBSKY ANDREY MIKHAILOVICH
  (prince) - a well-known politician. activist and writer, b. OK. 1528 In the 21st year, he participated in the 1st campaign under ...
• KURBSKY ANDREY MIKHAILOVICH in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  
• KURBSKY ANDREY MIKHAILOVICH in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (1528 - 83), prince, boyar, writer. Member of the Kazan campaigns of the late 40s - early 50s. 16th century, member of the Chosen Rada, ...
• ANDREI
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• ANDREI in the Directory of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
  (Greek???????) in Christian mythology, one of the twelve apostles. Peter's brother, a Galilean, fished on Lake Tiberias ("Sea of ​​Galilee") and entered ...
• KURBSKY in the Dictionary of Generals:
  Andrei Mikhailovich (1528-83), Russian. polit. military activist, writer. From the genus Yaroslav. book. Kazan participant. campaigns, held the highest adm., military. positions,...
• ANDREI in the Dictionary of Generals:
  Olgerdovich (1325-1399), Russian. book. Son led. book. lit. Olgerda, the elder brother of Vladislav Jagiello. He reigned in Pskov, Polotsk, Trubchevsk. Member of the Kulikovo …
• KURBSKY in encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
  Kurbsky (Prince Andrei Mikhailovich) - a well-known political leader. activist and writer, b. OK. 1528 In the 21st year, he participated in the 1st ...
• ANDREI in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  -St. an apostle of Jesus Christ, was the brother of Peter and was engaged with him in Capernaum, on the Lake of Galilee, fishing, when ...
• MIKHAILOVICH
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• KURBSKY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  URBSKY And. Mich. (1528-83), Russian. prince, mrs. and military activist, writer, translator. There was a member The chosen one is happy. Participated in the Kazan campaigns, ...
• ANDREI in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ANDREY THE FIRST-CALLED, according to the church. legend, an apostle, one of the first (hence the nickname) and closest disciples of Christ. Rus. annals of his first...
• ANDREI in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ANDREI OLGERDOVICH (1325-99), rus. prince, son book. lit. Olgerd. He reigned in Pskov, Polotsk. Member of the Battle of Kulikovo and campaigns against ...
• ANDREI in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ANDREW OF CRET (c. 660-740), Christ. preacher. Archbishop Fr. Crete. The author of numerous church hymns-chants and the penitential "Great Canon" (about 250 troparia), ...
• ANDREI in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ANDREY IVANOVICH (1490-1537), old prince, ml. son of Ivan III. In 1537 he rebelled against Elena Glinskaya. Died in …
• ANDREI in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ANDREY BOGOLYUBSKY (not earlier than 1100-1174), led. book. Vladimirsky (since 1157), son of Prince. Yuri Dolgoruky. Helped my father in the fight for ...
• ANDREI in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ANDREY ALEKSANDROVICH (before 1261-1304), great. book. Vladimir (1281-83 and from 1293), Prince. Gorodets; son of Prince Alexander Nevsky. Held the grand duke. table …
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November 1528 - May 23 or May 24, 1583, Kovel, the Commonwealth, now the Volyn region of Ukraine), prince, Russian and Lithuanian military and statesman, writer and publicist; boyar (1556). From the family of princes Kurbsky, a branch of the Yaroslavl Rurikovich. First mentioned in the sources in the fall of 1547 among the participants in the wedding ceremony of the younger brother of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich, Prince Yuri Vasilyevich of Dmitrovsky. He was close to the government of A.F. Adashev (the only one of his contemporaries later called him the Chosen Rada). In 1549-50, with the rank of steward and with the rank of Yesaul, he participated in the campaign against Kazan, being part of the retinue of Tsar Ivan IV. On August 16, 1550 he was sent as governor to Pronsk, in October 1550 he was enrolled in the 1st article of the “chosen thousand” of boyar children, having received possessions near Moscow. In 1552, a participant in the campaign against Kazan, after it began, was sent to lift the siege of Tula, pursued the retreating Crimean Tatars to the Shivoron River, where he participated in a victorious battle with them and was wounded. In July, by royal order, he marched to Sviyazhsk, in August, as part of the Russian army under the general command of Ivan IV, he went to Kazan, during the assault on October 2, 1552, he broke into the city through the Elbugin Gate, then pursued the retreating Kazan Tatars outside the city, was seriously wounded. During the illness of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich (March 1553), he swore allegiance to the infant heir - Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich. In 1553, he accompanied Ivan IV on a pilgrimage to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, attended a conversation with Maxim the Greek at the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, during which Maxim the Greek warned the tsar against continuing the trip and made a prophecy about the possible death of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich during it (which happened in June 1553). In 1553/54, at the head of a guard regiment, he participated in the suppression of the Cheremis uprising in the Middle Volga region (he was awarded for service to the Golden Ugric), in 1555 he led the suppression of a new outbreak of the uprising. In June 1556, already in the rank of boyar and being in the retinue of the king, he participated in the campaign of Ivan IV to protect the border lines near Serpukhov; in September - October he led the regiment of the left hand, stationed in Kaluga. In 1557 he was in the coastal service of the 2nd voivode of the regiment of the right hand, stationed in Kashira, from 12/21/1557 - 1st voivode in Tula. At first Livonian War 1558-83 1st commander of the guard regiment, then - the advanced regiment. Participated in the siege of Neishloss (Syrensk), Neuhausen (Novgorodka), Derpt (Yuriev; now Tartu, Estonia) and other cities.

On March 11, 1559, he was sent by the 2nd voivode of the regiment of the right hand to guard the southwestern border from the raids of the Crimean Tatars, was in Kaluga, Mtsensk, in July - in Dedilov. He acted as a staunch supporter of military operations against the Crimean Khanate. In February - March 1560 he commanded a large regiment in the next Livonian campaign. He made successful campaigns under Weissenstein ( White stone; now the city of Paide, Estonia), Fellin (Viljan; now the city of Viljandi, Estonia), Volmar (now the city of Valmiera, Latvia). In May 1560 he was in Yuriev at the head of an advanced regiment, in August he defeated a Lithuanian detachment led by Prince A. I. Polubensky near Venden (Kesya; now the city of Cesis, Latvia). Member of the Battle of Ermes (2.8.1560), which put an end to the existence of the Livonian Order. At the end of 1560, he participated in the battle of Weissenstein, which was unsuccessful for the Russian troops. When the Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish troops entered the war, together with other generals, he defended the cities bordering Livonia. On March 25, 1562, he was in Velikiye Luki, on May 28 he burned the settlement and captured artillery in the prison of Vitebsk, in August he lost a battle with Lithuanian troops near Nevel, was wounded. In the Polotsk campaign of 1562-63 the 2nd governor of the guard regiment; on the night of February 5 to February 6, 1563, “by the sovereign’s decree,” he supervised the installation of siege tours (towers) in front of the Polotsk prison. After the capture of Polotsk (15.2.1563) he accompanied Ivan IV to Velikie Luki. On March 8, 1563, he was appointed governor of Yuryev for 1 year. From January 1563, he conducted secret negotiations with the Grand Hetman of Lithuania, N. Yu. Radziwill the Ryzhim, on the conditions for transferring to the service of the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the Polish King Sigismund II August. In the autumn of 1563, Kurbsky conducted secret, but fruitless negotiations, sanctioned by the Russian side, with Count I. von Arts, viceroy of the Duke of Finland Johan, about surrendering Helmet Castle in Livonia to the Russian Tsar.

On the night of April 30, 1564, accompanied by 12 servants, he fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (ON). One of the reasons for his hasty flight, according to the assumption of a number of historians, was the news received by Kurbsky about his imminent disgrace and fears of a possible exposure of his secret ties with Radziwill and the Polish king. In itself, Kurbsky's escape abroad cannot yet be considered a betrayal, but it was not a simple departure of a serviceman from one sovereign to another. Kurbsky fled, leaving to the mercy of fate almost all his property in the Russian state with the expectation of receiving compensation in the GDL for going over to the side of Sigismund II Augustus. Soon after that, Kurbsky, based on the conditions of his fief grant of lands in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Volhynia, began to participate in military campaigns and actively help the Polish king in the war with the Russian state, which can already be considered treason. The mother, wife and son of Kurbsky, who remained in Yuryev, fell into disgrace and died in prison; the patrimonial lands of Kurbsky and his other property were confiscated and entered the treasury.

Sigismund II August 4.7.1564 granted Kurbsky Volyn townships, Kovel, Vizhva and Milyanovichi with castles and 28 villages, rich estates in Lithuania (up to 10 villages). Soon Kurbsky also received Upitsky estates (in 1567, having concluded an agreement with Prince M. A. Czartorysky, Kurbsky annexed the Smedinsky volost to his Volyn possessions). In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, he held the positions of the Kovel headman (appointed in 1564, accepted the position in 1565 and held it until his death), the Krevo headman (1566-71).

In September - October 1564, Kurbsky, together with Prince B.F. Koretsky, commanded the advanced regiment of the 70,000th Polish-Lithuanian army in a campaign against the Russian state, participated in the unsuccessful three-week siege of Polotsk. In March 1565, at the head of a cavalry detachment of 200 soldiers, as part of a 15,000-strong Lithuanian army, he devastated the Velikolutsk lands. In the late 1560s, Kurbsky personally entered into secret negotiations with the representative of Emperor Maximilian II of Habsburg, abbot I. Tsir, on the creation of an anti-Turkish league within the Russian state and the Holy Roman Empire. Until the beginning of 1571, Kurbsky remained under Sigismund II Augustus and was considered by him as a possible candidate for negotiations with the Russian nobility in order to convince its representatives to accept royal citizenship. In March 1573 he was elected a deputy of the elected Sejm from Volhynia, in May 1573 he participated in the election of the Polish King Henry of Valois. With the coming to power in the Commonwealth in 1576 of the new Polish king Stefan Batory, Kurbsky returned to military service. In August - September 1579, a company led by Kurbsky, which included 86 Cossacks and 14 hussars, participated in the campaign of the Polish-Lithuanian troops against the Russian state. As a result of this campaign, the troops of Stefan Batory conquered Polotsk (8/31/1579) and some other fortresses from the Russian state. In 1581, on the orders of King Stefan Batory, Kurbsky went on a campaign already to Pskov, but on the way to him, in the region of the Russian border, he fell seriously ill and returned to Milyanovichi.

Kurbsky's literary interests and spiritual views were formed under the influence of his uncle on his mother's side, the writer V. M. Tuchkov, the learned monk-publicist Maxim Grek, the spiritual father of Kurbsky, the elder of the Yaroslavl Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery Theodoret Kolsky. Kurbsky was very educated for his time, not alien to the trends of the Western European Counter-Reformation. He studied grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, philosophy and other secular "sciences". In the 1570s he learned Latin. His most famous writings are three epistles to Ivan IV, as well as "The History of the Great Prince of Moscow Affairs." In the messages of Kurbsky to the Tsar, in a polemical form, disagreement was expressed with the policy of Ivan IV, carried out in the 1560s and 70s, and sympathy for the boyar aristocracy was expressed. Kurbsky condemned the cruel and extrajudicial executions of subjects, seeing them as an attempt on the prerogatives of the Last Judgment. He ridiculed the military failures of the Russian troops, commanded not by skillful "stratilates", but by obscure "voevodishki", mocked the rude style of the "broadcast and noisy" tsar's message, unworthy, in his opinion, even an ordinary "wretched warrior", opposed the tsar with his Western European learning, education and brilliant abilities in the field of epistolary genre and style. In an effort to once again justify his flight to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Kurbsky in the 3rd message referred to Cicero's Paradoxes (he sent the king two excerpts from them in his own translation from Latin). Ivan IV predicted death along with everything royal house if the king does not return to pious deeds.

The question of dating the "History of the Great Prince of Moscow Affairs" remains controversial and not finally resolved, but it is undeniable that it was written between 1573 and 1583. "History ...", in which Kurbsky innovatively combined the techniques of various literary genres - chronicles , lives, military stories, memoirs, written in the form of a detailed answer to the questions of the "bright men" of the Commonwealth about the features of the reign of Ivan IV. It outlines the life of Ivan IV from birth to the early 1570s, names the reasons for his moral rebirth (the influence of the Josephites, the “Shuryas” of the Zakharyins-Yuryevs and other “pernicious fathers”), describes tragic fates many contemporaries of Kurbsky, who died from tsarist arbitrariness. In "History ..." Kurbsky acted as a representative of the enlightened aristocracy, which stood in positions of compromise with other categories of the nobility. The state ideal of Kurbsky was the Chosen Rada, the church ideal was non-possessiveness (see the article Non-Possessors).

During his stay in Yuryev, Kurbsky wrote two letters to the elder of the Pskov-Pechersk monastery Vassian (Muromtsev) and, probably, “An answer about the right faith to John the learned” (possibly to the well-known Protestant preacher I. Vetterman in Yuryev). The 1st epistle to Elder Bassian and "Answer..." are devoted mainly to church-dogmatic questions and have an anti-Catholic and anti-heretical orientation. The 2nd epistle to the elder Bassian contains a condemnation of the king's iniquities, the servility of a number of church hierarchs; it denounced an unjust judgment, expressed sympathy for the plight of service people, merchants, and peasants. Kurbsky urged the Pskov-Caves monks to oppose the cruel actions of Ivan IV and asked for protection from the arbitrariness of the tsar. The 3rd epistle to Vassian, apparently written already in Wolmar after fleeing from Yuriev, contained complaints and reproaches to the monks who did not support Kurbsky and spread slander about him.

In the 1570s, Kurbsky also wrote a number of letters to various people, including Prince K. K. Ostrozhsky, in which he defended Orthodoxy and opposed an alliance with the Catholic Church, and especially against various reformation and heretical religious movements. In conversations with the elder, Artemy came up with the idea of ​​creating a circle of scribes. Kurbsky and his associates (Prince M. A. Nogotkov-Obolensky, gentry bachelor A. Bzhezhevsky, etc.) translated and copied various works of Christian writers, compiled in the early 1570s a collection of church writings “New Margaret” (included the works of John Chrysostom , an anonymous grammatical work "On Book Signs" and "The Tale", compiled by Kurbsky himself), translated from Latin a collection of words and lives of the Byzantine hagiographer Simeon Metaphrastus. In the second half of the 1570s, Kurbsky translated from Latin the treatise of John of Damascus "The Source of Knowledge", which included "Theology", "Dialectics" (partially), possibly "The Book of Heresies". Kurbsky also worked on translations of the “Chronicle” by Nikifor Kallistos Xanthopoulos, the works of the Church Fathers Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, Dionysius the Areopagite, Jerome the Blessed, and others.

Kurbsky left a deep mark on the history of ancient Russian literature as an outstanding publicist writer, who for the first time attempted to synthesize various literary genres in order to create a new genre - a biography of an individual ruler against the backdrop of the history of his reign. Literary creativity Kurbsky - a significant phenomenon national culture, located at the intersection of various literary and linguistic traditions - Slavic-Byzantine and Latin, Moscow and Western Russian.

Cit.: Works. SPb., 1914. Vol. 1: Original compositions; Correspondence of Ivan the Terrible with A. Kurbsky. 3rd ed. M., 1993; The same // Library of Literature Ancient Russia. SPb., 2001. T. 11: XVI century; Works of A. Kurbsky // Ibid.

Lit.: Gorsky S. [D.]. The life and historical significance of Prince A. M. Kurbsky. Kazan, 1858; Yasinsky A.N. Works of Prince Kurbsky as historical material. K., 1889; Lurie Ya. S. Reports of the agent of Emperor Maximilian II, Abbot Tsir about negotiations with A. M. Kurbsky in 1569 (According to the materials of the Vienna Archive) // Archeographic Yearbook for 1957, M., 1958; Skrynnikov R. G. Kurbsky and his letters to the Pskov-Caves Monastery // Proceedings of the Department of Old Russian Literature. M.; L., 1962. T. 18; he is. Correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Kurbsky. Paradoxes of E. Keenan. L., 1973; Schmidt S. O. To the study of the "History of Prince Kurbsky" // Slavs and Russia. M., 1968; he is. On the history of correspondence between Kurbsky and Ivan the Terrible // Cultural heritage Ancient Russia. M., 1976; Keepap E. L. The Kurbskii-Groznyi Apocrypha. Camb. (Mass.), 1971; Rykov Yu. D. Editions of the "History" of Prince Kurbsky // Archaeographic Yearbook for 1970. M., 1971; he is. "The story of the Grand Duke of Moscow" by A. M. Kurbsky and Oprichnin Ivan the Terrible // Historical Notes. 1974. T. 93; he is. Prince A. M. Kurbsky and his concept state power// Russia on the way of centralization. M., 1982; Florya B.N. New about Grozny and Kurbsky // History of the USSR. 1974. No. 3; Zimin A. A. The first message of Kurbsky to Ivan the Terrible: (Textological problems) // Proceedings of the Department of Old Russian Literature. L., 1976. T. 31; he is. Escape of Prince A. Kurbsky to Lithuania // Russian genealogy. 2002. No. 1; Rossing N., Renne B. Apocryphal - not Apocryphal? A critical analysis of the discussion concerning the correspondence between Tsar Ivan IV Groznyj and Prince A. Kurbskij. Ph., 1980; Tsekhanovich A. A. On the translation activity of Prince A. M. Kurbsky // Old Russian literature. Source study. L., 1985; Auerbach I. A. M. Kurbskij: Leben in osteuropaischen Adelsgesellschaften des 16. Jahrhunderts. Munch., 1985; idem. Identity in Exile: A. M. Kurbskii and national consciousness in the sixteenth century // Moscow Rus (1359-1584): culture and historical identity. M., 1997; Morozov B. N. The first message of Kurbsky to Ivan the Terrible in the collection of the late 16th - early 17th centuries. // Archaeographic Yearbook for 1986. M., 1987; Kalugin VV When was Prince A. Kurbsky born? // Archive of Russian history. 1995. Issue. 6; he is. A. Kurbsky and Ivan the Terrible: Theoretical views and literary technique of the ancient Russian writer. M., 1998; Yerusalimsky K. Yu. A. M. Kurbsky's ideas about princely power and Russian princes in the 9th - mid-16th centuries. // Society. 2004. Issue. 4; he is. A. Kurbsky as a Renaissance historian // Time - History - Memory. M., 2007; he is. Collection of Kurbsky. M., 2009. T. 1-2; Filyushkin A.I.A.M. Kurbsky: prosopographic study and hermeneutic commentary on A. Kurbsky's messages to Ivan the Terrible. St. Petersburg, 2007; he is. A. Kurbsky. M., 2008.

G. Vasily Mikhailovich Tuchkov (Kurbsky's mother - nee Tuchkov) was very close to Maxim, who probably had a strong influence on Kurbsky. Like Maxim, Kurbsky has a deep hatred of self-satisfied ignorance, which at that time was very common even in the upper class of the Muscovite state. Kurbsky considers dislike for books, which supposedly "turn people in, that is to say go crazy", as a malicious heresy. Above all, he places St. Scripture and the Church Fathers as its interpreters; but he also respects the external or noble sciences - grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, natural philosophy (physics, etc.), moral philosophy (ethics) and the circle of heavenly circulation (astronomy). He himself studies in fits and starts, but he studies all his life; as a governor in Yuryev, he has a whole library with him.

In the 21st year, he participated in the 1st campaign near Kazan; then he was governor in Pronsk. In the city, he defeated the Tatars near Tula, and was wounded, but after 8 days he was already on horseback again. During the siege of Kazan, Kurbsky commanded the right hand of the entire army and, together with his younger brother, showed outstanding courage. After 2 years, he defeated the rebellious Tatars and Cheremis, for which he was appointed boyar. At this time, Kurbsky was one of the people closest to the tsar; he became even closer to the party of Sylvester and Adashev. When failures began in Livonia, the tsar put Kurbsky at the head of the Livonian army, who soon won a number of victories over the knights and Poles, after which he was governor in Yuryev Livonsky (Derpt).

But at that time, the persecution and execution of supporters of Sylvester and Adashev had already begun, and the escapes of those disgraced or threatened with royal disgrace to Lithuania. Although there was no fault for Kurbsky, except for sympathy for the fallen rulers, he had every reason to think that he would not escape cruel disgrace. Meanwhile, King Sigismund-August and the Polish nobles wrote to Kurbsky, persuading him to go over to their side and promising a warm welcome. The battle near Nevl (city), unsuccessful for the Russians, could not give the tsar a pretext for disgrace, judging by the fact that even after it Kurbsky voivodship in Yuryev; and the king, reproaching him for his failure, does not think of attributing it to treason. Kurbsky could not be afraid of responsibility for an unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of Helmet: if this matter were of great importance, the tsar would blame Kurbsky in his letter. Nevertheless, Kurbsky was sure of the proximity of misfortune and, after vain prayers and fruitless intercession of the hierarchal ranks, he decided to flee "from the land of God."

According to Kurbsky, state disasters also come from neglect of teaching, and states where verbal education is firmly established not only do not perish, but expand and convert non-believers to Christianity (like the Spaniards - the New World). Kurbsky shares with Maxim the Greek his dislike for the "Osiflyans", for monks who "began to love acquisitions"; they are in his eyes "in truth, all sorts of kats (executioners) are bitter." He pursues the apocrypha, denounces the "Bulgarian fables" of the priest Yeremey, "or rather the nonsense of the Baba", and especially rises against the Gospel of Nicodemus, the authenticity of which was ready to be believed by people who were well-read in St. Scripture. Exposing the ignorance of contemporary Russia and willingly admitting that in his new fatherland science is more widespread and more respected, Kurbsky is proud of the purity of the faith of his natural fellow citizens, reproaches the Catholics for their impious innovations and vacillations, and deliberately does not want to separate the Protestants from them, although he is aware regarding the biography of Luther, the civil strife that arose as a result of his preaching and the iconoclasm of Protestant sects. He is also pleased with the purity of the Slavic language and opposes it to "Polish barbaria".

He clearly sees the danger threatening the Orthodox of the Polish crown from the Jesuits, and warns Konstantin Ostrozhsky himself against their machinations; it is precisely for the struggle against them that he would like to prepare his co-religionists by science. Kurbsky looks gloomily at his time; this is the 8th thousand years, the "age of the beast"; “even if the Antichrist has not yet been born, everyone is already wide and bold in Prague. In general, Kurbsky’s mind can be called strong and solid rather than strong and original (so he sincerely believes that during the siege of Kazan, the Tatar old men and women with their charms inspired “spitting ", i.e., rain on the Russian army;, and in this respect his royal opponent is significantly superior to him. Grozny is not inferior to Kurbsky in knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, the history of the church of the first centuries and the history of Byzantium, but he is less well-read in the church fathers and incomparably less experienced in the ability to clearly and literaryly express his thoughts, and his "much rage and ferocity" interferes with the correctness of his speech.

In terms of content, Grozny's correspondence with Kurbsky is a precious literary monument: there is no other case where the worldview of the advanced Russian people of the 16th century would be revealed with greater frankness and freedom and where two outstanding minds would act with great tension. In the "History of the Great Prince of Moscow" (an account of events from the childhood of Grozny to 1578), which is rightly considered the first monument of Russian historiography with a strictly sustained trend, Kurbsky is a writer to an even greater extent: all parts of his monograph are strictly considered, the presentation is harmonious and clear (except for those places where the text is faulty); he very skillfully uses the figures of exclamation and questioning, and in some places (for example, in the depiction of the torment of Metropolitan Philip) comes to true pathos. But even in the "History" Kurbsky cannot rise to a definite and original world outlook; and here he is only an imitator of good Byzantine models. Either he rises against the nobles, and the lazy ones go to battle, and proves that the king should seek good advice "not only from advisers, but also from people of all people" (Ska. 89), then he reproaches the king that he elects "clerks" for himself " not from a gentry family", "but more from priests or from a simple nation" (Skaz. 43). He constantly equips his story with unnecessary beautiful words, insertions, not always going to the point and not well-aimed maxims, composed speeches and prayers and monotonous reproaches against the primordial enemy of the human race. Kurbsky's language is in places beautiful and even strong, in places pompous and viscous, and everywhere dotted with foreign words, obviously - not out of necessity, but for the sake of greater literary character. In a huge number there are words taken from the Greek language unfamiliar to him, even more - Latin words, somewhat smaller - German words that have become known to the author either in Livonia or through the Polish language.

Proceedings

From the works of Kurbsky, the following are currently known:

1. "The story of the Great Prince of Moscow about deeds, even heard from reliable husbands and even seen by our eyes."
2. "Four Letters to Grozny",
3. "Letters" to various persons; 16 of them were included in the 3rd edition. "Tales of Prince Kurbsky" by N. Ustryalov (St. Petersburg, 1868), one letter was published by Sakharov in "Moskvityanin" (1843, No. 9) and three letters - in "Orthodox Interlocutor" (1863, book V - VIII).
4. "Preface to the New Margaret"; ed. for the first time by N. Ivanishev in the collection of acts: "The Life of Prince Kurbsky in Lithuania and Volyn" (Kyiv 1849), reprinted by Ustryalov in "Skaz.".
5. "Foreword to the book of Damascus" Heaven "published by Prince Obolensky in" Bibliographic. Notes" 1858 No. 12.
6. "Notes (on the margins) to translations from Chrysostom and Damascus" (published by Prof. A. Arkhangelsky in the "Appendices" to "Essays on the History of Western Russian Literature", in "Readings of the General and Ist. and Ancient." 1888 No. 1).
7. "History of the Cathedral of Florence", compilation; printed in "Story." pp. 261-8; about it, see 2 articles by S.P. Shevyrev - "Journal. Min. Nar. Education", 1841 book. I, and "Moskvityanin" 1841, vol. III.

In addition to selected works

• "Tales of Prince Kurbsky" were published by N. Ustryalov in 1833, 1842 and 1868, but also the 3rd ed. far from being called critical and does not contain all that was known even in 1868.
• S. Gorsky: "Kn. A. M. Kurbsky" (Kaz., 1858), as well as a review of it in the article by N. A. Popov, "On the biographical and criminal element in history" ("Ateney" 1858 Part VIII, No. 46).
• A number of articles by Z. Oppokov ("Kn. A. M. Kurbsky") were published in Kiev. Univ. Izv. for 1872, nos. 6-8.
• Prof. M. Petrovsky (M. P-sky): "Kn. A. M. Kurbsky. Historical and bibliographic notes on his Tales" print. in "Uch. Zap. Kazan Univ." for 1873
• "Investigations about the life of Prince Kurbsky in Volyn", reported. L. Matseevich ("Ancient and New Russia" 1880, I);
• "Prince Kurbsky in Volyn" Yul. Bartoshevich ("Ist. Bulletin" VI).
• A. N. Yasinsky "The works of Prince Kurbsky as historical material", Kyiv, 1889

Used materials

• Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron.

Simon Okolsky. Polish world. Krakow, 1641. Vol. 1. S. 504. Cited. Quoted from: Kalugin V.V. Andrey Kurbsky and Ivan the Terrible. M., 1998. S. 4.

"Margaret New"; see about him "Slavic-Russian hands." Undolsky, M., 1870

See the article by A. Arkhangelsky in "Journal. M. H. Pr." 1888, No. 8